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• Research article
• Open access
• Published: 16 November 2020

Exercise/physical activity and health outcomes: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

• Pawel Posadzki 1 , 2 ,
• Dawid Pieper   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0715-5182 3 ,
• Ram Bajpai 4 ,
• Hubert Makaruk 5 ,
• Nadja Könsgen 3 ,
• Annika Lena Neuhaus 3 &
• Monika Semwal 6  

BMC Public Health volume  20 , Article number:  1724 ( 2020 ) Cite this article

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Sedentary lifestyle is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. It has been estimated that approximately 3.2 million deaths each year are attributable to insufficient levels of physical activity. We evaluated the available evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews (CSRs) on the effectiveness of exercise/physical activity for various health outcomes.

Overview and meta-analysis. The Cochrane Library was searched from 01.01.2000 to issue 1, 2019. No language restrictions were imposed. Only CSRs of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Both healthy individuals, those at risk of a disease, and medically compromised patients of any age and gender were eligible. We evaluated any type of exercise or physical activity interventions; against any types of controls; and measuring any type of health-related outcome measures. The AMSTAR-2 tool for assessing the methodological quality of the included studies was utilised.

Hundred and fifty CSRs met the inclusion criteria. There were 54 different conditions. Majority of CSRs were of high methodological quality. Hundred and thirty CSRs employed meta-analytic techniques and 20 did not. Limitations for studies were the most common reasons for downgrading the quality of the evidence. Based on 10 CSRs and 187 RCTs with 27,671 participants, there was a 13% reduction in mortality rates risk ratio (RR) 0.87 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.78 to 0.96]; I 2  = 26.6%, [prediction interval (PI) 0.70, 1.07], median effect size (MES) = 0.93 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.81, 1.00]. Data from 15 CSRs and 408 RCTs with 32,984 participants showed a small improvement in quality of life (QOL) standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.18 [95% CI 0.08, 0.28]; I 2  = 74.3%; PI -0.18, 0.53], MES = 0.20 [IQR 0.07, 0.39]. Subgroup analyses by the type of condition showed that the magnitude of effect size was the largest among patients with mental health conditions.

There is a plethora of CSRs evaluating the effectiveness of physical activity/exercise. The evidence suggests that physical activity/exercise reduces mortality rates and improves QOL with minimal or no safety concerns.

Trial registration

Registered in PROSPERO ( CRD42019120295 ) on 10th January 2019.

Peer Review reports

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines physical activity “as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure” [ 1 ]. Therefore, physical activity is not only limited to sports but also includes walking, running, swimming, gymnastics, dance, ball games, and martial arts, for example. In the last years, several organizations have published or updated their guidelines on physical activity. For example, the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition, provides information and guidance on the types and amounts of physical activity that provide substantial health benefits [ 2 ]. The evidence about the health benefits of regular physical activity is well established and so are the risks of sedentary behaviour [ 2 ]. Exercise is dose dependent, meaning that people who achieve cumulative levels several times higher than the current recommended minimum level have a significant reduction in the risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events [ 3 ]. Benefits of physical activity have been reported for numerous outcomes such as mortality [ 4 , 5 ], cognitive and physical decline [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], glycaemic control [ 8 , 9 ], pain and disability [ 10 , 11 ], muscle and bone strength [ 12 ], depressive symptoms [ 13 ], and functional mobility and well-being [ 14 , 15 ]. Overall benefits of exercise apply to all bodily systems including immunological [ 16 ], musculoskeletal [ 17 ], respiratory [ 18 ], and hormonal [ 19 ]. Specifically for the cardiovascular system, exercise increases fatty acid oxidation, cardiac output, vascular smooth muscle relaxation, endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide availability, improves plasma lipid profiles [ 15 ] while at the same time reducing resting heart rate and blood pressure, aortic valve calcification, and vascular resistance [ 20 ].

However, the degree of all the above-highlighted benefits vary considerably depending on individual fitness levels, types of populations, age groups and the intensity of different physical activities/exercises [ 21 ]. The majority of guidelines in different countries recommend a goal of 150 min/week of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity (or equivalent of 75 min of vigorous-intensity) [ 22 ] with differences for cardiovascular disease [ 23 ] or obesity prevention [ 24 ] or age groups [ 25 ].

There is a plethora of systematic reviews published by the Cochrane Library critically evaluating the effectiveness of physical activity/exercise for various health outcomes. Cochrane systematic reviews (CSRs) are known to be a source of high-quality evidence. Thus, it is not only timely but relevant to evaluate the current knowledge, and determine the quality of the evidence-base, and the magnitude of the effect sizes given the negative lifestyle changes and rising physical inactivity-related burden of diseases. This overview will identify the breadth and scope to which CSRs have appraised the evidence for exercise on health outcomes; and this will help in directing future guidelines and identifying current gaps in the literature.

The objectives of this research were to a. answer the following research questions: in children, adolescents and adults (both healthy and medically compromised) what are the effects (and adverse effects) of exercise/physical activity in improving various health outcomes (e.g., pain, function, quality of life) reported in CSRs; b. estimate the magnitude of the effects by pooling the results quantitatively; c. evaluate the strength and quality of the existing evidence; and d. create recommendations for future researchers, patients, and clinicians.

Our overview was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019120295) on 10th January 2019. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of interventions and Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews were adhered to while writing and reporting this overview [ 26 , 27 ].

Search strategy and selection criteria

We followed the practical guidance for conducting overviews of reviews of health care interventions [ 28 ] and searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR), 2019, Issue 1, on the Cochrane Library for relevant papers using the search strategy: (health) and (exercise or activity or physical). The decision to seek CSRs only was based on three main aspects. First, high quality (CSRs are considered to be the ‘gold methodological standard’) [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. Second, data saturation (enough high-quality evidence to reach meaningful conclusions based on CSRs only). Third, including non-CSRs would have heavily increased the issue of overlapping reviews (also affecting data robustness and credibility of conclusions). One reviewer carried out the searches. The study screening and selection process were performed independently by two reviewers. We imported all identified references into reference manager software EndNote (X8). Any disagreements were resolved by discussion between the authors with third overview author acting as an arbiter, if necessary.

We included CSRs of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving both healthy individuals and medically compromised patients of any age and gender. Only CSRs assessing exercise or physical activity as a stand-alone intervention were included. This included interventions that could initially be taught by a professional or involve ongoing supervision (the WHO definition). Complex interventions e.g., assessing both exercise/physical activity and behavioural changes were excluded if the health effects of the interventions could not have been attributed to exercise distinctly.

Any types of controls were admissible. Reviews evaluating any type of health-related outcome measures were deemed eligible. However, we excluded protocols or/and CSRs that have been withdrawn from the Cochrane Library as well as reviews with no included studies.

Data analysis

Three authors (HM, ALN, NK) independently extracted relevant information from all the included studies using a custom-made data collection form. The methodological quality of SRs included was independently evaluated by same reviewers using the AMSTAR-2 tool [ 32 ]. Any disagreements on data extraction or CSR quality were resolved by discussion. The entire dataset was validated by three authors (PP, MS, DP) and any discrepant opinions were settled through discussions.

The results of CSRs are presented in a narrative fashion using descriptive tables. Where feasible, we presented outcome measures across CSRs. Data from the subset of homogeneous outcomes were pooled quantitatively using the approach previously described by Bellou et al. and Posadzki et al. [ 33 , 34 ]. For mortality and quality of life (QOL) outcomes, the number of participants and RCTs involved in the meta-analysis, summary effect sizes [with 95% confidence intervals (CI)] using random-effects model were calculated. For binary outcomes, we considered relative risks (RRs) as surrogate measures of the corresponding odds ratio (OR) or risk ratio/hazard ratio (HR). To stabilise the variance and normalise the distributions, we transformed RRs into their natural logarithms before pooling the data (a variation was allowed, however, it did not change interpretation of results) [ 35 ]. The standard error (SE) of the natural logarithm of RR was derived from the corresponding CIs, which was either provided in the study or calculated with standard formulas [ 36 ]. Binary outcomes reported as risk difference (RD) were also meta-analysed if two more estimates were available. For continuous outcomes, we only meta-analysed estimates that were available as standardised mean difference (SMD), and estimates reported with mean differences (MD) for QOL were presented separately in a supplementary Table  9 . To estimate the overall effect size, each study was weighted by the reciprocal of its variance. Random-effects meta-analysis, using DerSimonian and Laird method [ 37 ] was applied to individual CSR estimates to obtain a pooled summary estimate for RR or SMD. The 95% prediction interval (PI) was also calculated (where ≥3 studies were available), which further accounts for between-study heterogeneity and estimates the uncertainty around the effect that would be anticipated in a new study evaluating that same association. I -squared statistic was used to measure between study heterogeneity; and its various thresholds (small, substantial and considerable) were interpreted considering the size and direction of effects and the p -value from Cochran’s Q test ( p  < 0.1 considered as significance) [ 38 ]. Wherever possible, we calculated the median effect size (with interquartile range [IQR]) of each CSR to interpret the direction and magnitude of the effect size. Sub-group analyses are planned for type and intensity of the intervention; age group; gender; type and/or severity of the condition, risk of bias in RCTs, and the overall quality of the evidence (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria). To assess overlap we calculated the corrected covered area (CCA) [ 39 ]. All statistical analyses were conducted on Stata statistical software version 15.2 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, Texas, USA).

The searches generated 280 potentially relevant CRSs. After removing of duplicates and screening, a total of 150 CSRs met our eligibility criteria [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 ] (Fig.  1 ). Reviews were published between September 2002 and December 2018. A total of 130 CSRs employed meta-analytic techniques and 20 did not. The total number of RCTs in the CSRs amounted to 2888; with 485,110 participants (mean = 3234, SD = 13,272). The age ranged from 3 to 87 and gender distribution was inestimable. The main characteristics of included reviews are summarised in supplementary Table  1 . Supplementary Table  2 summarises the effects of physical activity/exercise on health outcomes. Conclusions from CSRs are listed in supplementary Table  3 . Adverse effects are listed in supplementary Table  4 . Supplementary Table  5 presents summary of withdrawals/non-adherence. The methodological quality of CSRs is presented in supplementary Table  6 . Supplementary Table  7 summarises studies assessed at low risk of bias (by the authors of CSRs). GRADE-ings of the review’s main comparison are listed in supplementary Table  8 .

Study selection process

There were 54 separate populations/conditions, considerable range of interventions and comparators, co-interventions, and outcome measures. For detailed description of interventions, please refer to the supplementary tables . Most commonly measured outcomes were - function 112 (75%), QOL 83 (55%), AEs 70 (47%), pain 41 (27%), mortality 28 (19%), strength 30 (20%), costs 47 (31%), disability 14 (9%), and mental health in 35 (23%) CSRs.

There was a 13% reduction in mortality rates risk ratio (RR) 0.87 [95% CI 0.78 to 0.96]; I 2  = 26.6%, [PI 0.70, 1.07], median effect size (MES) = 0.93 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.81, 1.00]; 10 CSRs, 187 RCTs, 27,671 participants) following exercise when compared with various controls (Table 1 ). This reduction was smaller in ‘other groups’ of patients when compared to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) patients - RR 0.97 [95% CI 0.65, 1.45] versus 0.85 [0.76, 0.96] respectively. The effects of exercise were not intensity or frequency dependent. Sessions more than 3 times per week exerted a smaller reduction in mortality as compared with sessions of less than 3 times per week RR 0.87 [95% CI 0.78, 0.98] versus 0.63 [0.39, 1.00]. Subgroup analyses by risk of bias (ROB) in RCTs showed that RCTs at low ROB exerted smaller reductions in mortality when compared to RCTs at an unclear or high ROB, RR 0.90 [95% CI 0.78, 1.02] versus 0.72 [0.42, 1.22] versus 0.86 [0.69, 1.06] respectively. CSRs with moderate quality of evidence (GRADE), showed slightly smaller reductions in mortality when compared with CSRs that relied on very low to low quality evidence RR 0.88 [95% CI 0.79, 0.98] versus 0.70 [0.47, 1.04].

Exercise also showed an improvement in QOL, standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.18 [95% CI 0.08, 0.28]; I 2  = 74.3%; PI -0.18, 0.53], MES = 0.20 [IQR 0.07, 0.39]; 15 CSRs, 408 RCTs, 32,984 participants) when compared with various controls (Table 2 ). These improvements were greater observed for health related QOL when compared to overall QOL SMD 0.30 [95% CI 0.21, 0.39] vs 0.06 [− 0.08, 0.20] respectively. Again, the effects of exercise were duration and frequency dependent. For instance, sessions of more than 90 mins exerted a greater improvement in QOL as compared with sessions up to 90 min SMD 0.24 [95% CI 0.11, 0.37] versus 0.22 [− 0.30, 0.74]. Subgroup analyses by the type of condition showed that the magnitude of effect was the largest among patients with mental health conditions, followed by CVD and cancer. Physical activity exerted negative effects on QOL in patients with respiratory conditions (2 CSRs, 20 RCTs with 601 patients; SMD -0.97 [95% CI -1.43, 0.57]; I 2  = 87.8%; MES = -0.46 [IQR-0.97, 0.05]). Subgroup analyses by risk of bias (ROB) in RCTs showed that RCTs at low or unclear ROB exerted greater improvements in QOL when compared to RCTs at a high ROB SMD 0.21 [95% CI 0.10, 0.31] versus 0.17 [0.03, 0.31]. Analogically, CSRs with moderate to high quality of evidence showed slightly greater improvements in QOL when compared with CSRs that relied on very low to low quality evidence SMD 0.19 [95% CI 0.05, 0.33] versus 0.15 [− 0.02, 0.32]. Please also see supplementary Table  9 more studies reporting QOL outcomes as mean difference (not quantitatively synthesised herein).

Adverse events (AEs) were reported in 100 (66.6%) CSRs; and not reported in 50 (33.3%). The number of AEs ranged from 0 to 84 in the CSRs. The number was inestimable in 83 (55.3%) CSRs. Ten (6.6%) reported no occurrence of AEs. Mild AEs were reported in 28 (18.6%) CSRs, moderate in 9 (6%) and serious/severe in 20 (13.3%). There were 10 deaths and in majority of instances, the causality was not attributed to exercise. For this outcome, we were unable to pool the data as effect sizes were too heterogeneous (Table 3 ).

In 38 CSRs, the total number of trials reporting withdrawals/non-adherence was inestimable. There were different ways of reporting it such as adherence or attrition (high in 23.3% of CSRs) as well as various effect estimates including %, range, total numbers, MD, RD, RR, OR, mean and SD. The overall pooled estimates are reported in Table 3 .

Of all 16 domains of the AMSTAR-2 tool, 1876 (78.1%) scored ‘yes’, 76 (3.1%) ‘partial yes’; 375 (15.6%) ‘no’, and ‘not applicable’ in 25 (1%) CSRs. Ninety-six CSRs (64%) were scored as ‘no’ on reporting sources of funding for the studies followed by 88 (58.6%) failing to explain the selection of study designs for inclusion. One CSR (0.6%) each were judged as ‘no’ for reporting any potential sources of conflict of interest, including any funding for conducting the review as well for performing study selection in duplicate.

In 102 (68%) CSRs, there was predominantly a high risk of bias in RCTs. In 9 (6%) studies, this was reported as a range, e.g., low or unclear or low to high. Two CSRs used different terminology i.e., moderate methodological quality; and the risk of bias was inestimable in one CSR. Sixteen (10.6%) CSRs did not identify any studies (RCTs) at low risk of random sequence generation, 28 (18.6%) allocation concealment, 28 (18.6%) performance bias, 84 (54%) detection bias, 35 (23.3%) attrition bias, 18 (12%) reporting bias, and 29 (19.3%) other bias.

In 114 (76%) CSRs, limitation of studies was the main reason for downgrading the quality of the evidence followed by imprecision in 98 (65.3%) and inconsistency in 68 (45.3%). Publication bias was the least frequent reason for downgrading in 26 (17.3%) CSRs. Ninety-one (60.7%) CSRs reached equivocal conclusions, 49 (32.7%) reviews reached positive conclusions and 10 (6.7%) reached negative conclusions (as judged by the authors of CSRs).

In this systematic review of CSRs, we found a large body of evidence on the beneficial effects of physical activity/exercise on health outcomes in a wide range of heterogeneous populations. Our data shows a 13% reduction in mortality rates among 27,671 participants, and a small improvement in QOL and health-related QOL following various modes of physical activity/exercises. This means that both healthy individuals and medically compromised patients can significantly improve function, physical and mental health; or reduce pain and disability by exercising more [ 190 ]. In line with previous findings [ 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 ], where a dose-specific reduction in mortality has been found, our data shows a greater reduction in mortality in studies with longer follow-up (> 12 months) as compared to those with shorter follow-up (< 12 months). Interestingly, we found a consistent pattern in the findings, the higher the quality of evidence and the lower the risk of bias in primary studies, the smaller reductions in mortality. This pattern is observational in nature and cannot be over-generalised; however this might mean less certainty in the estimates measured. Furthermore, we found that the magnitude of the effect size was the largest among patients with mental health conditions. A possible mechanism of action may involve elevated levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor or beta-endorphins [ 195 ].

We found the issue of poor reporting or underreporting of adherence/withdrawals in over a quarter of CSRs (25.3%). This is crucial both for improving the accuracy of the estimates at the RCT level as well as maintaining high levels of physical activity and associated health benefits at the population level.

Even the most promising interventions are not entirely risk-free; and some minor AEs such as post-exercise pain and soreness or discomfort related to physical activity/exercise have been reported. These were typically transient; resolved within a few days; and comparable between exercise and various control groups. However worryingly, the issue of poor reporting or underreporting of AEs has been observed in one third of the CSRs. Transparent reporting of AEs is crucial for identifying patients at risk and mitigating any potential negative or unintended consequences of the interventions.

High risk of bias of the RCTs evaluated was evident in more than two thirds of the CSRs. For example, more than half of reviews identified high risk of detection bias as a major source of bias suggesting that lack of blinding is still an issue in trials of behavioural interventions. Other shortcomings included insufficiently described randomisation and allocation concealment methods and often poor outcome reporting. This highlights the methodological challenges in RCTs of exercise and the need to counterbalance those with the underlying aim of strengthening internal and external validity of these trials.

Overall, high risk of bias in the primary trials was the main reason for downgrading the quality of the evidence using the GRADE criteria. Imprecision was frequently an issue, meaning the effective sample size was often small; studies were underpowered to detect the between-group differences. Pooling too heterogeneous results often resulted in inconsistent findings and inability to draw any meaningful conclusions. Indirectness and publication bias were lesser common reasons for downgrading. However, with regards to the latter, the generally accepted minimum number of 10 studies needed for quantitatively estimate the funnel plot asymmetry was not present in 69 (46%) CSRs.

Strengths of this research are the inclusion of large number of ‘gold standard’ systematic reviews, robust screening, data extractions and critical methodological appraisal. Nevertheless, some weaknesses need to be highlighted when interpreting findings of this overview. For instance, some of these CSRs analysed the same primary studies (RCTs) but, arrived at slightly different conclusions. Using, the Pieper et al. [ 39 ] formula, the amount of overlap ranged from 0.01% for AEs to 0.2% for adherence, which indicates slight overlap. All CSRs are vulnerable to publication bias [ 196 ] - hence the conclusions generated by them may be false-positive. Also, exercise was sometimes part of a complex intervention; and the effects of physical activity could not be distinguished from co-interventions. Often there were confounding effects of diet, educational, behavioural or lifestyle interventions; selection, and measurement bias were inevitably inherited in this overview too. Also, including CSRs only might lead to selection bias; and excluding reviews published before 2000 might limit the overall completeness and applicability of the evidence. A future update should consider these limitations, and in particular also including non-CSRs.

Conclusions

Trialists must improve the quality of primary studies. At the same time, strict compliance with the reporting standards should be enforced. Authors of CSRs should better explain eligibility criteria and report sources of funding for the primary studies. There are still insufficient physical activity trends worldwide amongst all age groups; and scalable interventions aimed at increasing physical activity levels should be prioritized [ 197 ]. Hence, policymakers and practitioners need to design and implement comprehensive and coordinated strategies aimed at targeting physical activity programs/interventions, health promotion and disease prevention campaigns at local, regional, national, and international levels [ 198 ].

Availability of data and materials

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no raw data were analysed during the current study. All information in this article is based on published systematic reviews.

Abbreviations

Adverse events

Cardiovascular diseases

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Cochrane systematic reviews

Confidence interval

Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation

Hazard ratio

Interquartile range

Mean difference

Prediction interval

Quality of life

Randomised controlled trials

Relative risk

Risk difference

Risk of bias

Standard error

Standardised mean difference

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PP wrote the protocol, ran the searches, validated, analysed and synthesised data, wrote and revised the drafts. HM, NK and ALN screened and extracted data. MS and DP validated and analysed the data. RB ran statistical analyses. All authors contributed to writing and reviewing the manuscript. PP is the guarantor. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Supplementary Table 1. Main characteristics of included Cochrane systematic reviews evaluating the effects of physical activity/exercise on health outcomes ( n  = 150). Supplementary Table 2. Additional information from Cochrane systematic reviews of the effects of physical activity/exercise on health outcomes ( n  = 150). Supplementary Table 3. Conclusions from Cochrane systematic reviews “quote”. Supplementary Table 4 . AEs reported in Cochrane systematic reviews. Supplementary Table 5. Summary of withdrawals/non-adherence. Supplementary Table 6. Methodological quality assessment of the included Cochrane reviews with AMSTAR-2. Supplementary Table 7. Number of studies assessed as low risk of bias per domain. Supplementary Table 8. GRADE for the review’s main comparison. Supplementary Table 9. Studies reporting quality of life outcomes as mean difference.

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Posadzki, P., Pieper, D., Bajpai, R. et al. Exercise/physical activity and health outcomes: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. BMC Public Health 20 , 1724 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09855-3

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180 Exercise Physiology Research Topics For Students

We know, you are reading this page because you are looking for the best and most interesting exercise physiology research topics one could possibly find on the Internet. After all, the grade you get on your next research paper depends a whole lot on the quality of the topic you manage to find. If you didn’t know, professors pay attention to what you are talking about.

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All of these topic ideas have been created by our professional academic writers. These people have been writing research papers for years, so they know what professors are looking for. Our exercise physiology research paper topics are not only very interesting to write about, they are also relatively easy. You can find plenty of information online about most of them. These topic ideas are 100 percent free. We want to help students get the top grades they need, which means we would never charge you for some great ideas. We are striving to update the list as frequently as possible. Why? Because we want to be able to help as many students as possible with unique topics for their exercise physiology research papers.

We know, you want to take a look at our exercise physiology research topics. Well, without further ado, here they are – organized neatly into relevant categories:

Kinesiology Research Topics

Are you looking for the absolute best kinesiology research topics on the Internet? Take a look at the list below and pick the topic you love right now:

• What is kinesiology and what does it do?
• The effects of physical activity on human cells
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Exercise Science Research Proposal Ideas

Do you need to write a research proposal about exercise science? Of course, we have a great list of exercise science research proposal ideas right here for you:

• Treatment of athletes’ knee joint injuries
• Health benefits of a whole-grain diet
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Easy Exercise Science Research Topics

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• The best exercises for abs
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Exercise Physiology Topics Of Interest In 2023

If you want to talk about the latest advancements and research in exercise physiology, you need to take a look at our list of exercise physiology topics of interest in 2023:

• The role of exercise physiology in combating obesity
• The link between aerobic exercise and belly fat
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• Can exercise physiology find a cure for diabetes?
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Kinesiology Topics Your Professor Will Love

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• Is kinesiology a good career?
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• Discuss the 3 major principles of kinesiology

Fitness Research Paper Topics

Why wouldn’t you talk about fitness? There is nothing wrong about it because it is a part of physical exercise research. In fact, here are a few great fitness research paper topics:

• Effects of Zumba on the human body
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• Analyze the benefits of circuit training
• Is bike riding an effective exercise?
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• Benefits of taking spinning classes
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• Talk about plyometric exercises
• Best routines for strength training
• Running and its health benefits
• Is yoga a form of physical exercise?

University Level Topics

Be aware that university level topics are not as easy to write about. If you want to try writing such a paper, check out the university level topics below:

• Psychological principles in kinesiology
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• The biomechanics of the human wrist
• Kinesiology applications in developing prosthetics
• Developing a diet and workout plan for a bodybuilder from scratch

Controversial Exercise Physiology Topics

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• Depression and suicide rates in young athletes in the United States
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• Who can afford expert exercise physiology advice?
• The most controversial exercise physiology papers ever published

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• The best fitness trackers in 2023
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• Conditions that can be cured with physical exercise
• Discuss the process of healing fractures
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• Changes in physical performance of the elderly over the last 50 years in the UK
• Discuss the pros and cons of the Paleo diet
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• The link between physical exercise and a correct posture

Physical Exercise And Health Topics

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• Difference between walking uphill and downhill

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• Talk about elevation training
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• Talk about the concept of neuroplasticity
• Effects physical exercise on cardiovascular health
• Effects of nutrition on your workouts

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College students who want to write a research paper about physiology should choose one of these unique physiology research topics for college students:

• Talk about motor teaching in kinesiology
• Pick a muscle and analyze its anatomy
• Analyze the biomechanics of the hip
• Discuss motor learning in kinesiology
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• Gait pattern changes during the human life

Sport Science Research Topics

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• Discuss the role of wearables in sport science
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• An in-depth look at hydration testing
• Monitoring the growth of muscles after exercise
• Discuss the process of bio-banding
• Differences between technical, chronological and biological age

Interesting Topics About Kinesiology

Finally, we have a list of the most interesting topics about kinesiology we could think of. Again, all these ideas are original, so don’t hesitate to snatch one right now:

• Athletes that became famous with help from kinesiology
• Muscle activation during simple movements
• Talk about exercises that increase endurance
• Maintaining correct posture during workouts
• The biomechanics of running
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• An in-depth look at muscular contractions
• Best exercises for strength
• Best 3 ways to make your muscles grow
• The role of the skeleton
• Talk about the different types of muscles
• Discuss the join structure of humans
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Fitness Research Paper Topics

Fitness is the state of being physically healthy and fit. Fitness plays a play a good role in people’s lives because it makes people less prone to medical conditions. Although students find the subject of fitness to be interesting, it is sometimes hard for them to choose fitness research paper topics. We understand why students need the right fitness research paper topics, and we’ve decided to help them get it. We have listed the best fitness research paper topics below. Students should go through the topics and choose the one that they are most comfortable with. The topics below are interesting and easy enough for students to research. Students will know what to write about the topics below without doing excess research. We internationally listed only topics that are informative so that students will find it easy to present their findings in a manner similar to that of their topics. By using the topics below for research papers, students will enjoy their research paper and also make the most out of their education.

• Spinal Flexion and Rotation
• Bilateral Lower Body Training
• Jay Cutler And Bodybuilding
• How Fitness Programme Affects Lifestyle
• Steady-State Cardio
• Unilateral Lower Body Training
• Compound Exercises and Isolation Exercises
• Static Stretching and Dynamic Stretching
• Interval Training
• Low Reps and High Reps
• Metabolic Resistance Training
• Traditional Cardio Training
• Why bouncing is a dangerous form of stretching muscles
• Why high carb eating before exercise boosts energy
• Tai Chi As A Form Of Movement Meditation
• How To Achieve Aerobic Fitness
• The Eagle Challenge Fitness Tour
• Running for Fitness
• Supplements in Bodybuilding and Fitness
• Body Fitness Activities
• Fitness Movement
• The Effectiveness Of Fitness Training Programme
• Cardio-fitness for Astronauts
• Methods Of Fitness Training
• Fitness And Motor Functioning
• Nutrition to Achieve the Best Body
• Fitness Requirements for Football
• How to Live a Healthier Lifestyle
• Free Fitness
• fitness-related components
• Fitness Tracking Technologies
• The mental impacts of fitness
• The relationship between a healthy lifestyle and fitness
• Leg Up On Physical Fitness
• Physical fitness standard
• Components Of Physical Fitness
• How Physical Fitness Impacts Upon Quality Of Life
• Fitness And Health
• The relationship between physical fitness and mental fitness
• Process For Retro Fitness
• The Effectiveness Of Health and Fitness Programs
• Green Initiatives of Lifetime Fitness
• The Effectiveness Of Wearable Fitness Tracking Devices
• The Zumba Fitness Sensation
• Transferable Skills For Fitness Management
• How Yoga For Fitness
• Fitness Assessment Techniques
• How Training Classes Promote Fitness
• Components Of Wellness
• Physical Fitness And Mental Fitness
• Physical Fitness Standards And Medical Safety
• Physical Wellness And Physical Fitness
• Fitness and Health Commercials
• Technique in Fitness
• The Case of Power Up Fitness
• The Benefits of Physical Fitness
• The Effects of Yoga in Fitness
• Psychological Perspective Of Fitness
• Fitness and Nutrition System
• The Content Of Fitness And Muscle
• Fitness in Maintaining a Healthy Weight
• The Importance Of Fitness
• How Regular Exercises Affects The Nervous System
• Physical Fitness Standards
• Premier Leisure And Fitness
• Undulation Training For Fitness
• Why Is It Important To Keep Track Of Fitness Level?
• The Principles of Fitness Training
• The Impacts Of Exercises On The Respiratory System
• The Relationship Between Physical Fitness And Mental Fitness
• How Physical Fitness Reflects On Mental Health
• The Multi-Stage Fitness Test
• The Importance of Motor Fitness
• The Pattern Of Blood Circulation During An Exercise
• How Strenuous Exercises Impacts Upon The Reproductive System Of Women
• Techniques To Test Cardiovascular Fitness
• Common Diet And Fitness Mistakes
• How Regular Exercises Affects Consciousness
• How The Muscles Adapt To A Varying Level Of Stress
• The Relationship Between Diets And Physical Fitness
• Fitness And Sports Of Washington
• Why It Is Dangerous To Put Excessive Stress On Muscles
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• Metabolic Activities That Takes Place In The Body After A Rigorous Training Session
• How Regular Exercises Improves Mental Alertness
• How Diets And Physical Fitness Affect Performance Of Athletes
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• Importance Of Healthy Fitness Goals
• Fitness in Controlling Diabetes
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• Resistance Training Program
• How Regular Exercises Change The Metabolic Activities Of The Body
• Techniques For Losing Weight
• How Physical Fitness Affects Brain Development In Teenagers

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Scientists work out the effects of exercise at the cellular level

The health benefits of exercise are well known but new research shows that the body's response to exercise is more complex and far-reaching than previously thought. In a study on rats, a team of scientists from across the United States has found that physical activity causes many cellular and molecular changes in all 19 of the organs they studied in the animals.

Exercise lowers the risk of many diseases, but scientists still don't fully understand how exercise changes the body on a molecular level. Most studies have focused on a single organ, sex, or time point, and only include one or two data types.

To take a more comprehensive look at the biology of exercise, scientists with the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) used an array of techniques in the lab to analyze molecular changes in rats as they were put through the paces of weeks of intense exercise. Their findings appear in Nature .

The team studied a range of tissues from the animals, such as the heart, brain, and lungs. They found that each of the organs they looked at changed with exercise, helping the body to regulate the immune system, respond to stress, and control pathways connected to inflammatory liver disease, heart disease, and tissue injury.

The data provide potential clues into many different human health conditions; for example, the researchers found a possible explanation for why the liver becomes less fatty during exercise, which could help in the development of new treatments for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

The team hopes that their findings could one day be used to tailor exercise to an individual's health status or to develop treatments that mimic the effects of physical activity for people who are unable to exercise. They have already started studies on people to track the molecular effects of exercise.

Launched in 2016, MoTrPAC draws together scientists from the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Stanford University, the National Institutes of Health, and other institutions to shed light on the biological processes that underlie the health benefits of exercise. The Broad project was originally conceived of by Steve Carr, senior director of Broad's Proteomics Platform; Clary Clish, senior director of Broad's Metabolomics Platform; Robert Gerszten, a senior associate member at the Broad and chief of cardiovascular medicine at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; and Christopher Newgard, a professor of nutrition at Duke University.

Co-first authors on the study include Pierre Jean-Beltran, a postdoctoral researcher in Carr's group at Broad when the study began, as well as David Amar and Nicole Gay of Stanford. Courtney Dennis and Julian Avila, both researchers in Clish's group, were also co-authors on the manuscript.

"It took a village of scientists with distinct scientific backgrounds to generate and integrate the massive amount of high quality data produced," said Carr, a co-senior author of the study. "This is the first whole-organism map looking at the effects of training in multiple different organs. The resource produced will be enormously valuable, and has already produced many potentially novel biological insights for further exploration."

The team has made all of the animal data available in an online public repository. Other scientists can use this site to download, for example, information about the proteins changing in abundance in the lungs of female rats after eight weeks of regular exercise on a treadmill, or the RNA response to exercise in all organs of male and female rats over time.

Whole-body analysis

Conducting such a large and detailed study required a lot of planning. "The amount of coordination that all of the labs involved in this study had to do was phenomenal," said Clish.

In partnership with Sue Bodine at the Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa, whose group collected tissue samples from animals after up to eight weeks of training, other members of the MoTrPAC team divided the samples up so that each lab -- Carr's team analyzing proteins, Clish's studying metabolites, and others -- would examine virtually identical samples.

"A lot of large-scale studies only focus on one or two data types," said Natalie Clark, a computational scientist in Carr's group. "But here we have a breadth of many different experiments on the same tissues, and that's given us a global overview of how all of these different molecular layers contribute to exercise response."

In all, the teams performed nearly 10,000 assays to make about 15 million measurements on blood and 18 solid tissues. They found that exercise impacted thousands of molecules, with the most extreme changes in the adrenal gland, which produces hormones that regulate many important processes such as immunity, metabolism, and blood pressure. The researchers uncovered sex differences in several organs, particularly related to the immune response over time. Most immune-signaling molecules unique to females showed changes in levels between one and two weeks of training, whereas those in males showed differences between four and eight weeks.

Some responses were consistent across sexes and organs. For example, the researchers found that heat-shock proteins, which are produced by cells in response to stress, were regulated in the same ways across different tissues. But other insights were tissue-specific. To their surprise, Carr's team found an increase in acetylation of mitochondrial proteins involved in energy production, and in a phosphorylation signal that regulates energy storage, both in the liver that changed during exercise. These changes could help the liver become less fatty and less prone to disease with exercise, and could give researchers a target for future treatments of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

"Even though the liver is not directly involved in exercise, it still undergoes changes that could improve health. No one speculated that we'd see these acetylation and phosphorylation changes in the liver after exercise training," said Jean-Beltran. "This highlights why we deploy all of these different molecular modalities -- exercise is a very complex process, and this is just the tip of the iceberg."

"Two or three generations of research associates matured on this consortium project and learned what it means to carefully design a study and process samples," added Hasmik Keshishian, a senior group leader in Carr's group and co-author of the study. "Now we are seeing the results of our work: biologically insightful findings that are yielding from the high quality data we and others have generated.That's really fulfilling."

Other MoTrPAC papers published today include deeper dives into the response of fat and mitochondria in different tissues to exercise. Additional MoTrPAC studies are underway to study the effects of exercise on young adult and older rats, and the short-term effects of 30-minute bouts of physical activity. The consortium has also begun human studies, and are recruiting about 1,500 individuals of diverse ages, sexes, ancestries, and activity levels for a clinical trial to study the effects of both endurance and resistance exercise in children and adults.

• Liver Disease
• Staying Healthy
• Diseases and Conditions
• Men's Health
• Chronic Illness
• Healthy Aging
• Today's Healthcare
• Physical exercise
• Anaerobic exercise
• Aerobic exercise
• Neural development
• Health science
• Weight training

Story Source:

Materials provided by Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard . Original written by Allessandra DiCorato. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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• David Amar, Nicole R. Gay, Pierre M. Jean-Beltran, Dam Bae, Surendra Dasari, Courtney Dennis, Charles R. Evans, David A. Gaul, Olga Ilkayeva, Anna A. Ivanova, Maureen T. Kachman, Hasmik Keshishian, Ian R. Lanza, Ana C. Lira, Michael J. Muehlbauer, Venugopalan D. Nair, Paul D. Piehowski, Jessica L. Rooney, Kevin S. Smith, Cynthia L. Stowe, Bingqing Zhao, Natalie M. Clark, David Jimenez-Morales, Malene E. Lindholm, Gina M. Many, James A. Sanford, Gregory R. Smith, Nikolai G. Vetr, Tiantian Zhang, Jose J. Almagro Armenteros, Julian Avila-Pacheco, Nasim Bararpour, Yongchao Ge, Zhenxin Hou, Shruti Marwaha, David M. Presby, Archana Natarajan Raja, Evan M. Savage, Alec Steep, Yifei Sun, Si Wu, Jimmy Zhen, Sue C. Bodine, Karyn A. Esser, Laurie J. Goodyear, Simon Schenk, Stephen B. Montgomery, Facundo M. Fernández, Stuart C. Sealfon, Michael P. Snyder, Joshua N. Adkins, Euan Ashley, Charles F. Burant, Steven A. Carr, Clary B. Clish, Gary Cutter, Robert E. Gerszten, William E. Kraus, Jun Z. Li, Michael E. Miller, K. Sreekumaran Nair, Christopher Newgard, Eric A. Ortlund, Wei-Jun Qian, Russell Tracy, Martin J. Walsh, Matthew T. Wheeler, Karen P. Dalton, Trevor Hastie, Steven G. Hershman, Mihir Samdarshi, Christopher Teng, Rob Tibshirani, Elaine Cornell, Nicole Gagne, Sandy May, Brian Bouverat, Christiaan Leeuwenburgh, Ching-ju Lu, Marco Pahor, Fang-Chi Hsu, Scott Rushing, Michael P. Walkup, Barbara Nicklas, W. Jack Rejeski, John P. Williams, Ashley Xia, Brent G. Albertson, Elisabeth R. Barton, Frank W. Booth, Tiziana Caputo, Michael Cicha, Luis Gustavo Oliveira De Sousa, Roger Farrar, Andrea L. Hevener, Michael F. Hirshman, Bailey E. Jackson, Benjamin G. Ke, Kyle S. Kramer, Sarah J. Lessard, Nathan S. Makarewicz, Andrea G. Marshall, Pasquale Nigro, Scott Powers, Krithika Ramachandran, R. Scott Rector, Collyn Z-T. Richards, John Thyfault, Zhen Yan, Chongzhi Zang, Mary Anne S. Amper, Ali Tugrul Balci, Clarisa Chavez, Maria Chikina, Roxanne Chiu, Marina A. Gritsenko, Kristy Guevara, Joshua R. Hansen, Krista M. Hennig, Chia-Jui Hung, Chelsea Hutchinson-Bunch, Christopher A. Jin, Xueyun Liu, Kristal M. Maner-Smith, D. R. Mani, Nada Marjanovic, Matthew E. Monroe, Ronald J. Moore, Samuel G. Moore, Charles C. Mundorff, Daniel Nachun, Michael D. Nestor, German Nudelman, Cadence Pearce, Vladislav A. Petyuk, Hanna Pincas, Irene Ramos, Alexander Raskind, Stas Rirak, Jeremy M. Robbins, Aliza B. Rubenstein, Frederique Ruf-Zamojski, Tyler J. Sagendorf, Nitish Seenarine, Tanu Soni, Karan Uppal, Sindhu Vangeti, Mital Vasoya, Alexandria Vornholt, Xuechen Yu, Elena Zaslavsky, Navid Zebarjadi, Marcas Bamman, Bryan C. Bergman, Daniel H. Bessesen, Thomas W. Buford, Toby L. Chambers, Paul M. Coen, Dan Cooper, Fadia Haddad, Kishore Gadde, Bret H. Goodpaster, Melissa Harris, Kim M. Huffman, Catherine M. Jankowski, Neil M. Johannsen, Wendy M. Kohrt, Bridget Lester, Edward L. Melanson, Kerrie L. Moreau, Nicolas Musi, Robert L. Newton, Shlomit Radom-Aizik, Megan E. Ramaker, Tuomo Rankinen, Blake B. Rasmussen, Eric Ravussin, Irene E. Schauer, Robert S. Schwartz, Lauren M. Sparks, Anna Thalacker-Mercer, Scott Trappe, Todd A. Trappe, Elena Volpi. Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training . Nature , 2024; 629 (8010): 174 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06877-w

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152 Fitness Essay Topics to Write about & Examples

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🏆 best fitness topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on fitness, 💡 interesting topics to write about fitness, ❓ essay questions about physical fitness, 🔥 popular gym essay topics to write about, ✅ health and fitness topics to write about.

• Evaluation of Popular Workouts
• Best Fitness Apps and Wearable Devices
• How to Create a Personalized Fitness Plan
• How Physical Activity Can Reduce Stress
• The Role of Nutrition in Achieving Fitness
• How Social Media Influences Fitness Culture
• Benefits of Regular Exercise on Mental Health
• How to Maintain Fitness and Mobility in Later Life
• Strength Training and Its Importance for Overall Fitness
• What Is the Link Between Fitness and Productivity?
• Importance of Physical Fitness Although swimming might fall under the banner of sports, most people swim to relax in the water and have a good time, and can exercise their body at the same time.
• Externalities Environment and Analysis for Australian Fitness Industry In addition, the report also analyses the main forces that determine the attractiveness of a fitness industry or otherwise the industrial economic perspective of the fitness industry.
• Business Plan of ABC Fitness Center In the content of advertise, the ABC center will highlight the positive sites, emphasis on the importance of fitness center in public health, environment of this center, and the advantages of the membership.
• Physical Fitness in Aviation Aviation is an aspect that highly depends on the judgment of the people on the crew and the pilot for any outcome therefore, necessitating the importance of one to be careful with the health state […]
• Zumba Fitness Strategic Business Plan Because of a communication error between Zumba business owners and Crunch gyms, the Zumba business ended up losing a lot of time and money in legal negotiations concerning the rights of the songs used in […]
• Bally Total Fitness: Sports Organizations Industry Once the Bally Fitness Center’s position was improved, the company used an acquisition strategy to expand and strengthen its hold in the industry.
• Business Plan – Fitness Center The aim of this business is to curb the burgeoning problem of a sedentary lifestyle in Saudi Arabia. Close to 30% of the population fall within the criteria, the fitness center is interested in.
• Fitness First Company Analysis The importance of operations management in forecasting is essential in the fitness industry, where there is the threat of the changes in demand and the newsvendor challenge.
• Fitness Trends: Group Exercising Provides Better Results Physical exercise is essential for the well being of the individual. The benefits of exercise are more comprehensive than simply physical gains.
• Issues With the Army Combat Fitness Test and Why They Should Be Fixed This paper will review the drawbacks of the ACFT, including inadequate requirements for women, injuries associated with the test, the increased complexity of the trial, and the necessity to complete the two-mile run.
• Academic Achievement and Physical Fitness This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge, which identifies that there is a positive correlation between physical fitness and academic achievement.
• Fitness and Its Importance for Health In the multi-tasking world of the 21st century, Every person is expected to be some sort of super being who can manage to function on very little to no sleep in order to perform in […]
• Fitness Australia Organization Integrated Marketing Communication About 10 million people who need this sort of therapy and numbers of adult citizen of the country are classified as “clinically obese” for having the notable impact of stress and disability at a larger […]
• Fitness for Use in Operation Management From this perspective, the notion of fitness for use is important when customers draw conclusions about usability of products and services because personal needs are different, and the quality and fitness of the product or […]
• A Personalized Fitness Program for a 3-Month Period The type of exercise undertaken may vary with individuals but in all cases, the big muscles of the body like the biceps and triceps muscles should be involved in the exercise as they make the […]
• The Benefits of Fitness for Physical and Mental Health It is necessary to mention that I have been able to improve my sleep schedule and its quality because of exercise.
• Fitness and Sport Learning Most of the theoretical and practical perspectives during the course have expanded my outlook on the role of sport in my life, as well as how it can enhance my professional fulfillment.
• Fit and Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness In particular, the authors of the book tried to explain the causes of major diseases and to describe the necessary sport activities to prevent and overcome them.hey expressed the medical point of view in the […]
• Planet Fitness: Strategic Positioning According to the Porter’s Model This focus is the first compromise that Planet Fitness made, deliberately moving away from catering to affluent customers with high demands on the gym and the level of service.
• Physical Fitness Training Programs for Athletes In summary, the article provides a general guideline for athletes to build muscle and improve performance by focusing on compound exercises, progressive overload, core strength, and flexibility.
• Health and Fitness: Developing a Healthy Community The overall health, physical development, emotional health, and social and emotional maturation of young people can all be impacted by substance use.
• Negligence Area in Gyms: Fitness Center Business Sustainability In some cases, due to factors such as the cost of purchasing them, people may opt to improvise them and therefore ignore the standards required.
• The True Fitness Company’s Interventions in Singapore In 2019, the company opened the largest commercial fitness center in Singapore at the Millenia Walk to meet the growing fitness and wellness services demand.
• Identifying Proper Fitness Resources This online resource serves as a collection of fitness and nutrition advice, as well as posts news related to the well-being industry.
• Horned Melon: The Role in Promoting Health and Fitness The presence of dietary fiber in horned melon is beneficial to the digestion process. In conclusion, weight reduction is one of the strategies people use to maintain their fitness and live healthily.
• A Get-Real Guide to Building Mental Fitness in Sport and Life Fitzgerald tells stories of how athletes have had to return to the profession, facing the difficult stages of accepting their injuries and finding ways to cope.
• Army Soldier’s Fitness in the US and Saudi Arabia In the problem section, the inability of the Army to educate its subjects, along with some of the general trends regarding physical fitness in the US, Saudi Arabia, and the world’s militaries.
• Promoting Wellbeing in Homeless People: Group Fitness Intervention The authors of this article conducted the study to give insight into the importance of considering homeless people in the society they belong. The importance of the study was to encourage people to have inclusivity […]
• Fitness and Health Workforce Programs The first was the control group, used to compare results to the rest. This article can be used to inform the study about the potential options of intervention and affecting the target population.
• Gyms and Fitness Clubs’ Operation During the Covid-19 The best way to prevent the spread of COVID-19 is to take measures and create the necessary conditions for maintaining the health of both customers of fitness clubs and their employees.
• COVID-19 Influence on Fitness Industry For this reason, the aim of our study will be to examine the changes in sports habits of people, as well as their intention to visit fitness centers in the near future.
• E-Marketing Plan for Fast Fitness Since e- marketing is the procedure of business communication and value generation for the target customers with the purpose to establishing relationship with them and gaining profit from the venture.
• Budget for a Health and Fitness Program Medical practitioners have been and should be in the forefront of catering for the health needs of society as a whole as seen in the codes and ethos outlined in the practice e.g.the Hippocratic Oath.
• Infant Nutrition and Fitness Infancy is a critical stage in life since a person establishes healthy consumption patterns.This patterns can lead to the infants acquiring optimal growth and healthy development.
• Nutritional Needs of an Older Adult: Lifecycle Nutrition and Fitness As a rule, female nutritional needs are considerably lower than the ones of a man unless a woman is pregnant. Men also tend to have a considerably higher calorie requirement.
• Management Processes and Supply Chain in Fitness Plus According to the owners in the case research, as the popularity of fitness and health grew, so did the need for more people to register for membership at the club.
• Olympus Strength and Power Fitness Center’s Business Plan This is a prime location within the outskirts of the Aston metropolitan area and provides a serene, spacious environment for would-be patrons of the gym.
• Promotional Strategy for a Chain of Fitness Centers To attract the audience, these people should recite the message that First Fitness could help to “look like this” with a sense of humor.
• Small Business Idea for Fitness Workout Gym The advantages and disadvantages of the four different forms of business organization, which include the following: The business is very easy to form considering that no legal requirements are required, except a business license.
• Developing a Fitness Program The training will involve an extensive warm-up, a gradual increase of the load, and isolated joint exercises for avoiding inaccurate movements.
• Hillingdon Country House Fitness Centre Unfair Standard Terms According to the Office of Fair Trading, “a standard term is unfair if it creates a significant imbalance in the parties rights and obligations under the contract, to the detriment of the consumer, contrary to […]
• Exercise and Health Promotion: Chandler Fitness Center I came to recognize that the objectives and the philosophy of the facility were to change people’s lives through fitness enhancement.
• Nutrition and Fitness to Raise Healthy Children Ohio Action for Healthy Kids wants to establish a county-wide obesity prevention program for children ages 8-12 and requests a grant of $56,600 to meet this goal.
• The Development of a Web Portal Solution for Jupiter Fitness Center The portal will provide the customers of the company more value for the services received, which is expected to contribute to their retention and give the company a competitive advantage.
• The Brain Fitness Exercises Having said that we have a dependency also indicates that there is a certain part of our body that we tend to use a lot less because of it.
• Bally Total Fitness Accounting The portion of the one-time enrolment fee attributable to the periods occurring beyond the year of receipt should be reflected in the books of the company at the close of the respective accounting period as […]
• Benefits of Exercise and Importance of Overall Fitness Being in the best of health means more than the absence of illness. The American Heart Association recommends keeping track of body composition: how much of your body are fat, bone, and muscle.
• Genetic Basis of Fitness Differences in Natural Populations In the article to summarize, the authors recognized that one way genomics affect biology is the possibility of identifying and studying how the characteristics affecting fitness, a key issue in natural selection, are genetically based.
• Health and Fitness Workout Plan When I created my blog, I used this information to develop the plan and decide how I would explain my meal choices.
• Teaching Styles: Fitness Director Therefore, the paper aims to discuss the application of the command style, the practice style, and the divergent production as applied to the profession of a fitness director to demonstrate their usefulness for this specialist’s […]
• A Comparative Study of Mental Health Between Players and Non Players In this context, the International Journal of Sports Sciences and Fitness published a study titled “A comparative study of mental health status between players and non-players” to foster awareness regarding the importance of sports activities […]
• Fitness and Health Operations as the Chance of Improving Health The programs should be designed in a way that in the end, the customers can be able to see the results or some change as the program goes on.
• Motivation Through Holistic Fitness: A Cost-Benefit Analysis Specifically, the costs involved in the process will be discussed, and the projected profitability will be assumed. Since I will increase my team members’ motivation, I expect to receive at least a 20% increase in […]
• Employee Motivation Through Holistic Fitness By promoting the emotional, mental, spiritual, and physical fitness of the staff, I will be able to increase their productivity and dedication.
• Motivation Through Holistic Fitness: A Risk Analysis Prior to implementing the holistic fitness idea within the organization, it is necessary to conduct a risk analysis of the planned project. Hence, the primary risk of the plan is the resistance of employees to […]
• The Concept of Army Combat Fitness Test There is complex and dynamic nature of the modern military and combat activity of the army and navy, the use of the latest information technologies, weapons and military equipment, and the country’s security interests.
• The Relevance of the Army Combat Fitness Test for the U.S. Army The new Army Combat Fitness Test will be implemented by October 2020 and is considered as a better concept to forecast a soldier’s readiness for the pressure one will encounter on the modern battlefield.
• The Positive Effects of Physical Fitness It is essential to understand the components that contribute to proper training to ensure that the chosen program presents benefits. The factor impacts both the heart functioning and the metabolism of an individual.
• Anytime Fitness vs. Jetts Firm’s Business Model The paper also analyses the business models of the two firms to determine the firm with a better business model. This is probably one of the strengths of the business that has enabled it to […]
• Fitness Training Programs for Men and Women The reason for assessment of client’s fitness is that by acknowledging needs of Steve, the trainer will be able to elaborate a dedicated workout plan.
• Fitness Marketing Programs: Key Issues First, the word “guaranteed” is prone to misinterpretation: while the results obviously depend on the human factor, such as the persistence of the customers, the wording of the advertisement will likely be ruled out as […]
• Marketing Law Issues in the Fitness Industry For instance, the marketing campaign of the fitness program may include claims of the advantage in time of achieving certain results.
• Fitness and Health Terms Definition Health denotes a condition of total physical, psychological, and social welfare and not just the absence of sickness or frailty while fitness represents the capacity to satisfy the requirements of the environment.
• Saudi Arabian Spinning Studio in Fitness Industry The trainers will ensure that the clients are safe when they are in the studio and that all the rules and guidelines are followed strictly.
• Cardiovascular Fitness Effect on the Rate of Heart Beat The rate of the heart beating is also called the pulse rate and simply refers to the speed at which the heart pumps blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body for […]
• The Benefit of Personal Fitness The importance of sports for the promotion of fitness and making one a better, more fulfilled person suggests both an explanation and a justification for the current and growing popularity of sports.
• China’s Leading Companies Ethical Fitness The mention of corporate ethical responsibility in any part of China naturally draws attention to Adidas and Apple Inc.that had histories of child labor in the country.
• Fitness First Clubs Management and Strategy The main accents in the company are made on attracting the members to the clubs because of the company’s activity which is the leader in providing such kind of service.
• Australian Fitness Industry Marketing Analysis The industry needs to have fitness programs designed specifically for different segments of the market. Hence, the industry should collaborate with the media to make these programs core to the lives of Australians.
• Saudi Arabia Fitness Centre: Company Description The main promoters of the fitness centre comprise of a group of young individuals who are advocating on the importance of healthy living.
• Fitness First Clubs Strategies The development of the training programs meets the company’s orientation on the effective structure and rivalry and the peculiarities of market domination model according to which the work of managers is organized.
• The La Fitness Centre: Competition Effects on Performance The La Fitness Centre is one of the renowned fitness centres in the Hatfield region. RO4: To purchase and modify the facilities to enable the La Fitness Centre to be competitive in the market.
• Fitness Express Company: Progress and Problems The validation outcomes are promising to lead to increased interest of the owner to explore the business and results of the project.
• Fitness Express Ltd Business Plan Fitness and sporting market continues to grow in Australia and New Zealand. The vision of the company is premised on delivering fitness and sporting gears to customers as quickly and efficiently as possible in […]
• Fitness Obsession and Its Causes Apart from that, physical attractiveness is one of the factors that can contribute to their success in various areas of life.
• Analysis of the Fitness First Health and Fitness Centre The purpose of starting the club was to provide health and fitness training services to people belonging to different age groups and income levels under the directorship of the co-founders.
• Healthcare Issues: LA Fitness for Students and Healthy Living Through Fitness Programs Inclusion of sports and physical exercise classes in learning institutions justifies the significance of exercise to students. LA Fitness has physical exercise programs that are cost-friendly to college students.
• 24 Hour Fitness Worldwide Inc. Implementation Plan 24 Hour Fitness Worldwide Inc.is based in California and was established in the year 1983 for the purposes of providing fitness services to the population.
• Business Plan for Star Fitness Center Those living and working in the city will have the opportunity to use the facility that is equipped with the latest technology for body fitness.
• Strategic Management in Bally Total Fitness These were like friends’ opinions and recommendation, the nature of the place regarding the cleanliness standards, nature and friendliness of the staff, the consistent persuasiveness of marketers and sales pitches, and the convenience and location […]
• Fitness Shoes Marketing Strategy The company’s location in China has created many issues and changes in the company due to the laws and regulations, global changes, data protection and the legislation of the country.
• Body Fitness and Health Yuill and Barry argues that “both male and female do different types of exercises so that they can acquire their preferred body shapes and due to complex social relations, especially in the universities, females are […]
• Ethics and Professional Standards of Fitness Gym One area where ethics and professional responsibility apply to fitness gym is in the relationship between the trainer and the client in the gym.
• Marketing program for a health and fitness club It is the responsibility of the marketing agency of the company to investigate what goes on in the mind of the customers.
• The Impact of a Fitness Intervention on People with Developmental and Intellectual Disabilities This is one of the issues that should be singled out. This is one of the issues that should be considered.
• Recreational Therapy: Fitness Impact on the Disabled The quarterly description has six basic components that guide recreational therapists in providing care and are entered in the patient’s chart: the goal of the treatment/intervention; the intervention plan; the RT practitioner’s views on the […]
• Strategies for 24 Hour Fitness However, each of the three kinds of value discipline relies on the type of service or product provided by the organization as well as the culture maintained by the given organization.
• Physical Fitness and Sport Policy in the Cold War Johnson presidential administration shifted the priorities in the sports national policy and vision of sports rivalry in the United States.”Addressing the subject in terms of federal initiatives during the 1960s, this article will argue that […]
• Fitness for Life: Program Analysis This condition prompted Lincoln University to introduce a ‘Fitness for life Program’, which endeavors to, peg physical fitness of students to academic merit in the attainment of diplomas.
• Fitness and Performance in Aviation The physical fitness and vigorous health of aviation workers are critical aspects in their performance, in aviation, because of the nature of some of their jobs that may be physically demanding.
• The Genesis Fitness Club The use of the website for information management also serve as an advantage since the company expenses due to the reduced number of personnel required as well as expenses required for stationeries and this in […]
• How Can Fitness Overcome Fast Food?
• What Does Your Fitness Assessment Tell You?
• Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Influence the Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function?
• How Can Fitness Clubs Leverage Social Media?
• Can Exercise Increase Fitness and Reduce Weight in Patients With Schizophrenia and Depression?
• How Do Health and Fitness Facilities Affect Communities?
• Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Buffer Stress Reactivity and Stress Recovery in Police Officers?
• How Are Consumers Convinced That It Is Necessary to Take Fitness?
• Why Is Fitness Important in Our Daily Life?
• Does Fitness Bring People Together?
• How Does Physical Fitness Improve the Quality of Your Life?
• Does Higher Physical Fitness Protect Master Athletes From Consequences of COVID-19 Infection?
• How Reliable Are Wearable Fitness Tracking Devices?
• Does Physical Fitness Improve Academic Success?
• How Does Exercise Reduce Stress?
• What Can Regular Fitness Do for You?
• Do Warm-up Exercises Play a Role in Developing the Physical Fitness of Players?
• Is Physical Fitness Training Beneficial or Dangerous for Stroke Patients?
• In What Cases Are There Increases in Physical Activity but No Measurable Gains in Physical Fitness?
• Can Physical Fitness Impact Your Research Capabilities?
• Is There a Correlation Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes?
• How to Assess the Stamina and Physical Fitness of an Individual?
• Is There a Difference Between Physical Activity and Physical Fitness?
• Can Yoga Enhance Both Mental and Physical Fitness?
• How Important Is It to Stick to a Routine for Maintaining Health?
• What Is the Importance of Fitness in Life?
• How Does Physical Activity Affect Your Fitness?
• Why Is Fitness Important to You as a Student?
• How Do You Stay Fit and Healthy?
• Why Are Fitness Standards Higher Than Health Standards?
• Pros and Cons of Regular Gym Attendance
• Effective Practices for Gym Safety and Injury Prevention
• Personal Trainers’ Role in Achieving Fitness Goals
• The Psychology of Gym Motivation: How to Overcome Barriers
• Social and Psychological Benefits of Group Fitness Classes
• Pros and Cons of Working Out at Home Instead of Gyms
• Gym Etiquette for a Positive Workout Environment
• How Gym Design and Atmosphere Influence Workout Experience
• Technological Advancements and Innovative Fitness Concepts
• The Evolution of Gym Culture from Greek Gymnasiums to Modern Fitness Centers
• Hydration and its Impact on Exercise
• Fitness for Different Age Groups
• Aerobic Exercise for Cardiovascular Fitness
• Pros and Cons High-Intensity Interval Training
• Why Physical Activity Is Important for Overall Health
• Nutrition and Fitness: How Diet Can Enhance the Effect of Exercise
• Exercise for Building Muscles and Increasing Bone Density
• How Stretching and Yoga Increase Flexibility and Mobility
• The Link Between Quality Rest and Exercise Performance
• Mindfulness, Yoga, and Meditation: Holistic Approaches to Health
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Wednesday, May 1, 2024

Endurance exercise affects all tissues of the body, even those not normally associated with movement

NIH-funded project in rats also finds widespread differences between male and female organisms.

A large research project in young adult rats has found that that all bodily tissues tested respond to exercise training, amounting to over 35,000 biological molecules that respond and adapt to endurance exercise over time, including tissues from organs not usually associated with exercise. Researchers also found differences in responses between male and female rats that were more widespread than anticipated, highlighting the importance of including animals of both sexes in pre-clinical research. The effort, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), used data from thousands of analyses of 19 tissue types and identified molecular changes in genes, proteins, and metabolites, which are substances essential to the metabolism of a particular organism or to a particular metabolic process. The findings are published in a group of papers in Nature.

While molecular changes were seen in all tissues, the way in which each tissue responded was unique. For example, effects on the functions of mitochondria, which are cellular hubs for energy production and metabolism, were observed across the body yet the specific changes observed differed depending on the tissue. For example, researchers found that mitochondria in the adrenal gland responded substantially to endurance training, including a change in regulation of nearly half the mitochondria-associated genes. This was surprising as adrenal glands had not been explored in detail for their role in exercise previously.

Additionally, differences were found in molecular responses to endurance exercise between young male and female rats in most tissues tested, including the brain, adrenal gland, lung, and fat tissue. Scientists uncovered striking differences in responses between the sexes in white fat tissue, findings that may play a role in researching how exercise interventions could be recommended for men or women experiencing conditions such as obesity. The differences between the exercise responses of the sexes in humans or animals have not been well characterized, and these findings emphasize the need for inclusion of both sexes in future exercise research to fully understand its role in health.

By tracking exercise’s impact on biological molecules in humans and rats, scientists are creating a map of molecular changes in the body following exercise. Studies in rats allow for a wider range of tissue types to be analyzed compared to human studies, and the resulting knowledge will allow a variety of hypotheses to be explored and guide the researchers in their analysis of the human data.

Researchers are currently conducting an exercise study in humans that will enhance our understand of why the body responds to exercise and how much the response varies for people of different ages, sexes, body compositions, and fitness levels. In the long-term, these insights could make it possible for clinicians to recommend specific, personalized exercise regimens to their patients to treat or prevent a variety of ailments and health conditions.

NIH’s Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) , launched in 2016 to uncover how exercise improves and maintains our health at the molecular level, is funded by the  NIH Common Fund  and overseen in collaboration with the  National Institute on Aging  , the  National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases , and the  National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . For a list of current projects, visit https://commonfund.nih.gov/MolecularTransducers/fundedresearch . For more information on adult and pediatric clinical studies, visit clinicaltrials.gov  under NCT03960827 and NCT04151199 or visit the recruitment webpage to learn more about how you can participate.

The data produced through this research project is publicly available for further analysis and direct download to encourage more hypotheses from the biomedical community.

Concepcion Nierras, Ph.D., Office of the Director, Office of Strategic Coordination

MoTrPAC Study Group. 'Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training' Nature 2024. DOI number: 10.1038/s41586-023-06877-w

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