chapter 7 in research

Request new password
Create a new account

Doing Research in the Real World

Student resources, chapter 7: research design: qualitative methods.

Practising ethical qualitative research
Types of Qualitative Data
Increasing validity in qualitative research

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

Chapter 7: Research design - qualitative methods

2014, Doing Research in the Real World, 3rd edn

Related Papers

rhoda taller

Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods

Esra Öztürk Çalık

Conducting a well-established research requires deep knowledge about the research designs. Doing research can be likened to jumping into the sea which may transform into a huge ocean if the researcher is not experienced. As a PhD candidate and a novice researcher, I believe that the book "Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches" by J.W. Creswell is a true reference guide for novice researchers since it is the most comprehensive and informative source with its reader-friendly structure.

Education for Health: Change in Learning & Practice

Kelly Devers

Gloria Thakane Leutle

Daniel Ortiz

Richard Baskas, Ed.D. Candidate

Changsong Wang

International Journal of Social Sciences Interdisciplinary Research

Prashant Astalin

kassu sileyew

There are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come across the research result findings. In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.

RELATED PAPERS

Reforma y …

Alfonso Sánchez-Mugica

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B

Johannes Lercher

ERVINA BAJU GROSIR

distributor jaket ervina pandaan

Advances in Engineering Software

roberto citarella

npj Biofilms and Microbiomes

Darshan Dhakan

Martha Cecilia Rambal Simanca

FIKRI HAIKAL

Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education

Minna Tiainen

Archana Yadav

Translational behavioral medicine

Ernestine Jennings

Joachim Taiber

I+D Revista de Investigaciones

Mariana Patiño

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Australian Special Interest Group for Computer Human Interaction on - OzCHI '15

Shanton Chang

Biophysical Journal

Marlien Pieters

Physical Review C

Maria Benedetta Barbaro

Manoj Prabhakaran V , Ms. P. PANDIA RAJAMMAL ENG-STAFF

Wladyslawa Czuber-Dochan

International journal of odontostomatology

luis bustos

Brazilian Journal of Development

Silvia Sebrão

Oceanos, volume n.º 7, Lisboa, março de 1994, p. 39.

José Manuel Garcia

Journal of Power Sources

Renato Parreira

Development and Psychopathology

Karen Rudolph

Bioengineering

Amad Qureshi

JULIUS WESONGA

Weed Technology

Peter Dotray

See More Documents Like This

7.1 Reading results in quantitative research

Learning objectives.

Learners will be able to…

Describe how statistical significance and confidence intervals demonstrate which results are most important

Pre-awareness check (Knowledge)

What do you know about previously conducted research on your topic (e.g., statistical analyses, qualitative and quantitative results)?

If you recall, empirical journal articles are those that report the results of quantitative or qualitative data analyzed by the author. They follow a set structure—introduction, methods, results, discussion/conclusions. This chapter is about reading what is often the most challenging section: results.

Quantitative results

Quantitative articles often contain tables, and scanning them is a good way to begin reading the results. A table usually provides a quick, condensed summary of the report’s key findings. Tables are a concise way to report large amounts of data. Some tables present descriptive information about a researcher’s sample (often the first table in a results section). These tables will likely contain frequencies ( n ) and percentages (%). For example, if gender happened to be an important variable for the researcher’s analysis, a descriptive table would show how many and what percent of all study participants are of a particular gender. Frequencies or “how many” will probably be listed as n , while the percent symbol (%) might be used to indicate percentages. The symbol N is used for the entire sample size, and n is used for the size of a portion of the entire sample.

In a table presenting a causal relationship, two sets of variables are represented. The independent variable , or cause, and the dependent variable , the effect. We’ll go into more detail on variables in Chapter 8. Independent variable attributes are typically presented in the table’s columns, while dependent variable attributes are presented in rows. This allows the reader to scan a table’s rows to see how values on the dependent variable change as the independent variable values change. Tables displaying results of quantitative analysis will also likely include some information about which relationships are significant or not. We will discuss the details of significance and p -values later in this section.

Let’s look at a specific example: Table 7.1 below.

Table 7.1 presents the association between gender and experiencing harassing behaviors at work. In this example, gender is the independent variable (the predictor) and the harassing behaviors listed are the dependent variables (the outcome). [1] Therefore, we place gender in the table’s columns and harassing behaviors in the table’s rows.

Reading across the table’s top row, we see that 2.9% of women in the sample reported experiencing subtle or obvious threats to their safety at work, while 4.7% of men in the sample reported the same. We can read across each of the rows of the table in this way. Reading across the bottom row, we see that 9.4% of women in the sample reported experiencing staring or invasion of their personal space at work while just 2.3% of men in the sample reported having the same experience. We’ll discuss p- values later in this section.

While you can certainly scan tables for key results, they are often difficult to understand without reading the text of the article. The article and table were meant to complement each other, and the text should provide information on how the authors interpret their findings. The table is not redundant with the text of the results section. Additionally, the first table in most results sections is a summary of the study’s sample, which provides more background information on the study than information about hypotheses and findings. It is also a good idea to look back at the methods section of the article as the data analysis plan the authors outline should walk you through the steps they took to analyze their data which will inform how they report them in the results section.

Statistical significance

The statistics reported in Table 7.1 represent what the researchers found in their sample. The purpose of statistical analysis is usually to generalize from a the small number of people in a study’s sample to a larger population of people. Thus, the researchers intend to make causal arguments about harassing behaviors at workplaces beyond those covered in the sample.

Generalizing is key to understanding statistical significance . According to Cassidy et al. (2019), [2] 89% of research methods textbooks in psychology define statistical significance incorrectly. This includes an early draft of this textbook which defined statistical significance as “the likelihood that the relationships we observe could be caused by something other than chance.” If you have previously had a research methods class, this might sound familiar to you. It certainly did to me!

But statistical significance is less about “random chance” than more about the null hypothesis . Basically, at the beginning of a study a researcher develops a hypothesis about what they expect to find, usually that there is a statistical relationship between two or more variables . The null hypothesis is the opposite. It is the hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variables in a research study. Researchers then can hopefully reject the null hypothesis because they find a relationship between the variables.

For example, in Table 7.1 researchers were examining whether gender impacts harassment. Of course, researchers assumed that women were more likely to experience harassment than men. The null hypothesis, then, would be that gender has no impact on harassment. Once we conduct the study, our results will hopefully lead us to reject the null hypothesis because we find that gender impacts harassment. We would then generalize from our study’s sample to the larger population of people in the workplace.

Statistical significance is calculated using a p -value which is obtained by comparing the statistical results with a hypothetical set of results if the researchers re-ran their study a large number of times. Keeping with our example, imagine we re-ran our study with different men and women from different workplaces hundreds and hundred of times and we assume that the null hypothesis is true that gender has no impact on harassment. If results like ours come up pretty often when the null hypothesis is true, our results probably don’t mean much. “The smaller the p -value, the greater the statistical incompatibility with the null hypothesis” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 131). [3] Generally, researchers in the social sciences have set alpha at .05 for the value at which a result is significant ( p is less than or equal to .05) or not significant ( p is greater than .05). The p -value .05 refers to if less than 5% of those hypothetical results from re-running our study show the same or more extreme relationships when the null hypothesis is true. Researchers, however, may choose a stricter standard such as .01 in which 1% or less of those hypothetical results are more extreme or a more lenient standard like .1 in which 10% or less of those hypothetical results are more extreme than what was found in the study.

Let’s look back at Table 7.1. Which one of the relationships between gender and harassing behaviors is statistically significant? It’s the last one in the table, “staring or invasion of personal space,” whose p -value is .039 (under the p<.05 standard to establish statistical significance). Again, this indicates that if we re-ran our study over and over again and gender did not impact staring/invasion of space (i.e., the null hypothesis was true), only 3.9% of the time would we find similar or more extreme differences between men and women than what we observed in our study. Thus, we conclude that for staring or invasion of space only , there is a statistically significant relationship.

For contrast, let’s look at “being pushed, hit, or grabbed” and run through the same analysis to see if it is statistically significant. If we re-ran our study over and over again and the null hypothesis was true, 48% of the time ( p =.48) we would find similar or more extreme differences between men and women. That means these results are not statistically significant.

This discussion should also highlight a point we discussed previously: that it is important to read the full results section, rather than simply relying on the summary in the abstract. If the abstract stated that most tests revealed no statistically significant relationships between gender and harassment, you would have missed the detail on which behaviors were and were not associated with gender. Read the full results section! And don’t be afraid to ask for help from a professor in understanding what you are reading, as results sections are often not written to be easily understood.

Statistical significance and p -values have been critiqued recently for a number of reasons, including that they are misused and misinterpreted (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016) [4] , that researchers deliberately manipulate their analyses to have significant results (Head et al., 2015) [5] , and factor into the difficulty scientists have today in reproducing many of the results of previous social science studies (Peng, 2015). [6] For this reason, we share these principles, adapted from those put forth by the American Statistical Association, [7] for understanding and using p -values in social science:

p -values provide evidence against a null hypothesis.
p -values do not indicate whether the results were produced by random chance alone or if the researcher’s hypothesis is true, though both are common misconceptions.
Statistical significance can be detected in minuscule differences that have very little effect on the real world.
Nuance is needed to interpret scientific findings, as a conclusion does not become true or false when the p -value passes from p =.051 to p =.049.
Real-world decision-making must use more than reported p -values. It’s easy to run analyses of large datasets and only report the significant findings.
Greater confidence can be placed in studies that pre-register their hypotheses and share their data and methods openly with the public.
“By itself, a p -value does not provide a good measure of evidence regarding a model or hypothesis. For example, a p -value near .05 taken by itself offers only weak evidence against the null hypothesis. Likewise, a relatively large p -value does not imply evidence in favor of the null hypothesis; many other hypotheses may be equally or more consistent with the observed data” (Wasserstein & Lazar, 2016, p. 132).

Confidence intervals

Because of the limitations of p -values, scientists can use other methods to determine whether their models of the world are true. One common approach is to use a confidence interval , or a range of values in which the true value is likely to be found. Confidence intervals are helpful because, as principal #5 above points out, p -values do not measure the size of an effect (Greenland et al., 2016). [8] Remember, something that has very little impact on the world can be statistically significant, and the values in a confidence interval would be helpful. In our example from Table 7.1, imagine our analysis produced a confidence interval that women are 1.2-3.4 times more likely to experience “staring or invasion of personal space” than men. As with p -values, calculation for a confidence interval compares what was found in one study with a hypothetical set of results if we repeated the study over and over again. If we calculated 95% confidence intervals for all of the hypothetical set of hundreds and hundreds of studies, that would be our confidence interval.

Confidence intervals are pretty intuitive. As of this writing, my wife and are expecting our second child. The doctor told us our due date was December 11th. But the doctor also told us that December 11th was only their best estimate. They were actually 95% sure our baby might be born any time in the 30-day period between November 27th and December 25th. Confidence intervals are often listed with a percentage, like 90% or 95%, and a range of values, such as between November 27th and December 25th. You can read that as: “we are 95% sure your baby will be born between November 27th and December 25th because we’ve studied hundreds of thousands of fetuses and mothers, and we’re 95% sure your baby will be within these two dates.”

Notice that we’re hedging our bets here by using words like “best estimate.” When testing hypotheses, social scientists generally phrase their findings in a tentative way, talking about what results “indicate” or “support,” rather than making bold statements about what their results “prove.” Social scientists have humility because they understand the limitations of their knowledge. In a literature review, using a single study or fact to “prove” an argument right or wrong is often a signal to the person reading your literature review (usually your professor) that you may not have appreciated the limitations of that study or its place in the broader literature on the topic. Strong arguments in a literature review include multiple facts and ideas that span across multiple studies.

You can learn more about creating tables, reading tables, and tests of statistical significance in a class focused exclusively on statistical analysis. We provide links to many free and openly licensed resources on statistics in Chapter 16. For now, we hope this brief introduction to reading tables will improve your confidence in reading and understanding the results sections in quantitative empirical articles.

Key Takeaways

The results section of empirical articles are often the most difficult to understand.
To understand a quantitative results section, look for results that were statistically significant and examine the confidence interval, if provided.

Post-awareness check (Emotional)

On a scale of 1-10 (10 being excellent), how would you rate your confidence level in your ability to understand a quantitative results section in empirical articles on your topic of interest?

TRACK 1 (IF YOU ARE CREATING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THIS CLASS)

Select a quantitative empirical article related to your topic.

Write down the results the authors identify as statistically significant in the results section.
How do the authors interpret their results in the discussion section?
Do the authors provide enough information in the introduction for you to understand their results?

TRACK 2 (IF YOU AREN’T CREATING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THIS CLASS)

You are interested in researching the effects of race-based stress and burnout among social workers.

Select a quantitative empirical article related to this topic.

It wouldn’t make any sense to say that people’s workplace experiences predict their gender, so in this example, the question of which is the independent variable and which are the dependent variables has a pretty obvious answer. ↵
Cassidy, S. A., Dimova, R., Giguère, B., Spence, J. R., & Stanley, D. J. (2019). Failing grade: 89% of introduction-to-psychology textbooks that define or explain statistical significance do so incorrectly. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science , 2 (3), 233-239. ↵
Wasserstein, R. L., & Lazar, N. A. (2016). The ASA statement on p -values: context, process, and purpose. The American Statistician, 70 , p. 129-133. ↵
Head, M. L., Holman, L., Lanfear, R., Kahn, A. T., & Jennions, M. D. (2015). The extent and consequences of p-hacking in science. PLoS biology, 13 (3). ↵
Peng, R. (2015), The reproducibility crisis in science: A statistical counterattack. Significance , 12 , 30–32. ↵
Greenland, S., Senn, S. J., Rothman, K. J., Carlin, J. B., Poole, C., Goodman, S. N., & Altman, D. G. (2016). Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations. European journal of epidemiology , 31 (4), 337-350. ↵

report the results of a quantitative or qualitative data analysis conducted by the author

a quick, condensed summary of the report’s key findings arranged by row and column

causes a change in the dependent variable

a variable that depends on changes in the independent variable

(as in generalization) to make claims about a large population based on a smaller sample of people or items

"Assuming that the null hypothesis is true and the study is repeated an infinite number times by drawing random samples from the same populations(s), less than 5% of these results will be more extreme than the current result" (Cassidy et al., 2019, p. 233).

the assumption that no relationship exists between the variables in question

“a logical grouping of attributes that can be observed and measured and is expected to vary from person to person in a population” (Gillespie & Wagner, 2018, p. 9)

summarizes the incompatibility between a particular set of data and a proposed model for the data, usually the null hypothesis. The lower the p-value, the more inconsistent the data are with the null hypothesis, indicating that the relationship is statistically significant.

a range of values in which the true value is likely to be, to provide a more accurate description of their data

Share This Book

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between the population and the sample.
Describe the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous samples.
Differentiate between probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling.
Explain what is meant by representativeness and generalizability.
Discuss sampling error, and differentiate between a random sampling error and a system sampling error.
Explain the importance of knowing the who, the how, and the why for the purpose of sampling.

All research projects involve gathering specific data from specific sources in specific places at specific times (Palys & Atchison, 2014). Also known as sampling, the necessity of sampling occurs because we simply cannot gather all data from all sources at all places and all times. In other words, we must make choices when we design our research projects. This chapter focuses on sampling techniques as another level of choice to be made by the researcher.

Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introduction Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Academic research and writing

A concise introduction

Chapter 7 – Primer

The structural elements to be applied in academic writing depend on the nature of the research project. Manifestations of academic writing range from student assignments and term papers to doctoral theses and other forms of complex research documentations. Some structural elements are always used in research papers. Other structural elements are optionally or selectively used. Technically, research papers can be divided into four sections: addments, directories, main body and annex. Each of these sections contains different structural elements that have to be applied in accordance with the formal instructions laid out in academic style guides. Although the applicable rules may vary according to the field of research, some commonalities for structural elements exist. These commonalities may be based on logical considerations or result from traditional academic conventions. Important elements to be discussed in this chapter are cover page, abstract, outline, directories, main body, bibliography and list of references, glossary and appendix, declaration of originality as well as data carrier and electronic storage media.

Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques

Learning Objectives

Differentiate between the population and the sample.
Describe the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous samples.
Differentiate between probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling.
Explain what is meant by representativeness and generalizability.
Discuss sampling error, and differentiate between a random sampling error and a system sampling error.
Explain the importance of knowing the who, the how, and the why for the purpose of sampling.

Research Methods, Data Collection and Ethics Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Craft of Research (CoR) Study/Discussion Guide

Chapter 7: making good arguments: an overview, top ten salient sentence strings.

In a research report, you make a claim , back it with reasons , support them with evidence , acknowledge and respond to the other views, and sometimes explain your principles of reasoning.
Reasons support main claims, but "lower" reasons can support "higher" reasons.
At the core of every research report is the answer to the research question, the solution to your problem - your main claim. You have to back up that claim with two kinds of support: reasons and evidence.
No thoughtful reader will accept your claim based solely on your views: you must also address theirs.
Careful readers will question every part of your argument, so you must anticipate as many of their questions as you can, and then acknowledge and respond to the most important ones.
The challenge all researchers face, however, is not just responding to readers' questions, alternatives, and objections, but imagining them in the first place.
Only evidence "stands alone", but even then you must explain where you got it and maybe why you think it's reliable, and that may require yet another argument.
Readers judge your arguments not just by the facts you offer, but by how well you anticipate their questions and concerns. In doing so, they also judge the quality of your mind, even your implied character, traditionally called your ethos .
When you acknowledge other views and explain your principles of reasoning in warrants, you give readers good reason to work with you in developing and testing new ideas.
In the long run, the ethos you project in individual arguments hardens into your reputation, something every researcher must care about, because your reputation is the tactit sixth element in every argument you write. It answers the unspoken question, Can I trust you? That answer must be Yes .

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

Chapter 7: Research

This chapter is adapted from Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking , CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 .

What is research?

What and how is research useful.

When conducting research, you get to ask questions and actually find answers. For example, if you have ever wondered what the best job interview strategies are, research will tell you. If you’ve ever wondered what it takes to be a NASCAR driver, an astronaut, a marine biologist, or a university professor, once again, research is one of the easiest ways to find answers to questions you’re interested in knowing. Second, research can open a world you never knew existed. We often find ideas we had never considered and learn facts we never knew when we conduct research. Lastly, research can lead you to new ideas and activities. Maybe you want to learn how to compose music, draw, learn a foreign language, or write a screenplay; research is always the best first step toward learning anything.

We define research as scholarly investigation into a topic to discover, revise, or report facts, theories, and applications. Notice that there are three distinct parts of research: discovering, revising, and reporting. The reporting function is primarily what you will be doing in this course. This is the phase when you accumulate information about a topic and report that information to others.

What is Primary and Secondary Research?

There are two main research information sources. Watch Emily Craig’s video, Market Research: the Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources , to get a better understanding of the two.

Market Research: the Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources , by Emily Craig , Standard YouTube License. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bPDNt9463g

1. Primary Research Sources: Primary research is reported by the person conducting the research and is considered an active form of research because the researcher is actually conducting the research for the purpose of creating new knowledge. The researcher discovers or revises facts, theories, and applications. For the purposes of your speeches, you may use two basic primary research categories: surveys and interviews. This includes firsthand research where you personally complete an interview or survey and share the results in your speech.

Conducting surveys: A survey is a collection of facts, figures, or opinions gathered from participants and used to indicate how everyone within a target group may respond. Maybe you’re going to be speaking before an education board about its plans to build a new library, so you create a survey and distribute it to all your neighbors seeking their feedback on the project. During your speech, you could then discuss your survey and the results you found.

Conducting interviews: An interview is a conversation in which the interviewer asks a series of questions aimed at learning facts, figures, or opinions from one or more respondents. As with a survey, an interviewer generally has a list of prepared questions to ask; but unlike a survey, an interview allows for follow-up questions that can aid in understanding why a respondent gave a certain answer.

2. Secondary Research Sources: Secondary research is carried out to discover or revise facts, theories, and applications and is reported by someone not involved in conducting the actual research. Most of what we consider research falls into the secondary research category. These sources are what you will mostly use for your speeches:

Biographical resources
Books of quotations
Digital collections
Encyclopedias; Wikipedia, but only used properly
Government publications
Images, to an extent
Periodicals
Poetry collections
Social news sites
Website reference works

How do I analyze research?

Nonacademic and academic sources.

Nonacademic sources include information sources that are sometimes also called popular press information sources; their primary purpose is to be read by the general public. Most nonacademic information sources are written at a sixth- to eighth-grade reading level, so they are very accessible. Although the information contained in these sources is often quite limited, the advantage of using nonacademic sources is that they appeal to a broad, general audience.

Nonacademic examples and resources:

Books Most college and university libraries offer both the physical stacks where the books are located and the electronic databases that contain ebooks. The two largest ebook databases are ebrary and NetLibrary . Although these library collections are generally cost-prohibitive for an individual, more and more academic institutions are subscribing to them. Some libraries are also making portions of their collections available online for free, for example, Harvard University’s Digital Collections , New York Public Library’s E-book Collection , The British Library’s Online Gallery , and the US Library of Congress . With the influx of computer technology, libraries have started to create vast stores of digitized content from around the world. These online libraries contain full-text documents, free of charge to everyone. Some online libraries we recommend are Project Gutenberg , Google Books , Open Library , and Get Free eBooks . This is a short list of just a handful of the libraries that are now offering free electronic content.

General-interest periodicals These are magazines and newsletters published on a fairly systematic basis. Some popular magazines in this category include The New Yorker , People , Reader’s Digest , Parade , Smithsonian , and The Saturday Evening Post . These magazines are considered general interest because most people in the United States find them interesting and topical.

Special-interest periodicals These are magazines and newsletters that are published for a narrower audience. In a 2005 article, Business Wire noted that in the United States there are over ten thousand different magazines published annually, but only two thousand of which have significant circulation1. More widely known special-interest periodicals are Sports Illustrated , Bloomberg’s Business Week , Gentleman’s Quarterly , Vogue , Popular Science , and House and Garden . But for every major magazine, there are a great many other lesser-known magazines, such as American Coin Op Magazine , Varmint Hunter , Shark Diver Magazine , Pet Product News International , and Water Garden News , to name just a few.

Newspapers – According to newspapers.com, the top ten newspapers in the United States are USA Today , the Wall Street Journal , the New York Times , the Los Angeles Times , the Washington Post , the New York Daily News , the Chicago Tribune , the New York Post , Long Island Newsday , and the Houston Chronicle . Most colleges and universities subscribe to a number of these newspapers in paper form or electronic access.

Blogs – Although anyone can create a blog, there are many reputable blog sites that are run by professional journalists. As such, blogs can be a great information source. However, as with all Internet information, you must wade through much junk to find useful, accurate information. According to Technorati.com, some of the most commonly read blogs in the world in 2011 are as follows: The Huffington Post , Gizmodo , Mashable! , and The Daily Beast.

Encyclopedias – These are information sources that provide short, very general information about a topic. Encyclopedias are available in both print and electronic formats, and their content ranges from eclectic and general, such as the Encyclopædia Britannica , to the very specific, such as the Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture or Encyclopedia of Afterlife Beliefs and Phenomena . One of the most popular online encyclopedic sources is Wikipedia . Like other encyclopedias, Wikipedia can be useful for finding basic information, such as the baseball teams that Catfish Hunter played for, but will not give you the depth of information you need for a speech. Also, keep in mind that Wikipedia can be edited by anyone, unlike the general and specialized encyclopedias available through your library, and therefore, often contains content errors and biased information

Websites – These are the last major nonacademic information sources. In the twenty-first century, we live in a world where there is much information readily available at our fingertips. Unfortunately, you can spend hours and hours searching for information and never quite find what you’re looking for if you don’t devise an Internet search strategy. First, select a good search engine to help you find appropriate information. This list contains links to common search engines and the general information found there

Search Engines

US Government Open Data
HON Med Hunt
US National Library of Medicine
Bizrate Comparison
Google Shopping
Population Reference Bureau
US Census Bureau
ARTCYCLOPEDIA: The Fine Art Search Engine
The Library of Congress
Ziprecruiter
Diversity Jobs

Academic and Scholarly Sources These include texts that are read by dozens of academics who provide feedback. If you include academic research in your writing process, it will be time consuming, but it provides you with an extra level of confidence in the information’s relevance and accuracy. The main difference between academic or scholarly information and the information you get from the popular press is oversight. In the nonacademic world, the primary information gatekeeper is the editor, who may or may not be a content expert. Academia has established a way to perform a series of checks to ensure that the information is accurate and follows agreed-upon academic standards. In this section, we will discuss scholarly books and articles, computerized databases, and scholarly web information.

Academic examples and resources:

Scholarly Books – According to the Text and Academic Authors Association , there are two types of scholarly books: textbooks and academic books. Textbooks are books that are written about a segment of content within an academic field and are written for undergraduate or graduate student audiences. These books tend to be very specifically focused. Academic books are books that are primarily written for other academics for informational and research purposes. Generally speaking, when instructors ask you to find scholarly books, they are referring to academic books. Thankfully, there are hundreds of thousands of academic books published on almost every topic you can imagine. In the communication, field, there are a handful of major publishers who publish academic books, for example, SAGE , Routledge , Jossey-Bass , Pfeiffer , the American Psychological Association , and the National Communication Association , among others.

Scholarly Articles – Because most academic writing comes in the form of scholarly articles or journal articles, these are the best places to find academic research on a given topic. Every academic subfield has its own journals, so you should never have a problem finding the best and most recent topic research. However, scholarly articles are written for a scholarly audience, so reading scholarly articles takes more time than if you were to read a popular press-magazine article. It’s also helpful to realize that there may be parts of the article you simply do not have the background knowledge to understand, and there is nothing wrong with that. Many research studies are conducted by quantitative researchers who rely on statistics to examine phenomena. Unless you have training in understanding the statistics, it is difficult to interpret the statistical information that appears in these articles. Instead, focus on the beginning part of the article where the authors discuss previous secondary research, and then focus at the article’s end, where the authors explain what was found in their primary research.

Computerized Databases – Finding academic research is easier today than it ever has been because of large computer databases. Here’s how these databases work: a database company signs contracts with publishers to gain the right to store the publishers’ content electronically. The database companies then create thematic databases containing publications related to general knowledge areas, such as business, communication, psychology, medicine, etc. The database companies then sell database subscriptions to libraries. Use our SLCC library database. How to Use SLCC Library

The Web – In addition to the subscription databases, there are also numerous great sources for scholarly information on the web. As mentioned earlier, however, finding scholarly information on the web poses a problem because anyone can post information on the web. Fortunately, there are many great websites that filter this information for us.

Scholarly Information on the Web

Tips for finding authoritative and credible sources and evidence.

Create a Research Log – George believes it’s important to keep a “step-by-step account of the process of identifying, obtaining, and evaluating sources for a specific project…” (George, 2008). In essence, keeping a log of your research is very helpful because it can help you keep track of what you’ve read thus far.
Start with Background Information – It’s not unusual for students to try to jump right into the meat of a topic, only to find out that there is a lot of technical language they just don’t understand. For this reason, start your research with sources written for the general public. Generally, these lower-level sources are great for topic background information and are helpful when trying to learn a subject’s basic vocabulary.
Search your Library – Try to search as many different databases as possible. Look for relevant books, ebooks, newspaper articles, magazine articles, journal articles, and media files. Modern college and university libraries have a ton of sources, and one search may not reveal everything you are looking for on the first pass. Furthermore, don’t forget to think about topic synonyms. The more topic synonyms you can generate, the better you’ll be at finding information.
Learn to Skim – Start by reading the introductory paragraphs. Generally, the first few paragraphs will give you a good idea about the overall topic. If you’re reading a research article, start by reading the abstract. If the first few paragraphs or abstract don’t sound like they’re applicable, there’s a good chance the source won’t be useful for you. Second, look for highlighted, italicized, or bulleted information. Generally, authors use highlighting, italics, and bullets to separate information to make it jump out for readers. Third, look for tables, charts, graphs, and figures. All these forms are separated from the text to make the information more easily understandable for a reader, so discovering if the content is relevant is a way to see if it helps you. Fourth, look at headings and subheadings. Headings and subheadings show you how an author has grouped information into meaningful segments.
Read Bibliographies and Reference Pages – After you’ve finished reading useful sources, see who those sources cited on their bibliographies or reference pages. We call this method backtracking. Often, the sources cited by others can lead us to even better sources than the ones we found initially.
Ask for Help – Don’t be afraid to ask for help. Librarians are your friends. They won’t do your work for you, but they are more than willing to help if you ask.

Black and white cartoon with two men speaking and the caption "Keep in mind there are only two kinds of facts... those that support my position... and inconclusive."

How to Analyze Sources

To analyze your sources, follow these guidelines:

Consider the Source

The source is the author and or publisher who provides the information you are reading.
Is it clear who the source is? If not, be suspicious of that website or article.
Is the source qualified? Does the author have the qualifications to speak on the subject? If there is no author or there is no information about the author, be suspicious. Use profnet to search for credible source information.
Are there references attached to the website or article you are looking at? Are those references verifiable and credible? If you look at a source’s bibliography or reference page, and it has only a couple of citations, then you can assume that either the information was not properly cited, or it was largely made up by someone.
Academic or not? Because of the enhanced scrutiny academic sources go through, we argue that you can generally rely more on the information contained in academic sources than nonacademic sources.

Consider Source Bias

Take a look at this article .
This article gives a list of websites that might not pass some of our consider-your-source bias. Take a look and see which of these websites are biased.
Even though a source may have credible information, if it clearly has a vested interest in something, look elsewhere.

Determine Document Currency

How long has it been since the website has been updated? When was the article written? If the answer is 2012 or earlier, find something more recent since information may have changed in the last five years.
Ensuring your evidence is recent is important to your speaker credibility.
Not all information that is old however, is irrelevant. Sometimes, we must look at history to understand the present or to predict the future. Some facts and information have not changed much or at all over time.

Use Fact-Checking Sites

Pop Culture and Urban Myths: Snopes
Politcal Claims: PolitiFact , Factcheck , The Fact Checker
Medical Claims: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Health Central
News Events: Check reputable news organizations such as the New York Times , BBC News , or CNN

How do I cite my sources in a speech?

Citation Style

Citation styles provide particular formats for in-text citations and bibliographies to use in your research paper. Choose the citation style based on the discipline in which you are writing. Usually, your professor will indicate the citation style that he or she would like you to use (guides.temple.edu). Some common citation styles:

American Psychological Association, APA Style: frequently used in the social sciences.
Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago Style: Notes and Bibliography format is often used in the humanities; Author-Date format is often used in the social sciences and sciences.
Modern Language Association, MLA Style: widely used in the humanities (guides.temple.edu).

The APA and the MLA are two commonly used style guides in academia today. Generally speaking, scholars in the various social science fields, such as psychology, human communication, and business are more likely to use APA style, and scholars in the various humanities fields such as English, philosophy, and rhetoric are more likely to use MLA style, in addition to Chicago Manual for publishing. These styles are quite different from each other, so learning them takes time.

In this course, you will use APA style in your written work and your speech citations. First, let’s discuss how to cite research references inside your written work and at the end for your bibliography and works-cited page.

How to cite research references inside your outline

When citing research references inside your outline, they are called in-text or parenthetical citations. Look at EasyBib’s website, which has a list of different examples to help you see how it is done in APA format.

As you probably noticed, in-text or parenthetical citations are very similar to the way you might cite your research references inside an English or research paper. Since the outlines for your speeches are full sentences, use the same in-text citation. Look at SLCC Libguides for another example of in-text citations.

How to cite research reference pages at the end of your outline

The reference page, also known as a bibliography or works-cited page, is the last page on your outline. How you title this page depends on if you are using APA, MLA, or Chicago Style, etc. In APA format, which is what we will use in this class, use the title, “References.” Visit the Purdue Owl website and navigate to the bottom of the page to see an example. The Purdue Online Writing Lab is also a great site to help you with APA format for your speech research.

There are several places you can go online and in Microsoft Word that will cite sources for you in APA. These are called citation managers, which are software programs used to download, organize, and output your citations. You can output thousands of different citation styles, including APA, Chicago, and MLA using citation managers (guides.temple.edu). All you have to do is input the information! When you use the SLCC library to do research, they provide automatic APA citation for you!

Citation Machine Scribbr The Owl at Purdue

Citing Sources Orally in a Speech

Now, we will discuss how to use oral citations in your speech and provide examples. This will be extremely important to your class grade, as you will be graded on the way you cite your sources orally in your speech and how many citations you mention. Keep in mind that written references are more complete and more formal than oral references, which means you want your oral citations in your speech to flow and fit in with the rest of your speech’s content.

Either immediately before or after you give source information during your speech, identify these key oral citation standards or elements:

Name the website, author, person, magazine, etc.
State your source’s credentials—ethos. This includes the person, website, etc. and explain in your speech why and how this is an authoritative topic source. Explain why you are using this source compared to other possible sources.
Give the article, book, or video title, etc.
Give the source’s date, if it is necessary and relevant, which it usually is.

Here are some examples that correspond to the numbers above:

“According to Dr. Jim Pritchard, a practicing architect in Salt Lake City, architecture is not a dying discipline but is actually thriving ….” (2)

“The 2016 edition of Crompton’s Encyclopedia explains that … “(3, 4)

“I read in my English textbook, Effective Writing , that writing skills are one of the number-one skills required to have a successful career …. “(3)

Example from your textbook in Appendix A: “It killed an estimated 50 million people worldwide and 675,000 Americans, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Website flu.gov.” (1, 3)

According to Melanie Smithfield in an article titled “Do It Right, or Do It Now,” published in the June 18, 2009, issue of Time Magazine… (1, 2, 3, 4)

According to Roland Smith, a legendary civil rights activist and former chair of the Civil Rights Defense League, in his 2001 book The Path of Peace… (1, 2, 3, 4)

Here is an example of an informative speech given during a competition. Listen carefully for the sources, and watch how the speaker seamlessly gives his audience evidence.

Robert Cannon NFA Info Finals – Informative Speaking , by Cannonball of Death, Standard YouTube License . https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SogNbDakslQ

Key things to remember:

Is it important that you explain who the author of a text is? Or, why is the source website relevant to your speech’s topic? Why mention the research study date or a source-book title? By including this explanation in your speech you help the audience see the ethos or credibility in your sources, and therefore, your credibility as the speaker.
Mentioning your sources boosts your credibility. If you are not a credible speaker, people won’t take you seriously; they won’t listen to you at all; or they could even make you look bad in public, embarrass you, or ruin your reputation, etc.
Proper oral speech citation also helps you avoid oral plagiarism, which is a serious issue and could lead to failing the class or being kicked out of school, etc. Oral plagiarism has the same consequences as written plagiarism.

What does it mean to use sources ethically?

Avoid plagiarism.

If the idea isn’t yours, cite the information source during your speech. Listing the citation on a bibliography or reference page is only half of the correct citation. You must provide correct citations for all your sources within your speech as well. In a very helpful book called Avoiding Plagiarism: A Student Guide to Writing Your Own Work , Menager-Beeley and Paulos provide a list of twelve strategies for avoiding plagiarism (Menager-Beeley & Paulos, 2009):

Do your own work, and use your own words. One of the goals of a public speaking class is to develop skills that you’ll use in the world outside academia. When you are in the workplace and the real world, you’ll be expected to think for yourself, so start learning this skill now.
Allow yourself enough time to research the assignment. Not having adequate time to prepare is no excuse for plagiarism.
Keep careful track of your sources. A common mistake people make is that they forget where information came from when they start creating the speech itself. When you log your sources, you’re less likely to inadvertently lose sources and to cite them incorrectly.
Take careful notes. It doesn’t matter what method you choose for taking research notes, but whatever you do, be systematic to avoid plagiarizing.
Assemble your thoughts, and make it clear who is speaking. When creating your speech, make sure that you clearly differentiate your voice in the speech from your quoted author’s voice. The easiest way to do this is to create a direct quotation or a paraphrase. Remember, audience members cannot see where the quotation marks are located within your speech text, so clearly articulate with words and vocal tone when you are using someone else’s ideas within your speech.
If you use an idea, a quotation, paraphrase, or summary, then credit the source. We can’t reiterate it enough—if it is not your idea, tell your audience where the information came from. Giving credit is especially important when your speech includes a statistic, an original theory, or a fact that is not common knowledge.
Learn how to cite sources correctly, both in the body of your paper and in your reference or works-cited page.
Quote accurately and sparingly. A public speech should be based on factual information and references, but it shouldn’t be a string of direct quotations strung together. Experts recommend that no more than 10 percent of a paper or speech be direct quotations (Menager-Beeley & Paulos, 2009). When selecting direct quotations, always ask yourself if the material could be paraphrased in a manner that would make it clearer for your audience. If the author wrote a sentence in a way that is just perfect, and you don’t want to tamper with it, then by all means directly quote the sentence. But if you’re just quoting because it’s easier than putting the ideas into your own words, this is not a legitimate reason for including direct quotations.
Paraphrase carefully. Modifying an author’s words is not simply a matter of replacing some of the words with synonyms. Instead, as Howard and Taggart explain in Research Matters , “paraphrasing force[s] you to understand your sources and to capture their meaning accurately in original words and sentences” (Howard & Taggart, 2010). Incorrect paraphrasing is one of the most common ways that students inadvertently plagiarize. First and foremost, paraphrasing is putting the author’s argument, intent, or ideas into your own words.
Do not patchwrite or patchspeak. Menager-Beeley and Paulos define patchwriting as “mixing several references together and arranging paraphrases and quotations to constitute much of the paper. In essence, the student has assembled others’ work with a bit of embroidery here and there but with little original thinking or expression” (Menager-Beeley & Paulos, 2009). Just as students can patchwrite, they can also patchspeak. In patchspeaking, students rely completely on weaving together quotations and paraphrases in a manner that is devoid of the student’s original thinking.
Do not auto-summarize. Some students have learned that most word processing features have an auto-summary function. The auto-summary function will summarize a ten-page document into a short paragraph.
Do not rework another student’s speech or buy paper-mill papers or speech-mill speeches. In today’s Internet environment, there are numerous student-speech storehouses on the Internet. Whether you use a speech that is freely available or pay money for a speech, you are plagiarizing. This is also true if your speech’s main substance was copied from a web page. Any time you try to present someone else’s ideas as your own during a speech, you are plagiarizing.

Use Sources Ethically In a speech

Ways to use sources ethically in a speech:

Avoid plagiarism , as we already discussed.
Avoid Academic Fraud – While there are numerous websites from which you can download free speeches for your class, this is tantamount to fraud. If you didn’t do the research and write your own speech, then you are fraudulently trying to pass off someone else’s work as your own. In addition to being unethical, many institutions have student codes that forbid such activity. Penalties for academic fraud can be as severe as suspension or expulsion from your institution.
Don’t Mislead Your Audience – If you know a source is clearly biased, and you don’t spell this out for your audience, then you are purposefully trying to mislead or manipulate your audience. Instead, if you believe the information to be biased, tell your audience and allow them to decide whether to accept or disregard the information.
Give Author Credentials – Always provide the author’s credentials. In a world where anyone can say anything and have it published on the Internet or even in a book, we have to be skeptical of the information we see and hear. For this reason, it’s very important to provide your audience with background information about your cited authors’ credentials.
Use Primary Research Ethically – Lastly, if you are using primary research within your speech, you need to use it ethically as well. For example, if you tell your survey participants that the research is anonymous or confidential, then make sure that you maintain their anonymity or confidentiality when you present those results. Furthermore, be respectful if someone says something is off the record during an interview. Always maintain participants’ privacy and confidentiality during primary research unless you have their express permission to reveal their names or other identifying information.

How do I establish ethos?

Establishing ethos—one of the three rhetorical appeals—is achieved by including authoritative evidence or research inside of your speech. You establish ethos as well through your credibility and ethics as a speaker.

Here are some questions to ask yourself as you prepare to establish ethos for any speech:

Credibility

Does the audience see you as topic-credible? What have you done or said to ensure this?
What makes you credible? Do you explain your credibility to the audience in the speech?
Can the audience trust you? What reason have you given them to trust you?

Authoritative Sources

Do you cite your authoritative sources out loud in your speech?
Are your sources actually authoritative for this topic?
What makes your sources authoritative? Do you explain that to your audience?
Does your dress, clothing, and appearance match the topic, occasion, and audience for your speech? How might your audience perceive your appearance from your perspective?

You must be able to answer all of these questions with a yes and a good explanation. The audience should clearly hear and see your ethos in your speech.

University of Minnesota. (2016). Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking . University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. https://open.lib.umn.edu/publicspeaking/ . CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Media References

Cannonball of Death. (2011, January 3). Robert Cannon NFA Info Finals – Informative Speaking [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SogNbDakslQ

Craig, E. (2019, September 20). Market Research: the Difference Between Primary and Secondary Sources [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bPDNt9463g

Dombrowski, Q. (2010, October 28). Bibliography [Image]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/quinnanya/5124103273/

Fuller, A. (2022, May 5). Textbook Cartoon [Image]. Center for eLearning, Salt Lake Community College.

Geralt. (2021, May 20). Arrows Direction Way [Image]. Pixabay. https://pixabay.com/illustrations/arrows-direction-way-sketch-false-6268063/

Not of or relating to formal study.

A long written or printed literary composition.

Public Speaking Copyright © 2022 by Sarah Billington and Shirene McKay is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Beloved mall retailer files Chapter 7 bankruptcy, will liquidate

I t has been a brutal period for several popular retailers. The fallout from the covid pandemic and a challenging economic environment have pushed numerous chains into bankruptcy with Tuesday Morning, Christmas Tree Shops, and Bed Bath & Beyond all moving from Chapter 11 to Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation.

In all three of those cases, the companies faced clear financial pressures that led to inventory problems and vendors demanding faster, or even upfront payment. That creates a sort of inevitability.

Related: Beloved retailer finds life after bankruptcy, new famous owner

When a retailer faces financial pressure it sets off a cycle where vendors become wary of selling them items. That leads to barren shelves and no ability for the chain to sell its way out of its financial problems.

Once that happens bankruptcy generally becomes the only option. Sometimes that means a Chapter 11 filing which gives the company a chance to negotiate with its creditors. In some cases, deals can be worked out where vendors extend longer terms or even forgive some debts, and banks offer an extension of loan terms.

In other cases, new funding can be secured which assuages vendor concerns or the company might be taken over by its vendors. Sometimes, as was the case with David's Bridal, a new owner steps in, adds new money, and makes deals with creditors in order to give the company a new lease on life.

It's rare that a retailer moves directly into Chapter 7 bankruptcy and decides to liquidate without trying to find a new source of funding.

The Body Shop has bad news for customers

The Body Shop has been in a very public fight for survival. Fears began when the company closed half of its locations in the United Kingdom. That was followed by a bankruptcy-style filing in Canada and an abrupt closure of its U.S. stores on March 4.

"The Canadian subsidiary of the global beauty and cosmetics brand announced it has started restructuring proceedings by filing a Notice of Intention (NOI) to Make a Proposal pursuant to the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act (Canada). In the same release, the company said that, as of March 1, 2024, The Body Shop US Limited has ceased operations," Chain Store Age reported.

A message on the company's U.S. website shared a simple message that does not appear to be the entire story.

"We're currently undergoing planned maintenance, but don't worry we're due to be back online soon."

That same message is still on the company's website, but a new filing makes it clear that the site is not down for maintenance, it's down for good.

The Body Shop files for Chapter 7 bankruptcy

While the future appeared bleak for The Body Shop, fans of the brand held out hope that a savior would step in. That's not going to be the case.

The Body Shop filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in the United States.

"The US arm of the ethical cosmetics group has ceased trading at its 50 outlets. On Saturday (March 9), it filed for Chapter 7 insolvency, under which assets are sold off to clear debts, putting about 400 jobs at risk including those in a distribution center that still holds millions of dollars worth of stock," The Guardian reported.

After its closure in the United States, the survival of the brand remains very much in doubt. About half of the chain's stores in the United Kingdom remain open along with its Australian stores.

The future of those stores remains very much in doubt and the chain has shared that it needs new funding in order for them to continue operating.

The Body Shop did not respond to a request for comment from TheStreet.

People shop in mall with "sale" signs. Sale Lead

Vulkan Bolla Chapter 7 Boss Guide

After facing five bosses in the previous chapter, Chapter 7, Warning Signs goes light on you with only a single big bad to defeat. But Vulkan Bolla, a volcanic baddie with a weakness to water, is a formidable foe. Best to bring Katalina, from from your starting party, but Lancelot or Vane will also get the job done if you have them unlocked.

Tips and Strategies for Defeating Vulkan Bolla

You first encounter with this boss will be brief, as he soon takes off. Don't worry about doing much damage here. Save your energy, and health, for the real battle.

While chasing Vulkan Bolla, stop and take cover behind rocks to avoid the lava splashes it leaves in its wake.

The monster uses a variety of melee attack and fire-flinging abilities, but it's the former that will often leave it open to damage. When it puts its limbs on the ground, run up and unload all you've got on it. When it resumes attacking with its arms, carefully run by them and damage its body.

You'll generally want to keep your distance when its swiping with its claws and shooting fiery projectiles, but otherwise get in there. You can also utilize ranged attacks, especially those imbued with water, while avoiding its lobbed attacks the best you can. After a bit, the beast will take off again.

When chasing it, continue to take cover behind rocks and use the Hallowed Ground the way to recharge.

You'll soon resume your fight with the foe as well, but it'll be tougher this time. Primarily because the primal beast often blankets the entire arena with fire, giving you little chance to do much of anything but manage your health accordingly.

Pay closer attention to your health during this phase, utilizing the support skills of the healer in your party. When not hunkering down and waiting out its all-out attacks, resume your previous strategy, but with more of a focus on building up to a Chain Burst to bring this lengthy battle to an end.

Up Next: How to Defeat Lilith

Up Next: Lilith Chapter 7 Boss Guide

Top guide sections.

Walkthrough
Boss Guides
Tips and Tricks
How-To Guides

Was this guide helpful?

In this guide.

Official Site of The State of New Jersey

The State of NJ site may contain optional links, information, services and/or content from other websites operated by third parties that are provided as a convenience, such as Google™ Translate. Google™ Translate is an online service for which the user pays nothing to obtain a purported language translation. The user is on notice that neither the State of NJ site nor its operators review any of the services, information and/or content from anything that may be linked to the State of NJ site for any reason. - Read Full Disclaimer

Search close

Department of Environmental Protection

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE March 25, 2024

Contact: Lawrence Hajna (DEP) (609) 984-1795 Bailey Lawrence (BPU) (908) 812-4865

MURPHY ADMINISTRATION ANNOUNCES $3.7 MILLION IN FUNDING FOR OFFSHORE WIND RESEARCH AND MONITORING INITIATIVE

TRENTON – New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Commissioner Shawn M. LaTourette and New Jersey Board of Public Utilities President Christine Guhl-Sadovy today announced the award of nearly $3.7 million in funding for scientific research projects being undertaken to ensure ecologically responsible development of offshore wind energy, an integral part of the Murphy Administration’s climate change response and resilience strategy.

Projects newly funded through the state’s ongoing Research and Monitoring Initiative (RMI) include an aerial survey of whales, a whale satellite-tagging study, a study of seasonal water-mixing dynamics, the expansion of an existing tracking system for birds and bats, and a study focused on sea turtle behavior and health.

A woman wearing an orange flight suit holds a camera up to a plane’s window to take a photo.

“As we continue to pursue a 100% clean energy economy by 2035, it’s imperative that we not only protect the interests of our ratepayers but safeguard the vitality of our marine ecosystems as well,” said NJBPU President Guhl-Sadovy. “The Research Monitoring Initiative is a crucial piece of our comprehensive efforts to responsibly develop New Jersey’s nation-leading offshore wind industry.”

The RMI, jointly administered by the DEP and BPU, employs a rigorous scientific approach to coordinate research on potential impacts of the development, operation, and eventual decommissioning of offshore wind energy to ensure the state’s offshore wind energy goals are achieved responsibly and with as little impact on natural resources as possible.

Project details

Whale aerial surveys: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries has been awarded $47,383 to extend seasonal aerial whale surveys by the Northeast Fisheries Science Center into the coastal region off northern New Jersey. These surveys will contribute to regional efforts being conducted for endangered North Atlantic right whales, and other whales, from New York to North Carolina. Trained protected species observers will utilize small aircraft to visually identify and record data about whale species. Data will be shared with other researchers conducting assessments of seasonal habitat use, distribution and abundance. Photographs of North Atlantic right whales will be used for individual identification and tracking.
Whale satellite tagging study: Rutgers University has been awarded $929,593 to evaluate the movements and habitat use of humpback whales and fin whales in and around the New Jersey offshore wind lease areas. Both fin and humpback whales are commonly found year-round in waters off New Jersey. Whales will be affixed with satellite transmitters that will allow researchers to better understand their ecology and behavior, such as feeding patterns and movements. Researchers will also assess where there are potential risks associated with time spent by whales in wind lease areas or major shipping lanes to inform any potential mitigation efforts if necessary.
Bat and bird tracking system expansion: A collaboration of research entities led by the American Bird Conservancy has been awarded $1.3 million to expand an existing regional network that tracks the movements of radio-tagged birds and bats. This funding will result in the deployment and maintenance of 10 new land based Motus receiver stations and 10 ocean buoy stations as part of the Motus Wildlife Tracking System in strategic locations throughout New Jersey and offshore. The expansion will improve regional network coverage and provide baseline data to aid researchers in assessing species migration routes to and through New Jersey airspace and offshore wind lease areas.
Sea turtle study: The Coonamessett Farm Foundation has been awarded $1.03 million to evaluate baseline preconstruction migration routes of sea turtles, including loggerheads, greens, kemps ridleys, and leatherbacks. The Coonamessett Farm Foundation will tag turtles off North Carolina and Virginia before they migrate through New Jersey. The researchers will also monitor foraging and dive behavior of turtles within New Jersey offshore wind lease areas using video tags and remotely operated vehicles, known as ROVs. Biological samples will be collected to evaluate variability in baseline preconstruction blood chemistry (such as stress hormones), diet, and parasites.

RMI projects are selected to address the short-term highest priority research needs identified with input from subject matter experts; stakeholders, including a variety of state, federal, fishing industry, and environmental organizations; and the New Jersey Environmental Resources Offshore Wind Working Group.

Launched in 2021, RMI’s ongoing research is contributing to a regional body of work being developed by federal partners such as the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); regional entities such as the Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative for Offshore Wind and the Responsible Offshore Science Alliance; and state partners with shared ocean interests from Maine to North Carolina.

To date, RMI projects have received $13 million in funding through the BPU’s second offshore wind energy solicitation. On Jan. 24, the BPU awarded a combined 3,742 MW of offshore wind capacity through its Third Offshore Wind Energy Solicitation , making an additional $39 million available to support RMI projects. Follow DEP on Facebook @newjerseydep, on Twitter @NewJerseyDEP, on Instagram @nj.dep and LinkedIn @newjerseydep

Follow BPU on Facebook @NJBPU, on Twitter @NJBPU and on Instagram @njboardofpublicutilities

Photos/Top: Aerial whale monitoring, courtesy NOAA; Bottom: Sea turtle research, courtesy Coonamessett Farm Foundation

Cast & crew

Horizon: An American Saga - Chapter 1

Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west. Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west. Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west.

Kevin Costner
Sienna Miller
Jena Malone
1 Critic review

All cast & crew
Production, box office & more at IMDbPro

More like this

Did you know

Trivia Kevin Costner 's first directorial effort since Open Range (2003) .
Connections Followed by Horizon: An American Saga - Chapter 2 (2024)
When will Horizon: An American Saga - Chapter 1 be released? Powered by Alexa
June 28, 2024 (United States)
United States
Horizon: An American Saga
New Line Cinema
Territory Pictures Entertainment
Warner Bros.
See more company credits at IMDbPro
$100,000,000 (estimated)

Technical specs

Dolby Digital
Dolby Atmos

More to explore

Middle East Crisis U.N. Security Council Passes Resolution for Immediate Cease-Fire

Share full article
Video posted by a Red Crescent volunteer on Sunday shows explosions near Al-Amal Hospital in Khan Younis. The organization said the volunteer was later killed. By @AMEER_ABOAISHA Via Reuters
Palestinians mourning the victims of a strike at Al-Najjar hospital in Rafah. Said Khatib/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Damaged homes on Monday after a strike in Rafah, in southern Gaza. Reuters
Aid being airdropped into northern Gaza. Fatima Shbair/Associated Press
Relatives and supporters of hostages held in Gaza participating in a Purim parade in Jerusalem. Ohad Zwigenberg/Associated Press
Palestinians fleeing south from Gaza City. Fatima Shbair/Associated Press
Searching a building destroyed by a strike in Deir al Balah, in central Gaza. Associated Press
Inside a damaged home in Rafah. Ahmad Hasaballah/Getty Images
Posters in Tel Aviv with photographs of hostages. Carlos Garcia Rawlins/Reuters
Palestinians breaking fast during the holy month of Ramadan in Rafah on Sunday. Mohammed Abed/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

The United States, after vetoing earlier resolutions, abstained.

U.n. security council demands an immediate cease-fire in gaza, the resolution passed after the united states abstained from voting. the cease-fire would last for the month of ramadan..

Will those in favor of the draft resolution contained in Document S/2024/254 please raise their hand? Those against? Abstention? The result of the voting is as follows: 14 votes in favor, zero vote against, one abstention. The draft resolution as been adopted as Resolution 2728 (2024). [applause]

The United Nations Security Council on Monday passed a resolution calling for an immediate cease-fire in Gaza, breaking a five-month impasse during which the United States vetoed several calls for ending the war, while the humanitarian toll of Israel’s military offensive climbed higher.

The resolution passed with 14 votes in favor. The United States abstained, allowing the resolution to pass. The chamber broke into applause after the vote.

“Finally, finally, the Security Council is shouldering its responsibility,” said Algeria’s ambassador to the U.N., Amar Bendjama, the only Arab member of the Council. “It is finally responding to the calls of the international community.”

Israel immediately criticized the United States for allowing the resolution to pass. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel’s office called the move “a retreat from the consistent American position since the beginning of the war,” and said the U.S. abstention “harms the war effort as well as the effort to liberate the hostages.”

In response, Mr. Netanyahu said he would not send an Israeli delegation to Washington to hold high-level talks with U.S. officials on a planned operation in the southern Gaza city of Rafah — a public rebuke to President Biden, who had asked for the meetings.

A State Department spokesman, Matthew Miller, called that decision “a bit surprising and unfortunate.”

The United States did not vote for the resolution because it did not condemn Hamas’s Oct. 7 assault on Israel and because of other concerns about the wording, he said at a briefing in Washington. But other aspects of the resolution “were consistent with our long-term position — most importantly, that there should be a cease-fire and that there should be a release of hostages, which is what we understood also to be the government of Israel’s position.”

The breakthrough resolution, which was put forth by the 10 nonpermanent members of the Council, was being negotiated intensely until the last minute. The United States asked for a change in the text that replaced “permanent cease-fire” in the war between Israel and Hamas with “lasting cease-fire,” according to diplomats, and it wanted language calling for both sides to create conditions allowing a halt in fighting to be sustained.

It calls for a cease-fire for the rest of the holy month of Ramadan, which has two weeks remaining.

While Security Council resolutions are considered international law and carry significant political and legal weight, the Council does not have the means to enforce them. The Council can take punitive measures such as sanctions against violators, but even that could run into obstacles if a veto-holding member opposes the measure. Israel is currently in violation of a 2016 resolution that demands it stop expanding settlements in the West Bank.

Over the years, the United States has vetoed dozens of Security Council resolutions critical of Israel; it has rarely abstained, and when it does, analysts say, it marks a clear signal of Washington’s displeasure with Israeli action or policy.

In 2009, in the final days of the George W. Bush presidency, the United States abstained on a 2009 cease-fire resolution on a previous war in Gaza. Under President Barack Obama, it abstained on the 2016 resolution on West Bank settlements. And it abstained again on a resolution three months ago on humanitarian aid for Gaza.

“The crucial variable is that the Biden administration is obviously not happy with Israel's military posture now, and allowing this resolution to pass was one relatively soft way to signal its concern,” said Richard Gowan, an expert on the United Nations at the International Crisis Group. “But the abstention is a not-too-coded hint to Netanyahu to rein in operations, above all over Rafah.”

As images of starving children, carnage and vast destruction of civilian infrastructure from Gaza have circulated, global anger has mounted against Israel, along with pressure on the U.S. to reconsider its staunch support of Israel and use its leverage to end the conflict.

“When such atrocities are being committed in broad daylight against defenseless civilians, including women and children, the right thing to do, the only thing to do morally, legally and politically is to put an end to it,” said Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian representative to the United Nations, to the Council.

The resolution adopted on Monday demands the unconditional and immediate release of all hostages, but it does not make its demands for a cease-fire conditional on hostage release — one of Israel’s stated objections.

Since the start of the war in October, pressure has been building on the Security Council to call for a cease-fire. Its members, particularly the United States, have been criticized sharply for failing to uphold peace and stability in the world.

The U.S. ambassador, Linda Thomas-Greenfield, said the adopted resolution fell in line with diplomatic efforts by the United States, Qatar and Egypt to broker a cease-fire in exchange for the release of hostages held in Gaza. She said the U.S. abstained because it did not agree with everything in the resolution, including its failure to condemn Hamas’s Oct. 7 attacks.

“A cease-fire of any duration must come with the release of hostages — this is the only path,” Ms. Thomas-Greenfield said.

The U.S. had vetoed three previous resolutions calling for a cease-fire, agreeing with Israel’s position that it had a right to defend itself and that a permanent cease-fire would benefit Hamas. Those vetoes infuriated many diplomats and U.N. officials as the civilian death toll in the war rose inexorably. The U.S. position also created rifts even with some of its staunch European allies, including France.

Russia and China then vetoed two alternative resolutions put forth by the United States, the most recent one last Friday, because, they said, those documents did not clearly demand a cease-fire.

It remained unclear whether Israel or Hamas would heed the resolution’s call for a halt in hostilities.

Israel’s ambassador to the United Nations, Gilad Erdan, accused the Council of being biased against Israel because it had taken no action on helping secure hostages held captive in Gaza. He said all Council members should have voted “against this shameful resolution.”

The resolution passed on Monday also calls for ensuring access to Gaza for humanitarian aid. It also requires both sides to “comply with their obligations under international law in relation to all persons they detain.”

The Oct. 7 Hamas attacks in Israel killed roughly 1,200 people, according to authorities there; about 250 were taken hostage, about half of whom have been released.

In Gaza, more than 32,000 people have been killed by the Israeli bombardment and ground offensive, a majority of them women and children, the Gazan Health Ministry says. Israel’s airstrikes have also laid waste to vast areas of Gaza.

The U.S.-backed resolution that failed on Friday also condemned Hamas’s Oct. 7 attack and called for U.N. member states to restrict funding to the Palestinian armed group. The new resolution is far more concise. It deplores “all attacks against civilians” and “all acts of terrorism,” specifically singling out the taking of hostages.

Michael Crowley contributed reporting.

— Farnaz Fassihi and Aaron Boxerman

After the U.N. vote, Israel called off meetings with the U.S. about Rafah, as relations grow more tense.

For the increasingly tense U.S.-Israel relationship, the fallout from passage of the U.N. cease-fire resolution was immediate, as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Monday that he would not send a planned high-level delegation to Washington for meetings with U.S. officials.

President Biden had requested the meetings to discuss alternatives to a planned Israeli offensive into Rafah, the southern Gaza city where more than a million people have sought refuge, an offensive that American officials have said would create an humanitarian disaster.

The United States had vetoed three previous U.N. Security Council resolutions calling for an end to the war in Gaza between Israel and Hamas, agreeing with Israel’s argument that it would leave Hamas intact and in control of the enclave after it carried out the Oct. 7 assault on Israel.

But on Monday, when the Security Council took up a less strongly worded resolution, calling for a cease-fire for the holy month of Ramadan, the U.S. representative abstained, allowing the measure to pass.

Mr. Netanyahu, in a statement, denounced the abstention as “a retreat from the consistent American position since the beginning of the war,” one which “gives Hamas hope that international pressure will enable them to achieve a cease-fire without freeing the hostages.”

In response, he said, the Israeli delegation that was to discuss Rafah would not go to Washington. The practical impact of his decision may be limited — Mr. Netanyahu has said repeatedly that although he would hear out the White House position, the offensive would proceed — but it is still a sharp, public rebuke of Israel’s closest and most powerful ally.

Briefing reporters at the White House, John F. Kirby, a spokesman for the National Security Council, insisted there had been no change in the American position, and said that the United States had abstained, rather than vote for the U.N. measure, chiefly because “this resolution text did not include a condemnation of Hamas.”

“The prime minister’s office seems to be indicating through public statements that we somehow changed here,” Mr. Kirby said. “We haven’t.”

As for the canceled Israeli delegation, he added: “We were looking forward to having an opportunity to speak to a delegation later this week on exploring viable options and alternatives to a major ground offensive in Rafah.”

“We felt we had valuable lessons to share,” Mr. Kirby said.

He noted that Yoav Gallant, the Israeli defense minister, was in Washington and was still meeting with President Biden’s national security adviser, Jake Sullivan, on Monday, and would be meeting with Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken and Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III.

Mr. Gallant, before meeting with Mr. Sullivan, gave no sign Israel would agree to a cease-fire. “We will operate against Hamas everywhere — including in places where we have not yet been,” he said. He added, “We have no moral right to stop the war while there are still hostages held in Gaza.”

Mr. Gallant and Mr. Austin will discuss Israel’s planning for Rafah when they meet on Tuesday, said Maj. Gen. Patrick Ryder, the Pentagon press secretary, and Israel’s request for more American weapons. He reiterated the administration’s position that before going into Rafah, Israel must have a detailed plan to protect, shelter and feed the civilians there.

“A ground invasion, especially without any type of credible plan, is a mistake given the large number of people, displaced people, that are there at the moment,” General Ryder told reporters.

The U.N. resolution and the American role in it drew angry responses from far-right elements of Israel’s government. Itamar Ben-Gvir, the national security minister, called the move “proof that President Biden is not prioritizing Israel and the free world’s victory over terrorism, but rather his own political considerations.” The resolution, he said in a statement, should prompt Israel to intensify rather than moderate its military campaign.

Israel has faced intense international criticism over its conduct of the war in retaliation for the Oct. 7 attack — a bombing campaign and ground invasion that have killed some 30,000 people, displaced most of Gaza’s population and reduced much of the territory to ruins.

President Biden and other U.S. officials have become increasingly, openly critical of the war effort, saying that Israel should do more to avoid civilian casualties and allow more aid into Gaza — an unusually stark breach between the two nations.

Hamas is holding more than 100 hostages seized during the Oct. 7 attack, and negotiations have been underway for the release of hostages in return for Israel freeing Palestinian inmates in its prisons. The U.N. resolution calls for the immediate release of hostages.

Hamas welcomed the U.N. Security Council resolution in a statement on Telegram, adding that the Palestinian armed group was willing “to immediately engage on a prisoner exchange process that would lead to the release of prisoners on both sides.”

“Hamas calls upon the Security Council to pressure Israel to comply with a cease-fire and end the war, the genocide and ethnic cleansing against our people,” the group said.

Eric Schmitt , David E. Sanger and Cassandra Vinograd contributed reporting.

— Aaron Boxerman

Trump urges Israel to ‘finish up your war.’

Former President Donald J. Trump, in an interview with a conservative Israeli news outlet that was published on Monday, exhorted Israel “to finish up your war,” mixing bellicose support for the government of Israel with harsh warnings that the Jewish state was losing international support by providing “a very bad picture for the world.”

But while Mr. Trump had typically harsh words for President Biden — he called Mr. Biden “dumb” — he offered no prescriptions for what the United States should do, or for what he would do, if elected, to bring the war in Gaza to an end or to advance the cause of peace between Israel and the Palestinians.

The interview with Israel Hayom, a publication started by the conservative American casino magnate Sheldon Adelson, was released on the same day that the Biden administration allowed the United Nations Security Council to pass a resolution demanding a cease-fire in Gaza.

It also came as former members of Mr. Trump’s administration have become more outspoken on policies that diverge sharply from President Biden’s. Jared Kushner, Mr. Trump’s son-in-law and a former senior White House adviser who led the Trump administration’s diplomatic efforts in the Middle East, took heat last week for calling the war in Gaza “a little bit of an unfortunate situation,” then adding, “but from Israel’s perspective I would do my best to move the people out and then clean it up.”

And David M. Friedman, who was ambassador to Israel during Trump’s administration, critiqued Vice President Kamala Harris on social media over the weekend for saying as many as 1.5 million Palestinians crowded into the southern Gaza city of Rafah had nowhere to go if Israel attacks. Mr. Friedman suggested that Gaza’s Palestinians could always emigrate.

“She ‘studied the maps’ and concluded that the people in Rafah have no place to go,” Mr. Friedman wrote. “It must have been an awfully small map — obviously left out Egypt and other Arab countries.”

Mr. Trump did not embrace the rhetoric of expulsion, but he told the Israeli interviewers that he planned to meet with Mr. Friedman to listen to his pitch that the United States recognize Israeli sovereignty over the West Bank, which has been occupied by Israel since 1967.

Mr. Trump’s main thrust, however, was a more mixed prescription for the Israeli right: Israel should finish the war in Gaza — “You have to get it done,” he said — and then move on quickly to “peace,” in some form, because “Israel is in trouble.”

“Israel has to be very careful, because you’re losing a lot of the world, you’re losing a lot of support,” Mr. Trump warned. “You have to finish up, you have to get the job done. And you have to get on to peace, to get on to a normal life for Israel, and for everybody else.”

The former president also delivered what appeared to be a critique of Israel’s propaganda efforts.

Asked how he would counter a rise in antisemitism during the Gaza War, he answered, “I think Israel made a very big mistake.” He continued, “These photos and shots, I mean, moving shots of bombs being dropped into buildings in Gaza. And I said, ‘oh, that’s a terrible portrait. It’s a very bad picture for the world.’”

Mr. Trump appeared to fault Israeli military officials for releasing such images of destruction. “Every night, I would watch buildings pour down on people,” he told Israel Hayom.

“It would say it was given by the Defense Ministry,” he said, adding: “I think Israel wanted to show that it’s tough, but sometimes you shouldn’t be doing that.”

— Jonathan Weisman

Israel’s defense minister meets with senior U.S. officials in Washington.

Israel’s defense minister, Yoav Gallant, met with senior U.S. officials in Washington on Monday to discuss efforts to release Israeli hostages and the Israeli military campaign in Gaza, as ties between Israel and the Biden administration have frayed over the high civilian death toll in the enclave.

Mr. Gallant said his visit was focused on preserving Israel’s military edge in Gaza, especially in the air. The United States provides Israel with billions of dollars annually in military assistance and also sends weapons.

He held discussions on Monday with Jake Sullivan, the national security adviser, at the White House, as well as with Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken. On Tuesday, he is expected to meet with Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III and the C.I.A. director, William J. Burns, who was in Doha, Qatar, last week to participate in the continuing cease-fire talks between Israel and Hamas.

President Biden has voiced “deep concerns” over Israeli plans for a ground invasion of Rafah, a city in the southern Gaza Strip where over one million Palestinians have taken shelter, and other top U.S. officials have urged Israel to seek an alternative.

Israeli leaders have said that even if a deal on a temporary cease-fire is reached, they intend to eventually proceed with a military offensive in Rafah to root out Hamas’s remaining forces there.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel has said that civilians would be evacuated from combat zones in the event of an Israeli operation there. But Palestinians who have followed previous Israeli orders to flee have often found themselves in places that were engulfed in fighting or subject to airstrikes.

In a statement, Mr. Gallant said his meeting with Mr. Sullivan lasted 90 minutes and that their discussions, along with the efforts related to the hostages, addressed the measures needed to destroy Hamas.

“The outcomes of this war will impact the region for decades to come, and will signal the common enemies of both countries,” Mr. Gallant said.

Mr. Blinken, in his meeting with Mr. Gallant, stressed both U.S. support for “ensuring the defeat of Hamas, including in Rafah,” and also U.S. opposition to a major ground operation in Rafah, citing the danger to the vast numbers of Palestinian civilians sheltering there, according to a statement issued by a State Department spokesman, Matthew Miller.

Mr. Blinken “underscored that alternatives exist to a major ground invasion that would both better ensure Israel’s security and protect Palestinian civilians,” the statement said, noting that Mr. Blinken had also pressed for Israel to “immediately surge and sustain additional humanitarian assistance” for Gaza’s civilians.

The meeting on Tuesday with Mr. Austin was similarly expected to focus on Israel’s military planning for its Rafah operation, facilitating more aid into Gaza, and efforts to release the remaining Israeli hostages held by Hamas, according to Maj. Gen. Patrick Ryder, the Pentagon press secretary.

In recent weeks, international mediators have redoubled efforts to reach a cease-fire deal between Israel and Hamas. Qatar, a key mediator, has voiced cautious optimism but on Monday, Hamas said that Israel’s latest proposal did not meet its demands.

The Palestinian armed group said it continued to demand a comprehensive cease-fire, the return of displaced people to their homes, an Israeli withdrawal from Gaza and “a true prisoner exchange.”

“Netanyahu and his extremist government are completely responsible for causing all of the negotiating efforts to fail,” the group said on Telegram.

Osama Hamdan, a senior Hamas official, said last week that the group had moderated its demands somewhat, consenting to a phased Israeli withdrawal rather than an immediate one. He also said that Hamas was discussing the possibility of releasing some hostages before the declaration of a permanent cease-fire.

The biggest sticking point in the cease-fire talks in recent days has been the number of Palestinian prisoners to be released, in particular those serving extended sentences for violence against Israelis, according to two U.S. officials and an Israeli official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss the sensitive matter.

During the talks in Doha last week, the U.S. delegation — led by Mr. Burns — proposed a compromise to try to bridge the gap between Israel and Hamas, according to the Israeli official and another person familiar with the negotiations. Israel has accepted the U.S. compromise, both people said. However, Hamas’s statement on Monday signaled that, for now, any breakthrough in cease-fire talks remained distant.

The slow pace of the talks and the continued fighting in the strip are causing many in Gaza to lose hope. Mohammad Iqtifan, a 36-year-old taxi driver from Gaza City who has been sheltering in Rafah with his wife and three children, said that with their savings dwindling, he was desperate to leave the enclave.

“They have put us in a cage of death,” Mr. Iqtifan said, referring to Israel’s military operations and the mounting civilian toll.

Eric Schmitt contributed reporting.

— Aaron Boxerman , Julian E. Barnes and Iyad Abuheweila

Israeli forces surround a hospital in Gaza and continue their raid on another.

The Israeli military said on Monday that its forces had surrounded a hospital in the city of Khan Younis in southern Gaza while pressing on with their raid on Al-Shifa Hospital in the north for an eighth day.

The Palestine Red Crescent said Israeli forces had forced patients and medical staff to evacuate Al-Amal Hospital in Khan Younis on Sunday amid heavy fighting and gunfire. It added in a statement on Monday that Israeli forces had bulldozed streets around the hospital and put up earthen barriers at its entrances.

The Red Crescent, which runs Al-Amal, said two people there had been killed, including one of the organization’s own staff, and three others had been wounded when Israeli forces opened fire as they were being evacuated. It added that the Israeli military had used drones with loudspeakers to issue a demand “that all those present in Al-Amal Hospital leave naked, as they forced them to leave by shooting directly at the displaced people and workers.”

Neither the Red Crescent’s account nor the Israeli military’s statements about its actions at the hospitals could be independently verified.

Little is known about the situation at Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis, which is about a mile from Al-Amal and which the Red Crescent said had also been besieged by the Israeli military. Dr. Mohammad Zaqut, a spokesman for the Gaza Health Ministry, said on Monday that the hospital was surrounded and coming under fire from Israeli troops.

Israel has long accused Hamas, the armed group that led an attack into southern Israel on Oct. 7, of using hospitals in Gaza for military purposes, a claim that Hamas and hospital administrators have denied. The Israeli military has provided evidence that Hamas had constructed a lengthy tunnel under Al-Shifa.

A later analysis by The New York Times found that Hamas had used the Shifa complex for military purposes. The Israeli military, however, has struggled to prove its claim that Hamas maintained a command-and-control center under it.

The Israeli military said in a statement on Monday that its forces were continuing “precise targeted raids on terror infrastructure” at Al-Amal “after encircling the area.” It added that it had killed more than 20 people it referred to as terrorists in the area. It did not mention an operation at Nasser.

The military also said that it was continuing its raid at Al-Shifa in Gaza City, the Gaza Strip’s largest hospital, where its forces had detained around 500 people and found weapons.

Israel’s assault on Al-Shifa, one of Israel’s longest hospital raids of the war in Gaza, began last Monday. The military said it was aimed at senior officials of Hamas, whose assault prompted the start of the war in Gaza.

Residents near Al-Shifa have described a relentless daily soundtrack of gunshots, airstrikes and explosions in the area. Witnesses have reported interrogations and detentions of Palestinian men by Israeli forces at the hospital, and a persistent lack of food and water.

Hamas said in a statement on Monday that Israel was “expanding its fascist war against the health sector and hospitals in the Gaza Strip.” Its assaults “confirm the occupation’s insistence on continuing the war of extermination against our people,” it said.

— Hiba Yazbek reporting from Jerusalem

UNRWA claims Israel has banned it from bringing aid to northern Gaza.

The U.N. agency that provides aid to Palestinians said that Israeli authorities will no longer allow it to run convoys of food to northern Gaza, the center of the enclave’s humanitarian crisis. Israel’s military on Monday rejected the agency’s claim and said it has not impeded aid.

Any ban on aid convoys sent by the agency, known as UNRWA, to northern Gaza could worsen the situation for the hundreds of thousands of people there who lack access to food, clean water and medicine. António Guterres, the U.N. secretary general, over the weekend called conditions in Gaza a “moral outrage.”

On Monday, Philippe Lazzarini , the head of UNRWA, called the Israeli decision “outrageous.” Speaking on social media, he accused the Israeli authorities of intentionally obstructing “lifesaving assistance during a man made famine.”

Juliette Touma, the agency’s spokeswoman, said Israel’s military has repeatedly denied in recent weeks UNRWA requests to run convoys to the north and did so again on Thursday and Friday. She said that the military, while meeting Sunday with the agency’s Gaza field assistance team, told UNRWA that it would decline all future authorization. She said the military had not offered a reason.

A spokesman for the Israeli military, Maj. Nir Dinar, said on Monday that Israel “does not block anyone from delivering aid,” but he declined to answer further questions.

It was not immediately possible to square the contradictory accounts, but they appeared to reflect a dispute over not only responsibility for the crisis, but the status of UNRWA itself.

In January, the Israeli government accused at least 12 of the agency’s employees of participating in the Hamas-led Oct. 7 attack on Israel, which killed about 1,200 people. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel then called for the agency to be closed. UNRWA suspended the staff members and opened an investigation, but some of its biggest donors have since suspended funding.

While UNRWA has for decades provided food to Gaza’s more than two million residents, and has organized schools, hospitals and other services, its deliveries of aid to northern Gaza have slowed to a trickle in recent months.

UNRWA last delivered aid to northern Gaza at the end of January, Ms. Touma said. Several times in recent months, she said, convoys have been hit by gunfire, including once, in February, by the Israeli navy , when more than 100 people were killed amid Israeli fire, Gazan health authorities said. The Israeli military has said that most of the people died in a stampede and that some were run over by the trucks.

Israeli airstrikes have devastated northern Gaza, and even before starting a ground invasion of the territory in late October, Israel’s military told civilians there to flee south. But many people remained, and some who evacuated to the south have returned.

In addition, the invasion has effectively toppled much of Hamas’s governing structure in the north, leaving chaos and lawlessness. The overwhelming majority of aid trucks in Gaza have entered from the south, with only a few permitted to continue on to the north.

The United States, Jordan, France and other governments have dropped aid by air, and the aid group World Central Kitchen towed a barge carrying aid to the area from Cyprus.

Aid groups say, however, that the most efficient means of delivering aid to the territory is by truck. The number of trucks carrying food and other aid going into the territory has fallen since Oct. 7 by around 75 percent, according to U.N. data , in part because of stringent Israeli checks on the cargo.

The Israeli authorities, however, blame the United Nations for the crisis, and say that its officials can process more aid than the U.N. is able to distribute.

Adam Sella contributed reporting

— Matthew Mpoke Bigg

Here’s how a disaster relief group built a jetty to get aid into Gaza.

Just a few hours before sunset in mid-March, World Central Kitchen workers scrambled to put the final touches on a makeshift jetty built out of rubble, as the ship carrying the first aid to reach the Gaza Strip by sea in nearly two decades backed toward the shore.

The crew from World Central Kitchen, the disaster relief nonprofit, still had to cover the jetty’s sharp edges and poking rebar, reminders that the rubble used to build the structure in northern Gaza had come from bombed buildings. Using square pieces of debris, they created a vertical concrete wall to meet the ship.

“Running any sort of construction project in Gaza at this current time has got a ridiculous amount of challenges,” said Sam Bloch, the director of emergency response for World Central Kitchen, which was founded by the renowned Spanish chef José Andrés. Mr. Bloch, who oversaw the building of the jetty and the arrival of the shipment, described the scene by phone from Oakland, Calif., after leaving Gaza.

The arrival of the ship, which had sailed from Cyprus after the aid was inspected there, was a milestone in a venture that Western officials hope will play a part in easing the enclave’s food deprivation. The operation has been described as a pilot project for the broader opening of a maritime corridor to supply the territory.

Once the food was unloaded, it was distributed in Gaza by truck — including in the north, where experts say famine is imminent. International aid agencies have largely stopped operations in the area, citing Israeli restrictions, security issues and poor road conditions.

At least two attempts to deliver food aid to desperate Palestinians in northern Gaza have ended in bloodshed in recent weeks, with Palestinian and Israeli officials blaming each other for the deadly scenes.

The Israeli military helped World Central Kitchen’s operation, providing security and coordination, according to an Israeli official who requested anonymity to speak about a sensitive matter. Every step was carried out with permission from the Israeli military, Mr. Bloch said.

“It was a lot of stop and go,” he said, and progress “was definitely not consistent or predictable.”

The construction of the World Central Kitchen jetty took six days, with the job site sometimes running around the clock as the jetty slowly extended into the sea, one rubble-filled truck at a time. “Using rubble was a big challenge,” Mr. Bloch said, “but it is the only resource that is plentiful enough in Gaza at the moment.”

The rubble was brought mostly from southern Gaza, but also from around the work site. The head contractor, who had lost two of his homes to bombings about one mile away from the jetty, went with his dump trucks and heavy machinery to collect what remained of his destroyed homes, Mr. Bloch said.

Most of the construction equipment, including front-end loaders, dump trucks, flatbed trucks, cranes and a fuel truck, came from southern Gaza, Mr. Bloch said. But one piece of equipment, a movable light tower that allowed construction to continue through the night, had to be retrieved from a bombed-out warehouse in the north.

In coordination with the Israeli military, a small convoy, accompanied by heavy machinery to clear the roads, was sent to a warehouse in Gaza City, where local contractors had identified what they believed was the only light tower left in Gaza, Mr. Bloch said.

To unload the ship, which contained just under half a million meals, a large crane at the end of the jetty transferred food pallets onto eighteen-wheeler trucks that had been carefully backed down the jetty.

By the time the shipment was unloaded, it was nearing midnight. World Central Kitchen decided to send the trucks to a warehouse in Deir al Balah, a few miles south of the jetty, and distribute the aid during daylight.

A few days later, the trucks moved up Salah al-Din road, the main artery through central Gaza, to the southern edge of Gaza City, where hungry families collected food directly off the trucks. Nobody was hurt during the distribution, according to Mr. Bloch.

In the future, World Central Kitchen hopes to speed up the process by sending food directly from the jetty to communities in northern Gaza, Mr. Bloch said. The organization is also working to develop community kitchens that will serve as distribution points.

Building community kitchens is the bread and butter of World Central Kitchen. The group already has 68 in southern Gaza that provide most of the hot meals to civilians there, Mr. Bloch said.

World Central Kitchen has loaded a larger ship in Cyprus that, as of Monday, was still waiting for the right weather conditions before departing for Gaza.

— Adam Sella

Missing people under Gaza’s rubble make for a shadow death toll.

Gaza has become a 140-square-mile graveyard, each destroyed building another jagged tomb for those still buried within.

The most recent health ministry estimate for the number of people missing in Gaza is about 7,000. But that figure has not been updated since November. Gaza and aid officials say thousands more have most likely been added to that toll in the weeks and months since.

The piles of debris have been multiplying ever since Oct. 7, when Hamas attacked Israel, killing about 1,200 people, according to Israeli officials. Israel began its retaliatory war, and the number of search-and-rescue operations also soared.

After airstrikes, a small crowd of would-be rescuers gathers. In Instagram videos, the searchers can be seen clambering over and onto the dusty wreckage of homes and buildings to dig.

But hopes dwindle quickly. The people they are looking for are usually found dead beneath the wreckage — days, weeks or even months later.

The buried make up a shadow death toll in Gaza, a leaden asterisk to the health ministry’s official tally of more than 31,000 dead , and an open wound for families who hope against hope for a miracle.

Most families have accepted that their missing are dead, and it is unclear how much of the estimate of those unaccounted for is already reflected in the official death toll. The continuing shelling, crossfire and airstrikes often make it too dangerous to sift through the wreckage for the bodies. Other times, relatives are too far away to do so, having separated from the rest of their families in the search for somewhere safer to go.

Photographs that have emerged of Gaza’s rubble heaps testify to families’ intention to recover the dead someday: “Omar Al Riyati and Osama Badawi are under the rubble,” reads the spray paint on a tarp draped across the door of one blown-out building.

When a multistory building collapses, it is impossible to comb the hill of debris without heavy machines or fuel to power them. Often, neither is available.

Gaza has been under a debilitating blockade jointly enforced by Israel and Egypt since Hamas took control of the strip in 2007, and the types of equipment typically used to rescue people after earthquakes and other events of mass destruction are largely forbidden to enter the territory.

Calling 101, the Gaza equivalent of 911, is of little use either. Communications networks are weak, erratic or nonfunctional.

Nada Rashwan contributed reporting from Cairo.

— Vivian Yee , Iyad Abuheweila , Abu Bakr Bashir and Ameera Harouda Reporting from Cairo, Istanbul, London and Doha, Qatar

IMAGES

Chapter 7 • Research Fi
Research Format
Methodology In Research Example
How To Write A Good Research Methodology Chapter
FREE 5+ Sample Chapter Summary Templates in PDF
Chapter 7 • Research Fi

VIDEO

এই ক্ষে'প'ণাস্ত্রে এফোঁড়ওফোঁড় হবে ই'স'রাইল?
ফটোসেশনে মুশফিকের কাণ্ড! শ্রীলঙ্কার টাইমড আউট সেলিব্রেশনের উচিত জবাব!
গুলি চালালো সেই জাহাজের জলদস্যুরা
এই জাহাজটির পরিচয় কী?
সন্তান প্রসবের পরই মৃত্যু হলো নারী ফুটবলারের
আগুনে পুড়ে ছাই ব্যবসায়ীদের স্বপ্ন

COMMENTS

Chapter 7: Research Design: Qualitative Methods
Chapter 4: Research Ethics; Chapter 5: Searching, Critically Reviewing and Using the Literature; Chapter 6: Research Design: Quantitative Methods; Chapter 7: Research Design: Qualitative Methods; Chapter 8: Research Design: Mixed Methods; Chapter 9: Sampling Strategies; Chapter 10: Designing Descriptive and Analytical Surveys; Chapter 11 ...
PDF Chapter Seven
The following are examples of qualitative research questions drawn from several types of strategies. Example 7.1 A Qualitative Central Question From an Ethnography Finders (1996) used ethnographic procedures to document the reading of teen magazines by middle-class European American seventh-grade girls. By examining the reading of teen zines
PDF Research Questions and Hypotheses
Most quantitative research falls into one or more of these three categories. The most rigorous form of quantitative research follows from a test of a theory (see Chapter 3) and the specification of research questions or hypotheses that are included in the theory. The independent and dependent variables must be measured sepa-rately.
Chapter 7: Research design
In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research ...
Introduction to Educational Research
Introduction to Educational Research. This Third Edition of Craig Mertler's practical text helps readers every step of the way as they plan and execute their first educational research project. Offering balanced coverage of qualitative and quantitative methods, an emphasis on ethics, and a wealth of new examples and concrete applications, the ...
7.1 Reading results in quantitative research
9.4%. 2.3%. .039. Note: Sample size was 138 for women and 43 for men. Table 7.1 presents the association between gender and experiencing harassing behaviors at work. In this example, gender is the independent variable (the predictor) and the harassing behaviors listed are the dependent variables (the outcome). [1]
Qualitative Research
Second Edition. The second edition of Qualitative Research focuses on cultivating and bridging theoretical, methodological, and conceptual aspects to provide insight into their interactions in qualitative research. This comprehensive text helps students understand the central concepts, topics, and skills necessary to engage in rigorous, valid ...
Ethics in research (Chapter 7)
Introduction. Research ethics is discussed in all research methods texts - or if it is not, then it should be. Although many of these texts will tell you the same, or similar, things, there is some conflict of opinion. A very public and often cited example of this conflict can be seen in the reaction to the research of Laud Humphreys (cited ...
Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques
Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques. Differentiate between the population and the sample. Describe the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous samples. Differentiate between probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. Explain what is meant by representativeness and generalizability. Discuss sampling error, and differentiate between a ...
Chapter 7
Chapter 7 - Primer. The structural elements to be applied in academic writing depend on the nature of the research project. Manifestations of academic writing range from student assignments and term papers to doctoral theses and other forms of complex research documentations. Some structural elements are always used in research papers.
Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques
Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques. Learning Objectives. Differentiate between the population and the sample. Describe the difference between homogenous and heterogeneous samples. Differentiate between probabilistic and non-probabilistic sampling. Explain what is meant by representativeness and generalizability. Discuss sampling error, and ...
(PDF) Chapter 7 METHODS OF RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGY
Abstract. INTRODUCTION Research in psychology involves studying human behaviour; perhaps in academic settings, for policy making and/or for any other numerous purposes. It is interesting to note ...
Craft of Research Chapter Seven
Craft of Research (CoR) Study/Discussion Guide Chapter 7: Making Good Arguments: An Overview Top Ten Salient Sentence Strings. In a research report, you make a claim, back it with reasons, support them with evidence, acknowledge and respond to the other views, and sometimes explain your principles of reasoning.; Reasons support main claims, but "lower" reasons can support "higher" reasons.
(PDF) Chapter 7
PDF | On Feb 1, 2019, Niels Gheyle published Chapter 7 - Research design | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Chapter 7
Terms in this set (28) Two or more groups, such as classes, are matched and then randomly assigned to the experimental and control conditions. A form of matching that groups individuals by their characteristics. Within each group, members are randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups.
PDF 7. CHAPTER 7 : RESEARCH METHOD
It was concluded in this chapter, Chapter 7 - Research method, that interpretive research helps to understand human thought and action in a social and organizational context.
Chapter 7: Research
Chapter 7: Research This chapter is adapted from Stand up, Speak out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. What is research? What and How is Research Useful? When conducting research, you get to ask questions and actually find answers. For example, if you have ever wondered what the best job interview strategies are ...
Chapter 7
Qualitative research: A. can guide or be derived from theory. B. cannot generate grand theories due to lack of statistics. C. is based on middle range theories. D. leads only to practice model and conceptual frameworks. A. Theory can guide or be derived from qualitative research.
Research: Chapter 7 Flashcards
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A literature review is: A. Everything that is known about a subject B. An analytical summary of research findings C. All approved data on a research topic D. A composition of all positive results of research, The purpose of the literature review is to: A. Identify a problem that has not been resolved B. Clarify the importance of ...
PDF CHAPTER 7: OPINIONS ON RESEARCH & INNOVATION
7.1.2 Informed Consent in Research. Informed consent is an essential safeguard in research. The obligation to obtain informed consent arises out of respect for persons and a desire to respect the autonomy of the individual deciding whether to volunteer to participate in biomedical or health research.
Beloved mall retailer files Chapter 7 bankruptcy, will liquidate
On Saturday (March 9), it filed for Chapter 7 insolvency, under which assets are sold off to clear debts, putting about 400 jobs at risk including those in a distribution center that still holds ...
PDF Chapter 7 Drainage & Wastewater System Modeling
Environmental Systems Research Institute : FOP . Facility Operation Plan : ft . feet : Chapter 7 Drainage & Wastewater System Modeling . 7-2 SPU Design Standards and Guidelines ... Chapter 7 Drainage & Wastewater System Modeling . SPU Design Standards and Guidelines Chapter Owner: Tracy DeLaTorre-Evans February 2024 .
Vulkan Bolla Chapter 7 Boss Guide
After facing five bosses in the previous chapter, Chapter 7, Warning Signs goes light on you only a pair of big bads to defeat. First up is Vulkan Bolla, a volcanic baddie with a weakness to water ...
NJDEP
NJDEP-News Release - New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection Commissioner Shawn M. LaTourette and New Jersey Board of Public Utilities President Christine Guhl-Sadovy today announced the award of nearly $3.7 million in funding for scientific research projects being undertaken to ensure ecologically responsible development of offshore wind energy, an integral part of the Murphy ...
PDF CHAPTER 1 The Selection of a Research Approach
CHAPTER The Selection of a 1 Research Approach Introducing Key Terms in this Chapter Research has its own language, and it is important to understand key terms to use in a study. The title of this book uses the term, research approaches. Research approaches (or methodologies) are procedures for research that
Horizon: An American Saga
Horizon: An American Saga - Chapter 1: Directed by Kevin Costner. With Kevin Costner, Sienna Miller, Jena Malone, Abbey Lee. Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west.
Judge Rejects X Lawsuit Against Research Group That Accused It of
A federal judge dismissed X Corp.'s lawsuit against a research group that accused the platform of allowing the proliferation of hate speech. In July, X sued the Center for Countering Digital ...
Community Chapter 7: Applied Research Flashcards
Systematic Review. A critical assessment and evaluation of all previously published research studies that address a particular clinical issue, using a set of specific criteria to apply an organized, explicit, systematic method of locating, assembling, and evaluating the body of literature. Meta-Analysis. A statistical technique for combining ...
U.N. Security Council Passes Resolution for Immediate Cease-Fire
Here's what we know: The U.S. abstained from the vote on a resolution calling for a halt to fighting in Gaza for the remainder of Ramadan, breaking a five-month impasse. The United States, after ...

Doing Research in the Real World

Chapter 7: Research design - qualitative methods

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS

RELATED TOPICS

7.1 Reading results in quantitative research

Quantitative results

Statistical significance

Confidence intervals

Key Takeaways

Share This Book

Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques

Share This Book

Chapter 7 – Primer

Share this:

Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques

Share This Book

Craft of Research (CoR) Study/Discussion Guide

Chapter 7: Research

What is research?

What is Primary and Secondary Research?

How do I analyze research?

Nonacademic examples and resources:

Academic examples and resources:

Scholarly Information on the Web

How to Analyze Sources

How do I cite my sources in a speech?

Citation Style

How to cite research references inside your outline

How to cite research reference pages at the end of your outline

Citing Sources Orally in a Speech

What does it mean to use sources ethically?

Use Sources Ethically In a speech

How do I establish ethos?

Credibility

Authoritative Sources

Media References

Share This Book

Beloved mall retailer files Chapter 7 bankruptcy, will liquidate

The Body Shop has bad news for customers

The Body Shop files for Chapter 7 bankruptcy

Vulkan Bolla Chapter 7 Boss Guide

Tips and Strategies for Defeating Vulkan Bolla

Up Next: Lilith Chapter 7 Boss Guide

Was this guide helpful?

Official Site of The State of New Jersey

Department of Environmental Protection

MURPHY ADMINISTRATION ANNOUNCES $3.7 MILLION IN FUNDING FOR OFFSHORE WIND RESEARCH AND MONITORING INITIATIVE

Horizon: An American Saga - Chapter 1

More like this

Did you know

Technical specs

Related news

More to explore

Recently viewed

Middle East Crisis U.N. Security Council Passes Resolution for Immediate Cease-Fire

The United States, after vetoing earlier resolutions, abstained.

After the U.N. vote, Israel called off meetings with the U.S. about Rafah, as relations grow more tense.

Trump urges Israel to ‘finish up your war.’

Israel’s defense minister meets with senior U.S. officials in Washington.

Israeli forces surround a hospital in Gaza and continue their raid on another.

UNRWA claims Israel has banned it from bringing aid to northern Gaza.

Here’s how a disaster relief group built a jetty to get aid into Gaza.

Missing people under Gaza’s rubble make for a shadow death toll.

IMAGES

VIDEO

COMMENTS