thesis on rural development

Assessing the Impact of Government Schemes on Rural Development: A Study of Udhampur District (Jammu and Kashmir State)

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• Deepti Abrol 4 ,
• Jhanvi Khanna 5 ,
• Kamani Dutta 6 &
• Ritika Sambyal 6  

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The present study is undertaken to explore the role of three Government schemes for rural development, that is, MGNREGA, Swachh Bharat Mission and Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana in developing the infrastructure, standard of living and overall development of people in rural areas. More specifically, the main objective of the study undertaken is to study and analyse the impact of Government Schemes on rural development that includes social and economic development of the rural areas. Primary data were collected through schedule from the beneficiaries of the Government schemes in Udhampur district. In the study, Exploratory factor analysis, Confirmatory factor analysis and Structural equation modelling have been used to test and analyse the hypothesized relationship. The study found that three Government Schemes positively and significantly affects both economic development as well as social development. Further, the present study revealed that Government schemes influence social development more as compared to the economic development. The study is limited to three Government schemes and that too in two villages of Udhampur district. In future, more schemes like National Rural Livelihood Mission, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Deendayal Upadhyay Grameen Kaushal Yojana, et cetera, could be included in research studies.

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Department of Commerce, Udhampur Campus, University of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

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Abrol, D., Khanna, J., Dutta, K., Sambyal, R. (2020). Assessing the Impact of Government Schemes on Rural Development: A Study of Udhampur District (Jammu and Kashmir State). In: Chahal, H., Pereira, V., Jyoti, J. (eds) Sustainable Business Practices for Rural Development. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9298-6_5

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RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION MODEL FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

2018, RURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION MODEL FOR REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

The modern history of underdeveloped countries shows that the pursuit of progress through the industrialization of urban centers makes very little to solve the social problems of rural areas countries. In fact, this worsening regional disparities, concentrated income and increased rural emigration, with serious prob-lems and negative repercussions in the country-side. In agriculture is the majority of the popu-lation poor and unprotected. In Ceará about 1,000 thousand people occupied agriculture, of which around 50% worked only to survive. Of the population occupied, 35% receive up to one minimum wage and is the index of workers without education and less than one grade. The functional illiteracy rate of those aged 15 and over is 50%. Beyond In addition, there were 500 thousand people in the rural of working that were not among the busy people. Another relevant problem to consider is how to the urbanization index of Ceará. It can be said unofficially that the rural population of Ceará is 50% of the total, considering the inter-national criterion of being included in this cate-gory are small towns of up to 10 thousand in-habitants. Based on the latest data from the Na-tional Household Survey it is possible to esti-mate that 285 thousand rural households were in the per capita household income category up to ½ minimum wage. Therefore, 72% below the poverty line. As a consequence, planners and of under-developed countries today agree that is indis-pensable to the discovery of ways and means of integration rural areas in a process of develop-ment more harmonic and socially just. What is essential is to give agriculture a role that indispensable for economic develop-ment. Not just as a supplier of food, raw mate-rials and manpower to urban centers. However, how where productivity and income must in-crease, creating opportunity for the unem-ployed workforce or underutilized in the field. In this context, the importance of em-ployment and income non-agricultural rural de-velopment has grown in importance in the fight against poverty and the development of more balanced. The lack of job opportunities in the urban centers for the people liberated by mod-ernization explains this new vision of public policies. In the case of Ceará, the share of agricul-ture in the total state occupation was 30% in the year 2002. However, the income generated in this sector was only 6%. So a lot of people working with low productivity. In developed countries, these relationships are similar in terms of income and employment. Generally around 2 to 3%, reflecting a pattern of structur-al equilibrium. In the conditions of Ceará there have been capacity to generate jobs in the in-dustrial and services sector, even in the with growth rates above the average of the other states from northeast. As a result, there are few alternatives employment for the population liv-ing in the interior rural. Except for the emigra-tion to the metropolitan areas or self-employed agricultural labor in small properties problems, since wages have force of onerous social securi-ty requirements. Within all the factors that influence posi-tively and promoting non-agricultural employ-ment within the rural industrialization is cru-cial. This strategy offers other options for the traditional urban development that has marked the history of economy of the underdeveloped countries and of Ceará. For transforming sub-sistence agriculture into a competitive sector it is necessary to improve their articulation with systems of supply of inputs with the chains of agro processing and the distribution systems of fresh and processed products. All these catego-ries of agricultural non-agricultural jobs reach the economic development to more than 50% of the people living in rural areas, with their small cities. In fact, in many areas and European Economic Community, agriculture has been ac-tivity complementary to other activities not ag-ricultural activities. An anthological example in this regard is the case of rural development in the State of Israel. In some studies on the sub-ject there is also a trend towards specialization (agricultural or non-agricultural) as the modern-ization of the economy occurs. Multifunctionali-ty, however, has prevailed in the process of transacting underdeveloped economies at the richer stages. Consequently, the thesis advocated in this document is that rural development is not syn-onymous with farming. Policies to promote non-agricultural activities in the rural setting should take into account rural-level actions that include agricultural areas and small and medi-um-sized urban centers. For this, it is necessary to generate incentives and develop capacities not only for agricultural activities but for the set of jobs that are relevant to the rural inhabit-ants. This book has the purpose of demonstrat-ing that rural industrialization is one of the tools for local and regional development.

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The social and economic gap between the welfare of the rural population in developed European countries and that of Romania has always been great, but never like this. A great scholar of the nation said, years ago, that civilization of the Romanian people was born in the villages. A sociologist or economist of the past 50 years, paraphrasing the great Lucian Blaga, must painfully recognize that poverty was born but still perpetuated in the villages. Few were the moments of some welfare for the Romanian peasant during this period. This work is based on this reality and try to synthesize all the ideas of scientists, specialists and those who are at the head of the rural society, able to remove the Romanian village from this state of decline. Once we entered the EU community, willingly or not, the Romanian authorities of any political orientation would be required to submit new principles and rules governing the course of economic activity.

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