somerset floods case study gcse

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The Somerset Levels Flood Case Study

The Somerset Levels are a coastal plain and wetland area in Somerset, England. Thousands of years ago, the area was covered by the sea, but today it’s a landscape of rivers and wetlands – artificially drained, irrigated and modified to allow productive farming.

It is claimed that the Somerset Levels are one of the lowest areas in the UK. This is because much of the area lies below the high-water mark of spring tides. The area is very flat and has a maximum altitude of 8m above sea level. All rivers in this area, including Axe, Sheppey and Brue, are in the north, while to the south, the rivers the Cary, Yeo, Tone and Parrett drain into the Bristol Channel.

In January 2014, the Somerset Levels experienced floods greater than any other in living memory. Estimates suggest that 10% of the area was underwater when the flooding was greatest.

Somerset Levels 2014 flood map

What were the physical causes of flooding in the Somerset Levels?

A quick succession of prolonged Atlantic storms, with persistent rainfall and gale-force winds, was the primary cause of flooding. The rivers could not cope with the significant amount of rain that fell. High tides in the Bristol Channel and its narrowing also create tidal surges. These blocked the floodwater, trying to escape the Somerset Levels. Coastal defences coped with the tidal surges.

What were the human causes of flooding in the Somerset Levels?

There had been less dredging of the river channels on the Somerset Levels leading up to 2014. However, as a result, the channels had risen due to sediment accumulation. This reduced the capacity of rivers to transport water, leading to flooding.

Change in farming practices has also contributed to flooding. Much of the land has been converted from grassland to grow maise. This more intensive use of the land means it is less able to retain water, causing it to run over the surface rather than being absorbed.

What were the impacts of flooding in the Somerset Levels?

The flood was the most significant hazard to affect this area ever. The event was so significant it dominated the national news coverage.

The flooding had a range of social, economic and environmental impacts.

What were the social impacts of the Somerset Levels floods?

Over 600 homes and 16 farms were evacuated, resulting in many people requiring temporary accommodation, where many stayed for several months. In addition, several villages, such as Moorland and Muchelney, were cut off after roads were flooded. Power supplies were cut off during a time when temperatures were low.

What were the economic impacts of the Somerset Levels floods?

Somerset County Council estimates that the cost of flood damage was over £10 million. The agricultural industry was among the hardest hit, with over fourteen thousand hectares of agricultural land used for crops and grazing flooded for three to four weeks. One thousand livestock were evacuated from the affected farms.

Many main roads were closed, including the A361 linking Taunton and Street. Flooding disrupted train services on the main Bristol line between Taunton and Bridgwater.

Fuel used to power emergency pumps cost £200 000 per week. An estimated £1 million was lost by local businesses. The Somerset floods cost the county’s tourism industry an estimated £200 million.

There were several incidents of crime during the floods. Nine hundred litres of fuel was stolen from a pumping station in Westonzoyland. There were also reports of heating oil and quad bikes being stolen from homes affected by flooding.

Insurance costs increased in flood-hit areas of Somerset.

What were the environmental impacts of the Somerset Levels floods?

The environmental impact included the extensive contamination of floodwaters by sewage, oil, and various chemical pollutants. Following the recession of floodwaters, a significant amount of debris required clearing, while stagnant water accumulated over several months needed to be re-oxygenated before reintroduction into rivers. Failure to do so would have caused substantial harm to marine ecosystems.

The soil was damaged after being underwater for nearly three months. In some areas, it took over two years to restore the soil before crops could be grown.

Immediate response to the Somerset Levels flood

As expected for a high-income country (HIC), the response to the flood was well-organised and rapid.

Local people in South West England were warned of heavy rain when the Met Office issued an amber warning. The public was advised to prepare for significant flooding by the Environmental Agency. Many people used sandbags to protect their property and moved valuable items upstairs. In Moorland, a man constructed a large wall out of clay and mud to protect his house from flooding.

Rescue boats were used to help stranded people by the fire brigade who also visited hundreds of properties. Rescue crews supported residents of Moorland in evacuating. The owners of some 80 homes agreed to evacuate; however, around 30 residents stayed at home. Additional police patrols were introduced as a result of increased crime.

The army was sent into the area with specialist equipment towards the end of January. They issued sandbags and distributed food. 40 Royal Marines later joined them to provide additional support.

Sixty-five pumps were used to drain 65 million m3 of floodwater.

Local people, led by the Flooding on the Levels Action Group (FLAG), provided local support to the people affected. This included fundraising and the collection and distribution of food. They also used social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, to share the news.

The government made an estimated £15m to meet the immediate costs of protecting lives and properties.

Long-term response to the Somerset Levels flood

The long-term response to the Somerset Levels flood focussed on management techniques to reduce the risk of future floods. As a result, the Somerset Levels and Moors Action Plan was developed and included measures such as reintroducing dredging, constructing a tidal barrage and additional permanent pumping stations. The scheme is part of a 20-year plan for the Somerset Levels and will total £100 million.

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GCSE Geography: Somerset Levels Flooding 2014

Causes and impacts of flooding.

Over your GCSE Geography course, you will have to learn a range of case studies to draw upon in your answers. The Somerset Levels is a common location in which many schools choose to focus. Find all the information you need to learn here and get a perfect example answer!

The Somerset Levels

The Somerset Levels are an area of low-lying land close to the coast in southwest England. Several rivers flow through the area including the River Tone and the River Parrett. These drain into the Bristol Channel. The area is prone to flooding and the people living close by have had to deal with consequences for decades.

Floods occur when the water in a river channel becomes higher than the river banks, causing it to overflow. Most rivers will flood occasionally, but some overflow their banks very regularly. The results can be devastating to the environment and to people. Both physical factors and human activity cause flooding. In the winter of 2013-2014, the consequences of flooding in the Somerset Levels affected thousands of people and caused major damages.

Physical Causes

• Winter Storms – In December 2013 and January 2014, extreme winter storms occurred in the southern parts of England. There was twice as much rain in January as expected – 207 mm. This value was the highest on record since 1910.
• Landscape – The surrounding area is made up of low-lying land with grassy vegetation. This doesn’t allow for much interception. The impermeable clay soils also restrict the movement of rainwater through the ground.
• High Tides – There were extremely high tides in the weeks leading up to the flood caused by the storm surges. This caused water in the River Parrett and other rivers to back up, and it couldn’t leave the area as quickly as it should have.

Human Causes

• Dredging – The rivers were full of sediment as they had not been dredged for over 20 years. This caused rivers to overflow quicker than they should have as the river bed was high.
• Housing – The nearby towns of Taunton and Bridgwater meant the area surrounding the rivers was covered in impermeable tarmac and concrete. The vast amount of rainwater drained quickly to the river, making it more likely to flood. Water pumps have also been installed in the towns to remove water to the Levels.

Impacts of the Floods

The impacts of the Somerset Levels flooding can be separated into three categories – social, economic and environmental.

Example Exam Questions and Answers:

If you’d like any more examples of questions on the Somerset Levels or need help with a question of your own then use the contact box on this page and I’ll get back to you as soon as I can: Need some help with your homework?

The Somerset Levels floods in 2014 were extremely damaging to the environment and caused major disruption to many residents. It was caused by both human and physical factors and is at risk of happening again. Many residents still live in fear that it might happen again. Read this BBC article for more information: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-64320183 .

Charlotte is the founder of The Geo Room. She is a Geography University Student with a passion for travel and combines her love for Geography and travelling right here on The Geo Room. As an expert in both fields, Charlotte shares tips and tricks to do with both Geography and travel to help readers understand more about the world we live in, and how to make the most of travelling around it.

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Topic Video for AQA GCSE Geography: Somerset Levels Flooding (Weather Hazards 12)

Last updated 18 Oct 2024

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This topic video looks at the case study of the Somerset Levels Floods which is a popular case study for the UK extreme weather event. We explore the factors that led to such extensive flooding, the social, economic and environmental impacts of the flooding, along with the immediate and long-term responses used to help the people affected.

It is part of the AQA GCSE Geography course - Paper 1: Unit A - The Challenge of Natural Hazards.

• The video is a revision resource for AQA GCSE Geography, specifically focusing on the Somerset Levels floods.
• The floods occurred in January and February 2014, marking one of the worst incidents of flooding in recent years.
• Somerset is in South West England, characterized by low-lying farmland and wetlands known as the Somerset Levels and Moors.
• The area is bordered by the Bristol Channel, Quantock Hills to the west, and Mendip Hills to the north.
• The floods were triggered by the wettest January on record, with 35 centimeters of rain falling in January and February—10 centimeters more than average.
• High tides clashed with storm surges, blocking fresh water from reaching the sea, and local rivers, not dredged for over 20 years, had reduced capacity.
• Social impacts included over 600 houses flooded, 16 farms evacuated, and villages cut off, leading to significant disruptions in daily life.
• Economic impacts estimated at over £10 million, affecting farming, trade, and infrastructure.
• Environmental impacts involved contaminated floodwaters with sewage and pollutants, requiring extensive cleanup.
• Immediate responses included evacuations, temporary accommodations, and support from volunteers.
• Long-term responses involved a £20 million flood action plan, including dredging rivers, raising road levels, installing flood defenses, and strengthening Riverbanks to mitigate future risks.
• Weather events
• Extreme weather
• Weather hazards

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UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

Extreme weather in the uk - somerset levels floods 2014.

Flooding affected the Somerset Levels in 2014. The Somerset Levels is a low-lying area of south-west England.

Record rainfall

• The record rainfall caused the rivers and drains to overflow.

Tidal rivers

• Tidal rivers go up and down with the tide.
• High tides made the flooding worse.

The Environment Agency

• Some people blamed the Environment Agency for the flooding as the rivers hadn't been dredged for 20 years.
• Dredging a river is when you take out mud from the bed of a river.

Effects & Responses

Flooding affected the low-lying Somerset Levels in 2014. Let's have a look at the varying effects and responses.

Effects of the floods

• The social impact was that over 600 houses were flooded.
• The economic impact was that there was an estimated £10 million of damage.
• The waste was deposited when the floods receded.

Immediate responses

• The evacuation of people from villages (e.g. Moorland).
• Support from community groups and volunteers.

Long term responses

• The announcement of a £20 million Flood Action Plan by the Environment Agency and Somerset County Council.
• 8 km of rivers were dredged.

1 The Challenge of Natural Hazards

1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.1 Natural Hazards

1.1.2 Types of Natural Hazards

1.1.3 Factors Affecting Risk

1.1.4 People Affecting Risk

1.1.5 Ability to Cope With Natural Hazards

1.1.6 How Serious Are Natural Hazards?

1.1.7 End of Topic Test - Natural Hazards

1.1.8 Exam-Style Questions - Natural Hazards

1.2 Tectonic Hazards

1.2.1 The Earth's Layers

1.2.2 Tectonic Plates

1.2.3 The Earth's Tectonic Plates

1.2.4 Convection Currents

1.2.5 Plate Margins

1.2.6 Volcanoes

1.2.7 Volcano Eruptions

1.2.8 Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.9 Primary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.10 Secondary Effects of Volcanoes

1.2.11 Responses to Volcanic Eruptions

1.2.12 Immediate Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.13 Long-Term Responses to Volcanoes

1.2.14 Earthquakes

1.2.15 Earthquakes at Different Plate Margins

1.2.16 What is an Earthquake?

1.2.17 Measuring Earthquakes

1.2.18 Immediate Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.19 Long-Term Responses to Earthquakes

1.2.20 Case Studies: The L'Aquila Earthquake

1.2.21 Case Studies: The Kashmir Earthquake

1.2.22 Earthquake Case Study: Chile 2010

1.2.23 Earthquake Case Study: Nepal 2015

1.2.24 Reducing the Impact of Tectonic Hazards

1.2.25 Protecting & Planning

1.2.26 Living with Tectonic Hazards 2

1.2.27 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.28 Exam-Style Questions - Tectonic Hazards

1.2.29 Tectonic Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.3 Weather Hazards

1.3.1 Winds & Pressure

1.3.2 The Global Atmospheric Circulation Model

1.3.3 Surface Winds

1.3.4 UK Weather Hazards

1.3.5 Changing Weather in the UK

1.3.6 Tropical Storms

1.3.7 Tropical Storm Causes

1.3.8 Features of Tropical Storms

1.3.9 The Structure of Tropical Storms

1.3.10 The Effect of Climate Change on Tropical Storms

1.3.11 The Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.12 Responses to Tropical Storms

1.3.13 Reducing the Effects of Tropical Storms

1.3.14 Tropical Storms Case Study: Katrina

1.3.15 Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

1.3.16 UK Weather Hazards Case Study: Somerset 2014

1.3.17 End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards

1.3.18 Exam-Style Questions - Weather Hazards

1.3.19 Weather Hazards - Statistical Skills

1.4 Climate Change

1.4.1 Climate Change

1.4.2 Evidence for Climate Change

1.4.3 Natural Causes of Climate Change

1.4.4 Human Causes of Climate Change

1.4.5 Effects of Climate Change on the Environment

1.4.6 Effects of Climate Change on People

1.4.7 Climate Change Mitigation Strategies

1.4.8 Adaptation to Climate Change

1.4.9 End of Topic Test - Climate Change

1.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Climate Change

1.4.11 Climate Change - Statistical Skills

2 The Living World

2.1 Ecosystems

2.1.1 Ecosystems

2.1.2 Food Chains & Webs

2.1.3 Ecosystem Cascades

2.1.4 Global Ecosystems

2.1.5 Ecosystem Case Study: Freshwater Ponds

2.2 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.1 Tropical Rainforests

2.2.2 Interdependence of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.3 Adaptations of Plants to Rainforests

2.2.4 Adaptations of Animals to Rainforests

2.2.5 Biodiversity of Tropical Rainforests

2.2.6 Deforestation

2.2.7 Impacts of Deforestation

2.2.8 Case Study: Deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest

2.2.9 Why Protect Rainforests?

2.2.10 Sustainable Management of Rainforests

2.2.11 Case Study: Malaysian Rainforest

2.2.12 End of Topic Test - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.13 Exam-Style Questions - Tropical Rainforests

2.2.14 Deforestation - Statistical Skills

2.3 Hot Deserts

2.3.1 Hot Deserts

2.3.2 Interdependence in Hot Deserts

2.3.3 Adaptation of Plants to Hot Deserts

2.3.4 Adaptation of Animals to Hot Deserts

2.3.5 Biodiversity in Hot Deserts

2.3.6 Case Study: Sahara Desert

2.3.7 Desertification

2.3.8 Reducing the Risk of Desertification

2.3.9 Case Study: Thar Desert

2.3.10 End of Topic Test - Hot Deserts

2.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Hot Deserts

2.4 Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.1 Overview of Cold Environments

2.4.2 Interdependence of Cold Environments

2.4.3 Adaptations of Plants to Cold Environments

2.4.4 Adaptations of Animals to Cold Environments

2.4.5 Biodiversity in Cold Environments

2.4.6 Case Study: Alaska

2.4.7 Sustainable Management

2.4.8 Case Study: Svalbard

2.4.9 End of Topic Test - Tundra & Polar Environments

2.4.10 Exam-Style Questions - Cold Environments

3 Physical Landscapes in the UK

3.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.1 The UK Physical Landscape

3.1.2 Examples of the UK's Landscape

3.2 Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.1 Types of Wave

3.2.2 Weathering

3.2.3 Mass Movement

3.2.4 Processes of Erosion

3.2.5 Wave-Cut Platforms

3.2.6 Headlands & Bays

3.2.7 Caves, Arches & Stacks

3.2.8 Longshore Drift

3.2.9 Sediment Transport

3.2.10 Deposition

3.2.11 Spits, Bars & Sand Dunes

3.2.12 Coastal Management - Hard Engineering

3.2.13 Coastal Management - Soft Engineering

3.2.14 Case Study: Landforms on the Dorset Coast

3.2.15 Coastal Management - Managed Retreat

3.2.16 Coastal Management Case Study - Holderness

3.2.17 Coastal Management Case Study: Swanage

3.2.18 Coastal Management Case Study - Lyme Regis

3.2.19 End of Topic Test - Coastal Landscapes in the UK

3.2.20 Exam-Style Questions - Coasts

3.3 River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.1 The Long Profile of a River

3.3.2 The Cross Profile of a River

3.3.3 Vertical & Lateral Erosion

3.3.4 River Valley Case Study - River Tees

3.3.5 Processes of Erosion

3.3.6 Sediment Transport

3.3.7 River Deposition

3.3.8 Waterfalls & Gorges

3.3.9 Interlocking Spurs

3.3.10 Meanders

3.3.11 Oxbow Lakes

3.3.12 Floodplains

3.3.13 Levees

3.3.14 Estuaries

3.3.15 Case Study: The River Clyde

3.3.16 River Management

3.3.17 Hydrographs

3.3.18 Flood Defences - Hard Engineering

3.3.19 Flood Defences - Soft Engineering

3.3.20 River Management Case Study - Boscastle

3.3.21 River Management Case Study - Banbury

3.3.22 End of Topic Test - River Landscapes in the UK

3.3.23 Exam-Style Questions - Rivers

3.4 Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.1 The UK in the Last Ice Age

3.4.2 Glacial Processes

3.4.3 Glacial Landforms Caused by Erosion

3.4.4 Tarns, Corries, Glacial Troughs & Truncated Spurs

3.4.5 Types of Moraine

3.4.6 Drumlins & Erratics

3.4.7 Snowdonia

3.4.8 Land Use in Glaciated Areas

3.4.9 Conflicts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.10 Tourism in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.11 Coping with Tourism Impacts in Glacial Landscapes

3.4.12 Case Study - Lake District

3.4.13 End of Topic Test - Glacial Landscapes in the UK

3.4.14 Exam-Style Questions - Glacial Landscapes

4 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1 Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.1 Urbanisation

4.1.2 Factors Causing Urbanisation

4.1.3 Megacities

4.1.4 Urbanisation Case Study: Lagos

4.1.5 Urbanisation Case Study: Rio de Janeiro

4.1.6 UK Cities

4.1.7 Case Study: Urban Regen Projects - Manchester

4.1.8 Case Study: Urban Change in Liverpool

4.1.9 Case Study: Urban Change in Bristol

4.1.10 Sustainable Urban Life

4.1.11 Reducing Traffic Congestion

4.1.12 End of Topic Test - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.13 Exam-Style Questions - Urban Issues & Challenges

4.1.14 Urban Issues -Statistical Skills

5 The Changing Economic World

5.1 The Changing Economic World

5.1.1 Measuring Development

5.1.2 Limitations of Developing Measures

5.1.3 Classifying Countries Based on Wealth

5.1.4 The Demographic Transition Model

5.1.5 Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

5.1.6 Physical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.7 Historical Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.8 Economic Causes of Uneven Development

5.1.9 Consequences of Uneven Development

5.1.10 How Can We Reduce the Global Development Gap?

5.1.11 Case Study: Tourism in Kenya

5.1.12 Case Study: Tourism in Jamaica

5.1.13 Case Study: Economic Development in India

5.1.14 Case Study: Aid & Development in India

5.1.15 Case Study: Economic Development in Nigeria

5.1.16 Case Study: Aid & Development in Nigeria

5.1.17 End of Topic Test - The Changing Economic World

5.1.18 Exam-Style Questions - The Changing Economic World

5.1.19 Changing Economic World - Statistical Skills

5.2 Economic Development in the UK

5.2.1 Causes of Economic Change in the UK

5.2.2 The UK's Post-Industrial Economy

5.2.3 The Impacts of UK Industry on the Environment

5.2.4 Change in the UK's Rural Areas

5.2.5 Transport in the UK

5.2.6 The North-South Divide

5.2.7 Regional Differences in the UK

5.2.8 The UK's Links to the World

6 The Challenge of Resource Management

6.1 Resource Management

6.1.1 Global Distribution of Resources

6.1.2 Uneven Distribution of Resources

6.1.3 Food in the UK

6.1.4 Agribusiness

6.1.5 Demand for Water in the UK

6.1.6 Water Pollution in the UK

6.1.7 Matching Supply & Demand of Water in the UK

6.1.8 The UK's Energy Mix

6.1.9 Issues with Sources of Energy

6.1.10 Resource Management - Statistical Skills

6.2.1 Areas of Food Surplus & Food Deficit

6.2.2 Increasing Food Consumption

6.2.3 Food Supply & Food Insecurity

6.2.4 Impacts of Food Insecurity

6.2.5 Increasing Food Supply

6.2.6 Case Study: Thanet Earth

6.2.7 Creating a Sustainable Food Supply

6.2.8 Case Study: Agroforestry in Mali

6.2.9 End of Topic Test - Food

6.2.10 Exam-Style Questions - Food

6.2.11 Food - Statistical Skills

6.3.1 Water Surplus & Water Deficit

6.3.2 Increasing Water Consumption

6.3.3 What Affects the Availability of Water?

6.3.4 Impacts of Water Insecurity

6.3.5 Increasing Water Supplies

6.3.6 Case Study: Water Transfer in China

6.3.7 Sustainable Water Supply

6.3.8 Case Study: Kenya's Sand Dams

6.3.9 Case Study: Lesotho Highland Water Project

6.3.10 Case Study: Wakel River Basin Project

6.3.11 Exam-Style Questions - Water

6.3.12 Water - Statistical Skills

6.4.1 Global Demand for Energy

6.4.2 Increasing Energy Consumption

6.4.3 Factors Affecting Energy Supply

6.4.4 Impacts of Energy Insecurity

6.4.5 Increasing Energy Supply - Solar

6.4.6 Increasing Energy Supply - Water

6.4.7 Increasing Energy Supply - Wind

6.4.8 Increasing Energy Supply - Nuclear

6.4.9 Increasing Energy Supply - Fossil Fuels

6.4.10 Carbon Footprints

6.4.11 Energy Conservation

6.4.12 Case Study: Rice Husks in Bihar

6.4.13 Exam-Style Questions - Energy

6.4.14 Energy - Statistical Skills

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Tropical Storms Case Study: Haiyan

End of Topic Test - Weather Hazards