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The Kinney Three Paragraphs (and More) for Accounting Ph.D. Students

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1   Introduction

1.1 structure of the book.

The book is organized into four parts.

Part I: Foundations covers a variety of topics, including research computing, statistics, causal inference, and some details of data sets commonly used in accounting research. This part of the book covers material often not included in the formal coursework of a PhD in accounting. For example, material related to statistics and causal inference is often assumed to be covered in coursework in statistics and econometrics rather than in the accounting-specific courses. Material on research computing and detailed investigation of data sets is generally not covered in PhD coursework at all, with the typical approach being for these skills and knowledge to be picked up informally.

The material of Part I could be covered in a number of ways. One approach would be to cover this material in a standalone introductory course or “boot camp”. A reader will notice that Chapter 2 actually incorporates by reference significant portions of “R for Data Science” , which could easily be a course in its own right (and one highly complementary to the material covered here), so there is plenty of material here for a full-fledged course for a program willing to devote class time to these skills.

Another approach might be to assign Part I to students on a self-study basis, perhaps with select portions being covered when they are most relevant for later portions of the book.

For example, for a course based on Part II of the book, materials from Chapter 7 covers the important topic of correctly linking databases, which is not often encountered in PhD courses, could be assigned as background work or readings as and when relevant to material from Part II .

Turning to Part III of the book, topics covered in Chapter 19 draw on materials in Part I , with extensive discussion of causal diagrams ( Chapter 4 ), standard errors ( Chapter 5 ), linking databases ( Chapter 7 ), using regular expressions ( Chapter 9 ), and two-step regressions (drawing on materials covered in Chapter 3 ). Chapter 19 also focuses on earnings management, which is the topic of an entire chapter in Part II ( Chapter 16 ).

Part II: Capital Markets Research provides the basis for a PhD-level course focused on capital markets research. This part alone easily provides materials for about eight weeks of coursework. For a ten- or twelve-week course, an instructor could draw on materials from other parts of the book, or could easily supplement using other materials. Part II is deliberately focused on more “classical” material and thus could easily complement related material that focuses on more contemporary work in financial accounting research. Part II starts with research from the 1960s—such as Fama et al. ( 1969 ) , Ball and Brown ( 1968 ) and Beaver ( 1968 ) —and covers some of the most important studies of subsequent decades, including Bernard and Thomas ( 1989 ) , Sloan ( 1996 ) , and key earnings management papers of the 1980s and 1990s.

Part III: Causal Inference provides the basis for a PhD-level course focused on causal inference in empirical accounting research. Part III has a more contemporary orientation and is not focused on capital markets research. Depending on the needs of students in a given program, Part III could be taught as a standalone course with elements of Part I being drawn upon as needed. While there are connections between Part II and Part III (e.g., Chapter 19 covers measures of accruals and earnings management that are covered in Chapter 15 and Chapter 16 ), these do not seem to rise to the level of considering Part II a prerequisite for Part III.

While the material of Part III might typically be covered later in the coursework of an accounting PhD program, we have endeavoured to present this material in a way that is fairly self-contained and therefore accessible to students earlier in their PhD studies (perhaps using materials from Part I to fill in gaps). There may even be merit in covering most of Part III before Part II , as it will allow students to read Part II materials (mostly older papers) through a more contemporary lens.

Part IV: Additional Topics provides chapters on topics such as matching, handling extreme values, selection models, and statistical (machine) learning. While these are important topics, we believe they are less closely related than the materials of Parts II and III and that instructors could easily incorporate these chapters in courses based on Part II or Part III of this book, or as standalone material for courses not based on this book.

1.2 Setting up your computer

Assuming that you have the ability to install software and a WRDS account, setting up your computer so that you can run the code in this book is straightforward and takes just a few minutes. We list the required steps below and also provide a video demonstrating these steps online .

Download and install R. R is available for all major platforms (Windows, Linux, and MacOS) here .

Download and install RStudio. An open-source version of RStudio is available here .

Install required packages from CRAN . CRAN stands for “Comprehensive R Archive Network” and is the official repository for packages (also known as libraries ) made available for R. In this course, we will make use of a number of R packages. These can be installed easily by running the following code in RStudio. 1

  • Set up R to connect to the WRDS PostgreSQL database. To actually use much of the code from Chapter 6 on, you will need to tell R how to access WRDS data stored in its PostgreSQL database by running the following line within RStudio.

Obviously, you should replace your_WRDS_ID and your_WRDS_password with your actual WRDS ID and WRDS password, respectively. This code will need to be run each time you open RStudio to access WRDS data in the code examples below. But once you have run this code, you do not need to run it again during the same session (i.e., until you close and reopen RStudio).

We discuss alternative approaches to setting up the WRDS database connection in section Section 6.1 , but we recommend this approach as it keeps the user-specific aspects of the code separate from the parts of the code that should work for everyone. By using environment variables, we ensure that the code in the book works for you if you copy it and paste it in your R console.

You can copy and paste the code into the “Console” in RStudio. ↩︎

We put our passwords in a special password file, as described in the PostgreSQL documentation , so we don’t need to set PGPASSWORD . It’s obviously not a good idea to put your password in code. ↩︎

empirical accounting research design for phd students

Empirical accounting research design for Ph.D

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PhD Course Descriptions

Acct9300 - empirical design in accounting research (course syllabus).

This is an empirical research design course covering topics related to empirical methodology, causal inference, econometric analysis, and panel data approaches. At least one graduate level course in econometrics is recommended.

ACCT9400 - Research in Accounting I (Course Syllabus)

This is Part I of a theoretical and empirical literature survey course covering topics that include corporate disclosure, cost of capital, incentives, compensation, governance, financial intermediation, financial reporting, tax, agency theory, cost accounting, capital structure, international financial reporting, analysts, and market efficiency.

ACCT9410 - Research in Accounting II (Course Syllabus)

This is Part II of a theoretical and empirical literature survey sequence covering topics that include corporate disclosure, cost of capital, incentives, compensation, governance, financial intermediation, financial reporting, tax, agency theory, cost accounting, capital structure, international financial reporting, analysts, and market efficiency. Please contact the accounting doctoral coordinator for information on the specific upcoming modules/topics that will be taught.

ACCT9420 - Research in Accounting III (Course Syllabus)

This is Part III of a theoretical and empirical literature survey sequence covering topics that include corporate disclosure, cost of capital, incentives, compensation, governance, financial intermediation, financial reporting, tax, agency theory, cost accounting, capital structure, international financial reporting, analysts, and market efficiency. Please contact the accounting doctoral coordinator for information on the specific upcoming modules/topics that will be taught.

ACCT9430 - Research in Accounting IV (Course Syllabus)

This is Part IV of a theoretical and empirical literature survey sequence covering topics that include corporate disclosure, cost of capital, incentives, compensation, governance, financial intermediation, financial reporting, tax, agency theory, cost accounting, capital structure, international financial reporting, analysts, and market efficiency. Please contact the accounting doctoral coordinator for information on the specific upcoming modules/topics that will be taught.

ACCT9810 - Workshop Colloquium I (Course Syllabus)

Students attend workshops in departments outside of accounting to provide student exposure to theory, research designs and methods that are being explored outside of accounting to provide breadth of exposure to foster innovative research ideas. Students are required to attend 15 non-accounting workshops over one academic year and write up a referee report for 8 of those workshop papers. They are also required to write up at least one research proposal that stems from theories or research methods gleaned from one or more of the workshops attended.

ACCT9820 - Workshop Colloquium II (Course Syllabus)

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  1. Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples

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  4. (PDF) Reading and Understanding Academic Research in Accounting: A

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COMMENTS

  1. Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph. D. Students

    The importance of research design, including theory development and means for mitigating the effects of extraneous variables, is emphasized as perhaps the only practical way to achieve research objectives in empirical re-search in accounting. A FREQUENTLY encountered problem in accounting Ph.D. programs is that first-year students do not have ...

  2. The Kinney Three Paragraphs (and More) for Accounting Ph.D. Students

    Abstract. SYNOPSIS This Commentary is intended to help beginning Ph.D. students identify, evaluate, and communicate essential components of proposed empirical accounting research using a three ...

  3. The Kinney Three Paragraphs (and More) for Accounting Ph.D. Students

    This Commentary is intended to help beginning Ph.D. students identify, evaluate, and communicate essential components of proposed empirical accounting research using a three-step process. The first step is a structured top-down approach of writing answers to three related questions—What, Why, How—that emphasize the central role of ...

  4. Empirical Design in Accounting Research

    Course objectives: This course focuses on holistic research design. The objective of the course is for students to learn how to design a set of rigorous empirical tests for a given research question and set of hypotheses. The first part of the course reviews a variety of econometric methods (difference-in-differences, matching, regression ...

  5. PDF Empirical Research in Financial Accounting I Stern School of Business

    concrete applied empirical accounting research virtually inexhaustible. Accounting as an empirical research discipline essentially began in the late 1960s, notably with Ball and Brown (1968) and Beaver (1968). The volume and variety of empirical research has exploded in recent years, due to factors such as the standardization of empirical research

  6. Empirical Design in Accounting Research

    the research design. By the end of class, students should have a grasp on the tools used in modern empirical analysis, be able to critically evaluate a study's research design, and be able to develop a multi-facetted set of tests for a given research question. The course is intended for students with exposure to the academic accounting ...

  7. Kinney's design for accounting research

    Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students. The Accounting Review (April, 1986) ... who was performing the experiment for his dissertation" with the result that the candidate dropped out of the PhD programme (#7568). Around the same time (30 March 1987), Kaplan wrote to Cooper expressing his pleasure at reading Cooper's reply ...

  8. Kinney's design for accounting research

    Critical Perspectives on Accounting (1992) 3, 87-92 CRITICAL COMMENTARIES KINNEY'S DESIGN FOR ACCOUNTING RESEARCH WILLIAM W. COOPER* AND STEPHEN A. ZEFF j * The University of Texas at Austin and -~ Rice University, Texas In "Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students" (Kinney 1986), William R. Kinney, Jr. expresses a point of view that is increasingly being represented as ...

  9. The Kinney Three Paragraphs (and More) for Accounting Ph.D. Students

    TL;DR: In this article , the authors propose a typology of quantitative empirical research in management accounting based on two design features: presence of control group and sample representativeness, and discuss implications of the methods for trade-offs between internal and external validity.

  10. Points to Consider When Self‐Assessing Your Empirical Accounting Research

    Accepted by Michel Magnan. We thank Jongwoon (Willie) Choi, Michele Frank, Weili Ge, Jennifer Joe, Steve Kachelmeier, Bill Kinney, Sarah McVay, Bryan Stikeleather, PhD students at the University of Washington, workshop participants at the University of Pittsburgh, the 2012 ABO Doctoral Consortium, and the 2012 AAA Annual Meeting for their helpful comments and suggestions.

  11. PDF Methods for Empirical Accounting Research Spring 2020

    complements existing courses on empirical accounting research by focusing on other topics, emerging methods (e.g., structural and Bayesian estimation), and distinct (junior faculty) perspectives. The course consists of mini-lectures, in-class discussions of assigned readings, and presentations of students' research ideas and progress.

  12. PDF Bridging Theory and Empirical Research in Accounting

    Bridging Theory and Empirical Research in Accounting ... than on their research agenda. Consequently, accounting PhD students decide very early in a PhD program that they want to specialize in a method rather than equipping themselves ... (i.e., the research-design section), and how to interpret the study's empirical findings (i.e., the ...

  13. Empirical Research in Accounting: Tools and Methods

    This is the on-line version of the work-in-progress edition of Empirical Research in Accounting: Tools and Methods. The book is being written by Ian D. Gow and Tony Ding. On this page, we detail recent changes to the book as well as materials planned to be added in coming months. Recent changes. March 2024 Finalized chapter on matching

  14. Empirical Accounting Research Design For Ph.D. Students

    Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. This paper discusses an approach to introducing empirical accounting research design to Ph.D. students.

  15. The Kinney Three Paragraphs (and More) for Accounting Ph.D. Students

    This Commentary is intended to help beginning Ph.D. students identify, evaluate, and communicate essential components of proposed empirical accounting research using a three-step process. The first step is a structured top-down approach of writing answers to three related questions—What, Why, How—that emphasize the central role of conceptual thinking in research design, as well as ...

  16. Empirical Research in Accounting: Tools and Methods

    The book is organized into four parts. Part I: Foundations covers a variety of topics, including research computing, statistics, causal inference, and some details of data sets commonly used in accounting research. This part of the book covers material often not included in the formal coursework of a PhD in accounting.

  17. PhD Program Guide 03-11 students 1

    The goals of the Accounting Information and Management Department (AIM) PhD program are to train students in research methods appropriate for the study of accounting issues from both an empirical/archival and an analytic perspective, and to prepare the students for an academic career at a research-oriented institution in the U.S.

  18. Empirical accounting research design for Ph.D

    Empirical accounting research design for Ph.D. Selto, F. H. (1986). Empirical accounting research design for Ph.D. students. The Accounting. Review, 61, 338-350. works, or refutation of widely held existing theories. (Not normative, how it ought to be). Y/X primary, V/Z are control variables, may be thought of as a single term.

  19. Issues in accounting research design education

    Critical Perspectives on Accounting (1992) 3, 93-97 ISSUES IN ACCOUNTING RESEARCH DESIGN EDUCATION WILLIAM R. KINNEY, Jr. Graduate School of Business, University of Texas at Austin Cooper and Zeff (1990) present what I believe are three major complaints about Kinney (1986). The first is that Kinney "is too narrow (much too narrow) both in his ...

  20. PDF The Accounting PhD program trains students to do rigorous research

    Code Title. First Year. Course Units. The course of study for the Ph.D. in Accounting requires the completion of 16 graduate course units.1. Code Title Course Units Core Requirements. Complete the following: 10. Accounting. ACCT 9300 Empirical Design in Accounting Research. ACCT 9400 Research in Accounting I.

  21. PhD Course Descriptions

    ACCT9810 - Workshop Colloquium I (Course Syllabus) Students attend workshops in departments outside of accounting to provide student exposure to theory, research designs and methods that are being explored outside of accounting to provide breadth of exposure to foster innovative research ideas. Students are required to attend 15 non-accounting ...

  22. Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students.pdf

    THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW Vol. LXI, No. 2 April 1986 EDUCATION RESEARCH Frank H. Selto, Editor Empirical Accounting Research Design For Ph.D. Students William R. Kinney, Jr. ABSTRACT: This paper discusses an approach to introducing empirical accounting research design to Ph.D. students.

  23. Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students

    WilliamR. Kinney, Jr. ABSTRACT: This paper discusses an approach to introducing empirical accounting research. design to Ph.D. students. The approach includes a framework for evaluating accounting experiments as well as studies based on passive observation of subjects or data. Alternative.