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Housing and the City: case studies of integrated urban design

This case study report assembles a series of housing initiatives from different cities that are developed to promote inclusive, sustainable and integrated designs. The schemes range in scale and geographic location, but in each case represent a clear commitment to achieve positive social and environmental outcomes through innovative yet people and planet-focused design.

Housing is the backbone of a well-functioning and equitable city. The way in which housing is procured, financed, designed and allocated has significant implications for the lives of all urban residents. However, governments are failing to provide the human right of housing for all. The Council on Urban Initiatives has argued that mission-oriented approaches are needed to galvanise the whole of government engagement, while sectoral investment and cross-disciplinary collaboration are needed to realise the right to housing and prioritise the common good.

Housing has a profound spatial impact on cities. Apartment blocks, condominium towers, detached and terraced houses, self-built shacks and informal slums occupy by far the largest portion of urban land in cities around the world. Decisions about the physical distribution and design of housing will shape the social, economic and environmental dynamics for millions of urban residents for decades to come – particularly in Asia and Africa where urban populations are projected to balloon. Irresponsible development, poor community engagement, and overly permissive regulations and standards have encouraged architectural and urban design practices that foster inequality, exclusion and negative environmental impacts.

The report is divided into three sections: inclusive design, sustainable design and integrated design. Each section highlights examples of housing initiatives with short descriptive texts authored by individual Council members and their teams. From small-scale retrofits in Bogotá’s informal areas to Singapore’s massive state-driven investments, the case studies highlight that governing and designing housing for the common good is critical to the creation of just, green and healthy cities.

Regenerating Cities pp 163–206 Cite as

Singapore Case Study

• Maria Elena Zingoni de Baro 5  
• First Online: 18 January 2022

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1 Citations

Part of the book series: Cities and Nature ((CITIES))

Singapore is a modern city-state and island country in Southeast Asia, that became an independent nation in 1965. Defying many challenges such as lack of natural resources and a housing crisis at the time, the urban makeover of Singapore also started in the 1960s, being awarded the Most Liveable Asian City title in 2011. With no local planning tradition, the urban planning process was driven by a strong and well-defined vision and the commission of international planners that followed the modernist approach. The Garden City vision gave great significance to the greening of the city, elevating it to a first-level government issue and solving the housing deficit. In this case study, this chapter also asks why this transformative change towards sustainability occurred in Singapore, how it was achieved and if the implementation of integrated planning strategies founded in social-ecological approaches led to the emergence of regenerative outcomes in the city. The analytical strategy implemented two phases; firstly, the consideration of local urban planning traditions and processes; and secondly, the application of the framework to three selected planning initiatives that were likely to promote regenerative outcomes. It was found that strong leadership; implementation of robust, evolving biophilic visions from the start; a firm governance structure addressing the major challenges; and the implementation of innovative planning methodologies and creative initiatives forged the urban transformation of Singapore. It was also noted the lack of community participation in the process; therefore, it would be interesting to follow the process’ continuity over time.

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A+U special edition (2012a) Interview: Ng Lang, CEO, Urban Redevelopment Authority, Singapore: 2012

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Zingoni de Baro, M.E. (2022). Singapore Case Study. In: Regenerating Cities. Cities and Nature. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90559-0_7

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The Urban Design Case Study Archive is a project of Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design developed collaboratively between faculty, students, developers, and professional library staff. Specifically, it is an ongoing collaboration between the GSD’s Department of Urban Planning and Design and the Frances Loeb Library. This project received funding from the Veronica Rudge Green Prize for its development and was originally envisioned by professors Peter Rowe and Rahul Mehrotra.

As a collection of case studies, the project aims to support the study of the built environment in urban areas through a rich data model for urban design projects and their related descriptions, interpretations, drawings, and images. It makes use of excellent data entry tools that support the sophisticated search and visualization needed to support its pedagogical aims and scholarly research. Each case study includes digital photographs of the urban context, the projects themselves, and other graphic representation such as site plans, sections, and elevations, as well as texts, commentary, articles, analyses, bibliographies, people involved and interviews to facilitate and encourage discoverability and a flexible navigation within and across case studies depending on research interests.

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Superkilen : Case study of the public urban space in Copenhagen, Denmark

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CASE STUDY LINKS/REFERENCES

Australia Award for Urban Design An award for Australian urban design initiatives and projects that demonstrate excellence and innovation, and contribute to a wider appreciation of, urban design.

Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment A resource with publications and case studies of excellent buildings and spaces, United Kingdom.

Good Design Case Studies Case studies of residential, reuse and infill developments in Melbourne demonstrating design solutions for balancing growth with sustainability, liveability and community needs (Victorian Department of Planning and Community Development, 2012).

Healthy Spaces & Places—A national guide to designing places for healthy living A resource providing guidance and case studies on creating healthy communities (Planning Institute of Australia, Heart Foundation & Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, 2009).

International Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Association An international association promoting the use of CPTED principles and strategies and provides access to resources, international case studies and books on CPTED.

Project for Public Places An international resource with information on best practice public place case studies from around the world and guidance on how to create great public places.

Streets for People—Compendium for South Australian best practice A compendium presenting key principles to shape pedestrian and cycling friendly street designs in the South Australian context and best practice case studies (South Australian Active Living Coalition).

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About Streets

• Prioritizing People in Street Design
• Streets Around the World
• Global Influences
• A New Approach to Street Design
• How to Use the Guide
• What is a Street
• Shifting the Measure of Success
• The Economy of Streets
• Streets for Environmental Sustainability
• Safe Streets Save Lives
• Streets Shape People
• Multimodal Streets Serve More People
• What is Possible
• The Process of Shaping Streets
• Aligning with City and Regional Agendas
• Involving the Right Stakeholders
• Setting a Project Vision
• Communication and Engagement
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• Phasing and Interim Strategies
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• Maintenance
• Institutionalizing Change
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• Summary Chart
• Measuring the Streets

Street Design Guidance

• Key Design Principles
• Defining Place
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• Immediate Context
• Changing Contexts
• Comparing Street Users
• A Variety of Street Users
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• Pedestrian Toolbox
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• Cycle Signals
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• Stop Placement
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• Contraflow Lanes on One-Way Streets
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• Motorist Toolbox
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• Freight Toolbox
• Freight Management and Safety
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• Underground Utilities Placement Guidance
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• Benefits of Green Infrastructure
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• Network Management
• Volume and Access Management
• Parking and Curbside Management
• Speed Management
• Signs and Signals
• Design Speed
• Design Vehicle and Control Vehicle
• Design Year and Modal Capacity
• Design Hour

Street Transformations

• Street Design Strategies
• Street Typologies
• Example 1: 18 m
• Example 2: 10 m
• Pedestrian Only Streets: Case Study | Stroget, Copenhagen
• Example 1: 8 m
• Case Study: Laneways of Melbourne, Australia
• Case Study: Pavement to Parks; San Francisco, USA
• Case Study: Plaza Program; New York City, USA
• Example 1: 12 m
• Example 2: 14 m
• Case Study: Fort Street; Auckland, New Zealand
• Example 1: 9 m
• Case Study: Van Gogh Walk; London, UK
• Example 1: 13 m
• Example 2: 16 m
• Example: 3: 24 m
• Case Study: Bourke St.; Sydney, Australia
• Example 2: 22 m
• Example 3: 30 m

Case Study: St. Marks Rd.; Bangalore, India

• Example 2: 25 m
• Example 3: 31 m
• Case Study: Second Ave.; New York City, USA
• Example 1: 20 m
• Example 2: 30 m
• Example 3: 40 m
• Case Study: Götgatan; Stockholm, Sweden
• Example 1: 16 m
• Example 2: 32 m
• Example 3: 35 m
• Case Study: Swanston St.; Melbourne, Australia
• Example 1: 32 m
• Example 2: 38 m
• Case Study: Boulevard de Magenta; Paris, France
• Example 1: 52 m
• Example 2: 62 m
• Example 3: 76 m
• Case Study: Av. 9 de Julio; Buenos Aires, Argentina
• Example: 34 m
• Case Study: A8erna; Zaanstad, The Netherlands
• Example: 47 m
• Case Study: Cheonggyecheon; Seoul, Korea
• Example: 40 m
• Case Study: 21st Street; Paso Robles, USA
• Types of Temporary Closures
• Example: 21 m
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• Example: 20 m
• Case Study: Jellicoe St.; Auckland, New Zealand
• Example: 30 m
• Case Study: Queens Quay; Toronto, Canada
• Case Study: Historic Peninsula; Istanbul, Turkey
• Existing Conditions
• Case Study 1: Calle 107; Medellin, Colombia
• Case Study 2: Khayelitsha; Cape Town, South Africa
• Case Study 3: Streets of Korogocho; Nairobi, Kenya
• Intersection Design Strategies
• Intersection Analysis
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• Mini Roundabout
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• Major Intersection: Reclaiming the Corners
• Major Intersection: Squaring the Circle
• Major Intersection: Cycle Protection
• Complex Intersection: Adding Public Plazas
• Complex Intersection: Improving Traffic Circles
• Complex Intersection: Increasing Permeability
• Acknowledgements
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The reconstruction of this one-way street addressed several major challenges, including inadequate design and planning, poor maintenance standards, and inefficient utility management.

The project took a comprehensive, multidimensional approach under the program Tender S.U.R.E.: break once, and fix once and for all. This approach promotes upfront investment in quality materials and construction to increase durability.

• Balance existing uses.
• Enhance user experience, increase pedestrian safety, and calm traffic.
• Reduce disruptive construction practices by investing in upfront, quality
• construction for long-term durability.

Key Elements

Enhanced and extended sidewalks.

One-way protected cycle tracks.

Consistent travel lanes.

Dedicated and paved bus, auto rickshaw, and parking bays.

Landscaped strip between the motorized and non-motorized paths.

Protection and enhancement of existing trees with pits and guards.

Reconfiguration of underground utilities with the creation of access chambers for utility lines.

Keys to Success

• Interagency coordination.
• Public participation and involvement from the early stages of the project.
• Documentation and verification of existing utilities as part of planning and design process.

Involvement

Public Agencies Government of Karnataka, Bangalore Municipal Corporation (BBMP), Bangalore Development Authority, KPTCL, Traffic Police, Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), BESCOM

Nonprofit Organizations Jana Urban Space, Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy

Designers and Engineers Jana USP (Designer), NAPC (Contractor)

Project Timeline

Adapted by Global Street Design Guide published by Island Press.

S 2024 M 2023 S 2023 M 2022 S 2022 M 2021 S 2021 M 2020 S 2020 M 2019 S 2019 M 2018 S 2018 M 2017 S 2017 M 2016

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• Revitalization of Gariahat Market, Kolkata

Shivam Adhikary

The studio is structured as an introduction to urban design representation and how it is used as a means of design thinking. The premise is that urban design is best understood and expressed through study and representation of the built urban environment. Hence the studio will focus on the study and representation of the key urban elements in cities and will be structured in multiple modules running through the semester, each culminating with an exhibition of the out - come. These modules will significantly focus on effectively capturing and communicating the spatial qualities of the urban built environment.  Module 1 will involve perceiving and representation of the key elements of ur - ban design. The premise is that building types, urban blocks, streets, and public open spaces form the key elements that come together to make any functional urban space. The exercises in this module will enable students with methods to study each element and how they contribute to the scale, form, character, and their relationship with the larger urban context.  Module 2 will be the final exercise which will involve the design of public places The learning outcome of the studio are: to prepare design drawings to graphically communicate the key spatial characteristics of an existing urban built environment with a focus on its elements and prepare a design for a given urban area in the form of a framework plan, design analysis, and 3-dimentional illustration to represent the design.

Elements of Urban Design - Building types - Red represents the publicness of spaces attached / used as part of the built.

Elements of Urban Design - Open Spaces - Tactile urbanism as a placemaking strategy to manage circulation and pauses outside a busy railway station in Bahnofplatz, Aachen, Germany.

Elements of Urban Design - Streets - Covered shopping alleys in Ebishu Basi Suji shopping street.

Elements of Urban Design - Urban Blocks - Organic and porous pedestrianised Blocks near Riverfront in Bankside, London

Public Place Design - mapping study of informal hawkers along Gariahat Market to understand the diversity mix, typological zoning and spatial requirements for each typology.

Public Place Design - Issues and Concerns

Public Place Design - A Cross section across the Market Road highlighting the 1. Active corners, 2. Permeable market and 3. Eat Streets as key placemaking strategies used along various identified locations in the market.

Public Place Design - Section across the market showing the role of modular stalls which are used to replace the shabby makeshift stalls for defining walkability and encroachment limits.

Public Place Design - Proposed market stalls enhances visual porosity across the market, climatic comfort, imageability and adaptability to various edge type.

Public Place Design - Imageability, Wayfinding and Afterthought....

Project video.

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