phd by publication birmingham

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Philosophy PhD (On-Campus or by Distance Learning)

University of birmingham, different course options.

• Key information

Course Summary

Tuition fees, entry requirements, university information, similar courses at this uni, key information data source : idp connect, qualification type.

PhD/DPhil - Doctor of Philosophy

Subject areas

Philosophy Education Theory / Philosophy

Course type

By pursuing research in Philosophy at Birmingham, you will joining a vibrant and dynamic research community thanks to the Department’s diverse research interests and approaches.

Our expert supervision spans a wide range of areas, including: Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science; Philosophy of Language; Philosophy of Logic; Philosophy of Mathematics; Moral Philosophy (theoretical and practical); Metaphysics and Epistemology; and Philosophy of Religion.

You can study in traditional PhD format, or through our PhD by Papers option. Rather than writing a single book-like thesis examining a single topic, a PhD by Papers gives you the choice of writing a thesis comprising of several separate (though thematically unified) papers, in the style of philosophy journal articles.

Birmingham is one of the first philosophy departments in the UK to offer a PhD by Papers option and, although this style of PhD thesis is very popular at top US departments and offers many advantages for students, it is rare in the UK. The advantages include:

• Ideas don’t always come in book-shaped packages. Our PhD by Papers format recognises that, allowing you greater scope to follow your interests
• If you would like to become an academic philosopher, you will need to publish in philosophical journals, preferably before finishing your PhD. Our PhD by Papers means your work towards publishable papers is always work towards the PhD thesis, improving your academic job prospects along the way

The PhD by Papers format is an option for all Birmingham Philosophy PhD students and is not a separate course of study. Simply apply for the Philosophy PhD as normal.

Employability

Your degree will provide excellent preparation for your future career, but this can also be enhanced by a range of employability support services offered by the University and the College of Arts and Law.

The University's Careers Network provides expert guidance and activities especially for postgraduates, which will help you achieve your career goals. The College of Arts and Law also has a dedicated careers and employability team who offer tailored advice and a programme of College-specific careers events.

You will be encouraged to make the most of your postgraduate experience and will have the opportunity to:

• Receive one-to-one careers advice, including guidance on your job applications, writing your CV and improving your interview technique, whether you are looking for a career inside or outside of academia
• Meet employers face-to-face at on-campus recruitment fairs and employer presentations
• Attend an annual programme of careers fairs, skills workshops and conferences, including bespoke events for postgraduates in the College of Arts and Law
• Take part in a range of activities to demonstrate your knowledge and skills to potential employers and enhance your CV

UK fees Course fees for UK students

For this course (per year)

International fees Course fees for EU and international students

Students will usually need to hold a good Masters qualification in Philosophy or in a relevant subject. Any academic and professional qualifications or relevant professional experience you may have are normally taken into account, and in some cases, form an integral part of the entrance requirements. If you are applying for distance learning research programmes, you will also be required to demonstrate that you have the time, commitment, facilities and experience to study by distance learning.

The University of Birmingham - part of the prestigious Russell Group of universities in the UK – has been helping to develop the next generation of leaders, push boundaries of innovation and challenge existing thinking for over 100 years. The university has a vibrant and diverse community of students, with over 10,000 international students coming to the city from over 120 countries. Over 40% of students are working on a postgraduate... more

MSc Global Ethics and Justice (Distance learning)

Distance without attendance | 1 year | 30-SEP-24

Philosophy MA

Full time | 1 year | 30-SEP-24

Philosophy MRes

Global ethics phd (on-campus or by distance learning).

Full time | 3 years | SEP-24

MA/Diploma Philosophy of Religion and Ethics

• PhD by Publication – Explained
• Types of Doctorates

Introduction

Obtaining a PhD by publication is relatively uncommon in higher education. It can, however, be especially useful for established researchers who have published work but don’t yet have a PhD. This article gives information on exactly what a PhD by publication is, how it works and what the advantages and disadvantages are. Read on to learn more.

What is a PhD by Publication?

A PhD by publication is a doctoral degree awarded to a person who has several peer-reviewed publications that have been put together as separate ‘chapters’, contributing to a unified research theme within a specific field.

This format typically consists of a significant introductory chapter, up to 10,000 words, similar to a traditional thesis, followed by around five published research papers and a final chapter to bring things to a conclusion. Although these papers will be separate bodies of work, it’s important that they’re connected along one research theme.

This route to PhD can be attractive to researchers that have published a lot in their academic career but have not followed the traditional PhD path. It helps them gain recognition for their contributions to their research field and recognition that the work they have done has been of a doctoral level without having to write a separate PhD thesis.

A PhD by publication is awarded following a  viva (also known as an oral examination) with examiners, similar to the process of a traditional PhD.

What are the Advantages?

A clear advantage of a PhD by publication is that you’re submitting a portfolio of work that has already gone through extensive peer review. This means that by the time you come to defend your work at a viva, it’s much easier. For example, the questions your examiners may ask you could be very similar to the questions you were asked by your reviewers during your paper publication phase and so you will already have prepared suitable responses to these.

Another advantage of this route is that it’s a much quicker way of obtaining a PhD degree; traditional PhD programmes take between three and four years from registration to completion whereas you can get a PhD by publication within one year of registration with the University, assuming that you enrol on this degree having already published all the papers that you will include in your portfolio of work. The shorter duration means that you often will only have to pay for one year of University fees, meaning that this approach is cheaper than a traditional method. It’s often possible that you can work any part-time job alongside preparing your publication portfolio for viva examination submission.

What are the Disadvantages?

Not all research fields or questions are suitable for a PhD by publication. In some cases, it may be necessary to design, set up and run a new PhD project in the field, recording the generation of further data. Additionally, it may be difficult to expand upon your previous publications and explore different research ideas as you put together your portfolio of papers. As this approach is a relatively uncommon way to get a PhD, some institutions may be unfamiliar or not set up to facilitate a PhD by publication. While the final viva examination will be the same as that in a traditional PhD, there is always the risk that some examiners may not see this publication route as being a ‘real’ PhD.

You’re also likely to miss out on some other aspects of PhD life by going down the publication route, including opportunities to teach or supervise undergraduate students and the experience of working within a research lab alongside other PhD students.

How Long Does a PhD by Publication Take?

You should expect a PhD by publication to take six months to one year to obtain from your point of registration with a UK University. This is on the basis that you have already published work for all the material that you would plan to include within your PhD portfolio, or that it is currently going through the review process. This approach is shorter than pursuing a traditional PhD, which typically takes between three and four years as a full-time student.

What is the Application Process?

You apply using the standard process required by the university to enrol, in the same way as the traditional route of a PhD. In addition, however, you will be asked to submit a portfolio of your prior publication track record and a supporting statement outlining the work of these existing publications, detailing how they tell a coherent story with the relevant subject area you’re applying to. You won’t need to submit a formal PhD research proposal as most, if not all, of the research should already have been completed.

Do you have Supervision?

Yes, in the same way that a traditional PhD student will have a primary supervisor to oversee your project. The role of the supervisor will be to help you establish a clear narrative for the theme you’re putting together of your publications, offering critical appraisal where necessary.

He or she will advise you on how to structure the introductory and concluding bodies of work that are required before you submit your portfolio for external examination and viva. Remember that the supervisor is there to advise and not tell you how to structure your dissertation; this is the same for any research student doing a standard PhD.

With this researcher-supervisor relationship, your options may be open in terms of whether you need to be based at the University in person or if you choose to work remotely as a distance learning student, communicating with your supervisor over email or video calls.

How does Assessment Work?

The body of work that you submit will be read and assessed by two examiners that are experts within your subject area of research. This will be followed by the viva examination with the two examiners, in line with the conventional PhD approach. To be awarded this research degree you will need to demonstrate that your work has made an original contribution to furthering the subject knowledge within your field.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

How Much Does It Cost?

As a PhD by publication usually takes about a year to complete, most universities typically charge a fee equivalent to one year of PhD study. The exact amount will vary depending on the University, but usually, the tuition fee will be around  £4,500  for one year for UK and EU students, and considerably more if you are an international student. It’s challenging to secure funding for these types of PhD degrees and you will find that you’re unlikely to be eligible for financial support from research councils or other routes of funding.

What Kind of Publications Can I use in my Portfolio?

Universities will have specific guidance about factors such as how many publications you can include in your portfolio and there may be some restrictions on when they should have been published. Typically, you will include 5 publications in your submission to your PhD examiners, but this can in some circumstances be as low as 3 or 4 or as high as 10 separate papers. Most often these will be in the form of  journal articles accepted by peer reviewed journals but can also include published book chapters, scientific or technical reports that have been published or other forms of publication that have gone through a level of peer review.

A PhD by publication is a good way for you to graduate with a doctorate if you enter this research programme having already published several academic papers on a single research theme. You need to demonstrate that you have made a significant contribution to your field through previous research. At this stage it is likely to be the cheapest and fastest route to gaining a PhD. However, applicants should be mindful when they apply that it may be challenging to secure funding for this.

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Looking to become an expert in your field? Birmingham City University is home to a supportive and friendly research environment, with access to experienced academic supervisors to guide you on your PhD journey. 

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VC's 2024 Studentship Scheme

Birmingham City University is delighted to launch the first phase of its Vice Chancellor’s Inaugural PhD studentship scheme, which is offering 23 doctoral studentships to undergraduates and taught postgraduates with the potential for onward teaching employment following completion of the doctoral study.

PhD Studentships

PhD studentships are PhD funding opportunities supported by the University and organisations, where your research will be actively used in overcoming real-world problems.

Contribute to research expertise at BCU and explore current PhD studentships here.

POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH EXPERIENCE SURVEY

The Postgraduate Research Experience Survey is open from 26 February to 16 May 2024.

The PRES 2024 survey is your opportunity as a PGR student to share your thoughts about your experience as a research degree student. 

On completion, choose to receive a £10 Amazon voucher or donate the amount to one of our chosen charities.

POSTGRADUATE RESEARCHER STORIES

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• Graduate Scholarship

The Graduate Scholarship is a 20% fee reduction available to all BCU graduates (BA, BSc, LLB, MA, MSc, LLM, PGCE) enrolling onto an eligible Master’s or PhD qualification  for the first time in 2024/25 . Find out more

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Imagined life: american independent cinema and transcendentalism.

Research output : Book/Report › Book

Human Resource Management and Retail Employment

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Entry for encyclopedia/dictionary

The Poetry of Dorothy Wordsworth: The Cambridge Collected Edition

(re)claiming the west: justinian’s expedition in italy.

Research output : Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

"(Tho' with some short Parenthesis between :)" : John Dryden's Punctuation

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter (peer-reviewed) › peer-review

[Special issue PRO] Considering Endpoints for Comparative Tolerability of Cancer Treatments Using Patient Report in the Context of the Estimand Framework

12 understanding reasons for deviation from lung cancer multidisciplinary team meeting (mdm) recommendations – an audit in a large nhs foundation trust.

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194 - Moderators of Mechanical Device Efficacy in Knee Osteoarthritis: an OA trial Bank Individual Participant Data Analysis

2023 roadmap on ammonia as a carbon-free fuel.

Research output : Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review

218 A case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary to combination Ipilimumab and Nivolumab therapy for Pleural Mesothelioma, successfully treated with Ruxolitinib

385 - endogenous cell targeting using wnt16 for cartilage repair and regeneration, 677 - cross-species transcriptomics and machine learning identifies conserved obesity associated genes in osteoarthritic joint tissues, 6d-bim applications to enrich circular value chains and stakeholder engagement within built environments, 743 - specific sites of patient-reported joint pain coincide with presence of bone marrow lesions in knee osteoarthritis patients, 785 - co-contextualising and implementing evidence-based care model for osteoarthritis: nigerian case study in the joint implementation of guidelines for osteoarthritis in west-africa (jigsaw-a), 818 - neither analysis approach nor risk of bias explain the limited overall benefit of therapeutic exercise for knee and/or hip osteoarthritis in individual participant data meta-analysis, 9df: a nine-dimensional framework for community engagement, a 3d-printed monolithic inline filter fabricated with titanium alloy.

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference contribution

A 3D printed ultra-short dental implant based on lattice structures and Zirconia/Ca 2 SiO 4 combination

Abatacept in individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (apippra): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, parallel, placebo-controlled, phase 2b clinical trial, abortion and constitutional rights since 2018: assessing the health (regulation of termination of pregnancy) act, abraham cowley's sex libri plantarum and the "j.o." conundrum, absence and (unexpected) presences: reflecting on cosmopolitical entanglements across time.

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Academic drug discovery: Challenges and opportunities

Academic freedom and the transnational production of knowledge, accelerated chemical science with ai, accelerated epigenetic aging in children and adults with a fontan circulation.

Research output : Contribution to journal › Letter › peer-review

Accelerated immune ageing is associated with COVID-19 disease severity

Acceleration-sensitive ancillary elements in industrial facilities: alternative seismic design approaches in the new eurocode, access to functionalized polycarbonates derived from fatty acid esters via catalytic rocop and their potential in gel formulations, access to quality care after injury in northern malawi: results of a household survey, achievements and challenges in improving air quality in china: analysis of the long-term trends from 2014 to 2022, a chirally locked bis-perylene diimide macrocycle: consequences for chiral self-assembly and circularly polarized luminescence, a clustering-based analysis method for simulating seismic damage of buildings in large cities, a collation of the greek manuscripts selected for the editio critica maior of the epistle to the ephesians.

Research output : Book/Report › Scholarly edition

A Collation of the Greek Manuscripts Selected for the Editio Critica Maior of the Epistle to the Romans

A combination nutritional supplement reduces dna methylation age only in older adults with a raised epigenetic age, a comparative study of evolutionary approaches to the bi-objective dynamic travelling thief problem, a comparison of two statistical postprocessing methods for heavy‐precipitation forecasts over india during the summer monsoon, a comprehensive material and experimental investigation of a packed bed latent heat storage system based on waste foundry sand, a comprehensive photodynamical solution for the multi-planet circumbinary system toi-1338.

Research output : Contribution to journal › Abstract

A comprehensive review of oral chitosan drug delivery systems: Applications for oral insulin delivery

A continuum mechanics model of the plant cell wall reveals interplay between enzyme action and cell wall structure, a corpus-based developmental investigation of linguistic complexity in children's writing, a critical analysis of gender-based violence reporting and evidence building applications (gbvxtech) for capturing memory reports, a critical exploration of bargaining in purchasing and supply management: a systematic literature review, a critical systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors for fertility problems in a globalized world, act and rule consequentialism: a synthesis, acts of (self-) care: a collection of i-poems, adaptive religious coping with experiences of sexual and gender-based violence and displacement.

PhD by publication

PhD awards for published researchers

Explore how you can turn your existing peer reviewed research publications into a PhD qualification

What is a PhD by publication?

A PhD by publication is a postgraduate research degree that's based on research you've already undertaken and had published (excluding self-publishing) before registering with us.

Depending on the subject area, peer reviewed  academic papers, complete books, chapters in anthologies, or equivalent materials accepted for publication, exhibited or performed  may be  eligibl e. You'll have to submit these materials for examination between 6–12 months after registering with us.

These materials will be accompanied by a commentary of 5,000–10,000 words, which outlines your work's coherence, significance and contribution to knowledge, and you'll be examined through an oral defence of your research, known as a viva voce. Applicants must have held a first or higher degree from a UK higher education institute – or a recognised equivalent non-UK degree of the same standard – for at least 5 years.

Once you've been awarded a PhD by publication, you'll be in a great position to move onto further research or to use your new postgraduate qualification to progress your career.

The cost of getting a PhD by publication in most of our subject areas is £4,500 for external candidates – check your research subject area page  for more details.

How to apply

To be considered for a PhD by publication, you'll need to have held an undergraduate or postgraduate degree – awarded either by a UK higher education institute or a recognised non-UK equivalent – for at least 5 years.

To apply you'll need:

• A CV and the names of two referees
• A title of the proposed PhD
• A listing of the published work on which the application is based
• A statement of not more than 1000 words setting out your view of the nature and significance of the work submitted

Apply from the relevant subject area page .

If your application is successful, you'll need to submit the already-published materials – those that you wish to be considered as part of your PhD by publication award – between 6–12 months after registering with us.

PhD by published work

The PhD by published work route is intended primarily for mid-career research-active academics who, for one reason or another, haven’t had the opportunity to undertake a research programme leading to a PhD.

Submissions for this award will consist of a coherent body of work which is of the same quality, rigour and volume as required of a standard PhD in your field and which constitutes an original contribution to knowledge.

We welcome applications from Westminster staff and from outside the University. Applications are considered on their merits within the relevant colleges and applicants are advised to approach the relevant members of academic staff for an informal discussion before applying.

If your application is successful, you will be assigned one or more supervisors who will advise on which of your publications should form your final submission to be examined and how your commentary should be written. The commentary (15,000 words) describes the aims of the research you’ve undertaken to produce your publications, incorporates an analytical discussion of the main results and puts the total work submitted in context.

What kind of publications are considered to be appropriate for a submission via this route?

• books and book chapters
• refereed journal papers
• Other media/other public output (eg architectural or engineering designs)
• The submission of a single book, work or artefact is also possible
• The body of work may not include any material produced more than ten years before the date of submission

How do I apply?

You should first make contact with the relevant academic or  relevant College  for an informal discussion of your publications and how they might be considered for a PhD by Published Work. If you decide to apply, you will make an application in the normal way.

What should my application consist of?

In addition to the standard application process, your application should also include a portfolio of publications, accompanied by a proposal not exceeding 2,000 words in length, which contextualises the selected publications, demonstrates their coherence and outlines the intended contribution to knowledge.

View the guidance on  how to write your PhD by published work research proposal .

What happens after I’ve applied?

Your application will be considered by a College panel, which will assess the quality and the coherence of your publications and your proposal, and if the panel wishes to take your application further, it will invite you to interview, following which you will receive a decision.

How long will it take from initial enrolment to final submission of the work for examination?

This is a part-time programme which takes a minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 24 months.

What should I do next?

• Check that you meet the entry requirements and review your options for funding your programme
• Find out if we cover your proposed area of research and if there is a supervisory team available

If you decide to proceed, you can find links to apply and all the information you need on our Research area pages .

Related pages

Fees and funding.

How much will it cost to study a research degree?

Entry requirements

Find out if you can apply for a Research Degree at the University of Westminster.

Research degree by distance learning

Find out about Research Degree distance learning options at the University of Westminster.

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Online PhD UK: University of Birmingham PhD by Publication

By onlinephd |

The University of Birmingham is one of the most prestigious institutions of higher learning in the UK, consistently ranking high in league tables. While it has traditionally been known to focus on engineering and science due to Birmingham’s reputation as a center of light engineering, the University has diversified to offer a whole range of undergraduate and post-graduate degrees in a wide variety of subjects. It has also become prominent for the strength of its research programs, with many of its departments given outstanding rankings by assessment groups; in particular, it is seen as having made a significant contribution to cancer research due to its hosting of the first Cancer Research UK Centre.

The online PhD UK by Publication, however, is restricted only to members of the University’s academic staff, who have held an appointment for at least three years, full-time (or its equivalent on a part-time basis) immediately before the submission of the published work. Upon applying for this online PhD UK program, the candidate is to submit an indication of the field of research of their submitted publications as well as details of their employment to their Head of School, who will make the decision whether to approve or deny their candidature.

Once they have been admitted to the online PhD UK by Publication program, they will prepare their dissertation under the supervision of an adviser from the faculty. The candidate will then defend his or his dissertation through an oral examination given by a panel of faculty members, who will, after the examination recommend whether or not to grant the degree, based on the results of the examination as well as the original reports from the initial submission.

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The PhD by Publication is an accelerated, part-time PhD award intended for those who have carried out extensive research over a significant period of time and have a number of publications arising from this work which have already been published in high-quality journals.

This should not be confused with the standard PhD (3-4 years full-time).

If you have any questions about the PhD by Publication degree which are not answered on this page, please email us  or call us .

What should the word length of the submitted publications be?

Where written publications are being submitted as evidence in the application for admission to the PhD by Publication, the total word length of publications when combined with the critical analysis (15,000 words) should be broadly comparable to that of a submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, which is typically between 80,000 and 100,000 words. The quality of the journals within which publications have been published will be assessed as part of the application procedure.

Can only standard academic publications be considered?

As well as standard academic or creative publications, for Schools in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities, ‘published work’ may include performance, exhibition, installation, media of various kinds as defined in the University’s Award Regulations, provided that it is made available in an appropriate digital or other recorded format.

How is the PhD by Publication assessed?

As well as submitting the published work, candidates for the PhD by Publication need to prepare a critical analysis of around 15,000 words and to undertake an oral examination (viva) on the critical analysis and the published work. The University provides supervisory support for this.

Can it be done in every subject?

UEA currently offer the PhD by Publication within all Schools and Institutes, except for the following:

• The School of Education and Lifelong Learning only accept PhD by Publication applications from current members of UEA staff subject also to further conditions listed on the Course Catalogue  page, in the Entry Requirements section.
• The School of Literature, Drama and Creative Writing is not currently accepting any PhD by Publication applications.

How long does it take?

The period of study is six months part-time (0.5FTE), extendable at the discretion of the School or Institute to a maximum of twelve months part-time study.

Who is the PhD by Publication suitable for?

The PhD by Publication may be appropriate for you if:

You have been carrying out research over a long period of time (at least seven years)

This work is already published in high-quality journals (or equivalent as above), forms a coherent programme of research and represents a significant contribution to understanding

You want to seek academic recognition for this work by a doctoral award.

What are the academic requirements of the programme?

The minimum University academic requirement for a PhD by Publication degree is the same as that required for a PhD: you need the equivalent of a 2:1 in a UK Bachelor’s degree or a Master’s degree in a relevant field of study. However, depending on which School you are studying in, some may set a higher or more specific entry requirement. If English is not your first language, you may also be asked to provide evidence of proficiency in English language. This will be listed as a condition on your offer letter.

What should I do if I want to apply?

To apply for a PhD by Publication degree, we advise that you take a look at the research areas UEA offers  and then contact at least one potential academic supervisor you would be interested in working with, stating your interest. At this point it would be a good idea to read up on your potential supervisor’s research papers that are related to your interests. You will then be able to fill in an application form which needs to contain your formal research proposal. Take a look at our guidance on how to write a research degree proposal .

Life Sciences Study

Phd by published research.

The University of Warwick regulations provide for the award of a PhD in respect of research work already published and completed elsewhere.

Please visit PhD by Published Work Link opens in a new window for the general requirements for award of such degrees, University application procedures and how such applications are considered.

Please note that both the above link and the content below relate to the admissions procedure to be allowed to submit for the degree. Whether or not the degree is subsequently awarded is determined by the examinations process: it is possible that an applicant can be accepted onto the programme and, following their formal submission of work for examination, they not be awarded the degree.

The University procedures require that any application be first considered by the relevant School/Department. Only if it gains their support will it be considered further by the University.

Here is important additional information for those external to the University who are considering making an application to the School of Life Sciences for admission to seek a PhD by this route. It describes the framework via which we will decide whether or not to give our support to an application.

Please read the information below carefully before deciding whether to make an application.

To be potentially supported by the School, an applicant will:

• have made a significant research contribution rather than just a contribution broadly equivalent in extent to that of a typical internal PhD student at the point of their oral examination
• be presenting work that we could, as a School, have competently supervised had the work been done within the context of a standard PhD undertaken in the School, i.e. it concerns a subject that we are able to assess critically
• have made research contributions with which one or more members of the permanent academic staff in the School are familiar prior to receipt of the application, i.e. the applicant has an established research reputation.

These requirements are additional to the general descriptors provided by the University.

The School will also need to identify a member of staff willing to act as academic adviser to the applicant after admission, before support for the application can be given.

To allow the School to consider an application in light of these requirements, an applicant should include in the documentation they provide when they submit their application:

• the name(s) of one or more members of permanent academic staff in the School of Life Sciences whose research interests are related to the work that the applicant is proposing to submit for the degree

Potential applicants are advised to contact the individuals that they intend to identify, in advance of making the application, to seek their input on the quality of the overall case for admission that they would be making.

Applicants should also note the University requirement to include further contextual information with their application regarding the publications they intend to be considered. This information should include commentary on the profile of journals in which the papers have been published, the candidate's individual contribution to each of their publications (especially for multi-author papers), the coherence of the papers as a single body of work and the significance to the field of the research contribution that they made.