acc1 solved assignment 2021 22

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IGNOU ACC-01 Assignment 2022-23 (July – January)

IGNOU ACC Assignment July 2022 – January 2023 – IGNOU University has uploaded its current session Assignment of ACC Programme for the session year 2022-23. Students of the ACC Programme can now download Assignment questions from this page. Candidates have to compulsory download those assignments to get a permit of attending the Term End Exam of the IGNOU BDP Programme.

We also advise all ACC students that after downloading you will get each course’s assignments of your ACC programme. You have to create every assignment separately so that IGNOU Evaluators can easily check your Assignment.

Programme Code : ACC-01

Programme Name : Bachelors Degree Programme

Session : July 2022 – January 2023

List of IGNOU ACC-01 Assignment 2022-23

Download ACC-01 Assignments 2022-23 (English)
Download ACC-01 Assignments 2022-23 (Hindi)

Each question has a different marking and it will be printed on each question Candidates must write the solution to all questions which are written in the ACC assignment file. ACC Students have to submit each course’s assignments to IGNOU Study Centre in which they get registered. You have to submit it before the due date to appear in Term End Exam conducted by IGNOU.

IGNOU ACC-01 Assignment Submission Last Date for 2022-23

For June 2023 Exam : 30th March 2023

For Dec 2023 Exam : 30th September 2023

Where to Submit IGNOU ACC-01 Assignments?

If you have completely solved your assignment then you have to submit your IGNOU Assignments to the coordinator of the study centre which was allotted to you at the time of admission. Don’t forget to get a receipt for the submission of ACC Assignments.

IGNOU BHM Assignment 2022-2023 (July - January)
IGNOU ANC-01 Assignment 2022-2023 (July - January)
IGNOU PGDAE Assignments 2022 (July)
IGNOU MBAHRM Assignment 2022-2023 (July - January)
IGNOU BDP Assignment 2022-2023 (July - January)
IGNOU AHE-01 Assignment 2022 (June - December)

33 thoughts on “IGNOU ACC-01 Assignment 2022-23 (July – January)”

Send me acc01

July 2017 mey admission liye to acc 01 assignment kB krna hoga submit .

mujhe v hindi me assignment pdf chahie ACC1 session 21-22 please

Is this assignment (acc_01)valid for june 2018 session,, means can i submit the same assignment before 31 march 2018″”for june TEE 2018″. plz reply me as soon as possible

YES you can

Can anyone send me ACC1 solved assignment plz as i m unable to download due to remote area poor net connection

Mai DEC -2018 me final year ka exam dunga Course name BDP (B.A) Assignment 2017-18 ka ya 2018-19 ka bnaunga. Sept 30th 2018 ko submit krna h . Pls suggest me

I didnt submitt my anco1 assignment before 31 march kya mai aug last tk jama kar sakti hu mera result pending v hoga

Can anyone sent ACC1 solved assignment for 2018

Please give solved assignment of ACC 1

Please give me solved assignment Acc 1

Shahana…You can solve assignment by downloading study materials from ignou egyankosh if you dont want to prepare from those i am having acc1 study material send your mail id if u want it .

Hi if you have solved assignment of ACC 1 Hindi Medium

I need too please send me that copies

We only submit written assignment of acc1 to our concerned study centre.is there any extra activities need to do like I mean practicals other than assignment for this exam please . After seeing questions in assignment I am little confused.

you just have to write answers about the given questions. no practicals are there for acc 1

Practical exercises should be done accordingly by observing children and write it in your assignment what u observed

Can u plzz send me solved assignment of ACC -01 for 18 -19 secession

Yes i can but how should i send ur mail id

Those who want ignou acc 01( english)assignment plz send your email id .

i can submit for decamber sec this assignment

I am searching AHE 1 and AHE 1 assignment question for Dec tee exam 2019 but i can’t found.if have any person plz give me.

Please sir. Plz send me acc1 2018-19 solved assignment

Is this valid for June 2020 TEE

When will the ACC01(BA 2020-21) assignment question paper be updated..

ACC – 01 Assignments for Session July-2020…??

When will the ACC01 assignment result be bublished (June 2020)?

Assignment Acc ka result nhi aaya Mera SEP 2020 me jma krwayi ha koi bta skta ha kya kre

2018 me final year ka admission ki thi par abhi tak exam ni de saki aur assignment bhi ni de saki to kya dec -21 me exam de sakti hu aur assignment submit kar sakti hu

Maine 2020 me acc1 assignment submit kiye the avi tak uska maks nhi aaya

sir ACC1 2023-24 assignment is not available in ignou site and my program is valid till July 24 kindly help me how shall i complete my ACC1 course

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What are these assignment

The assignment are very important in IGNOU University we can’t pass only by giving the exam we have to submit the assignment because the assignment take 30% weightage in the Final Examination.

What is the weight of these assignments

Assignments have 30% weighted in programme so that we can’t ignore it.

We have to write the best assignment solution to get higher marks in a result and it also increases our performance report in our grade card.

Without assignments our course is incomplete and we must submit to complete.

In assignments, we must get 40% marks for passing and thereafter we can fill IGNOU Exam Form to appear in TEE Examination. e.g. if assignment total marks in 100 then we have to get at least 40 marks to pass out.

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Visit this link of IGNOU Official Website for Assignment Status –

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For Assignment/ Project/ Practical Submission Status Checking, Enter Enrollment No. (9 Digit)*.
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Hit Submit Button and our Status will open up.

Can we submit assignments late

No, we can’t submit IGNOU assignments late. The Late fee is not for Late Submission of Assignments Actually, there’s NO Fee at all to submit the signed Assignments.

Hence, if we don’t want to submit a late fee, then either submits the assignment and examination form before or on March 31st or September 30.

How can we get good marks in IGNOU assignments

To get good marks in IGNOU assignments we should follow the followings methods:

(a) The matter (answers) should be ours.

(b) We should not copy the answer of each and every question from the internet or from our study material.

(d) The more we show our efforts in writing, the more we will be noticed while checking the assignments.

(e) The presentation matters.

(f) The pages of our work should be properly attached inside a file.

(g) All answers should be written in good handwriting.

(h) Proper indentation must be used.

(i) Each and every answer should be properly numbered.

(j) Only white A4 sheets should be used while writing answers.

(k) A copy of printed assignments should be attached in the starting of the file along with assignment code for further reference.

Is it Compulsory to submit assignments

Yes, every IGNOU students have to write and submit assignments to SC before the due date. If any student failed to submit then he/she cannot attend the Term End Exam conducted by IGNOU University. We can also get bits of help from IGNOU Solved Assignments to prepare best assignment sheet for submitting it to centre.

Download IGNOU questions paper :-

6 thoughts on “ ignou solved assignment 2021-22 free download pdf ”.

Hello team want meg solved assignment free of it is possible

YES FREE SOLVED ASSIGNMENT https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCE9ih0kE0ftQBtqUqVcTPvw/videos WHICH ARE NOT AVAILABLE COMMENT IN ANY VIDEO WE WILL MAKE FOR YOU JUST COMMENT YOUR SUBJECTS

Bhai bag ka free milega solved assignment 2021-22 ka

There is no solved assignment for Certificate in French Language course (CFL). Kindly share it.

Dear Sir, Thank you for your comment on our website regarding the CFL (Certificate Programme in French Language) solved assignment. We apologize for the inconvenience, as currently, the solved assignments for CFL are not available. However, we have an alternative solution for you. We are pleased to inform you that we can create customized solved assignments for the CFL subjects you require. The charges for each subject’s solved assignment will be Rs. 200. If you are interested in availing this service, please feel free to contact us via WhatsApp at 9891268050. We assure you of the highest quality and accuracy in the solved assignments we provide. Our team of experts will ensure that the assignments meet the required standards and help you in your studies. Thank you for considering our services. We look forward to assisting you further.

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IGNOU ACC-1 HINDI SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021-22

Post author: IGNOU ASSIGNMENT WALA
Post published: August 10, 2022
Post category: Solved Assignments
Post comments: 1 Comment

IGNOU ACC-1 HINDI SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021-22

क्या आप इग्नू हल असाइनमेंट प्राप्त करना चहेते है ? हम हल कार्य प्रदान कर रहे हैं। याहा दे गया लिंक से इग्नू बेवे 181 हिंदी हल असाइनमेंट पब्लिश किया गया है . इग्नू ने असाइनमेंट acc-1 हिंदी 2021-22 हल किया. ignou acc-1

Title Name ACC-1 Hindi Solved Assignment 2021-22

Service Type Solved Assignment (Soft copy/PDF)

Course Bachelor’s Degree Programme

Language HINDI MEDIUM

Course: BA(Hindi)

Session 2021-22

Assignment Code ACC-1/TMA/2021-22

Submission Date For the students enrolled in July 2021- 30th April 2022 For the students enrolled in January 2022- 31st October 2022

प्रोग्राम गाइड में असाइनमेंट पर अनुभाग पढ़ें जो इग्नू ने आपको आपके नामांकन के बाद भेजा था। 30 प्रतिशत का वेटेज,जैसा कि आप जानते हैं, निरंतर मूल्यांकन के लिए निर्धारित किया गया है, जिसमें इस पाठ्यक्रम के लिए एकट्यूटर-चिन्हित असाइनमेंट शामिल होगा। असाइनमेंट इस पुस्तिका में है, और इसमें दो भाग होते हैं, भाग ए और बी।सभी भागों के कुल अंक 100 हैं, जिनमें से इसे पास करने के लिए 35% की आवश्यकता होती है।

उम्मीदवारों को महत्वपूर्ण बात पता होनी चाहिए कि IGNOU ACC-1 टर्म एंड परीक्षा (TEE) में भाग लेने के लिए, IGNOU के क्षेत्रीय केंद्र में IGNOU असाइनमेंट जमा करना आवश्यक है। असाइनमेंट के बिना, उम्मीदवारों को परीक्षा में बैठने की अनुमति नहीं दी जाएगी। इसलिए, इसके लिए छात्रों को पहले अपना असाइनमेंट डाउनलोड करना होगा, उन्हें पूरा करना होगा और फिर इसे इग्नू के क्षेत्रीय केंद्र में जमा करना होगा। उम्मीदवार इग्नू द्वारा उपलब्ध कराई गई पुस्तकों या अध्ययन सामग्री का उपयोग करके इग्नू ACC-1 के अपने संबंधित कार्यों को हल कर सकते हैं। ये अध्ययन सामग्री/पुस्तकें न केवल सत्रीय कार्यों के लिए बल्कि उनकी संबंधित सत्रांत परीक्षा की तैयारी के लिए भी लाभकारी हैं।

इग्नू असाइनमेंट ACC-1 पर्यावरण अध्ययन हिंदी मीडियम 2021-22 हल

IGNOU MCFT 006 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021-22

IGNOU FHD 2 HM SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2021-22

IGNOU MPC 003 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT 2023-24

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ACC-01 Organizing Childcare Services Solved Assignment IGNOU 2022-23

All the students of Indira Gandhi National Open University or IGNOU who are pursuing Bachelor Degree Programme (BDP) and selected Application Oriented Course (Course Code: ACC-01) in Organizing Child Care Services as their course have to submit IGNOU ACC -01 solved assignment for the batch 2022-23 in English or Hindi medium.

These solved assignments are valid for candidates who are going to appear in the December, 2022 and June, 2023 IGNOU examinations. These solved assignments are created by our team of IGNOU experts who are always ready to help you out with your IGNOU assignments and exams. The university uploads the assignment questions once a year for both sessions and hence you can get the solved handwritten assignments anytime from our website.

Important Note: It should be noted that the students should submit the assignment at their study center chosen during filling up the IGNOU admission form. The details of ACC-01 Organizing Childcare Services Solved Assignment IGNOU 2022-23 are given below:

Programme Name: Bachelor Degree Programme
Course Code: ACC-01
Assignment code: ACC-01/AST/TMA/2022-23
Validity of Assignment: These assignments will remain valid for July 2022 & January 2023 session students

Assignments carry significant weight in the final evaluation. The IGNOU university gives 30% weightage to these assignments. So, these are to be submitted on time. This means that 30% of the total marks obtained by the students in the assignments will be added to the total marks of the course. Therefore, total marks for any course will be a combination of theory and assignment marks, i.e. 70% and 30% respectively.

IGNOU ACC-01 Assignment Free Download

Last date of ignou acc 1 assignment submission, guidelines to write ignou acc 1 solved assignment.

Students can easily download IGNOU ACC 1 assignment question papers free of cost from the university's official website. They do not have to pay any charges or fees for that.

Please read the IGNOU assignments thoroughly and carefully
Students strictly have to answer the IGNOU assignment questions as per the word limit given by the university.
You have to write the answers in your handwriting.
Try to write IGNOU assignment questions and answers in your own words.

Please let us know if you face any difficulty in downloading the ACC-01 Organizing Childcare Services Solved Assignment IGNOU 2022-23.

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Company Law ECO 08 Solved Assignment 2021 – 22, BCOE 108 Solved Assignment 2021 – 22, IGNOU B.Com

Ignou b.com solved assignment 2021 – 22, company law eco 08 solved assignment 2021 – 22, bcoe 108 solved assignment 2021 – 22, bachelor’s degree programme (bdp), for july 2021 and january 2022 admission cycle, school of management studies, indira gandhi national open university maidan garhi, new delhi -110068, bcoe-108 / eco-08 (elective course in commerce), bcoe-108 / eco-08: company law, assignment- 2021-22.

1. (a) Explain the meaning of a company. (15)

Ans: Definition: A company is an artificial person created by law, having a separate legal entity, with a perpetual succession and a common seal. It is an association of many persons who contribute money or money’s worth to a common stock and employs it for a common purpose. The common stock so contributed is denoted in terms of money and is called capital of the company. The persons who contribute it or to whom it belongs are members. The proportion of capital to which each member is entitled is his share.

According to The Companies Act’ 2013 – “Company means a every association of person formed and registered under this Act or any companies enacted prior to the Companies Act, 2013.” [sec.2(20)]

Joint Stock Company has been defined by many eminent authors, jurists and institutions. Some of these definitions are given below:

According to L. H. Haney – “A company is an artificial person created by law, having a separate legal entity, with a perpetual succession and a common seal.”

According to Chief Justice Marshall – “A company is an artificial being invisible, intangible and existing only in the eyes of law.”

Characteristics of a Company

The system of joint stock organization is very useful for large undertakings for which large capital is required. It is an incorporated association created by law, having distinctive name, a common seal, perpetual succession, limited liability etc. formed to carry on business for profit. Some of the essential characteristics of a company are given below:

1) Artificial Person: A company is an artificial person, which exists only in the eyes of law. The company carries business on its own behalf. It has a right to sue and can be sued, can have its own property and its own bank account. It can also own money and be a creditor.

2) Created by law: A company can be formed only with registration. It has to fulfill a lot of formalities to be registered. It has also to fulfill a lot of legal formalities in order to be dissolved.

3) Separate Legal entity: A company has a separate legal entity and is not affected by changes in its membership.

4) Perpetual succession: A company has a continuous existence. Its existence does not affected by admission, retirement, death or insolvency of its members. The members may come or go but the company may go forever. Only law can terminate its existence.

5) Limited Liability: The liability of every member is limited to the amount he has agreed to pay to the company on the shares held by him.

6) Voluntary Association: A company is a voluntary association. It cannot compel any one to become its member or shareholder.

7) Capital Structure: A company has to mention its maximum capital requirements in future in its memorandum of association. Its capital is divided into shares, which are easily transferable from person to person.

8) Transferability of Shares: The shares of the company are movable property. The shares of a company are freely transferable by its members except in case of a private company, which may have certain restrictions of such transferability. [ Sec.44 of the Companies Act, 2013]

9) Common Seal: Since a company has no physical existence, it must act through its agents and all such contracts entered into by such agents must be under the seal of the company. The common seal acts as the official seal of the company. (Amendments, 2014): Now, the use of common seal has been made optional. All such documents which required affixing the common seal may now instead be signed by two directors or one director and a company secretary of the company.

10) Democratic Ownership: The directors of a company are elected by its shareholders in a democratic way.

11) Maintenance of Books: A limited Company is required by law to keep a prescribed set of account books and failure in this regard may attract penalty.

12) Periodical audit: A Company has to get its accounts periodically audited through the chartered accountants appointed for this purpose by the shareholders.

(b) What is Corporate veil? Explain the circumstances when it can be lifted. (5)

Ans: Corporate Veil – Meaning and when it can be lifted

From the juristic point of view, a company is a legal person distinct from its members [ Saloman v. Saloman & Co. Ltd .]. When a company is incorporated, it has a separate legal status which is distinct from its members, shareholders, directors etc. and any change is shareholding pattern or directors does not affect the existence and continuity of a company. Separate legal status of a company has led the concept of corporate veil. The effect of this principle is that there is a veil between the company and its members and company has a corporate personality which is distinct from its members.

The consequence of attributing a legal personality to a corporation is that it is distinct entity from its members and this “legal personality” is often described as an artificial person in contrast with a human being, a natural person. This clearly indicates that a corporation is completely capable of enjoying rights and of being subject to certain duties that are not same as borne by its members. Also members or directors are not personally made liable for all the acts of the company.

Corporate veil can be lifted When (LIC v. Escort ltd.)

Lifting of corporate veil means disregarding the separate legal entity of any company and looking for the original persons who are in control of the company. The companies Act’ 2013 itself has provided for certain cases making the members or directors personally liable or corporate veil are lifted. These are:

1. Reduction in membership: If a company carries not business of more than six months after the number of its members has been reduced below seven in case of a public company and two in case of private company, every person who was a member of the company during the time when it carried on business after those six months and who was aware of this fact shall be severally liable for all debts contracted after six months.

2. Misdescription of the company: The name of the company should be fully and properly mentioned on all documents, instruments, etc. If an officer of a company or any other person acts on its behalf and enters into a contract or signs a negotiable instrument without fully writing the name of the company, then such officer or person shall be personally liable.

3. Fraudulent trading: Where in the course of winding up of a company it appears that the business of the company has been carried on with intent to defraud creditors of the company or any other person or for any fraudulent purpose; all those who were aware of such fraud shall be personally liable without any limitation of liability.

4. Tax evasions : Corporate veil can be lifted if court is of the opinion that this doctrine is used for tax evasions or deceive tab obligations.

5. Enemy character of a company: If a company is controlled by a person who is a resident of an enemy country, in such a case court may examine the character of person in control of the company and may declare company as an enemy company and lift the corporate veil.

6. Holding act subsidiary company: In the eyes of law, the holding company and its subsidiary company have separate legal entities. In has been held that even a hundred per cent subsidiary is a separate legal entity and its holding company is not liable for its acts. A holding company is required to attach with its final accounts, a copy of the balance sheet profit and loss account directors report of each subsidiary. Sometimes the court may refuse to treat the subsidiary company as a separate entity and treat it as only a branch of the holding company.

7. Failure to Refund application money: If the application money of those applicants to whom shares have not been allotted, is not repaid within 15 days, then the directors shall be jointly and severally liable to repay that money with interest @ 12% p.a.

8. Ultra vires acts: Directors of a company shall be personally liable for all such acts which they have done on behalf of the company if they are ultra vires the company or ultra vires the directors and the company does not ratify their acts.

9. When a company is sham: The Courts also lift the veil where a company is a mere cloak or sham (hoax).

2. (a) What are memorandum of association and articles of association? What is the difference between them? (12)

Ans: Memorandum of Association

Memorandum of association is the document which contains the rules regarding constitution and activities and objects of the company. It is fundamental charter of the company. Its relation towards the members and the outsiders are determined by this important document.

Section 2 (56) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines Memorandum as “Memorandum means the Memorandum of association of a company as originally framed or as altered from time to time in pursuance of any previous companies’ law or of this act”.

One of the essentials for the registration of a company is memorandum of association. It is the first step in the formation of a company. Its importance lies in the fact that it contains the fundamental clauses which have often been described as the conditions of the company’s incorporation.

Articles of Association

The Articles contain rules and regulations for the internal management of the company. They are framed with the object of carrying out the aims and object of the memorandum of association and also to monitor that the same are carried as prescribed.

Section 2 (5) of the Companies Act, 2013 defines articles as “Articles means Articles of Association of a company as originally framed or altered from time to time in pursuance of any previous law or of this act including so far as they apply to the company the regulations contain as the case may be in Table A to Schedule I of this act”

The difference between Memorandum of Association & Article of Association is given here:

Also Read: IGNOU B.Com Solved Assignment 2021 – 22

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(b) What are the consequences of misstatement in a prospectus. (8)

Ans: Misleading Prospectus or Mis-statement in prospectus:

A prospectus is said to be misleading or untrue in two following cases:

a) A statement included in a prospectus shall be deemed to be untrue, if the statement is misleading in the form and context in which it is included.

b) Omission from prospectus of any matter to mislead the investors.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR MIS-STATEMENT IN PROSPECTUS (SECTION 34):

Where a prospectus, issued, circulated or distributed:

a) includes any statement which is untrue or misleading in form or context in which it is included; or

b) where any inclusion or omission of any matter is likely to mislead;

Every person who authorises the issue of such prospectus shall be liable under section 447 i.e. fraud.

Defences available in this section are:

a) Person proves that statement or omission was immaterial;

b) Person has reasonable ground to believe and did believe that statement was true; or

c) Person has reasonable ground to believe and did believe that the inclusion or omission was necessary.

CIVIL LIABILITY FOR MIS-STATEMENTS IN PROSPECTUS (SECTION 35):

Where a person has subscribed for securities of a company acting upon any misleading statement, inclusion or omission and has sustained any loss or damage as its consequence, the company and every person who:

a) is a director at the time of the issue of prospectus;

b) has named as director or as proposed director with his consent;

c) is a promoter of the company;

d) has authorised the issue of the prospectus; and

e) is an expert;

shall be liable to pay compensation to effected person. This civil liability shall be in addition to the criminal liability under section 36. Where it is proved that a prospectus has been issued with intent to defraud the applicants for the securities of a company or any other person or for any fraudulent purpose, every person shall be personally responsible, without any limitation of liability, for all or any of the losses or damages that may have been incurred by any person who subscribed to the securities on the basis of such prospectus.

Defences under this section are:

a) he has withdrawn his consent or never gives his consent;

b) the prospectus was issued without his knowledge or consent and when he became aware, gave a reasonable public notice that prospectus was issued without his knowledge or consent.

3. (a) What is allotment of shares? What are the conditions regarding allotment of shares? (14)

Ans: A public limited company invites subscriptions from the public and for this purpose a prospectus is issued. In response to this invitation, the prospective investors offer to buy shares by submitting the prescribed application form. If the application is accepted by the company, it proceeds to allot him the shares. With the issue of the letter of allotment, the offer stands accepted thereby giving rise, to a legally binding contract between the company and the shareholder. Thus, an allotment is the acceptance by the company of the offer to purchase shares. The term ‘Allotment’ has nowhere been defined in the Companies Act. It may be said that allotment is an appropriation by the Board of directors of a certain number of shares to a specified person in response to his application. In other words, allotment means the appropriation out of the previously un-appropriated capital of a company, of a certain number of shares to a person.

Rules regarding Allotment of Shares

The rules regarding allotment of shares can be discussed under the two broad headings:

(a) General rules and

(b) the legal rules.

General Rules: The allotment is the acceptance of an offer to purchase certain number of shares. Therefore, the general rules relating to valid acceptance of an offer must be followed. The general rules regarding allotment of shares are as follows:

i) The allotment must be made by proper authority: It is the duty of the Board of directors to allot the shares. However, the Board may delegate this authority to some other person or persons as per the provisions of the articles of association. Allotment of Shares made by an improper authority will make it void.

ii) The allotment should be made within a reasonable time: The offer to purchase shares of the company must be accepted within a reasonable time otherwise the applicants may refuse to take shares because after a reasonable time the offer lapses. What is the ‘reasonable time’ is a question of fact in each case.

iii) It must be communicated: The allotment of shares should be communicated to the applicants. Posting of a properly addressed and stamped letter of allotment will be taken as a valid communication. Even if this letter of allotment is delayed or lost in transit, the allottee will be liable. ‘G’ applied for certain shares in a company. The letter of allotment was dispatched to him but it never reached. It was held that ‘G’ was liable as a shareholder.

iv) It must be absolute and unconditional. The allotment of shares must conform to the terms and conditions of the application. If the allotment is not according to the terms and conditions, the applicant may refuse to accept the shares even though allotment has been made to him. If the conditions are not fulfilled, the applicant must reject the shares promptly. His silence or acceptance will debar him from this right.

Legal Rules: So far as the private companies are concerned, the Act does not lay down any restrictions as to the allotment of shares. But the Act has laid down certain restrictions regarding the allotment of shares by public companies.

When no public offer is made: Where a public company does not offer its shares to the public but arranges the capital privately, the company cannot proceed with the allotment unless it files with the Registrar of Companies at least three days before the first allotment, a statement in lieu of prospectus. If the allotment is made in contravention to this provision, it will be termed as irregular allotment and it shall be voidable at the option of the allottee. In addition to this, every officer of the company, who is a party to such allotment shall be punishable with fine which may extent to Rs. 1,000.

When an Offer is made to the Public: Where a company offers to shares to the public:

i) a prospectus must be issued and a copy of the same should be filed with the Registrar. You should note that the company cannot allot the shares immediately after issuing the prospectus. No allotment can be made until the beginning of the fifth day from the date of issue of prospectus. The fifth day is to be counted from the date of issue of prospectus was published or was otherwise notified to the public. The beginning of the fifth day is known as ‘the time of the opening of the subscription lists. The object of this provision is to enable the public to go through the prospectus and to decide whether to apply for the shares. The Companies Act, however, does not specifically provide for the time of closing the subscription list. It means that the company may keep the subscription list open for any length of time it wants. According to stock exchange regulations where the shares are listed on any stock exchange, the subscription list must be kept open for at least three days, in such cases, the prospectus usually mentions the time of closing of the subscription lists.

ii) Minimum subscription: No company can proceed to allot shares to the public until the minimum subscription (which is 90%.thc issue amount) has been subscribed, and the sum payable on applications for it has been received by the company in cash. If the company does not receive the minimum subscription of 90% of the issue amount, the entire subscription will be refunded to the applicants within 90 days from the date of closure of the issue. If there is a delay in refund of such amount by more than ten days, the company is liable to pay interest at the rate of 15% per annum for the delayed period.

iii) Application money: It is the amount which is payable on each share along with the application for purchase of shares. The amount payable on application 0% each share shall not be less than 5 per cent of the nominal amount of the share.

iv) Application money to be deposited in a scheduled bank: All the money received from applicants must be deposited in a scheduled bank and it shall remain there until the certificate to commence business is received.

v) Allotment of shares to dealt in on stock exchange. According to Section 73(1) of the Companies Act, every company intending to offer shares to the public for subscription by the issue of a prospectus shall, before such issue, make an application to one or more recognised stock exchanges for permission for the shares to be dealt with in the stock exchange. Thus, now it is made compulsory that the shares must be listed on a recognised exchange. The prospectus must state the name of the stock exchange or each of such exchanges where the application has been ‘made.

Subsequent allotment of shares: The rules regarding the subsequent allotment of shares are the same as discussed above except the rule regarding minimum subscription.

(b) Distinguish between surrender of shares and forfeiture of shares. (6)

Ans: Difference between surrender and forfeiture of shares:

4. (a) Who can be a director? Explain the modes of appointments of a director. (4, 12)

Ans: Who can be a director of a company?

Qualifications of a Director:

As regards to the qualification of directors, there is no direct provision in the Companies Act, 2013.But, according to the different provisions relating to the directors; the following qualifications may be mentioned:

1. A director must be a person of sound mind.

2. A director must hold share qualification, if the article of association provides such.

3. A director must be an individual.

4. A director should be a solvent person.

5. A director should not be convicted by the Court for any offence, etc.

Disqualifications of a director:

Section 164 of Companies Act, 2013, has mentioned the disqualification as mentioned below:

1) A person shall not be capable of being appointed director of a company, if the director is

(a) Of unsound mind by a court of competent jurisdiction and the finding is in force;

(b) An undischarged insolvent;

(d) Has been convicted by a court of any offence involving moral turpitude and sentenced in respect thereof to imprisonment for not less than six months and a period of five years has not elapsed from the date of expiry of the sentence;

(e) Has not paid any call in respect of shares of the company held by him, whether alone or jointly with others, and six months have elapsed from the last day fixed for the payment of the call; or

(f) An order disqualifying him for appointment as director has been passed by a court in pursuance of section 203 and is in force, unless the leave of the court has been obtained for his appointment in pursuance of that section;

2) Such person is already a director of a public company which:

(a) Has not filed the annual accounts and annual returns for any continuous three financial years commencing on and after the first day of April, 1999; or

(b) Has failed to repay its deposits or interest thereon on due date or redeem its debentures on due date or pay dividend and such failure continues for one year or more:

Provided that such person shall not be eligible to be appointed as a director of any other public company for a period of five years from the date on which such public company, in which he is a director, failed to file annual accounts and annual returns under sub-clause (A) or has failed to repay its deposit or interest or redeem its debentures on due date or paid dividend referred to in clause (B).

Appointment of Directors

Section 149 of the Companies Act, 2013, makes it obligatory on every public company to have at least three directors and on every other company to have at least two directors. The directors may be appointed in the following ways:

1. Appointment of First Directors (Sec. 152): First directors mean the director of the company who assumes office from the date of incorporation of the company. The first directors of a company may be named in its articles of association and if it is not mentioned, then the subscribers of the memorandum of association who are individual, shall be deemed to be the first directors of the company, until the directors are not appointed in accordance with Section 152.

In case of public company, if the article provides any share qualification, only such subscribers as possess the necessary share qualification shall be deemed to be directors. The articles at the time of registration may contain the names of the first directors until directors are appointed in the first general meeting.

2 . Appointment of Directors by Members in the General Meeting (Sec. 152(2): Except for the first director, the subsequent directors are appointed by the company in the general meeting. Sec. 152(2) provides that not less than 2/3 of the total number of directors of a public company, or of a private company which is subsidiary of a public company must be appointed by the company in general meeting. These directors must be subject to retirement by rotation. The remaining directors of such a company and a purely private company are appointed by the company in general meeting

3. Appointment by Board of Directors: The directors are appointed in the general meeting by the members. But, the Board of Directors may also appoint the directors, in the following way: a. Additional Directors: Section 161, of the Act, lays down that the Board may appoint additional directors if the article of association of a company empower the Board of Directors to do so. Such additional directors shall hold office only up to the date of the next annual general meeting. If the annual general meeting is not held, then such additional director vacates his office on the last day on which the annual general meeting should have been held in terms of Section 166. The additional directors are exempted from the requirement of filing consent to act as directors.

b. Casual Vacancies: Section 161 empowers the Board of Directors to appoint the directors in the casual vacancy which may occur due to any reasons like, death, resignation, insanity, insolvency etc. of the directors. Such casual vacancy may be filled according to the regulations and procedure prescribed by the articles of association. A person appointed to fill a casual vacancy will hold office only till the date up to which the directors in whose place, he is appointed would have held office.

c. Alternate Directors: The Board Meeting may be held at a time when a director is, absent for a period of more than three months from the state and in such a situation, an ‘alternate director’ is appointed. The Board of Directors can appoint the additional director in the absence of a director if so authorized by articles or by a resolution passed by the company in general meeting. The alternate director shall work until the original director return or up to the period permitted to the original director. The provision of the Act not applicable to the alternate director is as:

A. The appointment of an alternate director is not considered as an increase in the strength of the Board of Directors.

B. Alternate Directorship held by a person cannot be counted for the maximum number of directorship, which a person can hold.

C. An alternate director is not required to hold any qualification shares.

4. Appointment of Directors by Central Government: At least 100 members of the company or the members of the company who hold at least one-tenth of the total voting power, approach the Central Government for appointing a director to safeguard the interest of the company or its members or the public or to curb the oppressive and mismanagement of company’s affairs.

The term of appointment of the directors by the Central Government should not exceed 3 years and he may be removed by the Central Government for appointing another person to hold the office.

5. Appointment of Directors by Third-Parties if the Article provides (Sec. 152): A company may have ‘nominee directors’ which is permissible in a company if the articles of association gives power to such third parties to appoint their nominee on company’s board. Here the third party may be debenture holders, financial corporation, banking companies who have advanced loan to the company to safeguard their interests that the money is only used for the purpose for which it was borrowed.

6. Appointment of Directors by small shareholders if the article provides: The Small Shareholders, in case of a public company having:

i) A paid-up capital of five cores rupees or more, and

ii) one thousand or more small shareholders.

may have a director elected by such small shareholders in the manner as may be prescribed. The directors are appointed by ordinary resolution i.e. through the majority of the shareholders. The minority of the shareholders does not get the opportunity to send representative in the Board of Directors. But, through proportional representative voting, the shareholders can get that opportunity.

7. Appointment of directors by professional representation (Sec. 163): The Directors of a company are generally appointed by simple majority. As a result, majority shareholders controlling 51% or more votes may elect all directors and a substantial minority of 49% may not find any representation on the board. This section gives power to the minority shareholders to elect directors through single transferable vote and cumulative voting.

(b) Explain the term company Secretary in practice. (4)

Ans: Company Secretary Appointment and his Rights and Obligations needs to understand the definitions and as per sec. 2(24) of Companies Act 2013, Company Secretary means a Company Secretary define in sec. 2(1)(c) of the Company Secretaries Act 1980. As per this clause, Company Secretary means a person who is a member of Institute of Company Secretary of India. Company Secretary is managerial personnel in a private sector company and in a public sector company, a Company Secretary is a person who can represent his company before any quasi-judicial body in relation to any legal dispute and other legal litigation.

To be qualified as a company secretary, one must clear the:

1. Company Secretary Executive level programme and Professional level programme.

2. Must have training certificates which includes student induction programme, executive development programme, professional development programmed and long term internship with specified cs entity.

However, to apply for the above programmes, one must:

(a) Be a graduate from any recognized university or institution.

(b) Should not be less than 17 years of age.

Thus, a company secretary should be a member of the institute of companies’ secretaries of India.

5. (a) What are the provisions of companies act with regard to annual general meeting. (10)

Ans: Provisions of the Company’s Act relating to Annual General Meeting: (Sec. 96 of the Companies Act, 2013)

As the term denotes, annual general meeting is the meeting under section 96 which has to be held annually. It is the meeting of the members through which they get the opportunity to express their views on the management of the company. Through this meeting, the shareholders can exercise control over the affairs of the company. The ‘Annual General Meeting’ is sometimes called ‘” Ordinary General Meeting” as it usually deals with the so-called ‘Ordinary Business’.

The main purpose (Objectives) to hold these meetings are:

1. To submit the annual account, balance sheet, director’s report and auditor’s report.

2. To declare the dividend.

3. Special business- any other business to be transacted will be deemed special business likes:

4. To increase share capital

5. To alter Article of Association

6. To appoint auditors and fix their remuneration.

7. To elect directors are that liable to retire by rotation.

Legal Provisions Relating to Annual General Meeting

Every company is required to hold this meeting. But, there are certain legal provisions which have to be followed, relating to the annual general meeting as contained in sections 96 and 97. There are:.

a. First Annual general meeting: A company may hold its first annual general meeting within a period of 9 months from the date of incorporation. However, this should not be more than 9 months from close of financial years.

b. Subsequent meeting: There must be one meeting held in each year. The gap between two annual general meetings must not be more than 15 months. Meeting must be held not later than 6 months from close of financial year.

c. Extension of time: the registrar has the power to extend the time of 15 months by 3 more months in special cases.

d. Day, hour and place of meeting: The meeting can be held at any working place, on any working day and working hours. If the day scheduled for meeting is declared by the Central Government to be a public holiday after the issue of the notice, it shall not be deemed as a holiday.

e. Notice of the meeting: 21 clear days’ notice or any shorter notice if agreed by all shareholders must be given.

f. Business to be transected: At every AGM, the following matters must be discussed and decided. Since such matters are discussed at every AGM, they are known as ordinary business. All other matters and business to be discussed at the AGM are special business.

The following matters constitute ordinary business at an AGM:

a. Consideration of annual accounts, director’s report and the auditor’s report

b. Declaration of dividend

c. Appointment of directors in the place of those retiring

d. Appointment of and the fixing of the remuneration of the statutory auditors. Ordinary business is transacted by passing ordinary resolution.

Special Business: All matters other than ordinary business is treated as special business at an annual general meeting. For transacting special business at a meeting, there shall be annexed to the notice of meeting an explanatory statement setting out:

a) All material facts concerning each item of such business, and

b) In particular, nature of the concern or interest, if any, of every director or manager in each item.

c) Statement must also state time and place where document, if any, proposed for approval at the meeting can be inspected by members.

d) The items constituting special business are transacted either by an ordinary resolution or by a special resolution depending on the requirements of the Companies Act 2013 or articles of the company in respect of each particular item.

g. Default in holding Annual general meeting : As mentioned earlier, every company is required to hold this meeting according to the provision of the Companies Act. If any company fails to hold the annual general meeting the consequences are as follows:

A. As mentioned above, the annual general meeting provides the opportunity to the members to express views on the management of the company. Any member can apply to the Central Government for the failure of the company to call the meeting. The Central Government may give direction to the company for calling the meeting.

B. The company as well as every officer will become liable if they fail to held the meeting and shall be punishable with fine upto Rs. 50,000, and if the default continues, with a further fine of Rs. 2,500 for every day after the first day of default during which the default continues.

NIOS Solved Assignments [TMA] 2022-23

(b) Explain the different types of resolutions and the matters for these resolutions are required. (10)

Ans: Resolution and Its types

Every decision of the company either in the board or in the general meeting is taken by means of resolutions. Resolution is of three types – ordinary resolution, special resolution and resolution requiring special notice.

1. Ordinary resolution: Section 114(1) provides that a resolution shall be an ordinary resolution if the notice required has been duly given and it is required to be passed by the votes cast, whether on a show of hands, or electronically or on a poll, in favour of the resolution, including the casting vote, if any, of the Chairman, by members, who, being entitled so to do, vote in person, or where proxies are allowed, by proxy or by postal ballot, exceed the votes, if any, cast against the resolutions by members, so entitled and voting.

2. Special resolution Section 114(2) provides that a resolution shall be a special resolution when:

a) the intention to propose the resolution as a special resolution has been duly specified in the notice calling the general meeting or other intimation given to its members, of the resolution;

b) the notice required under the Act has been duly given; and

c) the votes cast in favour of the resolution, whether on a show of hands or electronically or on a poll, by members, who, being entitled so to do, vote in person or by proxy or by postal ballot, are required to be not less than 3 times the number of the votes, if any, cast against the resolution by members so entitled and voting.

3. Resolutions requiring special notice: Section 115 provides that where by any provision contained in the Act or in the articles of a company, special notice is required of any resolution, notice of the intention to move such resolution shall be given to the company by such number of members holding not less than 1% of the total voting power or holding shares on which such aggregate sum not exceeding Rs. 5 lakhs, as may be prescribed, has been paid up.

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BCOE-142: Management Accounting

Ignou solved assignment solution for 2021-22, if you are looking for bcoe-142 ignou solved assignment solution for the subject management accounting, you have come to the right place. bcoe-142 solution on this page applies to 2021-22 session students studying in bcomg, bbaril, diril courses of ignou., looking to download all solved assignment pdfs for your course together, bcoe-142 solved assignment solution by gyaniversity.

Assignment Code: BCOE-142/TMA/2021-22

Course Code: BCOE-142

Assignment Name: Management Accounting

Year: 2021-2022

Verification Status: Verified by Professor

Maximum Marks: 100

Note: Attempt all the questions.

Section – A

Q-1 Define management accounting. Describe its objectives and nature. (2+4+4)

Ans ) "A value-adding continuous improvement process of planning, designing, measuring, and operating both non-financial information systems and financial information systems that guides management action, motivates behaviour, and supports and creates the cultural values necessary to achieve an organization's strategic, tactical, and operating objectives," according to the Institute of Management Accountants USA.

The objectives of management accounting are:

Helps in planning and formulating management policies.

Interpretation of financial data available.

Helps in decision making.

Helps in controlling performance.

Helps in organizing.

Helps in reporting.

Helps in coordination of operations.

The nature of management accounting:

Management Accounting is a decision-making foundation: Management Accounting aids management in formulating policies and making day-to-day decisions. Management Accounting presents facts to top managers in a meaningful way that aids their decision-making.

Management accounting is a futuristic idea in which historical data from Financial Accounting and Cost Accounting is used to make future goals. It filters data and delivers only the information needed for specific decision-making.

Management accounting is selective in nature: only relevant data is considered by management accountants. It is effectively examined and given to top executives.

Management accounting is a method that follows a set of steps: Using historical data, management accounting examines many variables to determine the difference between the budgeted and actual amounts. It is a method of planning and controlling that is systematic.

There are no explicit reporting requirements: It can be provided in any format to provide useful information to decision-making authorities. Data can be given in the most appropriate format for the person or topic in question.

Q-2 What are the features of cost control? Explain its advantages and disadvantages. (2+4+4)

Ans ) The features of cost control are:

It's an endeavour to keep expenditures under control.

It is a continuous process that begins with the formulation of standards and the preparation of budgets in order to establish a target, and then continues with the comparison of actual results to these criteria.

To identify the discrepancies that must be corrected, a continual cost control report is required.

It serves as a motivator and encouragement to staff in order to reach budgetary targets and keep costs under control.

It is not just concerned with lowering costs, but also with maximising resource use in order to achieve greater results with the same resources.

Advantages of Cost Control

By addressing variations between real and expected standards, cost control aids in achieving the expected return on capital spent in a company.

With the company's limited resources, cost control leads to higher production standards.

Cost control lowers prices or attempts to maintain them by lowering costs.

Cost control leads to resource efficiency.

It improves a company's profitability and competitiveness.

It improves the company's creditworthiness.

It prospers and improves the industry's economic stability.

It boosts the company's sales while maintaining employment levels.

Disadvantages of Cost Control

It diminishes a company's flexibility and ability to improve processes.

It stifles creativity by focusing on meeting pre-determined standards.

Setting standards necessitates the use of qualified professionals.

It lacks imagination since it is preoccupied with adhering to present guidelines.

It does not result in a rise in standards.

Q-3 What is trend analysis? Discuss various trends to look for in the review of financial statements. (10)

Ans ) Trend analysis is essential for spotting a borrower's future difficulties. This is critical for both the initial examination of a loan application and ongoing monitoring of a loan that has already been disbursed. Although both strong and weak organisations may have shown some of the same trends, a pattern of many negative trends suggests a potential problem that needs to be investigated further. The following is a general discussion of some trends to look for in the review of financial statements:

A decreasing level of cash or cash as a percentage of total assets could indicate a declining cash position. Look for changes in deposit activity, uncollected funds withdrawals, and decreased average monthly balances, among other things.

Slowing receivables collection: This could be due to company diversions, neglect, or changes in collection policies, among other things.

Accounts receivables have increased significantly: This could be expressed in terms of dollars, percentages of assets, or accounts receivable from a particular customer (need ageing of accounts receivable to determine).

Rising inventories: either as a percentage of total assets or as a dollar quantity. This could indicate a desire to unload excess or outmoded goods, a lack of purchasing attention, a slowing of sales, and so on.

Inventory turnover is slowing, which could signal a sales slowdown, overbuying, production issues, and/or issues with the company's purchasing strategies.

Changes in sales terms/policies: Look for shifts from cash to instalment sales, leasing rather than selling, and other similar changes.

A drop in liquid assets: This could be a dollar drop or a drop in current assets as a percentage of overall assets. A business may have trouble meeting current liabilities as current assets drop or become less liquid.

Changes in fixed asset concentration: A decrease could suggest that money required to purchase fixed assets are being diverted to other uses. When fixed assets are increased at the expense of other assets or operational needs, this can be problematic.

Asset revaluation: An asset revaluation on the financial accounts must be substantiated. It has an influence on the company's financial image if it is not warranted.

Changes in asset liens: New subordinated debt should be a cause for concern. It could be a sign of a worsening financial position.

A high or rising concentration of intangible assets: Intangible assets have a tough time determining their worth. In most cases, intangible assets are excluded from the financial analysis

Q-4 What are the objectives of budgeting? Describe its advantages and limitations. List the essentials of effective budgeting (2+3+3+2)

Ans ) The objectives of budgeting are:

Controlling costs and increasing revenue, hence maximising profit, in order to determine profit at various levels of production and the ideal production level.

To run production activities in an efficient manner by eliminating the possibility of a production process interruption owing to a lack of material, labour, or other factors.

To bring about coordination between diverse operations of an organisation, which is critical to its success.

To include measures for calculating and analysing deviations from budgeted results, so that accountability can be assigned and control measures/actions done.

To ensure that actions conducted are in line with the objectives, and to take appropriate corrective action if necessary.

To forecast short- and long-term financial circumstances in order to improve financial position and working capital management.

Advantages of Budgeting

Budgeting ensures that resources are used to their full potential in order to maximise profits.

Budgeting raises awareness of the commercial operation at all levels of management during the goal-setting process.

Budgeting aids in improved coordination between various business/organizational functions/activities and, as a result, better understanding between various functions.

Budgeting is a self-examination and self-criticism process that is critical to any organization's performance.

Budgeting paves the way for upper management's active participation and support.

Budgeting enables an organisation to set its objectives and mobilise its resources to achieve them.

Budgeting encourages the efficient use of resources and fosters a cost-conscious mentality throughout the organisation.

It establishes the foundation for evaluating the performance of several departments as well as various production functions.

Disadvantages of Budgeting

Forecasting, planning, and budgeting are not exact sciences, and any budgeting strategy involves some degree of judgement.

The total support and enthusiasm supplied by senior management is the most basic condition for budgeting success. If it is missing at any point, the entire system will come crashing down.

Budgeting should be followed by effective control action; however, many organisations fail to do so, defeating the objective of budgeting.

Installing a budgeting system is a lengthy procedure that takes time.

It is merely a source, not a target, and hence cannot substitute for management, as it is only a management tool. As a result, the budget should be viewed as a servant rather than a master.

It necessitates experienced manpower, technical staff, analysis, and control, among other things, and thus is an expensive undertaking.

Q-5 Explain the concept of standard costing. Discuss prerequisites for the success of the system of standard costing. (2+8)

Ans ) Standard costing is a technique for determining standard costs and comparing them to real expenses in order to determine the causes of the differences so that corrective action may be performed right away. Standard costing is defined as "the development of standard costs and applying them to assess variations from actual costs and analysing the causes of differences with a view to maintaining maximum efficiency in production," according to the Charted Institute of Management Accountants in London.

The prerequisites for the success of the system of standard costing are:

Establishment of Cost Centres: A cost centre is a location, person, or piece of equipment for which costs can be calculated and linked to cost units. A personal cost centre is one that deals with people, while an impersonal cost centre is one that deals with things like location or equipment. Cost centres are established to determine and control costs. It is important to note who is responsible for which cost centre when establishing cost centres. In many circumstances, each department or function will create a natural cost centre, however each department or function may have multiple cost centres. In a manufacturing department, for example, there could be six machines, each of which could be categorised as a cost centre. Cost centres are required for the establishment of standards and the analysis of deviations.

Account classification: Accounts are classified to serve a specific function. It's possible to categorise by function, revenue item, or asset and liability item. Accounts are collected and analysed more quickly using codes and symbols.

Types of Standards: A standard is the level of achievement that management accepts as the foundation for determining standard expenses. The standards are divided into four categories. They are as follows:

Ideal standard

Expected standard

Normal standard

Basic standard

Setting Standard Costs: The accuracy and reliability of the standards are critical to the success of a standard costing system. As a result, when creating standards, every activity should be considered. The number of employees involved in standard-setting will be determined by the size and nature of the company. A special person should be tasked with the task of establishing standards.

Section – B

Q.6 Describe material mix variance with the help of an illustrative example. (6)

Ans ) Material Mix Variance is the portion of the material usage variance that results from a discrepancy in the standard and actual composition of the material mixture. It signifies that the source of variance is due to a difference in the actual material mix ratio compared to the standard material mix. The fluctuation is due to a change in the materials mix utilised in the manufacturing process. Material mix variance can occur in businesses where a variety of raw materials are used to create a finished product. Chemical and rubber industries, for example, are examples.

Material Mix Variance is calculated as follows:

Material Mix Variance = (Revised Standard Quantity – Actual Quantity) × Standard Price

Revised Standard Quantity = Standard Quantity for each material / Total Standard Quantity for all material x Total Actual Quantity for all material

RSQ = Total Actual Quantity × Standard Ratio

If the actual quantity is more than revised standard quantity, an adverse variance will occur and vice versa.

Material mix variance may arise due to the following reasons:

i) The price of materials paid differs from the regular price.

ii) Delay in raw material delivery

iii) One or more of the mix's components are unavailable.

iv) Failure to purchase materials on schedule.

v) Inability of the manufacturing department to use the correct blend.

vi) The actual mix may differ from the standard mix, and so forth.

Q.7 With the help of a suitable illustrative example, explain the concept of marginal cost and marginal costing. (6)

Ans ) The ‘marginal cost' is defined as the amount by which the aggregate costs change if the volume of output is increased or decreased by one unit at any given volume of output. A unit can be a single article, a batch of articles, or an order in this context. It is the variable cost of a single product or service unit.

"The determination of marginal costs and the effect on profit of changes in volume or type of output by discriminating between fixed and variable costs," according to the definition of marginal costing. The concept of marginal costing is based on the behaviour of expenses that vary depending on the amount of production.

Illustration

From the following particulars find out the amount of profit earned during the year using the marginal costing technique:

As a result, the marginal costing technique posits that the difference between the aggregate value of sales and the aggregate value of variable expenses, or marginal costs, generates a fund (referred to as contribution) to cover fixed costs, with the remainder being profit. The concept of contribution is a very important tool for managers when making decisions.

Q.8 What is Break Even Point? Calculate the breakeven point from the following information: (2+4)

Selling price = Rs. 3 per unit

Variable cost = Rs. 2 per unit

Fixed cost = Rs. 90,000

Estimated sales for the period = 100,000 units or Rs. 300,000

Ans ) Charles T. Horngren define it, “the break-even point is that point of activity (sales volume) where total revenues and total expenses are equal, it is the point of zero profit and zero loss.”

Suppose the units to be produced and sold at break-even point is Q, then

Sales – Variable Costs = Contribution = Fixed Costs

3 Q – 2 Q = 90,000

Q = 90,000 units

When we produce and sell 90,000 units, then total sales revenue is Rs. 2,70,000 (90,000 units Rs. 3) and total cost is Rs. 2,70,000, (VC Rs. 2 × 90000 units = 1,80,000 + F C Rs. 90,000)

Let us calculate the break-even point with the help of above equations by using the information given above:

BEP (in units) = Fixed Costs / SP – VC

= Rs. 90,000 / Rs. 3 – Rs.2

= 90,000 units.

BEP (in Value) = Fixed Costs × Selling Price / SP – VC

= Fixed Costs × Selling Price / Contribution per unit

= Rs. 90,000 x Rs. 3 / Rs. 3 – Rs. 2

= Rs. 2,70,000

It shows that a firm will be at a break-even point when it is producing and selling 90,000 units or having a sale of Rs. 2,70,000.

Q.9 Discuss internal and external factors influencing pricing decision. (6)

Ans ) Internal factors can be managed. These elements play a significant effect in price decisions. Organizational factors are another name for them. These elements must be familiarised and well understood by the manager who is responsible for setting price and formulating pricing policies and plans. Internal factors that influence price decisions include:

Top-Level Management: Top-level management has complete control over price concerns. The marketing manager's job is primarily administrative. Top-level management's mindset is reflected in pricing structures as well.

Marketing Mix Components

Product differentiation can be described as the degree to which a company's product is seen to be distinct from those offered by close competitors, or the amount to which the product is superior to those offered by competitors in terms of competitive advantages.

Company Objectives and PLC Stages

Product Excellence

Brand Image and Reputation in the Product Market Share Category

External factors are also known as environmental or uncontrollable factors. External factors are more powerful than the internal factors. The external factors influencing pricing decision are:

Competition for Product Demand

Price of Raw Materials and Other Inputs: If the price of raw materials rises, the company will have to raise its selling price to compensate for the higher costs.

Buyers' Attitudes

Government Regulations and Restraints: A company's pricing policies cannot be based on government-imposed rules and regulations. At least 30 Acts have been enacted by governments to protect the interests of customers. Among them, a few are directly tied to pricing issues.

Codes of Conduct or Ethical Considerations

Seasonal Demand: Seasonal demand exists for several products. Demand is strong during peak season, while it is significantly lower during slack season. The organisation adjusts its price level and pricing practises to balance demand or minimise seasonal demand variations.

Situation of the Economy.

Q.10 Explain the uses of the responsibility accounting. (6)

Ans ) The uses of the responsibility accounting are:

Performance Evaluation: When a manager is held accountable for everything he does, he becomes extra cautious. The information provided by the responsibility accounting system assists the management in controlling operations and evaluating the performance of subordinates.

Delegating Authority: It is difficult for large corporations to survive without adequate delegation of authority. Responsibility accounting, by its very nature, facilitates this.

The use of accounting information for planning and control is known as responsibility accounting. When managers are aware that they are being assessed, they are motivated to put their all into reaching the goals that have been established for them. It functions as a powerful stimulant.

Corrective Action: If a person's performance is subpar, he or she must be identified. Corrective action can only be implemented when the erring subordinate has been identified. Corrective action becomes easier under responsibility accounting because areas of authority are clearly defined.

Management by Objectives: Prior to the start of the period, the heads of divisions and departments are given specific objectives. They are held accountable for meeting these objectives. Excessiveness is rewarded while shortfalls are penalised.

Management by Exception : This type of performance reporting focuses on departures from the plan. The concept pervades the responsibility accounting. It aids managers by allowing them to focus their efforts on the big differences with the greatest opportunity for development.

High morale and efficiency: Knowing that awards are tied to performance is a huge morale booster. If an operational foreman is judged based on decisions to which he was not a party, he will be disappointed.

Section – C

Q.11 Distinguish between the following: (10)

a) Cost accounting and management accounting

Ans ) The differences between cost accounting and management accounting are:

b) Reserves and provisions

Ans ) The differences between Reserves and provisions are:

A provision is a charge against profits, whereas a reserve is merely a profit appropriation.

A provision is made to meet a known liability whose amount is unknown, whereas a reserve is made to enhance the financial situation and to meet any contingencies that may arise.

On the assets side, a provision is indicated as a deduction, but a reserve is shown separately on the liabilities side.

The money set aside as a provision is never invested outside of the company, whereas reserves are allowed to be invested outside of the company.

Provision is a component of divisible earnings, however it cannot be used to distribute dividends, whereas reserves (income) are always available for distribution as dividends.

Provisions must be made regardless of profit or loss, but reserves must be made only when profit is made.

c) Price variance and volume variance

Ans ) The differences between Price variance and volume variance are:

Direct costs make up a small percentage of the entire cost of the product. As a result, direct expense variance is rarely calculated. Because direct expenses are usually variable, the direct expense variance can be estimated in the same way as the variable overhead variance.

The difference between the actual amount sold or eaten and the budgeted amount projected to be sold or consumed, multiplied by the standard price per unit, is referred to as a volume variance. This variation is used as a broad indicator of whether a company is producing the expected amount of unit volume.

d) Labour Idle Variance and Labour Mix Variance

Ans ) The differences between Labour Idle Variance and Labour Mix Variance are:

Idle time variance in the workplace is a sub variance of labour efficiency variant. It is the standard wage paid during idle hours owing to unusual circumstances such as strikes, lockouts, machinery breakdowns, power outages, raw material shortages, and so on. The abnormal idle time should be distinguished from the labour efficiency variance since it is caused by factors outside the workers' control. Otherwise, the workers' inefficiencies will be exposed.

Gang Composition Variance is another name for Labour Mix Variance. It is a part of labour efficiency variance and is similar to Material Mix variance. Only when two or more different categories of workers are employed, and the composition of real grade workers differs from the standard composition of workers, does labour mix variance occur. It's possible that the shift in labour composition is due to a scarcity of one type of worker. This variation indicates how much of a difference in labour costs there is owing to changes in labour composition.

Q.12 Write short notes on the following: (10)

a) Fixed Overhead Variances

Ans ) The entire fixed overhead variation is represented by Fixed Overhead Variance, also known as fixed overhead cost variance. Actually, it's the difference between the charged standard fixed overhead and the real fixed overhead. The treatment of these variances differs from that of the variable overhead variable because fixed overheads are incurred regardless of output levels and do not change. These must be allocated to production on a regular basis. Regardless of actual activity, the standard recovery rate is determined by multiplying the budgeted fixed overhead by the budgeted or typical volume. It could be based on usual volume, which could range significantly from actual amount or even time taken.

b) Profit-Volume Ratio

Ans ) The contribution to sales ratio, often known as the profit volume ratio, is a relationship between contribution and sales. It is the proportion of contribution per product to product turnover. Mathematically,

P/V Ratio = Sales – Variable Cost / Sales

= Contribution / Sales

= 1 – Variable Cost / Sales

= Fixed Cost + Profit / Sales

= Change in contribution / Change in sales

= Change in Profit / Change in sales

The profit-to-volume ratio shows how stable the company's product is. Profit volume analysis is used to assess break even for a product or a collection of items, as well as to see how profit changes as price, volume, costs, or any combination of these changes are made. However, the P/V graph does not demonstrate how cost changes when production levels change. The profit volume ratio and contribution are inextricably linked.

c) Sales Mix Decisions

Ans ) Profit is calculated by deducting fixed costs from contribution in marginal costing. It implies that management should make every effort to maximise the contribution. When a company develops a range of product lines, the issue of finding the greatest sales mix arises. The optimal sales mix is the one that generates the most revenue. The products that contribute the most should be kept, and their production should be enhanced in order to meet demand. Depending on the situation, products that contribute less should be lowered or discontinued.

d) Environmental Accounting

Ans ) The contribution of accountants to environmental sensitivity in organisations is defined as environmental accounting. It became popular in the 1990s. The emphasis on the accountancy profession's social duties is not new, having been brought to attention by the social accounting discussion of the 1970s. The accountancy profession's social consciousness was beginning to gain traction. It aimed to extend accountability to a wide range of stakeholders by requiring the disclosure of social data in company annual reports. Accounting's accountability duty was thought to be achieved by reporting (financial and social) data that stakeholders would find useful in making decisions.

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IGNOU MA Political Science (MPS) Solved Assignments 2021-22

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IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignments 2021-22

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The details of Ignou MA Political Science assignments has been mentioned below:

Programme Name: Master Degree Programme in Political Science
Programme Code: MPS
Validity of Assignment: These assignments will remain valid for July 2021 and January 2022 session.

There are two sections of questions in each Ignou MA Political Science assignment i.e. Section I and Section II. In both section I & II there are 20 marks questions.

For 20 marks question, the word limit to write answer is 500 each. The few assignment questions of some courses have 10 marks questions as well.The word limit for writing 10 marks question is 400 words.

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BCOE-142: Management Accounting

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IGNOU MA Political Science (MPS) Solved Assignments 2021-22

IGNOU MA Political Science Solved Assignments 2021-22

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