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- How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
How to Write a Literature Review | Guide, Examples, & Templates
Published on January 2, 2023 by Shona McCombes . Revised on September 11, 2023.
What is a literature review? A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources on a specific topic. It provides an overview of current knowledge, allowing you to identify relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that you can later apply to your paper, thesis, or dissertation topic .
There are five key steps to writing a literature review:
- Search for relevant literature
- Evaluate sources
- Identify themes, debates, and gaps
- Outline the structure
- Write your literature review
A good literature review doesn’t just summarize sources—it analyzes, synthesizes , and critically evaluates to give a clear picture of the state of knowledge on the subject.
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Table of contents
What is the purpose of a literature review, examples of literature reviews, step 1 – search for relevant literature, step 2 – evaluate and select sources, step 3 – identify themes, debates, and gaps, step 4 – outline your literature review’s structure, step 5 – write your literature review, free lecture slides, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions, introduction.
- Quick Run-through
- Step 1 & 2
When you write a thesis , dissertation , or research paper , you will likely have to conduct a literature review to situate your research within existing knowledge. The literature review gives you a chance to:
- Demonstrate your familiarity with the topic and its scholarly context
- Develop a theoretical framework and methodology for your research
- Position your work in relation to other researchers and theorists
- Show how your research addresses a gap or contributes to a debate
- Evaluate the current state of research and demonstrate your knowledge of the scholarly debates around your topic.
Writing literature reviews is a particularly important skill if you want to apply for graduate school or pursue a career in research. We’ve written a step-by-step guide that you can follow below.
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Writing literature reviews can be quite challenging! A good starting point could be to look at some examples, depending on what kind of literature review you’d like to write.
- Example literature review #1: “Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Literature” ( Theoretical literature review about the development of economic migration theory from the 1950s to today.)
- Example literature review #2: “Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines” ( Methodological literature review about interdisciplinary knowledge acquisition and production.)
- Example literature review #3: “The Use of Technology in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Thematic literature review about the effects of technology on language acquisition.)
- Example literature review #4: “Learners’ Listening Comprehension Difficulties in English Language Learning: A Literature Review” ( Chronological literature review about how the concept of listening skills has changed over time.)
You can also check out our templates with literature review examples and sample outlines at the links below.
Download Word doc Download Google doc
Before you begin searching for literature, you need a clearly defined topic .
If you are writing the literature review section of a dissertation or research paper, you will search for literature related to your research problem and questions .
Make a list of keywords
Start by creating a list of keywords related to your research question. Include each of the key concepts or variables you’re interested in, and list any synonyms and related terms. You can add to this list as you discover new keywords in the process of your literature search.
- Social media, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, TikTok
- Body image, self-perception, self-esteem, mental health
- Generation Z, teenagers, adolescents, youth
Search for relevant sources
Use your keywords to begin searching for sources. Some useful databases to search for journals and articles include:
- Your university’s library catalogue
- Google Scholar
- Project Muse (humanities and social sciences)
- Medline (life sciences and biomedicine)
- EconLit (economics)
- Inspec (physics, engineering and computer science)
You can also use boolean operators to help narrow down your search.
Make sure to read the abstract to find out whether an article is relevant to your question. When you find a useful book or article, you can check the bibliography to find other relevant sources.
You likely won’t be able to read absolutely everything that has been written on your topic, so it will be necessary to evaluate which sources are most relevant to your research question.
For each publication, ask yourself:
- What question or problem is the author addressing?
- What are the key concepts and how are they defined?
- What are the key theories, models, and methods?
- Does the research use established frameworks or take an innovative approach?
- What are the results and conclusions of the study?
- How does the publication relate to other literature in the field? Does it confirm, add to, or challenge established knowledge?
- What are the strengths and weaknesses of the research?
Make sure the sources you use are credible , and make sure you read any landmark studies and major theories in your field of research.
You can use our template to summarize and evaluate sources you’re thinking about using. Click on either button below to download.
Take notes and cite your sources
As you read, you should also begin the writing process. Take notes that you can later incorporate into the text of your literature review.
It is important to keep track of your sources with citations to avoid plagiarism . It can be helpful to make an annotated bibliography , where you compile full citation information and write a paragraph of summary and analysis for each source. This helps you remember what you read and saves time later in the process.
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To begin organizing your literature review’s argument and structure, be sure you understand the connections and relationships between the sources you’ve read. Based on your reading and notes, you can look for:
- Trends and patterns (in theory, method or results): do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?
- Themes: what questions or concepts recur across the literature?
- Debates, conflicts and contradictions: where do sources disagree?
- Pivotal publications: are there any influential theories or studies that changed the direction of the field?
- Gaps: what is missing from the literature? Are there weaknesses that need to be addressed?
This step will help you work out the structure of your literature review and (if applicable) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.
- Most research has focused on young women.
- There is an increasing interest in the visual aspects of social media.
- But there is still a lack of robust research on highly visual platforms like Instagram and Snapchat—this is a gap that you could address in your own research.
There are various approaches to organizing the body of a literature review. Depending on the length of your literature review, you can combine several of these strategies (for example, your overall structure might be thematic, but each theme is discussed chronologically).
Chronological
The simplest approach is to trace the development of the topic over time. However, if you choose this strategy, be careful to avoid simply listing and summarizing sources in order.
Try to analyze patterns, turning points and key debates that have shaped the direction of the field. Give your interpretation of how and why certain developments occurred.
If you have found some recurring central themes, you can organize your literature review into subsections that address different aspects of the topic.
For example, if you are reviewing literature about inequalities in migrant health outcomes, key themes might include healthcare policy, language barriers, cultural attitudes, legal status, and economic access.
Methodological
If you draw your sources from different disciplines or fields that use a variety of research methods , you might want to compare the results and conclusions that emerge from different approaches. For example:
- Look at what results have emerged in qualitative versus quantitative research
- Discuss how the topic has been approached by empirical versus theoretical scholarship
- Divide the literature into sociological, historical, and cultural sources
Theoretical
A literature review is often the foundation for a theoretical framework . You can use it to discuss various theories, models, and definitions of key concepts.
You might argue for the relevance of a specific theoretical approach, or combine various theoretical concepts to create a framework for your research.
Like any other academic text , your literature review should have an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion . What you include in each depends on the objective of your literature review.
The introduction should clearly establish the focus and purpose of the literature review.
Depending on the length of your literature review, you might want to divide the body into subsections. You can use a subheading for each theme, time period, or methodological approach.
As you write, you can follow these tips:
- Summarize and synthesize: give an overview of the main points of each source and combine them into a coherent whole
- Analyze and interpret: don’t just paraphrase other researchers — add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the significance of findings in relation to the literature as a whole
- Critically evaluate: mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources
- Write in well-structured paragraphs: use transition words and topic sentences to draw connections, comparisons and contrasts
In the conclusion, you should summarize the key findings you have taken from the literature and emphasize their significance.
When you’ve finished writing and revising your literature review, don’t forget to proofread thoroughly before submitting. Not a language expert? Check out Scribbr’s professional proofreading services !
This article has been adapted into lecture slides that you can use to teach your students about writing a literature review.
Scribbr slides are free to use, customize, and distribute for educational purposes.
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If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
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- Likert scales
- Reproducibility
Statistics
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- Statistical power
- Probability distribution
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Research bias
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A literature review is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and theses) related to a specific topic or research question .
It is often written as part of a thesis, dissertation , or research paper , in order to situate your work in relation to existing knowledge.
There are several reasons to conduct a literature review at the beginning of a research project:
- To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your topic
- To ensure that you’re not just repeating what others have already done
- To identify gaps in knowledge and unresolved problems that your research can address
- To develop your theoretical framework and methodology
- To provide an overview of the key findings and debates on the topic
Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will contribute.
The literature review usually comes near the beginning of your thesis or dissertation . After the introduction , it grounds your research in a scholarly field and leads directly to your theoretical framework or methodology .
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
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How to Write a Literature Review For Dummies
Literature review is always a part of the student’s educational process. You still don’t know what is it and how to deal with it? Don’t worry! The article you are reading will tell you everything that you need to know in order to submit a great literature review.
What Is a Literature Review?
The first thing we should do is to give a definition of literature review . It is a short critical analysis of “literature” (researches, articles, books, trustworthy opinions etc.) existing on the topic. If you are doing a literature review for your graduate paper, it is assumed that in the work itself you will apply your own methods and make your own conclusions. It is logical that before doing your own research work, you need to explore all the sources on the topic and include this information in your paper. You should cover main aspects of the topic in a structured way and provide references to literature sources.
Why Do We Need a Literature Review?
Students often underestimate the importance of literature review. Let’s figure it out together, why do we need to write a literature review!
There are a few goals of a literature review:
- Show your awareness of the topic
It is crucial to find all the information you can. One criteria used to evaluate your work is the variety of sources you used in your research paper. The way to demonstrate it – is to do a good and detailed literature review, where you will briefly summarize your research results.
- Narrow the topic
In most cases a student starts with choosing a broad area for a research paper. Doing a literature review requires studying various issues of the topic. It will help you to identify aspects of the area of a research that will be included into your paper. Hence, literature review is a way to narrow your topic and identify worth-to-be-researched ideas.
- Find gaps in current knowledge
The last but not the least – it gives you an opportunity to find «gaps» of a research topic. Gaps are aspects, problems or questions that have not been covered or solved yet by other researches. Then, the purpose of your research paper could become to focus on those gaps, to analyze them and make conclusions.
- Cover all points of view on the issue
It would be great, if you reflect on the same problem in the context of your area. This will help readers to get a complete picture of the topic in their minds. In your research work you could refer to your opponents and argue about certain points – it will add some value.
What Is the Structure Of a Literature Review?
That’s a difficult question! It usually follows a common pattern “introduction-body-conclusion”. However, it is difficult to tell how the body will be structured. Why? It highly depends on topic. Remember, a literature review is not just a list of sources with description of the content. It should more look like a summary of information. In a body paragraph you should try to find several major things you will be covering depending on the topic. However, check our step-by-step guide below how to structure your literature review.
Step-By-Step Guide to Literature Review
Introduction
The literature review should have an introduction in which you could state a theme of your work and justify the need of reviewing the literature. A tip: you can use points from the section “Why do we need literature review?” of this article, rephrase them and apply to your own topic. In the introduction you also should provide the scope of this review. In other words, you should state which particular aspects of the area of your research will be covered in your literature review. Try to stay focused and avoid including information that is far away from your topic.
Clearly, body is the main part of a literature review. This part is usually divided into several paragraphs, each of them covers a specific aspect of the topic.
For example, let’s take a topic «Influence of marketing activities on performance of FMCG companies» and let’s assume you will do it using a multiple regression analysis. Here is how the body of your literature review may be organized:
- Marketing activities of the companies
- Marketing of FMCG companies
- What is the influence of marketing on other companies performance?
- How to measure performance of FMCG companies
- Multiple regression analysis
- Multiple regression analysis in marketing
As you see, we usually start with a quite broad area and then cover narrower aspects of the topic.
Conclusion is the most important part of the literature review.To begin with, you summarize all the main ideas covered in the body. Then, you could mention the “gaps” of your topic, explain what aspects of the topic you choose for your paper and why they represent an interest for you as a researcher.
Literature Review Outline
- present the topic
- justify the need to do a literature review
- define what should be included
- Aspect of the topic 2 (narrow area)
- Aspect of the topic 3 (narrow area)
- Aspect of the topic 4 (methods)
- Goal of your research
Good luck with your studies!
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LITERATURE REVIEW HOMEWORK For over 100 years, U.S. educators have debated the importance of homework and the amount of homework students should be assigned. In the early 1900s, many school districts banned homework, especially at the elementary level, in an effort to discourage rote learning. In the 1950s, the cold war
Examples of literature reviews. Step 1 - Search for relevant literature. Step 2 - Evaluate and select sources. Step 3 - Identify themes, debates, and gaps. Step 4 - Outline your literature review's structure. Step 5 - Write your literature review.
The Homework Literature Review stated that "excessive homework may impact negatively on student achievement" (2004, p.3). Apparently, if teachers give too much homework, students may be overwhelmed, not complete the homework and ultimately achieve nothing a result. Homework Can Be Beneficial; Yet Nothing Replaces What is Learned in The ...
A literature review may be as short as a single sentence or as long as several pages (in which case it is usually presented in a sec-tion of its own headed "Literature Review" or something similar). In many journal articles, the literature review appears as part of the introduction. literature review should do at least four things, the ...
Doing a literature review requires studying various issues of the topic. It will help you to identify aspects of the area of a research that will be included into your paper. Hence, literature review is a way to narrow your topic and identify worth-to-be-researched ideas. Find gaps in current knowledge. The last but not the least - it gives ...
Hancock, Julie, "Homework: A Literature Review" (2001). Maine Education Policy Research Institute. 102. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mepri/102 This Other is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maine Education Policy Research Institute by an authorized administrator of
Homework in the primary school is a subject much debated by teachers, parents and pupils. This paper offers a brief critique of key issues in the current homework debate with particular reference to research literature, theoretical perspectives, educational policy and other professional publications.
Chapter 2 includes a review of the conclusions of past attempts to synthesize the homework literature. Part II describes how the literature review was carried out. The two chapters contain information on the literature-searching strategy, the methodological distinctions among studies that were examined as possible influences on study results ...
HARRIS COOPER is a Professor of Psychology and Director of the Program in Education, Box 90739, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0739; e-mail [email protected] His research interests include how academic activities outside the school day (such as homework, after school programs, and summer school) affect the achievement of children and adolescents; he also studies techniques for improving ...
The purpose of the literature review is to find the most effective practices of homework for middle school students. The following research questions guided this literature review: 1. How can homework be an effective teaching tool, a useful communication strategy, and a beneficial learning experience for adolescent students? 2.
Chapter Two: Literature Review Literature Search Procedures To review the research on the effect that homework has on student achievement, Education Research Complete was used as the primary database. The initial search included the terms "homework" and "achievement" and I did not narrow the search to include specific years.
J. Paudel. Education, Linguistics. 2013. Homework is a good means of reactivation; it helps students to practice language items and consolidates learnt knowledge and skills at their home. It is an indispensible tool for students to step…. Expand. 10. Highly Influenced. PDF.
Cooper's systematic review of homework research published between 1987 and 2003.7 Cooper's 2006 study indicated that, on balance, homework improves achievement. However, there are a number of caveats. ... homework, focusing on literature published from 2003 to 2007. Results of CCL's systematic review of evidence
Homework has long been a topic of social research, but rela-tively few studies have focused on the teacher's role in the homework process. Most research examines what students do, and whether and ...
Data show that homework accounts for about 20 percent of the total time the typical American student spends on academic tasks . . . considering this fact, it is surprising how little attention is paid to the topic of homework in teacher education. This literature review looks at the role of research in improving homework practices.
Literature Homework Help 24/7. It's easy to misinterpret subtle context clues, surpass symbolism, or sometimes miss out on what's even going on. Our tutors can help you read in between the lines, so you can fully grasp what the author is trying to convey. Don't get stuck on English assignments. Connect anytime, anywhere with expert tutors for ...
strong grade-level effect was present. For elementary students, the mean correlation between time spent on homework and achievement was almost zero; for students in middle grades it was r = +.07, and
A REVIEW OF THE HOMEWORK LITERATURE Author: - Malcolm John Ferris M.Ed. Historical Background to Homework Homework has been a contentious area of discourse for over a century moving in and out of favour globally within different decades (Gill & Schlossman 2004; Hallam 2004a). In more recent times the topic of homework continues to arouse ...
This Literature Review summarizes the benefits and drawbacks of homework and examines how much time students should and actually do spend on homework. Issues such as whether school districts should develop a formal homework policy and how to involve parents in their children's homework assignments are also discussed.
Review of Literature The Role of Homework in Learning Gains. Homework is an essential component of teaching that extends the instruction beyond the class for practice and reinforcement of the learned materials (Dodson, 2014); and paves the way for diagnosing students' problems and promoting their skill proficiency (Blazer, 2009).
opposed to traditional pen and paper - with and without homework being compulsory) over six years. Literature Review Homework has been described as a process where a student begins, continues to work on, and completes an assigned task at home or in another setting other than a formal class (Hong, Milgram & Rowell, 2004).
The present review paper discusses the role of quality of parental homework involvement, the predictors of specific involvement forms adopted by parents and their learning outcomes for children. According to relevant literature, parent motivational beliefs, efficacy beliefs, beliefs about children's efficacy, and parent affect predict ...