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What is Present Perfect Tense: How to Use It

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Olivia Drake

The present perfect tense is a fascinating aspect of grammar that often leaves learners perplexed. This versatile verb tense serves to bridge the gap between the past and the present, highlighting a connection that may not be immediately apparent. In this article, you will explore the intricacies of the present perfect tense, its primary uses, and some helpful examples to enhance your understanding.

On this page:

Present Perfect: Definition and Usage

The  present perfect  is an essential aspect of English grammar that deals with verb tense. You can use the present perfect to describe actions or events that have occurred at an unspecified time in the past.

In the English language, the present perfect is a tense that highlights the present consequences of past actions. This powerful tense helps you demonstrate how your previous experiences or actions play a role in your current situation. The key to using present perfect  is to focus on the present consequences of past events. You use ‘has’ or ‘have’ with a past participle to build the present perfect structure. For example:

• You  have studied  three foreign languages.
• She  has traveled  to five continents.

In these sentences,  the emphasis is on what you and she have achieved  as a result of past actions. These achievements are relevant to your present situation.

When you want to express  an ongoing activity that began in the past  and still happening in the present, use the present perfect to convey this connection:

• They  have lived  in this city for ten years.
• I  have been  a teacher since 2015.

In these cases, the present perfect shows that these events have  ongoing relevance to the present .

It’s important to note that present perfect is used when  the exact time of the past action is not specified.  If you mention a specific time, use simple past instead:

• You have met the CEO before. (No specific time mentioned)
• You met the CEO last week. (Specific time mentioned)

Keep in mind that there’s a clear difference between  present perfect  and  simple past , so choose the appropriate tense carefully:

• Present Perfect : You have finished your assignment. (The action is completed, but the highlight is on a result that is relevant to the present situation)
• Simple past : You finished your assignment. (The action happened in the past, focusing on the time when it was finished)

Forming Present Perfect

Auxiliary verbs.

In forming the present perfect tense, you need to use the auxiliary verb “have” or “has” with the past participle of the main verb. The choice between “have” and “has” depends on the subject of the sentence. Use “have” with plural subjects, “I,” and “you,” while use “has” with singular subjects, “he,” “she,” and “it.”

• I  have eaten  breakfast.
• You  have finished  your work.
• She  has left  the building.

You can also use contractions for a more informal tone. The contractions are formed by combining the auxiliary verb with the subject:

• I’ve (I have)
• You’ve (You have)
• He’s (He has)
• She’s (She has)

Past Participles

The past participle is the third form of the verb, and it’s used with the auxiliary verb to create the present perfect tense. There are two types of verbs to consider when forming past participles: regular and irregular.

Regular verbs : To form the past participle of regular verbs, add “-ed” to the base form of the verb. Here are some examples:

Irregular verbs : Irregular verbs have unique past participle forms that you need to memorize. Here are some examples:

Remember to use the auxiliary verb with the past participle when forming the present perfect tense. For example:

• You  have worked  hard.
• He  has gone  to the store.
• They  have sung  a beautiful song.

By combining the correct auxiliary verb and past participle, you can successfully form the present perfect tense in your sentences.

Read how to form  Present Perfect Negative Sentences  with Examples  ->

Questions in Present Perfect

To form questions in the present perfect, use “have” or “has” followed by the subject and the past participle of the main verb. For example:

• Have  you  been  to Italy?
• Has  she  finished  her coursework?

Remember to use the contractions “haven’t” and “hasn’t” when asking about negative actions or situations:

• Haven’t  you  eaten  yet?
• Hasn’t  he  seen  the movie yet?

In the context of questions, the words “ever” and “yet” are often used with the present perfect:

• Have  you  ever  traveled abroad?
• Has  he met her  yet ?

Click here to read more about forming questions in present perfect

Adverbs and Present Perfect

In the Present Perfect tense, you often use adverbs to enhance the meaning of your sentence. These adverbs can provide information about how an action has occurred, its frequency, duration, or the state of the subject.

Just : When you want to express that something has happened very recently or a short time ago, use “just” in conjunction with the present perfect.

For example , “I’ve just finished my homework.”

For : Use “for” to specify the duration of an action, linking the time spent to the subject and verb.

For example:  “She has lived here for 3 years.”

Since : “Since” indicates the starting point of an action or event, giving reference to a specific point in time.

For example:  “We have been friends since elementary school.”

Recently : “Recently” means something has occurred in the not-so-distant past. Use it to convey that a completed action is still somewhat fresh.

For example:  “He has recently changed jobs.”

How long : To ask about the duration of an ongoing action, use the question form “how long”. This often goes with “have” or “has.”

For example:  “How long have you been studying English?”

Still:  This is an adverb that indicates that an action or process that began in the past is continuing at the present time. In the present perfect tense, you can use “still” to emphasize that an ongoing or incomplete action has not yet finished.

For example: “You still haven’t finished your homework.”

Comparing Present Perfect with Other Tenses

Present perfect vs past simple.

When comparing the  Present Perfect  tense with the  Past Simple  tense, it’s essential to understand their distinct functions. The Present Perfect describes an action that happened at an unspecified time before now or an action that started in the past and continues to the present. In contrast, the Past Simple portrays an event that occurred at a specific time in the past.

For example:

• Present Perfect: You  have visited  Paris. (It happened at an unspecified time before now)
• Past Simple: You  visited  Paris last year. (It happened at a specific time in the past)

Click here to read more about difference between present perfect and past simple

Present Perfect vs Present Tense

The  Present Perfect  tense differs from the  Present Tense  in that it connects the past and present. The Present Perfect discourse an action that occurred in the past and has implications in the present, while the Present Tense focuses exclusively on actions happening now.

For instance:

• Present Perfect: You  have learned  English. (The learning process happened in the past and has an impact on your current abilities)
• Present Tense: You  learn  English. (Refers only to the action happening now)

Present Perfect vs Future

The key difference between  Present Perfect  and  Future  tenses is their time frames. Present Perfect concerns actions completed before now or actions initiated in the past and persisting into the present, while Future tense refers to actions or events projected to happen later.

As an illustration:

• Present Perfect: You  have finished  your work. (It’s a completed action before now)
• Future: You  will finish  your work by tomorrow. (The action is expected to happen in the future)

Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous tense , on the other hand, focuses on the duration or experience of actions that began in the past and continue up until now. This tense emphasizes the ongoing nature of an action, and it’s particularly useful for cases where the action is still in progress or has been happening intermittently. For example:

• You  have been working  on this project since last month.
• They  have been playing  tennis every weekend this summer.

With action verbs, using  Present Perfect Continuous  highlights the ongoing process:

• You  have been learning  Italian for two years.

Present Perfect in Passive Voice

When using the present perfect in  passive voice , you focus on the action, not who performed it. The structure is simple: has/have + been + past participle.

For example, instead of saying “She has finished the project,” you would say, “ The project has been finished .” In this case, the emphasis is on the completion of the project.

Here are some examples of how to convert active to passive voice in present perfect:

When to Use Present Perfect Passive

1.  When the doer of the action is unknown or unimportant : If you don’t know who completed the action, or it simply doesn’t matter, use passive voice.

• The cake  has been eaten . (It doesn’t matter who ate it)

2.  When emphasizing the result : If you want to focus on the outcome rather than who did it, use the passive voice.

• The grass  has been mowed . (It emphasizes that the lawn now looks nice)

Remember, the present perfect passive is used to describe:

• A  past event  that has a connection to the present.
• An action that is ongoing or just finished.

Try to use the present perfect in passive voice confidently and with a clear understanding of its purpose. It helps provide a more neutral tone and emphasizes the action rather than the person or people doing it.

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Present Perfect

For recently finished actions.

Table of Contents

In this grammar section we will have a look at the tense Present Perfect to talk about recently finished/completed actions.

A: How long have you worked there? B: I have worked there for 3 years.

A: How long have you been friends? B: We haven’t been friends for long. We have been friends since 2022

The video gives an overview of to Present Perfect for something recently completed/finished actions.

It shows the meaning/usage: when and why to use the Present Perfect.

For the form and the pronunciation have a look a the different webpages:

• Present perfect form
• Present perfect pronunciation

Usage/ Meaning

How and when do we use the Present Perfect?

Present Perfect is also used to talk about something recently finished.

I have just done my homework: This means not so long ago you finished your homework . It is an unspecified time in the past . We don’t know when the person did it, but it wasn’t so long ago . It is usually used to stress that you finished the action and there it no need to do it anymore or no need to worry about it anymore .

I have already done my homework: This means you finished your homework somewhere before now . It is an unspecified time in the past . We don’t know when the person did it . It is usually used to stress that you finished the action and there it no need to do it anymore or no need to worry about it anymore .

Present Perfect is also used to talk about something that is not finished.

I haven’t done my homework yet : This means you did not finished your homework somewhere before now but that you will do it later . It is usually used to stress that you did not finished the action but you will do it somewhere soon in the future.

• Just: recently finished actions. positive and questions. Between have and the main verb : I have just finished . 
• Already: finished actions. positive and questions. Between have and the main verb : I have already finished .
• Yet: not finished, but will finish it later. Negative and questions. At the end of the sentence: I haven’t finished yet .

Have a look at the questions and write your answers in the comments below . Also give us some more details about when, where, why,….

• What have you already done today?
• What haven’t you done yet today, but must still do today?
• What have you just finished before answering these questions?
• Have you just had some food?
• Have you already finished your homework?
• Have you already studied today?
• Have you just had a phone call?
• Have you already had lunch today?
• Which movie have you already seen more than 2 times?
• Which goals in your life have you already achieved?

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The Present Perfect Tense

• Past perfect means before another action in the past.
• Present perfect means before now.
• Future perfect means before another action in the future.
• Past perfect: I had done my homework and so the test was easy.
• Present perfect: I have done my homework hard and so the test is easy.
• Future perfect: I will have done my homework hard and so the test will be easy.
• “I wasn’t hungry yesterday because I had eaten a large breakfast”
• “I am not hungry now because I have eaten a large breakfast”
• “I won’t be hungry tomorrow because I will have eaten a large breakfast”

Grammar Resources

@lsi.worldwide.

Simple Past or Present Perfect Simple

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

• I (just / finish) my homework.
• Mary (already / write) five letters.
• Tom (move) to this town in 1994.
• My friend (be) in Canada two years ago.
• I (not / be) to Canada so far.
• But I (already / travel) to London a couple of times.
• Last week, Mary and Paul (go) to the cinema.
• I can't take any pictures because I (not / buy) a new film yet.
• (they / spend) their holiday in New Zealand last summer?
• (you / ever / see) a whale?

• Parts of speech
• Picture Vocabulary
• Confused Words
• Phrasal Verbs
• Applications
• Essay Writing
• Kindergarten Worksheets

The past perfect tense is a grammatical form used to describe actions that were completed before a specific point in the past. It is formed by using the auxiliary verb “had” followed by the past participle of the main verb.

• She had finished the work.
• They had visited the museum last summer.
• They had not seen the movie.
• He had never been to Paris before this vacation.
• Had you studied for the test before it was announced?
• Had the mail arrived before you left the house?

Forming the Past Perfect Tense

Affirmative Sentences

Affirmative sentences in past perfect tense are statements that express an action that was completed before a specific point in the past. They are structured using the following formula.

Subject + had +verb(3rd form) + object.

• She had already finished her breakfast.
• They had watched the movie before bedtime.
• He had visited the new museum in town.
• The children had played in the park all afternoon.
• By the time I arrived, they had already eaten dinner.
• She realized she had forgotten her keys at home.
• We had never been to this restaurant before.
• The teacher had explained the lesson before the test.
• He told me he had already seen the new movie.
• The sun had set by the time we reached the beach.

The sentences given above are broken down according to their grammatical structure.

Negative Sentences

Interrogative sentences in past perfect tense are questions that inquire about actions or events that occurred before a specific point in the past. They are formed by using the auxiliary verb “had” followed by the subject and the past participle of the main verb.

Subject + had + not + verb(3rd form) + object.

• She hadn’t finished her chores before dinner.
• They hadn’t visited the park in months.
• He hadn’t heard that song until yesterday.
• The team hadn’t practiced enough before the match.
• We hadn’t met our new neighbors until last week.
• The store hadn’t restocked the shelves by noon.
• He hadn’t tried sushi before last night.
• She hadn’t watched that TV series until now.
• They hadn’t seen that movie before last night.
• He hadn’t spoken to his cousin in years.

Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences in past perfect tense are questions about actions or events that happened before a specific point in the past. They start with “Had” followed by the subject and the past participle of the main verb.

Had + subject + verb(3rd form) + object?

• Had she eaten breakfast before leaving for work?
• Had they visited the museum before the trip?
• Had he finished his chores before going out to play?
• Had you heard the news before we told you?
• Had they cleaned the house before the party?
• Had she read the book before watching the movie?
• Had we met our new neighbors before the event?
• Had he seen that movie before last night?
• Had they played any games before the picnic?
• Had she finished her work by the time you called?

Usages of the Past Perfect Tense

Describing Completed Actions Before Another Past Action

Describing Completed Actions Before Another Past Action” is one of the key uses of the past perfect tense. It helps establish a clear sequence of events in the past.

• By the time we arrived, they had already finished their meal .
• She had completed the project before the deadline.
• The train had left the station before we reached it.
• They hadn’t started the meeting before the boss arrived.
• The bakery hadn’t sold out of croissants when we got there.
• She hadn’t visited that museum before last summer.
• Had you finished your homework before the teacher collected it?
• Had they seen that movie before it won an award?
• Had she ever traveled to Europe before this trip?

Narrating Past Events in a Sequence

“Narrating Past Events in a Sequence” is another important use of the past perfect tense. It helps in presenting a series of past events in the order in which they occurred.

• She had breakfast , then went for a walk , and finally read a book .
• They had a picnic , then played games , and afterwards shared stories .
• She didn’t have time to finish her drawing , so she left it for tomorrow .
• They didn’t find any ripe apples , so they postponed making the pie .
• Had she already finished her snack before going for a walk?
• Had they played any games before having the picnic?

Expressing Regrets or Hypothetical Scenarios in the Past

Expressing regrets or hypothetical scenarios in the past involves using the past perfect tense to discuss situations that didn’t happen, or to express a sense of regret or longing for different outcomes in the past.

• If I had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake.
• She wishes she had taken that job offer last year.
• He believes he would have won the race if he had trained harder.
• If she had arrived earlier, she wouldn’t have missed the train.
• He wishes he hadn’t sold his antique collection.

Reporting Past Actions or Speech

Reporting past actions or speech” involves conveying what someone said or did in the past. This is typically done through indirect or reported speech, where the original statement or action is reported using a different verb tense (often the past perfect tense) to indicate that it happened in the past.

• She told me, I finished the report .
• He said, She has already left .
• They mentioned, We visited the museum .
• She told me that she hadn’t finished the report.
• He said that she had already left .
• They mentioned that they hadn’t visited the museum.
• Did she tell you she had finished the report?
• Had he mentioned that she had already left?
• Did they ask if we had visited the museum?

Past Perfect Tense Chart

Signal words for Past Perfect Tense

Signal words for Past Perfect Tense indicate that an action or event occurred before another action in the past.

• She had finished her work before the meeting started.
•  They had already eaten when I arrived.
•   By the time we got to the cinema, the movie had already begun.
•  She hadn’t seen the movie until last night.
•   After they had left, I realized I forgot my keys.
• He hadn’t heard the news before we told him.
• She had never visited that city before.
•  She didn’t taste that type of food until today.
•   No sooner had they finished the project than the deadline arrived.
• Had you finished your work before the call?
•   Hadn’t they seen the movie before last night?
• Had you ever been to this city before your trip?
• Had they finished the project by the deadline?
•   Before we arrived, had they already played the game?

Time Expressions

Time expressions are words or phrases that indicate when an action or event took place. In the context of past perfect tense, they help establish the relationship between different past actions.

• She finished her homework before dinner .
• He had known her since kindergarten .
• By morning, the rain had stopped .
• They had watched the movie twice already.
• She had read the book before bedtime .
• He hadn’t eaten breakfast yet .
• She realized she hadn’t studied in a while .
• They hadn’t seen that show since last year .
• He hadn’t visited the museum in years .
• She hadn’t traveled abroad before last summer .
• Had you finished your chores by the time I called? ( Time Expression )
• When did they first meet each other? ( Time Expression )
• By what time had they completed the project? ( Time Expression )
• Had they ever been to this city before? ( Time Expression )
• Since when had he known about this new technology? (Time Expression)

Past Perfect vs. Simple Past Tense

Differentiating Between Past Perfect and Simple Past

Here’s a table comparing Past Perfect Tense and Simple Past Tense

• Past Perfect Tense Example Sentences
• The mother had cooked food before the sun rose.
• I had recited the Holy Quran before you came.
• The bell had rung when we reached the school.
• The train had gone when I reached the station.
• They had taken tea when I reached there.
• The patient had died before the doctor came.
• They had already finished their work.
• He had reached here till 2’O clock.
• The girl had already sung songs.
• The teacher had already taught us lesson.
• By then, he had finished all his work.
• They were tired because they had walked a lot.
• We were surprised because they hadn’t told us.
• The movie was over because they had watched it.
• She knew the answer because she had studied.
• They were happy because they had won the prize.
• He was full because he had eaten a big meal.
• The students were tired because they had studied.
• She had a great time because she had danced a lot.
• They were sleepy because they had stayed up late.
• He had not taken breakfast before you came.
• They had not bought tickets before the train came.
• Aslam had not heard this good news yet.
• It had not rained yet.
• I had never eaten such a delicious fruit before.
• He hadn’t visited his grandparents in a long time.
• She hadn’t tried that new restaurant yet.
• They hadn’t met their new neighbors before the party.
• By the time they arrived, the show hadn’t started yet.
• He hadn’t seen a shooting star until last night.
• She hadn’t been to the beach in years.
• We hadn’t seen each other in a long time.
• The cat hadn’t eaten its food yet.
• She hadn’t visited the museum in a while.
• They hadn’t finished the puzzle by bedtime.
• He hadn’t cooked dinner before the guests arrived.
• She hadn’t heard the news until now.
• They hadn’t bought groceries for the week.
• By the time they left, the party hadn’t even started.
• He hadn’t taken a vacation in years.
• Had you finished your work before the sun set?
• Had the police already dispersed the crowd?
• Had they already left for Lahore?
• Why had you not posted the letter before you went to school?
• Had they already reached the school?
• Had he fixed the car before the road trip?
• Had she learned to swim before the summer?
• Had they packed their bags before the vacation?
• Had we finished all the tasks before leaving?
• Had he visited his grandparents before the holidays?
• Had you met the new neighbors before the barbecue?
• Had they chosen a restaurant before the reservation?
• Had she attended any classes before the conference?
• Had we booked the tickets before they were sold out?
• Had he heard about the new job before the interview?
• Had they received the package before leaving home?
• Had she completed the assignment before the deadline?
• Had we packed our bags before the trip started?
• Had he visited that museum before it closed down?
• Had you tried that dish before today?

Avoiding Common Mistakes

Avoiding common mistakes in language use is crucial for effective communication.

Here are some tips to help you steer clear of frequent errors:

• Watch Subject-Verb Agreement : Ensure that the subject and verb in a sentence agree in number (singular or plural).
• Avoid Double Negatives : Using two negatives in a sentence can lead to confusion. For example, “I can’t hardly wait” should be “I can hardly wait.”
• Be Consistent with Verb Tenses : Stick to one tense throughout a piece of writing, unless there’s a specific reason for a shift.
• The Past Perfect Tense is a verb form that is used to describe an action that took place before another action or a specific point in the past.
• The Past Perfect Tense is formed using the auxiliary verb “had” followed by the past participle form of the main verb (e.g., had + eaten).
• Time expressions like “before,” “by the time,” “already,” “until,” and “hadn’t” are commonly used with the Past Perfect Tense.
• The Simple Past Tense describes an action that happened at a specific point in the past, while the Past Perfect Tense describes an action that occurred before another past action.
• “Hadn’t” is the contraction of “had not” and is used in negative sentences (e.g., “She hadn’t finished her work.”). “Didn’t” is the contraction of “did not” and is used in negative sentences in the Simple Past Tense (e.g., “She didn’t finish her work.”).
• Yes, the Past Perfect Tense can be used in reported speech to convey information that was said or thought in the past (e.g., “He said he had already seen the movie.”).
• Yes, adverbs like “already,” “just,” “never,” “yet,” and others can be used with the Past Perfect Tense to provide additional information about the timing of the action.

Free Grammar and Vocabulary Worksheets Resources

• Worksheet Tenses
• English Worksheets
• Action Verbs Worksheets
• Past Perfect Tense Worksheets

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do / finish / finish doing [homework]

• Thread starter Utah777
• Start date Jul 8, 2018

Senior Member

• Jul 8, 2018

Hi, all I have a question about the difference between three sentences below: 1. I have to do my homework by tomorrow. 2. I have to finish my homework by tomorrow. 3. I have to finish doing my homework tomorrow. I found it peculiar to say the third sentence because two verbs with the same meaning overlaps in one sentence. (It appears in one mock examination.) I would like to know the difference and if it is ok to say the third. Thanks in advance.  

Your instincts are right. The third one is not good. It’s anyway often appropriate to say “stop doing” something, but rarely “finish doing”.  

Utah777 said: Hi, all I have a question about the difference between three sentences below: 1. I have to do my homework by tomorrow. 2. I have to finish my homework by tomorrow. 3. I have to finish doing my homework tomorrow. I found it peculiar to say the third sentence because two verbs with the same meaning overla p in one sentence. (It appears in one mock examination.) I would like to know the difference and if it is ok to say the third. Thanks in advance. Click to expand...

• Jul 9, 2018

Forero said: All three sentences sound fine to me, but they have different meanings. What two verbs do you think have one meaning? Click to expand...

Utah777 said: Thanks for your reply. Finish and do. According to my dictionary, both verbs imply that something is done. So it sounds strange to me. What do you think? Click to expand...

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i did not finished my homework vs i did not finish my homework

Last updated: April 04, 2024 • 208 views

• i did not finished my homework

This phrase is incorrect. The verb "finish" should be in the base form after the auxiliary verb "did" in a negative sentence.

• But England was not finished yet.
• The house has been renovated, not finished .
• 0-2 years not finished 2-6 years not finished 6-12 years not finished
• Thank you, but I'm not finished .
• He said they're not finished .
• I'm not finished talking to Bobby.
• Next, we're going to deck eight which is not finished .
• Then I guess we're not finished .
• But it's not finished with me.
• They're not finished with me, mate.
• Also you have not finished yet.
• A border fence, not finished yet.
• Our work here is not finished .
• No, but we're not finished .
• Caesar is pleased with the winners, however it's not finished yet.
• But my work is not finished .
• Michael? We're not finished .
• We're not finished with PointCorp.
• Our fight is not finished yet.
• We're not finished with the video yet.
• i did not finish my homework

This phrase is correct. The verb "finish" is in the base form after the auxiliary verb "did" in a negative sentence.

• Bring me all the work that I did not finish .
• You should be happy I did not finish you.
• I was studying the Spanish Language and Literature, although I did not finish it.
• I did not finish it, but I will finish it.
• Even if I did not finish everything and maybe was not as productive in a straightforward way as I had imagined myself to be, mentally it helped a lot to start and dare new things.
• Unfortunately I did not manage to finish it before christmas.
• I did not wait to finish my cigar.
• And I started designing the PGP trust model, which I did not have time to finish in the first release.
• I got Pyecraft's address from the hall porter. Pyecraft inhabited the upper half of a house in Bloomsbury, and I went there so soon as I had done my coffee and Trappistine. I did not wait to finish my cigar.
• Our Lent should not finish with Easter.
• In Argentina, 54% of children do not finish primary school, and of those who do, 80% do not finish secondary school.The future is being buried.
• More's, I left him not finish .
• But you did not finish suffering.
• The real criminals would be to not finish what we started.
• The costs do not finish when you buy the properties.
• You don't sing a song and not finish it.
• You can't start a story and not finish .
• You know, start a question and not finish it.
• I saved your men's lives and yours from the fight you started but could not finish .
• Doubt will not finish my play for me.

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