religious education paper 1 2020

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Religious education cxc paper 1 practice questions.

religious education  is the teaching of a particular religion and its varied aspects: its beliefs, doctrines, rituals, customs, rites, and personal roles

The questions below obtained from a 2008 CXC past paper

#1. Which of the following persons is considered Jews to be their common ancestor?

#2. which of the following hindu manifestations of god is usually represented as a dancer, #3. which of the following best explains the term ‘religion’, #4. which of the following jewish feasts is observed fifty days after passover, #5. the bhagavad gita is a collection of the teaching of, #6. followers of the revivalism are divided into groups called, #7. santeria is a blend or syncretism of which of the following religions, #8. at a jewish passover supper an extra glass of wine is poured and left for , #9. which of the following family members usually lights the candle in the home at the beginning of sabbath, #10. followers of the religion known as santeria are to be found mostly in, #11. which of the following practices is true of both rastafari and santeria, #12. which of the following is the name of the ceremony for a jewish boy entering his teens, #13. the highest ranking in the spiritual baptisit church is the, #14. the use of colour purple is associated with which of the following christians festivals, #15. in the spiritual baptist religion, the sword is a symbol of, #16. in islam, the pillar of faith known as ‘saum’ refers to, #17. ;rituals’ are best described as, #18. islam split into sunni and shia sects mainly because of differences arising from, #19. ‘haji’ are people who have to, #20. how many days are muslims expected to pray, #21. which of the following caribbean indigenous religions teaches that objects of the powers are kept in a special room called chapelle, #22. in which of the following religions is the place of worship known as mission house, #23. in vodum it is believed that this is freed from the body at the time of death. the statement refers to, #24. in islam, the wudu procedure is the, #25. a day set aside to celebrate an occasion of religious significance is known as, #26. the belief in the holy spirit as a member of the trinity is unacceptable to muslims because they believe that the, #27. which of the following christians festivals commemorates the entry of jesus into jerusalem a few days before his death, #28. in vodum, which of the term refers to the supreme being, #29. which of the following would not go against orthodox jewish sabbath tradition, #30. which of the following would be associated with the rastafari religion, #31. the attitude of a hindu towards other faiths as outlined in the vedas , should be one of, #32. which of the following is not an essential feature of religion.

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KCSE Past Papers 2020 CRE Paper 1 (313/1)

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Questions and Answers

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

2020 Christian religious Education (CRE) Paper 1

1. (a) List books of the Bible in the Old Testament referred to as books of minor prophets.(6 marks)

(iii) Nahum

(iv) Habakkia

(v) Zephaniah

(vi) Haggai

(vii) Zechariah

(viii) Malachi

(xii) Obadiah

(xiii) Jonah

(b) Outline the effects of the translation of the Bible into African languages.(8 marks)

(i) The scriptures have been written in languages that Africans can understand.

(ii) It has enabled further spread of Christianity/has led to more converts.

(iii) lt led to rise of African Independent Churches/schools

(iv) It led to development of reading/writing/formal education literacy

(v) It led to establishment of printing press to meet more demands uf the Bible/ publishing houses

(vi) It led to the establishment of Bible socicties to translate the Bible into more local Languanges.

(vii) It has led to further research into.African religions heritage

(viii) It has created jobs/employment in the printing brms/publishing fmns

(ix) It led to Africans identifying with Christianity.

(x) It led to development of African local languages

(xi) It has promoted ccumental movements among Christians.

(xii) It made Africans to demand for leadership roles in the church.

xiii) It led to the division of the church due to different interpretations of the scriptures

(c) Give six ways in which Christians in Kenya use the Bible to spread the Good News.(6 marks)

(i)Christians read the Bible to others so that they can hear the word of God church sermons/ wedding/burial ceremonies.

(ii) They use the Bible to instruct/teach new converts.

(iii) The Bible is used us main text in teaching’’learning Christian Religious Education in Institutions.

(iv) They use the Bible as a basic reference book in general search of knowledge/development of Christian Religious syllabus.

(v) Christians use the Bible to compose Christian songs/hymns/drama/

(vi) They use the Bible when writing Christian books/magazines

(vii) It is used during discussions/Bible study/fellowships

(viii) Bible is used in prayers/faith healing

(ix) It is used for guidance and counselling

(x) Its distributed to other people to read it on their own

2. (a) State the activities carried out by the Israelites on in the night of the Passover. (6 marks)

(i) They chose a lamb, one year old without blemish

(ii) The Israelites slaughtered the animals/goats/sheep.

(iii) They smeared blood on their door post/frames

(iv) They roasted the animals whole.

(v) They ate unlenvened bread/bitter herbs/roasted meat

(vi) Tbey ntc while standing/ in a hurry

(vii) They dress and packed their belongings .

(viii) They burnt the left overs/remains

(ix) They remnined in their houses/ indoors

(x) Tney borrowed jewelry from the Egyptians

(b) State six ways in which Abraham demonstrated his faith in God. (6 marks)

(i) He obeyed God’s call/left his homeland to unknown land.

(ii) He agreed to enter into a covenant relationship with God

(iii) Abraham was willing to sacrifice his only son lsaoc

(iv) He accepted to be circumcised together with his household

(v) Abraham built altars for God at Shechein and Bethel

(vi) He agreed to change his name and that of his wife.

(vii) Abraham believed in the promises given to him by God

(viii) He abandoned the worship of idols/started worshipping the true God.

(ix) He offered animals/birds for sacrifice.

(c) Explain why some people in Kenya find it difficult to worship God.(8 marks)

(i) Some people have a lot Of wealth/affluence/power/ pride, therefore they see no need of worshipping God.

(ii) Other people live in abject poverty hence they lose hope in God.

(iii) Some people are discourage by bad examples set by some members/ leaders/poor role models.

(iv) Influence by modern technology whereby some people spend more time on their phone /computers hence have no time to worship God/ science technology providing solutions to many problems.

(v) Constant conflicts in some churches

(vi) Some people have no faith in God/spiritual matters therefore they cannot worship God/ no knowledge of God.

(vii) Some people give up on worshipping Cmd when their reeds arc nnt inetprayers not answered.

(viii) Some people do not worship God because they believe in other forces/powers of darkness/witchcraft devil worship

(ix) Some people fear to be ridiculed/ mocked by their friends/peers hence fail to worship God.

3. (a) Describe the incident in which King Ahab took Naboth’s vineyard (1 Kings 21: I -16) (8 marks)

(ii) King Ahab asked Naboth to give him the vineyard and sell it to him for a vegatable garden.

(iii) Naboth refused to sell it to King Ahab because it was an inheritance from his forefathers

(iv) King Ahab went home directly sad, disappointed, and refused to eat.

(v) His wife Jezebel asked him why he was sad.

(vi) When Ahab explained what Naboth had told him, Jezebel asked him whether he was the king or not said she would give Ahab the vineyard of Naboth

(vii) Jezebel wrote letters to the elders of the city instructing them to

accuse Naboth of blasphemy/treason.

(viii) The elders organize for Naboth to be punished/killed.

(ix) Naboth was taken outside to the city where he was stoned/killed.

(x) When Jezebel heard about the death of Naboth, she told King Ahab to go and take possession of the vineyard.

(xi) King Ahab went to possess the vineyard.

(b) Outine six forms of punishment prophesied by EJijah to King Abab and Jezebel after taking Naboth’s vineyard. (8 marks)

(i) The death of King Ahab would be in the same place where Naboth was stoned /killed.

(ii)God would bring evil upon King Ahab.

(iii)God would take away the prosperity ofAhab/his rule would come to an end.

(iv)Dogs would lick the blood or Ahab where Naboth’s blood was licked.

(v)All the male children/slaves of King Ahab would be cut off.

(vi)Dogs would eat anybody from Ahab ‘s homc who die In the city.

(vii)Birds of the air would eat anybody from Ahab’s house who would die in the fields.

(viii) Dogs would eat the body of Jezebel/ Jezebel would die within the bounds of Jezebel.

(c) State six lessons Christians learn from the ministry of Prophet Elijah.(6 marks)

(i) Christians should worship the true God only.

(ii) Christians should courageously condemn all forms of con-uption/ evil in society.

(iii) Christians should be loyal/ obedient to God.

(iv)Christians should be willing to carry out God’s work despite the challenges they may

(v)face/endure persecutions.

(vi)Christians should lead holy/righteous lives to avoid God’s punishment.

(vii)Christians should be prayerful.

(viii) Christians should fight for the poor/weak to avoid any form of oppression/promote .

justice in the society.

(viii) Christians should trust/have faith in God.

4 (a) Identify sever ways in which the Israelites disobeyed God during the time of Prophet Amos (7 marks)

(i)The Israelites practiced idolatry/hypocritical religion.

(ii)There was murder.

(iii)The rich oppressed the poor/sold them as slaves.

(iv)There was sexual immorality/temple prostitution.

(v)There was cheating in business/use of false scales.

(vi)The rich were selfish/greedy Lived in excessive luxury.

(vii)There was drunkenness in Israel/ forcing the Nazarites to drink wine.

(viii)There was bribery/injustice in courts of law.

(ix)There was robbery/violence.

(b) Outline the teaching of Prophet Amos on Israel’s election.(6 marks)

(i)Israel’s election was out of God’s initiative/love for them.

(ii)The election made them a holy nation/God’s chosen nation.

(iii)Israel was given a special responsibility by God/to serve Him

(iv)Failure to meet their responsibility to God would attract God’s punishment.

(v)God could choose any other nation of Israel failed to serve Him.

(vi)The Israelites were delivered from bondage in Egypt by God because of the election.

(Vii)God had protected the Israelites in the wilderness because of the election.

(viii)God raised priests and prophets I gave them laws to guide them in the covenant way of life.

(ix)God gave the land to possess

(x)God led them in the wilderness

(c) Give ways in which the church is promoting social justice in Kenya today. (7 marks)

(i)By educating the public on social justice/providing civic education/ holding seminars/workshops.

(ii)By respecting/obeying the laws of the country as laid down by the government.

(iii)By helping the needy in society.

(iv)By preaching on social justice.

(v)The church guides and counsels victims of social injustice.

(vi)The church condemns injustices in society.

(vii)The church prays for people (leaders to practice social justice.

(viii)The advocates for equal distribution of resources/fights for the rights of the less privileged In the society.

(ix)Members of the church lead exemplary lives by being just/fair.

(x)The church punishes its en-ant members

(xi)The church reports those who commit social injustices to the relevant authorities/exposing the culprits

5. (a) Describe the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem under the leadership of Nehemiah.{Nehemiah 12: 27-47) (7 marks)

(i)Nehemiah summoned the Levites /priests/political leaders to come to Jerusalem to give thanks to God.

(ii)The sons of the singers gathered around Jerusalem/they sang/praised using musical instruments.

(iii)The Levites/priests purified themselves/ purified the people.

(iv)The gates/wall was purified.

(v)Nehemiah brought the prince of Judah

(vi)Appointed two great groups which went in two processions.

(vii)One group led by Ezra the scribe went to the right while the other group led by Nehemiah went to the left they then converged in the house of God.

(viii)The people led by the priests offered sacrifices of dedication to God.

(ix)Women/children rejoiced/was a moment of great joy.

(x)Nehemiah then chose people who would ensure that the contributions/tithes/offerings were handled well.

(xi)A service of purification was performed.

(b) Give reasons why Nehemiah carried out religious reforms in Judah.(6 marks)

(i)To preserve the identity of the Jews as people of God / covenant way of life.

(ii)To separate the Jews from foreign influence.

(iii)To purify the temple which had been defiled by keeping a foreigner.

(iv)To reinstate the services of the Levites as priests in the temple.

(v)To restore the tithing system that had been forgotten for the upkeep of the Temple.

(vi)To ensure that the Sabbath day was free from business activities.

(vii)In order to cleanse the Jews who had intermarried with foreigners I exposed to idolatry.

(viii)Restore true worship

(c) Identify seven ways in which the Government of Kenya supports the Church in its work. (7 marks)

(i)The government gives financial/material assistance for development.

(ii)The government supports church-sponsored institutions.

(iii)By setting land aside for construction of church facilities.

(iv)The government allows freedom of worship.

(v)By availing facilities to host church workshops/seminars/conferences.

(vi)By including CRE in the curriculum.

(vii)By employing some of them as Chaplains in education institutions and in the armed forces.

(viii)Organizing national prayer days.

(ix)Supporting leaders in conducting their charitable services.

(x)Through the development of the infrastructure.

(xi)The government has granted permission to the church to operate electronic/media station.

(xii)The government recognizes the church calendar

6. (a) State the role of elders in traditional African communities. (7 marks)

(i)Elders are custodians of traditions customs /teach the history of the community_

(ii)They make laws in the cornmuruly

(iii)They settle disputes in the community.

(iv)They fix dates for community rituals/ceremonies.

(v)Elders preside over the distribution of property/ inheritance.

(vi)They negotiate for peace with other communities.

(vii)They advise the members of the community oo the steps to take during times of difficulties/calamities

(viii)They are in charge/preside over the community rituals/ceremonies.

They teach the youths on their responsibilities/duties in the community.

(ix)They reprimand/punish the wrongdoers/law offenders.

(x)They act as the spokesman for their communities.

(xi)They are mediators between God/ spirits/ancestors and people.

(b) Outline the requirements that one has to fulfil to be made an elder in traditional African communities. (6 marks)

(i)Having the right specific age.

(ii)Should be knowledgeable on matters of the communities/wise.

(iii)Should be sane/of sound mind/good health.

(ix)One should be of good conduct/character.

(v)Should have udergone the rites of initiation marriage

(xi)One should have the ability to provide for others/wealthy

(vii)Should be a bonfide member of the community.

(iii)By undergoing the rituals of becoming an elder.

(ix)Have children.

(c) Identify seven factors that are undermining the role of elders in Kenya today. (7 marks)

(i)Most judicial duties have been taken over by the courts.

(ii)Christianity/modern religions have established their own leadership styles/systems.

(iii)Western education when the learned no longer value the elders.

(iv)Urbanization/migration has made people move away from their communities.

(v)Western culture/way of life which promotes individualism.

(vi)Intermarriage/intermingling has weakened the values of elders.

(vii)The laws are made in parliament,/constitution of Kenya is applied.

(viii)Influence from modern technology where people rely on it for information.

(ix)Wealth is taken as a symbol of status regardless of one’s age.

(x)Moral decadence / permissiveness

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KNEC KCSE 2020 Christian Religious Education Paper 1 Past Paper (With Marking Scheme)

The KNEC KCSE 2020 Christian Religious Education Paper 1 Past Paper with Marking Scheme: This is the original Christian Religious Education Form 4 paper One which was done in 2021 it comes with the original marking scheme that has answers for all questions.

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AQA GCSE RS Past Papers

This section includes recent GCSE (9-1) Religious Studies A (RS) (8062) and Religious Studies B (8063) past papers and mark schemes from AQA. You can download each of the AQA GCSE Religious Studies (RS) past papers and marking schemes by clicking the links below.

June 2022 AQA GCSE Religious Studies A (8062) Past Papers 

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/11) Paper 1: Buddhism  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/12) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/13) Paper 1: Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/14) Paper 1: Hinduism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/15) Paper 1: Islam Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/16) Paper 1: Judaism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/17) Paper 1: Sikhism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2A) Paper 2A: Thematic Studies Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2B) Paper 2B: Thematic Studies (Including Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2022 AQA GCSE Religious Studies B (8063) Past Papers

GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/1) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2A) Paper 2A: Perspectives on Faith (Themes) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2B) Paper 2B: Perspectives on Faith (Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2X) Paper 2X: Perspectives on Faith (Islam) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2Y) Paper 2Y: Perspectives on Faith (Judaism) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 AQA GCSE Religious Studies A (8062) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2021)

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/11) Paper 1: Buddhism  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/12) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/13) Paper 1: Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/14) Paper 1: Hinduism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/15) Paper 1: Islam Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/16) Paper 1: Judaism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/17) Paper 1: Sikhism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2A) Paper 2A: Thematic Studies Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2B) Paper 2B: Thematic Studies (Including Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 AQA GCSE Religious Studies B (8063) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2021)

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/1) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2A) Paper 2A: Perspectives on Faith (Themes) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2B) Paper 2B: Perspectives on Faith (Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2X) Paper 2X: Perspectives on Faith (Islam) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2021 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2Y) Paper 2Y: Perspectives on Faith (Judaism) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 AQA GCSE Religious Studies A (8062) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2020)

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/11) Paper 1: Buddhism  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/12) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/13) Paper 1: Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/14) Paper 1: Hinduism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/15) Paper 1: Islam Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/16) Paper 1: Judaism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/17) Paper 1: Sikhism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2A) Paper 2A: Thematic Studies Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2B) Paper 2B: Thematic Studies (Including Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 AQA GCSE Religious Studies B (8063) Past Papers (Labelled as June 2020)

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/1) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2A) Paper 2A: Perspectives on Faith (Themes) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2B) Paper 2B: Perspectives on Faith (Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2X) Paper 2X: Perspectives on Faith (Islam) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

November 2020 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2Y) Paper 2Y: Perspectives on Faith (Judaism) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 AQA GCSE Religious Studies A (8062) Past Papers

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/11) Paper 1: Buddhism  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

 June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/12) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/13) Paper 1: Christianity Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/14) Paper 1: Hinduism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/15) Paper 1: Islam Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/16) Paper 1: Judaism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/17) Paper 1: Sikhism Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2A) Paper 2A: Thematic Studies Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2B) Paper 2B: Thematic Studies (Including Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 AQA GCSE Religious Studies B (8063) Past Papers

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/1) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity  Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

 June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2A) Paper 2A: Perspectives on Faith (Themes) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2B) Paper 2B: Perspectives on Faith (Textual Studies) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2X) Paper 2X: Perspectives on Faith (Islam) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2019 GCSE Religious Studies B (8063/2Y) Paper 2Y: Perspectives on Faith (Judaism) Download Past Paper    -    Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 AQA GCSE Religious Studies A (8062) Past Papers

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/11) Paper 1: Buddhism  Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

 June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/12) Paper 1: Catholic Christianity Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/13) Paper 1: Christianity Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/14) Paper 1: Hinduism Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/15) Paper 1: Islam Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/16) Paper 1: Judaism Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/17) Paper 1: Sikhism Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2A) Paper 2A: Thematic Studies Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

June 2018 GCSE Religious Studies A (8062/2B) Paper 2B: Thematic Studies (Including Textual Studies) Download Past Paper  -  Download Mark Scheme

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November 2020

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A Proclamation on Transgender Day of Visibility,   2024

On Transgender Day of Visibility, we honor the extraordinary courage and contributions of transgender Americans and reaffirm our Nation’s commitment to forming a more perfect Union — where all people are created equal and treated equally throughout their lives.  

I am proud that my Administration has stood for justice from the start, working to ensure that the LGBTQI+ community can live openly, in safety, with dignity and respect.  I am proud to have appointed transgender leaders to my Administration and to have ended the ban on transgender Americans serving openly in our military.  I am proud to have signed historic Executive Orders that strengthen civil rights protections in housing, employment, health care, education, the justice system, and more.  I am proud to have signed the Respect for Marriage Act into law, ensuring that every American can marry the person they love. 

Transgender Americans are part of the fabric of our Nation.  Whether serving their communities or in the military, raising families or running businesses, they help America thrive.  They deserve, and are entitled to, the same rights and freedoms as every other American, including the most fundamental freedom to be their true selves.  But extremists are proposing hundreds of hateful laws that target and terrify transgender kids and their families — silencing teachers; banning books; and even threatening parents, doctors, and nurses with prison for helping parents get care for their children.  These bills attack our most basic American values:  the freedom to be yourself, the freedom to make your own health care decisions, and even the right to raise your own child.  It is no surprise that the bullying and discrimination that transgender Americans face is worsening our Nation’s mental health crisis, leading half of transgender youth to consider suicide in the past year.  At the same time, an epidemic of violence against transgender women and girls, especially women and girls of color, continues to take too many lives.  Let me be clear:  All of these attacks are un-American and must end.  No one should have to be brave just to be themselves.  

At the same time, my Administration is working to stop the bullying and harassment of transgender children and their families.  The Department of Justice has taken action to push back against extreme and un-American State laws targeting transgender youth and their families and the Department of Justice is partnering with law enforcement and community groups to combat hate and violence.  My Administration is also providing dedicated emergency mental health support through our nationwide suicide and crisis lifeline — any LGBTQI+ young person in need can call “988” and press “3” to speak with a counselor trained to support them.  We are making public services more accessible for transgender Americans, including with more inclusive passports and easier access to Social Security benefits.  There is much more to do.  I continue to call on the Congress to pass the Equality Act, to codify civil rights protections for all LGBTQI+ Americans.

Today, we send a message to all transgender Americans:  You are loved.  You are heard.  You are understood.  You belong.  You are America, and my entire Administration and I have your back.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim March 31, 2024, as Transgender Day of Visibility.  I call upon all Americans to join us in lifting up the lives and voices of transgender people throughout our Nation and to work toward eliminating violence and discrimination based on gender identity.

     IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-ninth day of March, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-four, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-eighth.

                             JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

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Structural analysis of types of Muslim religious consciousness

Axmed Abdurazakov 1 , Olga Garnaya 2 * , Michael Lebedev 2 and Emzari Yunusov 2

1 Federal State Institution of Additional Professional Education Interregional Training Center of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia for Moscow Region, Novye Doma settlement, Elektrostal, Moscow Region, 142470, Russian Federation 2 Federal State Institution Research Institute of Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Narvskaya str., 15 a, building 1, Moscow, 125130, Russian Federation

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

A separate theoretical and legal study should be devoted to essential features of legal consciousness of Muslims, which will be based on the study of perception of positive law through the prism of Islamic religious and legal doctrine. It is advisable to start the basis of this study with definition of its main structural element - the types of Muslim legal consciousness. Consideration of this issue from the standpoint of natural law will expand the traditional boundaries of theory of modern legal consciousness, open up additional applied and scientific horizons and, using the example of Islam, allow us to consider peculiarities of religious influence on legal consciousness of various categories of citizens. Knowledge of foundations of Muslim law, procedure for formation of moral and social religious attitudes, interpretation of religious canons and dogmas contribute to a better understanding of many processes taking place within Russian Muslim community and can form the basis of mechanism for formation of moral legal consciousness, which must be opposed, in its turn, to radical and criminalized forms of religious consciousness.

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2021

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Why were so many metro stations in Moscow renamed?

Okhotny Ryad station in Soviet times and today.

The Moscow metro system has 275 stations, and 28 of them have been renamed at some point or other—and several times in some cases. Most of these are the oldest stations, which opened in 1935.

The politics of place names

The first station to change its name was Ulitsa Kominterna (Comintern Street). The Comintern was an international communist organization that ceased to exist in 1943, and after the war Moscow authorities decided to call the street named after it something else. In 1946, the station was renamed Kalininskaya. Then for several days in 1990, the station was called Vozdvizhenka, before eventually settling on Aleksandrovsky Sad, which is what it is called today.

The banner on the entraince reads: "Kalininskaya station." Now it's Alexandrovsky Sad.

Until 1957, Kropotkinskaya station was called Dvorets Sovetov ( Palace of Soviets ). There were plans to build a monumental Stalinist high-rise on the site of the nearby Cathedral of Christ the Saviour , which had been demolished. However, the project never got off the ground, and after Stalin's death the station was named after Kropotkinskaya Street, which passes above it.

Dvorets Sovetov station, 1935. Letters on the entrance: "Metro after Kaganovich."

Of course, politics was the main reason for changing station names. Initially, the Moscow Metro itself was named after Lazar Kaganovich, Joseph Stalin’s right-hand man. Kaganovich supervised the construction of the first metro line and was in charge of drawing up a master plan for reconstructing Moscow as the "capital of the proletariat."

In 1955, under Nikita Khrushchev's rule and during the denunciation of Stalin's personality cult, the Moscow Metro was named in honor of Vladimir Lenin.

Kropotkinskaya station, our days. Letters on the entrance: "Metropolitan after Lenin."

New Metro stations that have been opened since the collapse of the Soviet Union simply say "Moscow Metro," although the metro's affiliation with Vladimir Lenin has never officially been dropped.

Zyablikovo station. On the entrance, there are no more signs that the metro is named after Lenin.

Stations that bore the names of Stalin's associates were also renamed under Khrushchev. Additionally, some stations were named after a neighborhood or street and if these underwent name changes, the stations themselves had to be renamed as well.

Until 1961 the Moscow Metro had a Stalinskaya station that was adorned by a five-meter statue of the supreme leader. It is now called Semyonovskaya station.

Left: Stalinskaya station. Right: Now it's Semyonovskaya.

The biggest wholesale renaming of stations took place in 1990, when Moscow’s government decided to get rid of Soviet names. Overnight, 11 metro stations named after revolutionaries were given new names. Shcherbakovskaya became Alekseyevskaya, Gorkovskaya became Tverskaya, Ploshchad Nogina became Kitay-Gorod and Kirovskaya turned into Chistye Prudy. This seriously confused passengers, to put it mildly, and some older Muscovites still call Lubyanka station Dzerzhinskaya for old times' sake.

At the same time, certain stations have held onto their Soviet names. Marksistskaya and Kropotkinskaya, for instance, although there were plans to rename them too at one point.

"I still sometimes mix up Teatralnaya and Tverskaya stations,” one Moscow resident recalls .

 “Both have been renamed and both start with a ‘T.’ Vykhino still grates on the ear and, when in 1991 on the last day of my final year at school, we went to Kitay-Gorod to go on the river cruise boats, my classmates couldn’t believe that a station with that name existed."

The city government submitted a station name change for public discussion for the first time in 2015. The station in question was Voykovskaya, whose name derives from the revolutionary figure Pyotr Voykov. In the end, city residents voted against the name change, evidently not out of any affection for Voykov personally, but mainly because that was the name they were used to.

What stations changed their name most frequently?

Some stations have changed names three times. Apart from the above-mentioned Aleksandrovsky Sad (Ulitsa Kominterna->Kalininskaya->Vozdvizhenka->Aleksandrovsky Sad), a similar fate befell Partizanskaya station in the east of Moscow. Opened in 1944, it initially bore the ridiculously long name Izmaylovsky PKiO im. Stalina (Izmaylovsky Park of Culture and Rest Named After Stalin). In 1947, the station was renamed and simplified for convenience to Izmaylovskaya. Then in 1963 it was renamed yet again—this time to Izmaylovsky Park, having "donated" its previous name to the next station on the line. And in 2005 it was rechristened Partizanskaya to mark the 60th anniversary of victory in World War II. 

Partizanskaya metro station, nowadays.

Another interesting story involves Alekseyevskaya metro station. This name was originally proposed for the station, which opened in 1958, since a village with this name had been located here. It was then decided to call the station Shcherbakovskaya in honor of Aleksandr Shcherbakov, a politician who had been an associate of Stalin. Nikita Khrushchev had strained relations with Shcherbakov, however, and when he got word of it literally a few days before the station opening the builders had to hastily change all the signs. It ended up with the concise and politically correct name of Mir (Peace).

The name Shcherbakovskaya was restored in 1966 after Khrushchev's fall from power. It then became Alekseyevskaya in 1990.

Alekseyevskaya metro station.

But the station that holds the record for the most name changes is Okhotny Ryad, which opened in 1935 on the site of a cluster of market shops. When the metro system was renamed in honor of Lenin in 1955, this station was renamed after Kaganovich by way of compensation. The name lasted just two years though because in 1957 Kaganovich fell out of favor with Khrushchev, and the previous name was returned. But in 1961 it was rechristened yet again, this time in honor of Prospekt Marksa, which had just been built nearby.

Okhotny Ryad station in 1954 and Prospekt Marksa in 1986.

In 1990, two historical street names—Teatralny Proyezd and Mokhovaya Street—were revived to replace Prospekt Marksa, and the station once again became Okhotny Ryad.

Okhotny Ryad in 2020.

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First refuelling for Russia’s Akademik Lomonosov floating NPP

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The FNPP includes two KLT-40S reactor units. In such reactors, nuclear fuel is not replaced in the same way as in standard NPPs – partial replacement of fuel once every 12-18 months. Instead, once every few years the entire reactor core is replaced with and a full load of fresh fuel.

The KLT-40S reactor cores have a number of advantages compared with standard NPPs. For the first time, a cassette core was used, which made it possible to increase the fuel cycle to 3-3.5 years before refuelling, and also reduce by one and a half times the fuel component in the cost of the electricity produced. The operating experience of the FNPP provided the basis for the design of the new series of nuclear icebreaker reactors (series 22220). Currently, three such icebreakers have been launched.

The Akademik Lomonosov was connected to the power grid in December 2019, and put into commercial operation in May 2020.

Electricity generation from the FNPP at the end of 2023 amounted to 194 GWh. The population of Pevek is just over 4,000 people. However, the plant can potentially provide electricity to a city with a population of up to 100,000. The FNPP solved two problems. Firstly, it replaced the retiring capacities of the Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant, which has been operating since 1974, as well as the Chaunskaya Thermal Power Plant, which is more than 70 years old. It also supplies power to the main mining enterprises located in western Chukotka. In September, a 490 km 110 kilovolt power transmission line was put into operation connecting Pevek and Bilibino.

Image courtesy of TVEL

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