presentation about information system

Part I: What is an information system?

Chapter 1: What Is an Information System?

Learning Objectives

Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:

• define what an information system is by identifying its major components;
• describe the basic history of information systems; and
• describe the basic argument behind the article “Does IT Matter?” by Nicholas Carr.

Introduction

Welcome to the world of information systems, a world that seems to change almost daily. Over the past few decades information systems have progressed to being virtually everywhere, even to the point where you may not realize its existence in many of your daily activities. Stop and consider how you interface with various components in information systems every day through different electronic devices. Smartphones, laptop, and personal computers connect us constantly to a variety of systems including messaging, banking, online retailing, and academic resources, just to name a few examples. Information systems are at the center of virtually every organization, providing users with almost unlimited resources.

Have you ever considered why businesses invest in technology? Some purchase computer hardware and software because everyone else has computers. Some even invest in the same hardware and software as their business friends even though different technology might be more appropriate for them. Finally, some businesses do sufficient research before deciding what best fits their needs. As you read through this book be sure to evaluate the contents of each chapter based on how you might someday apply what you have learned to strengthen the position of the business you work for, or maybe even your own business. Wise decisions can result in stability and growth for your future enterprise.

Information systems surround you almost every day. Wi-fi networks on your university campus, database search services in the learning resource center, and printers in computer labs are good examples. Every time you go shopping you are interacting with an information system that manages inventory and sales. Even driving to school or work results in an interaction with the transportation information system, impacting traffic lights, cameras, etc. Vending machines connect and communicate using the Internet of Things (IoT). Your car’s computer system does more than just control the engine – acceleration, shifting, and braking data is always recorded. And, of course, everyone’s smartphone is constantly connecting to available networks via Wi-fi, recording your location and other data.

Can you think of some words to describe an information system? Words such as “computers,” “networks,” or “databases” might pop into your mind. The study of information systems encompasses a broad array of devices, software, and data systems. Defining an information system provides you with a solid start to this course and the content you are about to encounter.

Defining Information Systems

Many programs in business require students to take a course in information systems . Various authors have attempted to define the term in different ways. Read the following definitions, then see if you can detect some variances.

• “An information system (IS) can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.” [1]
• “Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.” [2]
• “Information systems are interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.” [3]

The Components of Information Systems

Information systems can be viewed as having five major components: hardware, software, data, people, and processes. The first three are technology . These are probably what you thought of when defining information systems. The last two components, people and processes, separate the idea of information systems from more technical fields, such as computer science. In order to fully understand information systems, you will need to understand how all of these components work together to bring value to an organization.

Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. From the invention of the wheel to the harnessing of electricity for artificial lighting, technology has become ubiquitous in daily life, to the degree that it is assumed to always be available for use regardless of location. As discussed before, the first three components of information systems – hardware, software, and data – all fall under the category of technology. Each of these will be addressed in an individual chapter. At this point a simple introduction should help you in your understanding.

Hardware is the tangible, physical portion of an information system – the part you can touch. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, and flash drives are all examples of information systems hardware. How these hardware components function and work together will be covered in Chapter 2.

Software comprises the set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software is not tangible – it cannot be touched.  Programmers create software by typing a series of instructions telling the hardware what to do. Two main categories of software are: Operating Systems and Application software. Operating Systems software provides the interface between the hardware and the Application software. Examples of operating systems for a personal computer include Microsoft Windows and Ubuntu Linux. The mobile phone operating system market is dominated by Google Android and Apple iOS. Application software allows the user to perform tasks such as creating documents, recording data in a spreadsheet, or messaging a friend. Software will be explored more thoroughly in Chapter 3.

The third technology component is data. You can think of data as a collection of facts. For example, your address (street, city state, postal code), your phone number, and your social networking account are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also intangible, unable to be seen in its native state. Pieces of unrelated data are not very useful. But aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a database, data can become a powerful tool for businesses. Organizations collect all kinds of data and use it to make decisions which can then be analyzed as to their effectiveness. The analysis of data is then used to improve the organization’s performance. Chapter 4 will focus on data and databases, and how it is used in organizations.

Networking Communication

Besides the technology components (hardware, software, and data) which have long been considered the core technology of information systems, it has been suggested that one other component should be added: communication. An information system can exist without the ability to communicate – the first personal computers were stand-alone machines that did not access the Internet. However, in today’s hyper-connected world, it is an extremely rare computer that does not connect to another device or to a enetwork. Technically, the networking communication component is made up of hardware and software, but it is such a core feature of today’s information systems that it has become its own category. Networking will be covered in Chapter 5.

When thinking about information systems, it is easy to focus on the technology components and forget to look beyond these tools to fully understand their integration into an organization. A focus on the people involved in information systems is the next step. From the front-line user support staff, to systems analysts, to developers, all the way up to the chief information officer (CIO), the people involved with information systems are an essential element. The people component will be covered in Chapter 9.

The last component of information systems is process. A process is a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or goal. Information systems are becoming more integrated with organizational processes, bringing greater productivity and better control to those processes. But simply automating activities using technology is not enough – businesses looking to utilize information systems must do more. The ultimate goal is to improve processes both internally and externally, enhancing interfaces with suppliers and customers. Technology buzzwords such as “business process re-engineering,” “business process management,” and “enterprise resource planning” all have to do with the continued improvement of these business procedures and the integration of technology with them. Businesses hoping to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors are highly focused on this component of information systems. The process element in information systems will be discussed in Chapter 8.

The Role of Information Systems

You should now understand that information systems have a number of vital components, some tangible, others intangible, and still others of a personnel nature. These components collect, store, organize, and distribute data throughout the organization. You may have even realized that one of the roles of information systems is to take data and turn it into information, and then transform that information into organizational knowledge. As technology has developed, this role has evolved into the backbone of the organization, making information systems integral to virtually every business. The integration of information systems into organizations has progressed over the decades. 

The Mainframe Era

From the late 1950s through the 1960s, computers were seen as a way to more efficiently do calculations. These first business computers were room-sized monsters, with several machines linked together. The primary work was to organize and store large volumes of information that were tedious to manage by hand. Only large businesses, universities, and government agencies could afford them, and they took a crew of specialized personnel and dedicated facilities to provide information to organizations.

Time-sharing allowed dozens or even hundreds of users to simultaneously access mainframe computers from locations in the same building or miles away. Typical functions included scientific calculations and accounting, all under the broader umbrella of “data processing.”

In the late 1960s, Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP) systems were introduced. This software, running on a mainframe computer, gave companies the ability to manage the manufacturing process, making it more efficient. From tracking inventory to creating bills of materials to scheduling production, the MRP systems gave more businesses a reason to integrate computing into their processes. IBM became the dominant mainframe company.  Continued improvement in software and the availability of cheaper hardware eventually brought mainframe computers (and their little sibling, the minicomputer) into most large businesses.

Today you probably think of Silicon Valley in northern California as the center of computing and technology. But in the days of the mainframe’s dominance corporations in the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul produced most computers. The advent of the personal computer resulted in the “center of technology” eventually moving to Silicon Valley.

The PC Revolution

In 1975, the first microcomputer was announced on the cover of Popular Mechanics : the Altair 8800. Its immediate popularity sparked the imagination of entrepreneurs everywhere, and there were soon dozens of companies manufacturing these “personal computers.” Though at first just a niche product for computer hobbyists, improvements in usability and the availability of practical software led to growing sales. The most prominent of these early personal computer makers was a little company known as Apple Computer, headed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, with the hugely successful “Apple II.” Not wanting to be left out of the revolution, in 1981 IBM teamed with Microsoft, then just a startup company, for their operating system software and hurriedly released their own version of the personal computer simply called the “PC.” Small businesses finally had affordable computing that could provide them with needed information systems. Popularity of the IBM PC gave legitimacy to the microcomputer and it was named Time  magazine’s “Man of the Year” for 1982.

Because of the IBM PC’s open architecture, it was easy for other companies to copy, or “clone” it. During the 1980s, many new computer companies sprang up, offering less expensive versions of the PC. This drove prices down and spurred innovation. Microsoft developed the Windows operating system, with version 3.1 in 1992 becoming the first commercially successful release. Typical uses for the PC during this period included word processing, spreadsheets, and databases. These early PCs were standalone machines, not connected to a network.

Client-Server

In the mid-1980s, businesses began to see the need to connect their computers as a way to collaborate and share resources. Known as “client-server,” this networking architecture allowed users to log in to the Local Area Network (LAN) from their PC (the “client”) by connecting to a central computer called a “server.” The server would lookup permissions for each user to determine who had access to various resources such as printers and files. Software companies began developing applications that allowed multiple users to access the same data at the same time. This evolved into software applications for communicating, with the first popular use of electronic mail appearing at this time.

This networking and data sharing all stayed mainly within the confines of each business. Sharing of electronic data between companies was a very specialized function. Computers were now seen as tools to collaborate internally within an organization. These networks of computers were becoming so powerful that they were replacing many of the functions previously performed by the larger mainframe computers at a fraction of the cost. It was during this era that the first Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems were developed and run on the client-server architecture. An ERP system is an application with a centralized database that can be used to run a company’s entire business. With separate modules for accounting, finance, inventory, human resources, and many more, ERP systems, with Germany’s SAP leading the way, represented the state of the art in information systems integration. ERP systems will be discussed in Chapter 9.

The Internet, World Wide Web and E-Commerce

The first long distance transmission between two computers occurred on October 29, 1969 when developers under the direction of Dr. Leonard Kleinrock sent the word “login” from the campus of UCLA to Stanford Research Institute in Menlo Park, California, a distance of over 350 miles. The United States Department of Defense created and funded ARPA Net (Advanced Research Projects Administration), an experimental network which eventually became known as the Internet. ARPA Net began with just four nodes or sites, a very humble start for today’s Internet. Initially, the Internet was confined to use by universities, government agencies, and researchers. Users were required to type commands (today we refer to this as “command line”) in order to communicate and transfer files. The first e-mail messages on the Internet were sent in the early 1970s as a few very large companies expanded from local networks to the Internet. The computer was now evolving from a purely computational device into the world of digital communications.

In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee developed a simpler way for researchers to share information over the Internet, a concept he called the World Wide Web . [4] This invention became the catalyst for the growth of the Internet as a way for businesses to share information about themselves. As web browsers and Internet connections became the norm, companies rushed to grab domain names and create websites.

The digital world also became a more dangerous place as virtually all companies connected to the Internet. Computer viruses and worms, once slowly propagated through the sharing of computer disks, could now grow with tremendous speed via the Internet. Software and operating systems written for a standalone world found it very difficult to defend against these sorts of threats. A whole new industry of computer and Internet security arose. Information security will be discussed in Chapter 6.

As the world recovered from the dot-com bust, the use of technology in business continued to evolve at a frantic pace. Websites became interactive. Instead of just visiting a site to find out about a business and then purchase its products, customers wanted to be able to customize their experience and interact online with the business. This new type of interactive website, where you did not have to know how to create a web page or do any programming in order to put information online, became known as Web 2.0. This new stage of the Web was exemplified by blogging, social networking, and interactive comments being available on many websites. The new Web 2.0 world, in which online interaction became expected, had a major impact on many businesses and even whole industries. Many bookstores found themselves relegated to a niche status. Video rental chains and travel agencies simply began going out of business as they were replaced by online technologies. The newspaper industry saw a huge drop in circulation with some cities such as New Orleans no longer able to support a daily newspaper. Disintermediation is the process of technology replacing a middleman in a transaction. Web 2.0 allowed users to get information and news online, reducing dependence of physical books and newspapers.

As the world became more connected, new questions arose. Should access to the Internet be considered a right? Is it legal to copy a song that had been downloaded from the Internet? Can information entered into a website be kept private? What information is acceptable to collect from children? Technology moved so fast that policymakers did not have enough time to enact appropriate laws. Ethical issues surrounding information systems will be covered in Chapter 12.

The Post-PC World, Sort of

Ray Ozzie, a technology visionary at Microsoft, stated in 2012 that computing was moving into a phase he called the post-PC world. [5] Now six years later that prediction has not stood up very well to reality. As you will read in Chapter 13, PC sales have dropped slightly in recent years while there has been a precipitous decline in tablet sales. Smartphone sales have accelerated, due largely to their mobility and ease of operation. Just as the mainframe before it, the PC will continue to play a key role in business, but its role will be somewhat diminished as people emphasize mobility as a central feature of technology. Cloud computing provides users with mobile access to data and applications, making the PC more of a part of the communications channel rather than a repository of programs and information. Innovation in the development of technology and communications will continue to move businesses forward.

Can Information Systems Bring Competitive Advantage?

It has always been the assumption that the implementation of information systems will bring a business competitive advantage. If installing one computer to manage inventory can make a company more efficient, then it can be expected that installing several computers can improve business processes and efficiency.

In 2003, Nicholas Carr wrote an article in the Harvard Business Review  that questioned this assumption. Entitled “I.T. Doesn’t Matter.” Carr was concerned that information technology had become just a commodity. Instead of viewing technology as an investment that will make a company stand out, Carr said technology would become as common as electricity – something to be managed to reduce costs, ensure that it is always running, and be as risk-free as possible.

The article was both hailed and scorned. Can I.T. bring a competitive advantage to an organization? It sure did for Walmart (see sidebar). Technology and competitive advantage will be discussed in Chapter 7.

Sidebar: Walmart Uses Information Systems to Become the World’s Leading Retailer

Walmart is the world’s largest retailer, earn  8.1 billion for the fiscal year that ended on January 31, 2018. Walmart currently serves over 260 million customers every week worldwide through its 11,700 stores in 28 countries. [6] In 2018 Fortune magazine for the sixth straight year ranked Walmart the number one company for annual revenue as they again exceeded $500 billion in annual sales. The next closest company, Exxon, had less than half of Walmart’s total revenue. [7] Walmart’s rise to prominence is due in large part to making information systems a high priority, especially in their Supply Chain Management (SCM) system known as Retail Link. ing $14.3 billion on sales of $30

This system, unique when initially implemented in the mid-1980s, allowed Walmart’s suppliers to directly access the inventory levels and sales information of their products at any of Walmart’s more than eleven thousand stores. Using Retail Link, suppliers can analyze how well their products are selling at one or more Walmart stores with a range of reporting options. Further, Walmart requires the suppliers to use Retail Link to manage their own inventory levels. If a supplier feels that their products are selling out too quickly, they can use Retail Link to petition Walmart to raise the inventory levels for their products. This has essentially allowed Walmart to “hire” thousands of product managers, all of whom have a vested interest in the products they are managing. This revolutionary approach to managing inventory has allowed Walmart to continue to drive prices down and respond to market forces quickly.

Today Walmart continues to innovate with information technology. Using its tremendous market presence, any technology that Walmart requires its suppliers to implement immediately becomes a business standard. For example, in 1983 Walmart became the first large retailer to require suppliers to the use Uniform Product Code (UPC) labels on all products. Clearly, Walmart has learned how to use I.T. to gain a competitive advantage.

In this chapter you have been introduced to the concept of information systems. Several definitions focused on the main components: technology, people, and process. You saw how the business use of information systems has evolved over the years, from the use of large mainframe computers for number crunching, through the introduction of the PC and networks, all the way to the era of mobile computing. During each of these phases, new innovations in software and technology allowed businesses to integrate technology more deeply into their organizations.

Virtually every company uses information systems which leads to the question: Does information systems bring a competitive advantage? In the final analysis the goal of this book is to help you understand the importance of information systems in making an organization more competitive. Your challenge is to understand the key components of an information system and how it can be used to bring a competitive advantage to every organization you will serve in your career.

Study Questions

• What are the five major components that make up an information system?
• List the three examples of information system hardware?
• Microsoft Windows is an example of which component of information systems?
• What is application software?
• What roles do people play in information systems?
• What is the definition of a process?
• What was invented first, the personal computer or the Internet?
• In what year were restrictions on commercial use of the Internet first lifted?
• What is Carr’s main argument about information technology?
• Suppose that you had to explain to a friend the concept of an information system. How would you define it? Write a one-paragraph description  in your own words  that you feel would best describe an information system to your friends or family.
• Of the five primary components of an information system (hardware, software, data, people, process), which do you think is the most important to the success of a business organization? Write a one-paragraph answer to this question that includes an example from your personal experience to support your answer.
• Everyone interacts with various information systems every day: at the grocery store, at work, at school, even in our cars. Make a list of the different information systems you interact with daily. Can you identify the technologies, people, and processes involved in making these systems work.
• Do you agree that we are in a post-PC stage in the evolution of information systems? Do some original research and cite it as you make your prediction about what business computing will look like in the next generation.
• The Walmart sidebar introduced you to how information systems was used to make them the world’s leading retailer. Walmart has continued to innovate and is still looked to as a leader in the use of technology. Do some original research and write a one-page report detailing a new technology that Walmart has recently implemented or is pioneering.
• Examine your PC. Using a four column table format identify and record the following information: 1st column: Program name, 2nd column: software manufacturer, 3rd column: software version, 4th column: software type (editor/word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.).
• Examine your mobile phone. Create another four column table similar to the one in Lab #1. This time identify the apps, then record the requested information.
• In this chapter you read about the evolution of computing from mainframe computers to PCs and on to smartphones. Create a four column table and record the following information about your own electronic devices: 1st column – Type: PC or smartphone, 2nd column – Operating system including version, 3rd column – Storage capacity, 4th column – Storage available.
• Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J. P. (2014) Management Information Systems , thirteenth edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.
• Valacich, J. and Schneider, C. (2010). Information Systems Today – Managing in the Digital World , fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
• Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J. P. (2012). Management Information Systems , twelfth edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
• CERN . (n.d.) The Birth of the Web. Retrieved from http://public.web.cern.ch/public/en/about/web-en.html
• Marquis, J. (2012, July 16) What is the Post-PC World? Online Universities.com. Retrieved from https://www.onlineuniversities.com/blog/2012/07/what-post-pc-world/
• Walmart . (n.d.) 2017 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://s2.q4cdn.com/056532643/files/doc_financials/2017/Annual/WMT_2017_AR-(1).pdf
• McCoy, K. (2018, May 21). Big Winners in Fortune 500 List. USA Today . Retrieved from http://https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/05/21/big-winners-fortune-500-list-walmart-exxon-mobil-amazon/628003002/

Information Systems for Business and Beyond (2019) by David Bourgeois is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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What is information systems? Definition, uses, and examples

I'll admit it—"information systems" might be one of the vaguest terms I've ever heard. What first came to mind was huge quantities of data, and after doing some research, I found that my guess wasn't too far off. Like many vague terms in the business world, it encompasses a lot of mechanisms that contribute to organizational success.

So what is information systems? In this guide, I'll unpack what goes into this essential set of tools and walk through how to build your own information system strategy.

Table of contents:

What is information systems?

Information systems examples, 5 components of information systems, how to build an information system strategy, why your organization needs information systems.

Information systems encompasses the tools that organizations use to collect, manage, and analyze data. This data guides decision-making to improve efficiency and profitability.

Every decision an organization makes should be data-driven, so the uses of information systems are practically limitless—human resource management, financial account management, customer outreach and advertising, competitive landscape analysis, you name it.

Information systems can improve nearly any business operation, but here are a few valuable ways you can put them to work.

Expert systems: AI is becoming more advanced every day, and it's leveraged in information systems to simulate human problem-solving (think Siri!). Expert systems use knowledge that would otherwise need to be provided by a subject matter expert to tackle problems and make decisions. In a business context, it can solve accounting problems or identify malware.

Office automation systems: Automation saves countless hours that would otherwise be spent doing simple tasks. Office automation systems combine computer and communication technology with human resources to enact more efficient procedures. For example, a COO may schedule monthly company-wide email updates that include AI-generated reports on the company's status.

Process control systems: If you're looking for a way to apply information systems to product manufacturing, process control systems are your solution. They rely on inputs from sensors to generate specific outputs and are frequently used to ensure a product meets specific criteria. A simple example is a thermostat—when the temperature dips below a certain level, the heat turns on. If you produce a physical product that's regularly criticized by customers, you may want to tweak your process controls.

So what goes into information systems? Nearly everything you need for a functional modern office: hardware, software, data, communication, and people. Virtually every information system includes these components in some capacity.

Computers are the physical hardware that make up information systems. Nowadays, this doesn't just mean your cubicle's desktop or laptop computer—we have computers at our fingertips much of the time we aren't typing away at our keyboards. Smartphones, tablets, and even smart watches all have the power to collect , store, access, and manage huge amounts of data.

You can break hardware down by its components as well: hard drives for storage, microprocessors for processing power, graphics cards for generating graphics, monitors for displaying them, and so on.

Computers are just shiny black mirrors without the programs running behind the scenes telling the hardware what to do. Software can be broken down into two types:

System software , which allows you to manage the computer's files and overall interface (think operating systems like Windows 10).

Application software , the programs that take care of specific tasks (think Google Sheets and Microsoft Outlook). System software creates a starting point from which application software can build.

Software can either be open-source or closed-source. Open-source software invites collaboration—users can modify its code to change how it operates. Closed-source software is proprietary, meaning the owner restricts the user's ability to modify it. 

Data sources

Data puts the "information" in information systems. Databases and data warehouses store the qualitative and quantitative information (data) that users and software then retrieve, analyze, and manipulate.

Databases hold the information that the user regularly retrieves to complete essential operations, like saving a file's contents and accessing them. Data warehouses, on the other hand, store data collected from multiple sources over time to be analyzed and used to inform decisions. For example, a data warehouse could include customer data consolidated from your point-of-sale system, mailing list, and cookies.

Telecommunications

Telecommunications is how computers share information with each other. The first thing that may come to mind is the internet, and you're correct. But telecommunications can be broken down further.

Some connections are physical: coaxial and fiber-optic cables are physical wires used by telephone, internet, and cable providers to carry data. Others are wireless: think networks like local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Microwaves and radio waves are also invisible channels that transmit data across devices.

Telecommunications makes it possible to access data via the cloud—without these systems in place, all data would have to be stored on one device.

Human resources

Automation is replacing a lot of tedious tasks with robots, but we haven't quite reached a Westworld-esque android takeover. Human experts capable of understanding and manipulating data are essential to any information systems strategy. 

For example, business analysts use data to develop strategies for improving a business's operations —think efficiency and resource allocation. Likewise, information security analysts look out for security vulnerabilities to reduce the likelihood of cyberattacks.

Of course, analysts don't have to do all of this work by hand—they can rely on other technologies like business intelligence to assist with the process of using data to make concrete strategic decisions.

Curating a cohesive information system strategy can't be done with the click of a mouse—it takes time and effort.

1. Determine your business's objectives and information needs

You should build your strategy around your goals. When in doubt, turn to your KPIs. Which benchmarks are you failing to hit? For example, maybe you actively market yourself as a customer-friendly solution, but a survey shows customer satisfaction falling 20% below your benchmark. 

Once you identify an objective like this, evaluate what information you need. Have you been collecting customer data in a database or data warehouse? If so, do you have enough to develop a customer retention and satisfaction strategy? If not, it's time to start from scratch and begin actively collecting customer data.

2. Plan how you'll improve your existing system

There's a good chance you already have some information systems infrastructure in place—you just need to refine it. For example, you may have plenty of customer data in a data warehouse but lack customer relationship management (CRM) software.

This presents an opportunity to select and customize CRM software based on existing data. When deciding how to improve your system, remember to always keep budget and other resources in mind. Not all plans are affordable.

3. Design and implement your new system

During this phase, you'll create a list of specifications and requirements that your system will have to meet, which will vary depending on your company's needs. For example, you may consider the following questions:

How will you collect, consolidate, and access data?

What software do you need, and how will you customize it?

Should hardware be updated to accommodate new software?

How will your applications integrate?

What parts of your system will be automated vs. managed by human resources?

Who will head your information systems? The CIO, CTO, or another role?

Your team should then build the functions that will bring your system to life. Once you've designed everything, it's time to purchase and install your new mechanisms. This process can be expensive and time-consuming—after all, you're supplanting your entire organization's status quo. Be sure to test that the system is functioning as planned before rolling it out across your organization.

As you implement your updated system, remember to document every change and keep these records secure. Your developers should also spend plenty of time learning about the needs of the users who will be using the system most. Otherwise, their time may be wasted creating functions that aren't helpful.

Information systems is the backbone of data-driven decision-making . It allows organizations to make sense of huge quantities of data and use that information to identify and correct procedural issues. Without it, your organization would remain trapped in the same old inefficiencies that hold it back.

For example, by improving its information systems strategy, an organization can centralize its information resources, minimizing confusion and turning a scattered office into a well-oiled machine. This makes both your employees and your customers happier.

Related reading:

Human resource information systems explained

What is infrastructure management?

Using advanced automation to improve business systems

9 ways to apply process optimization to your business

What is systems management?

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Luke Strauss

Luke is a writer and content marketer from sunny San Diego. Since receiving his degree in International Management from Pepperdine University, he's channeled his passion for digital marketing and creative writing to create engaging content for organizations across a wide variety of verticals. When he's not at his desk, you'll find him at a music festival, thrifting, or spending time with his friends and family.

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• Ly-Huong T. Pham, Tejal Desai-Naik, Laurie Hammond, & Wael Abdeljabbar
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Learning Objectives

Upon successful completion of this chapter, you will be able to:

• D efine what an information system is by identifying its major components;
• Descr ibe the basic history of information systems;
• Discuss the role of and the purpose of information systems; and
• Explain why IT matters

This chapter provides an overview of information systems and their components, including the history of how we got where we are today.

• 1.1: Introduction Defining an information system is from two perspectives:  What components make up an information system, and how do they work together? What is the role of IS in providing value to businesses and to individuals in solving their needs?
• 1.2: Identifying the Components of Information Systems Describe the six major components of an information system and how they work together.  Information systems include six major components: hardware, software, network communications, data, people, and processes.
• 1.3: The Role of Information Systems We describe a brief history of the evolution of the Information system from the 1930s to today.
• 1.4: Can Information Systems Bring Competitive Advantage? This section discusses the debate about information systems' role to develop and sustain firms' competitive advantage.
• 1.5: Summary
• 1.6: Study Questions Provide a list of study and exercise questions.

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Introduction to Information System

Published by Myah Hackley Modified over 9 years ago

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Information System"— Presentation transcript:

DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Information Systems in Business

Transaction Processing Systems A transaction is a record of an event that signifies a business exchange A transaction processing system is a basic business.

1 SYS366 Week 1 - Lecture 2 How Businesses Work. 2 Today How Businesses Work What is a System Types of Systems The Role of the Systems Analyst The Programmer/Analyst.

Chapter 6 Organizational Information Systems

Information Management Chapter 11 Who Needs to Know What, and When? © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000.

Organizational Information Systems

Information and Decision Support Systems

Chapter 11 Information Systems.

Information Systems and Knowledge Management Dr. Zafer Erdogan

Lead Black Slide. © 2001 Business & Information Systems 2/e2 Chapter 11 Management Decision Making.

Computing Essentials 2014 Information Systems © 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized.

Data ProcessingInformation The basic information system model Data ProcessingInformation Data Storage The basic model with data storage Figure:-6.1:- Basic.

INTRODUCTION Management information systems combine hardware, software and network products in an integrated solution that provides managers with data.

Chapter 7 Information System

Information System.

Bina Nusantara 2 C H A P T E R INFORMATION SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS.

1/16: Information Systems in Business What is IS? How can we use IS?

CIS 321—IS Analysis & Design Chapter 1: The World of the Modern Systems Analyst.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS Data Raw facts and figures. Information Knowledge gained from processing data. Management information system (MIS) Organized.

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Process of Management Information System for Business

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Do you need a specialized tool for decision-making or the coordination or analysis of any organization such as you company? If technology is related to your company, one of the best ways to manage information is using a management information system (MIS). Of course, the purpose of this information system is increasing the company’s benefits and we can assure you that, if you organize the process of the management information system of your business with this futuristic and gradient-background style template there will be no limits for the earnings or the milestones you can achieve. Discover now the design and start editing!

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Top 10 PPT Templates to Integrate a Management Information System in Your Company

Lakshya Khurana

Without the ability to discern, we stand impotent in an age of information overload.

A company with several departments is an abundance of information constantly flowing in and out of the business. Keeping this information neatly organized is an important task that keeps these operations from falling into disarray.

But how do you keep this flow tidy?

Are a lot of documents placed in neatly labeled folders the solution? Well, it certainly was, and taking this approach in digital categorization isn’t the answer either, not completely anyway. There is an upgrade to what you can and are expected to do when the task at hand is to manage information.

You need to assimilate a management information system (MIS) in your company to continuously collate raw data and transform it into actionable information. And a dynamic system is leagues ahead of a static one when it comes to benefits.

Not only is an MIS essential for a company’s operations, but is also essential to prevent information overload in the employees. This is why you need...

PPT designs to leverage management information system capabilities

An MIS has several types and applications suited to the needs of various organizations. It depends entirely on the nature of your company’s operations as well as the department in question.

What kind of data do you need to keep? Who needs access to how much of this information? What type of output is the easiest to understand? These and many more questions will lead you to the MIS that works for your company.

To ease the process, we introduce to you 10 PPT templates with a variety of applications that will keep your company and employees from feeling overwhelmed with the new information management system. Let’s get started, shall we?

If youre looking for a professional and complete Management Information System (MIS) template, then youve come to the right place. Our MIS PowerPoint presentation slides are designed by experts and contain all the information you need to present your companys current situation, analyze gaps, and discuss the need for a data warehouse in detail. Download it now.

Grab this Template

This is an exclusive PPT design that illustrates the features and benefits of the MIS. It will visually inform the audience about the usability areas, architecture, and structural components of an MIS for project management. Download this template to educate the audience on information management.

Download this template

A decision support system (DSS) is a type of MIS used by the management to aid in problem-solving and decision-making. This nine-slide PowerPoint theme presents the DSS components such as its framework, model, and structures with a slide dedicated to the overall functional process diagram. Get it right away and use it to your advantage.

Grab this template

Supply chain management (SCM) is one of the enterprise applications of MIS. This PPT deck contains the elements of a successful SCM - the process, decision phases, logistics and IT, etc. This enables you to connect the suppliers, vendors, and manufacturers with a single chain. Download our supply chain management ppt now!

This is another SCM application of the MIS. However, this creative PPT set details the process of a sustainable supply chain. Apart from the forecasting process, inventory management, and performance measures, it addresses the problems faced in SCM as well as the sourcing process. Get it now to supercharge the path to sustainability in your supply chain.

This is a PowerPoint presentation layout to ask and answer questions about information governance. It asks the audience to think of information and how it is handled - what is information governance, why govern information, and the role of technology. It answers the questions and leaves room for your thoughts as well. Download it below and get your audience thinking!

This enterprise resource planning (ERP) preset is an MIS application creative PPT bundle. It familiarizes the audience with the elements of ERP such as its functional areas, the system architecture, implementation process, etc. Get this 46-slide template now to understand this crucial system.

Customer resource management is yet another application of the MIS. This educational PPT design enables you to introduce and analyze CRM, explain the operations visually, and present the results through desirable KPIs and dashboards. Download it now to augment your customer relationship ecosystem.

Here’s a functional CRM PowerPoint presentation theme with a focus on the business-customer dynamics. It depicts several dashboards and analytics that can be used to improve customer relations, such as sales, revenue, leads, and many more. Get this template now to initiate the datafication of customer interactions.

Template 10

This PPT theme covers the operational aspects of an MIS. The presentation template has tables to display several HR management metrics such as the strategic model, frameworks to enhance employee experience, and productivity. Download this 12-slide presentation to find and implement the improvements that your work environment needs.

Template 11

This unconventional template enables you to scrutinize the MIS that is being used (or will be used) by your company. The PPT preset utilizes tables to show the process, types, and stages of the audit in order to educate and explain the checklist and the reason behind its use. Get this template now to manage your company’s MIS efficiently.

Template 12

With our PPT slide, you'll be able to track and manage inventory, customers, orders, and more. It also covers the service strategy, reports & dashboards, and service improvement. Plus, our easy-to-use interface makes it simple to get started. So why wait?

Download this Template

Template 13

The cross functional operating model of information management system is a versatile and innovative tool that can help your business manage its information more effectively. With this PowerPoint layout, you can streamline your information management processes, save time and money, and improve the overall efficiency of your business. Get it now.

An MIS is applicable to any company, no matter the industry. Be it schools, hospitals, or manufacturing firms, a suitable MIS empowers your company to get out on top of the mess and sort it out in a way that is agreeable to all parties involved. So there’s no need to wait because integrating an MIS in your company is the easiest and the best decision you will make!

Every company has to deal with an overload of new incoming data and mounting backlogs. Processing this information load feels like an insurmountable task, but it needs to be done and will be done. You just need to get more organized. And these management information system PPT designs are the key to completing this Herculean task. Take 'em away!

P.S: Planning to augment your MIS with a document management system? Get started with this guide featuring handy PPT templates.

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Single-Trace Side-Channel Attacks on CRYSTALS-Dilithium: Myth or Reality?

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We present a side-channel attack on CRYSTALS-Dilithium, a post-quantum secure digital signature scheme, with two variants of post-processing. The side-channel attack exploits information leakage in the secret key unpacking procedure of the signing algorithm to recover the coefficients of the polynomials in the secret key vectors s1 and s2 by profiled deep learning-assisted power analysis. In the first variant, one half of the coefficients of s 1 and s 2 is recovered by power analysis and the rest is derived by solving a system of linear equations based on t = As 1 + s 2 , where A and t are parts of the public key. This case assumes knowledge of the least significant bits of the vector t, t 0 . The second variant waives this requirement. However, to succeed, it needs a larger portion of s 1 to be recovered by power analysis. The remainder of s 1 is obtained by lattice reduction. Once the full s 1 is recovered, all the other information necessary for generating valid signatures can be trivially derived from the public key. We evaluate both variants on an ARM Cortex-M4 implementation of Dilithium-2. The profiling stage (trace capture and neural network training) takes less than 10 hours. In the attack assuming that t0 is known, the probability of successfully recovering the full vector s 1 from a single trace captured from a different from profiling device is non-negligible (9%). The success rate approaches 100% if multiple traces are available for the attack. Our results demonstrate the necessity of protecting the secret key of CRYSTALS-Dilithium from single-trace attacks and call for a reassessment of the role of compression of the public key vector t in the security of CRYSTALS-Dilithium implementations.

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Fifth PQC Standardization Conference

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Security and Privacy: post-quantum cryptography

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INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Sep 03, 2014

340 likes | 773 Views

INFORMATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. Chapter Three Information System Development. Describe the motivation for a system development process in terms of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for quality management. Differentiate between the system life cycle and a system development methodology.

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• system development
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Presentation Transcript

Chapter Three Information System Development • Describe the motivation for a system development process in terms of the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) for quality management. • Differentiate between the system life cycle and a system development methodology. • Describe eight basic principles of system development. • Define problems, opportunities, and directives—the triggers for systems development projects. • Describe the PIECES framework for categorizing problems, opportunities, and directives. • Describe the traditional, basic phases of system development. For each phase, describe its purpose, inputs, and outputs. • Describe cross life cycle activities that overlap all system development phases. • Describe four basic alternative “routes” through the basic phases of system development. Describe how routes may be combined or customized for different projects. • Differentiate between computer-aided systems engineering (CASE), application development environments (ADEs), and process and project management technology as automated tools for system development.

Chapter Map

Process of System Development A system development process is a set of activities, methods, best practices, deliverables, and automated tools that stakeholders (Chapter 1) use to develop and maintain information systems and software.

The CMM Process Management Model The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework to assess the maturity level of an organization’s information system development and management processes and products. It consists of five levels of maturity as measured by a set of guidelines called the key process areas. • Level 1—Initial: System development projects follow no prescribed process. • Level 2—Repeatable: Project management processes and practices are established to track project costs, schedules, and functionality. • Level 3—Defined: A standard system development process (sometimes called a “methodology”) is purchased or developed, and integrated throughout the information systems/services unit of the organization. • Level 4—Managed: Measurable goals for quality and productivity are established. • Level 5—Optimizing: The standardized system development process is continuously monitored and improved based on measures and data analysis established in Level 4.

RISK Level 5 OPTIMIZED Level 4 MANAGED Level 3 DEFINED Level 2 REPEATABLE Level 1 INITIAL COMPETITIVENESS Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

Life Cycle versus Methodology • A system life cycle divides the life of an information system into two stages, systems development and systems operation and support. • A system development methodology is a very formal and precise system development process that defines (as in CMM Level 3) a set of activities, methods, best practices, deliverables, and automated tools that system developers and project managers are to use to develop and maintain information systems and software.

Conversion LIFE CYCLE STAGE LIFE CYCLE STAGE Lifetime System Operation System Development and Support of a System using using System Development Information Technology Methodology Obsolescence A System Life Cycle

Principles of System Development • Get the owners and users involved. • Use a problem-solving approach. • Establish phases and activities. • Establish standards. • Justify systems as capital investments. • Don’t be afraid to cancel or revise scope. • Divide and conquer. • Design systems for growth and change.

Phases of a Representative Methodology

2001 2002 ID Task Name May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 1 Project management 2 Preliminary investigation 3 Problem analysis 4 Requirements analysis 5 Decision analysis 6 Design 7 Construction 8 Implementation 9 Operations and support Overlap of System Development Phases

Project Identification and Initiation • Problems are undesirable situations that prevent the organization from fully achieving its purpose, goals, and/or objectives. • Opportunities are chances to improve the organization even in the absence of specific problems. • Directives are new requirements that are imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

The PIECES Problem-Solving Framework P the need to improve performance I the need to improve information (and data) E the need to improve economics, control costs, or increase profits C the need to improve control or security E the need to improve efficiency of people and processes S the need to improve service to customers, suppliers, partners, employees, etc.

System Development Phases

Cross Life Cycle Activities Cross life cycle activities are activities that overlap many or all phases of the methodology. • Fact-finding • Documentation and presentation • Feasibility analysis • Process and project management

Sharing Knowledge via a Repository Arepository is a database where system developers store all documentation, knowledge, and products for one or more information systems or projects.

Alternative Routes through a Methodology • Model-Driven Development (MDD) • Rapid Application Development (RAD) • Commercial Off-the-Shelf Software (COTS) • Maintenance and Reengineering or hybrids of the above

Model-Driven Development Route • Modeling is the act of drawing one or more graphical representations (or pictures) of a system. Modeling is a communication technique based upon the old saying, “a picture is worth a thousand words.” • Model-drivendevelopment techniques emphasize the drawing of models to help visualize and analyze problems, define business requirements, and design information systems. • Structured systems analysis and design —process-centered • Information engineering (IE) —data-centered • Object-oriented analysis and design (OOAD) —object-centered (integration of data and process concerns)

Model-Driven Development (MDD) Route

Rapid Application Development Route • Rapid application development (RAD) techniques emphasize extensive user involvement in the rapid and evolutionary construction of working prototypes of a system to accelerate the system development process.RAD is based on building prototypes that evolve into finished systems (often using time boxing) • A prototype is a smaller-scale, representative or working model of the users’ requirements or a proposed design for an information system. • A time box is a nonextendable period of time, usually 60-120 days, by which a candidate system must be placed into operation.

Rapid Application Development (RAD) Route

Commercial Off-the-Shelf Software Route • Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software is a software package or solution that is purchased to support one or more business functions and information systems.

Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) Software Route

Hybrid: Rapid Architected Development

Hybrid: Multiple Implementation

Hybrid: Staged Implementation

Maintenance and Reengineering Route

Automated Tools and Technology • Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) • Application development environments (ADEs) • Process and project managers

CASE Tools Computer-aided systems engineering (CASE) tools are software programs that automate or support the drawing and analysis of system models and provide for the translation of system models into application programs. • A CASE repository is a system developers’ database. It is a place where developers can store system models, detailed descriptions and specifications, and other products of system development. Synonyms include dictionary and encyclopedia. • Forward engineering requires the systems analyst to draw system models, either from scratch or from templates. The resulting models are subsequently transformed into program code. • Reverse engineering allows a CASE tool to read existing program code and transform that code into a representative system model that can be edited and refined by the systems analyst.

CASE Architecture

ADE Tools Application development environments (ADEs) are integrated software development tools that provide all the facilities necessary to develop new application software with maximum speed and quality. A common synonym is integrated development environment (IDE) • ADE facilities may include: • Programming languages or interpreters • Interface construction tools • Middleware • Testing tools • Version control tools • Help authoring tools • Repository links

Process and Project Managers • A process manager is an automated tool that helps to document and manage a methodology and routes, its deliverables, and quality management standards. • A project manager is an automated tool to help plan system development activities (preferably using the approved methodology), estimate and assign resources (including people and costs), schedule activities and resources, monitor progress against schedule and budget, control and modify schedule and resources, and report project progress.

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