ielts essay gender equality

Gender Issues

Advance your IELTS Writing skills on Gender Issues with IELTS24's practice questions, expert feedback, and benchmark model essays.

IELTS24 invites you to delve into the critical discourse of Gender Issues in our IELTS Writing Task 2 section. Explore a wide array of essay prompts examining gender equality, representation, and societal roles. Our model essays provide exemplary responses to these prompts, aiding your understanding and preparation. Utilize our real-time writing practice and expert feedback to hone your essay skills for a superior IELTS performance.

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IELTS Gender Differences Essay

Do men and women have different strengths and weaknesses?

Women and men are commonly seen as having different strengths and weaknesses. Is it right to exclude males or females from certain professions because of their gender? The idea that males and females are born with distinct characteristics from each other has been a unanimous consensus for as long as human beings first came into existence. However, in my view, these differences should hold little to no significance when it comes to selecting specific careers for both genders. To start, the exclusion of a gender from particular professions can have a detrimental effect on many groups in society. Clearly, qualifying an applicant based on their gender instead of their abilities will prevent individuals from developing to their full potential. Furthermore, this mode of thinking directly contributes to sexism by reinforcing harmful stereotypes and setting negative examples for younger generations. For example, a young, impressionable girl who witnessed a woman being denied a job simply for being a woman will form biases about which occupation a certain gender can and cannot enter, and will inevitably constrain herself and her potentials inside that false mindset. Advocators of this exclusion present a counter-argument, stating that the unique attributes of males (better physical strength, authoritativeness) and females (sentiment, gentleness) might hinder them from efficiently completing certain tasks at work, but this view is fundamentally flawed. Firstly, these traits are not exclusive to a certain gender. Secondly, individual who receives enough training or possesses adequate qualifications will prove themselves suitable for a job, regardless of their sex. Finally, supposing that this exclusion was implemented, the workplace and job culture would experience a severe lack in diversity, which has been proven to reduce employees’ productivity and negatively impact their attitudes towards work. From the basis of the points mentioned above, it is conclusive to state that leaving out a certain gender from a profession is never a good idea. Companies and employers should always strive for gender equality and offer equivalent work opportunities to all sexes to eliminate harmful, sexist stereotypes and create a welcoming, inclusive work environment for all.

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Task 2 Essay: Gender Equality at Work

Question: Nowadays, some workplaces tend to employ equal numbers of men and women workers. Do you think it is a positive or negative development?

Band 8+ Sample Answer:

(Intro) In the 21st century, the roles of women are becoming increasingly crucial with a growing number of females hired by some enterprises. Personally, I feel that this trend is not only beneficial to women and their families, but it also helps lessen the burden on society to support them and narrows the gender gap as well.

(Body 1) Individually, women may have opportunities to excel themselves and improve their living conditions. First, if the domination of men in the workplace is eradicated it may enable females to make use of their talents and pursue their desired occupations. In fact, in some fields like art and design, women are superior to men concerning their attention to detail, while men tend to be more suitable for jobs related to engineering or construction. In addition, a wider selection of careers can better families’ economic conditions, indicating that women can earn a living on their own and become as much the breadwinners as their husbands. Hence, couples can have better living standards and conditions to raise their children.

(Body 2) Socially, the merits of more equal employment are fewer responsibilities for the government and a demonstration of human rights progress. Primarily, more working women means that governments no longer need to provide grants or subsidies to households on low incomes. On the contrary, society could benefit from taxes paid by these female employees to invest in vital infrastructure and essential services As for gender equality, reserving positions for women would definitely be a positive step for the recognition of women’s rights. On a practical level, many females are taking important positions globally and contributing tremendously to the organiSations they commit to. Susan Wojcicki, the CEO of YouTube can exemplify this.

(Conclusion) In conclusion, eliminating discrimination against women at work would bring clear social and economic advantages to both society and individuals. Governments and enterprises need to come to an agreement to remove the fixed quota of the number of women working in organiSations for greater benefits in the future. (330 words)

Words: Student essay, corrected & upgraded by Nick Kemp, former IELTS examiner.

Image: Portraitor / Pixabay.

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Gender equality has not been achieved in our society. Women still do not have the same rights and opportunities as men. To what extend do you agree or disagree?

IELTS essay Gender equality has not been achieved in our society. Women still do not have the same rights and opportunities as men.

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Essay on Condition of Gender equality Reading Questions and Answers

Ielts reading passage – essay on condition of gender equality.

Essay on Condition of Gender equality

Gender Equality refers to the form of social differentiation denoting the socio-cultural distinctions created between the male and females. The socially constructed framework created by humans to deal with sex differences is gender in simple words. Sex is the biological difference, whereas gender comes during the process of socialization depending upon the society you grow in.  The gender roles are not universal. There are changes in expected gender roles of a male or a female at present in response to the past and will give a different direction in the future. Gender is a parallel and socially unequal division created based on sex or biological difference of humans.

Gender inequality is the discretion created in a society based on masculinity and femininity.  The role is not universal and neither based on one’s physical or mental ability. The organization may alter the assigned task for a wife and a husband or a son and a daughter. Therefore, this is a significant cause of social inequality, stratification, and differentiation. The established gender roles create a framework within which the men and women gain their identities, formulate their goals, and carry out their training. The common trends are meant to be followed like men being the head of the family and a foundation for financial independence and women getting limited to the household chores and a family. The awareness about educating girls and women empowerment has been able to employ females in other productive tasks besides only household chores, but still, the social stigma is not reduced.

In addition to this, the condition of gender equality is a dream come correct phase in cities with today’s generation. However, while reaching the rural villages, mistreating girls are still in practice. The image of ancestors and their superstitious beliefs are highly respected. This doesn’t prevail in the concept of equality to flourish. The traditionally patriarchal society is a barrier, and underestimating women’s ability is still not avoided. The current scenarios are advancement in comparison to the previous one. Nevertheless, then this is not the state of gender equality as acts like unequal payment between men and women, sexual harassment to females, racism, and fear of judgments are still in existence. Women always hold the terror of mistreatment. This even affects the unborn baby girls and has been increasing the abortion rate. It is because society is not readily accepting females thinking about their weak gender roles and the benefits of having a so-called healthy human in the form of male.

To summarise it all, the condition of gender equality has been in implementation in the city. However, when it comes to the rural and semi-literate areas, gender equality is still a speculative theory. Changes are inevitable, and the condition of gender equality is a necessity. Thus, there have to be efforts made in education and establishing the concept of women empowerment to raise one’s status and focus on biological division rather than the socially created stratification. One has to be human in the form of a  female, male, and others, instead of a socially dominant gender. We should not hesitate to ask for the payment of your worth to promote a safe working area. There must be the admiration of the reproductive ability and erection of the state of being in a civilized world that has to be erected for a wise human existence.  

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Ielts essay 1135 - men and women can be equally suited to do any type of work, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, some people think men and women have different natural abilities that make them suitable for different types of work. others, however, believe that both men and women can be equally suited to do any type of work..

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Gender Discrimination - band 7

It is true, that some professions favor men or women, because of their gender, and due to this, there are a lot of male or female-dominant workplaces. My personal believe is, that both women, and men, should be able to apply any job they want to, no matter what the job is.

Both males and females should be able to work in any profession, because we should not discriminate anyone by their gender. In addition, both men and women can educate themselves equally, so why should there be professions only for men or women. Furthermore, it is beneficial to the workplace to have both women and men working there, because it brings variety to the workplace. To give an example, I work in health care, that is known to have more female than male employees, and I feel that working atmosphere is better, when there are both genders in the workplace.

There are some professions that require certain kinds of qualities in a man or in a woman, for example physical or mental strength, intelligence, or patience to name a few. However, these qualities can be found both in males or females, or at least they can educate or train themselves to be better at those qualities. However, I think that job standards should be the same for everyone. For example, if a woman wants to be a policeman, the physical standards should be the same as for men, because she is applying for a job that is physically demanding. Also, if a man wants to work in children day care, he has to be caring and maternal so that he can take care of the children.

In conclusion, females and males should be entitled to apply any profession they want, but they also should have those qualities that are required to be working in those certain professions. Nowadays men and women are considered to be equal in so many different things, so it is a shame that they cannot apply to the same jobs.

(335 words)

Task Achievement

This is a good answer that makes the writer's position clear. A balanced argument with some supporting examples has been presented. (7)

Coherence & Cohesion

There is an overall progression and development and ideas are organised into paragraphs well. An ability to use a wide range of linkers effectively and appropriately has been demonstrated. (7)

Lexical Resource

A good range of vocabulary to talk about this topic has been used with an awareness of collocation. There are only one or two instances of imprecise word choices. (7)

Grammatical Range & Accuracy

A variety of structures has been used with some flexibility and accuracy. Errors are infrequent and there is good overall control. (7.5)

Overall Comment - how to improve

This is a good essay, especially in terms of lexis and grammar. More examples could be included to make the main points even stronger.

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Gender equality has not been achieved in our society. Women still do not have the same rights and opportunities as men. To what extend do you agree or disagree?

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Fully explain your ideas

To get an excellent score in the IELTS Task 2 writing section, one of the easiest and most effective tips is structuring your writing in the most solid format. A great argument essay structure may be divided to four paragraphs, in which comprises of four sentences (excluding the conclusion paragraph, which comprises of three sentences).

For we to consider an essay structure a great one, it should be looking like this:

• Paragraph 1 - Introduction
• Sentence 1 - Background statement
• Sentence 2 - Detailed background statement
• Sentence 3 - Thesis
• Sentence 4 - Outline sentence
• Paragraph 2 - First supporting paragraph
• Sentence 1 - Topic sentence
• Sentence 2 - Example
• Sentence 3 - Discussion
• Sentence 4 - Conclusion
• Paragraph 3 - Second supporting paragraph
• Paragraph 4 - Conclusion
• Sentence 1 - Summary
• Sentence 2 - Restatement of thesis
• Sentence 3 - Prediction or recommendation

Our recommended essay structure above comprises of fifteen (15) sentences, which will make your essay approximately 250 to 275 words.

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An increasing number of people are choosing to have cosmetic surgery in order to improve their appearance. Why do people have operations to change the way they look? Do you think this is a positive or negative development?

Some people believe that studying at university or college is the best route to a successful career, while others believe that it is better to get a job straight after school., people work because they need money to live. what are some other reasons that people work discuss one or more of these reasons. use specific examples and details to support your answer., figures show that some countries have an ever-increasing proportion of the population who are aged 15 or younger. what do you think are the current and future effects of this trend for those countries, many parents complain about violence promoted to their children through video games, tv programs and other media. why is it happening what can be the solution for it.

Essay on Gender Inequality: Cause And Solution

In the first place, gender refers to the biological division made by a society based on their sex. Sexual variation is what one individual is born with whereas gender roles are the one that gets into the brain of the individual with being nurtured by their families and society. .Gender inequality is the discrimination done to the individual based on their sex where the society dominates one and focuses on the other one. 

Secondly, gender discrimination is the outcome of society. The educated mind will not think about the variations based on the sex but the semi-literate or illiterate people hold a lot of misconceptions regarding one’s biological process or physical ability which makes them create the situation of gender inequality. Thus, the major cause of gender inequality is illiteracy or ignorance of the fact the humans are the same just with biological differences in the form of male, female, and others.

In addition to this,  superstition or blind faith in cultural values causes gender equality. The people have been so dipped in the culture that a lot of mispractice is being followed in the name of culture. The practice of unequal payment or property rights also causes gender inequality as the patriarchal society always prioritizes males for every opportunity. Lack of awareness about the difference between sex and gender in rural areas also creates gender inequality.

We have come to the phase of civilization where technology and science are flourished more than myths and beliefs. In this time, gender inequality should have only existed in history instead of the current scenario. The ultimate solution for eliminating gender inequality is education where the rural areas should know about biological and socially created variations. The awareness activity and the habit of ignoring the facts should extinct to create a favorable situation for an individual to grow.

Further, women empowerment also plays a vital role to drop gender inequality. Living in a patriarchal society, almost every field lacks female participation that makes them deprived of basic needs and requirements. Women’s empowerment would make them capable of deciding for themselves and being self-reliant to carry out individual decision-making ability. Besides, the elimination of gender inequality is possible when the reserved gender gets priority and opportunities to grow better.

To summarise it all, the social stigmas or limitations like the wife in the kitchen and husband in the business, and the trend of unbiased habits or focussed on interest should flourish from childhood. The world can be a better place to live in only when one learns to live as an individual instead of a male or a female with the original biological feature they are born with.

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IELTS Essay - Gender Equality

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IELTS writing vocabulary: employment and equal pay

Home  »  IELTS vocabulary  » IELTS writing vocabulary: employment and equal pay

Collocations and examples sentences

Feminist theory : Many women discuss feminist theory and the differences in why women are oppressed the way they are.

Gender equality : Gender equality is an issue we have been struggling with in the world for centuries and has yet to be fixed completely.

Equal pay : Men and women do not always receive equal pay in the workplace even when they are doing the same work.

Balancing responsibilities : Some men believe that women have trouble balancing responsibilities involving the home and the workplace and therefore cannot do both things.

Empower women : We must empower women to achieve their goals no matter how big they are in order to see gender equality succeed.

Affirmative action : Affirmative action involves choosing someone for a job based on their race or gender as opposed to their skills alone.

Male entitlement : Male entitlement is a problem in today’s society because men have been raised to think they are in control of everything.

Patriarchal society : Many countries in the world revolve around the idea of a patriarchal society where the male leads the household and make the decisions.

Equally beneficial : Gender equality proves to be equally beneficial to both men and women in the long run.

5 questions eliciting the collocations:

1. How does Mr. Kimmel explain the difference between gender struggles in white women and women of color?

2. What different views are there on gender equality and what similarities and differences do they have? Explain with specific examples from the TED talk.

3. Why is gender equality good for countries, companies, and men as a whole?

4. What was Mr. Kimmel’s experiment with his 16-year-old son and what were the results of this experiment when it comes to gender equality?

5. What is the one word Mr. Kimmel suggests for men in order to fix the issue of gender equality?

Video: Listen to the topic vocabulary in use

Task 2 sample essay - with collocations removed (gap fill task).

Women should be given the same opportunities as men in the workplace, because although we live in a ___________ _______, it is about time that we break the mould and let women make their own decisions. While someone does need to take care of the children and the home, a husband and wife should have _________ _______________ and should support each other in both their careers and family lives. There is no reason why the woman should stay at the home as opposed to the man.

Firstly, women should be given the same opportunities in the workplace, because ____ ___________ is unfair and out of date. Men should not be given privileges over women just because of their gender. We need to promote ______ ________ in the workplace as well as give men and women _____ ___.

Studies show that women excel just as quickly if not faster than men do in their careers when given the opportunity. Therefore, we need to _______ _____ and allow them to grow with no boundaries.

Secondly, women should not be hindered in their careers, because a working woman can be _______ __________ to the man as well. If the woman in the home is working alongside the man, the family can bring in more income and support their family more efficiently.

________ ______ studies how women are discriminated against in their jobs and how this can be a disadvantage to the family as a whole. Scientists have proved that couples who are equal when it comes to gender are happier overall.

In conclusion, we must allow women to thrive in the workplace and use ___________ ______ initiatives in order to ensure that women get the same opportunities as men. It is better for the world as a whole if we see both men and women in the home and leading successful careers.

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Numbers Equality of Male and Female Students in Every University Subject

The concept of equalizing the total number of male and female university students is such an arguable issue. Regarding this topic, some points of disagreement would be provided in this essay .

Perhaps, one of the major problems which will rise when the policy is implemented is that only limited people would register to the university. Some would consider twice to choose their dream course on account of the limit number of class attendance. Where this seems creating an effective class management,  It causes many students to apply for another institution with a less strict regulation. Moreover, several subjects may seem attractive for some males only but females accept it conversely. it should not based on gender but the capability. For instance, studying electrical engineering is more preferable for men since they could deal with complicated machine structure.

Another reason is that the increase of woman population nowadays is undeniable. In some Asian countries such as Indonesia and Hong Kong, it is such a challenging situation to provide a class with a balance group of male and female students since these citizens are dominated by women. Additionally, it is widely known that campus is captured as a place to grow mindset and it shows democracy. This regulation restricts people from choosing their dream major.

In summary, having a balanced number of students of different genders in every subject is extremely hard to implement as  a consequence of its negative sides.

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• A Majority of Latinas Feel Pressure To Support Their Families or To Succeed at Work

1. Daily life experiences of Latinas

Table of contents.

• The impact of gender, Hispanic identity and skin color on the lives of Latinas
• 2. Pressures Latinas face in their lives
• 3. Life satisfaction and sources of joy for Latinas
• Acknowledgments
• The American Trends Panel survey methodology

About four-in-ten Hispanic women say that being female or Hispanic impacts their daily lives. In fact, Hispanic women are more likely than Hispanic men to say sexism is a problem in the workplace, schools and the media.

Differences by gender disappear in other areas. Similar shares of Hispanic women and Hispanic men say they have been treated as if they’re not smart.

This chapter explores Latinas’ views of sexism and their experiences with harassment and discrimination.

Substantial shares of Hispanic women say gender (43%), Hispanic identity (40%) and skin color (35%) shape their daily life experiences a great deal or a fair amount. Overall, 54% say at least one of these shapes their daily life.

By comparison, Hispanic men are somewhat less likely than Hispanic women to say gender (38%), Hispanic identity (36%) and skin color (30%) impact their daily lives a great deal or a fair amount.

Does gender shape daily life for Latinas?

Latinas’ opinions on how much gender shapes their lives can vary by age, education, nativity and political party:

• Age: About half (53%) of Latinas ages 18 to 29 say gender shapes their life, while 30% of Latinas 65 and older say so.
• Education: A majority of Latinas (57%) with a bachelor’s degree or higher say gender shapes their daily life experiences. By comparison, 34% of Latinas with a high school diploma or less say the same.
• Party identification: About half of Latinas (49%) who identify as Democrats or lean toward the Democratic Party say gender shapes their daily life, compared with 35% of Latinas who identify as Republicans or lean Republican.
• Nativity: Nearly half (48%) of Latinas born in the United States say gender shapes their daily life, compared with 38% of Latina immigrants.

How do views of sexism differ by gender?

Hispanic women are more likely than Hispanic men to say sexism against women is at least a somewhat big problem in media, the workplace, schools and families.

• 52% of Hispanic women say sexism against women in the workplace is at least a somewhat big problem, compared with 44% of Hispanic men.
• 48% of Hispanic women say sexism against women in schools is at least a somewhat big problem, while 37% of Hispanic men say this.
• Half of Hispanic women say sexism against women in English-language music is a problem, versus 40% of Hispanic men. 4
• 46% of Hispanic women say sexism against women in Spanish-language music is a problem, compared with 38% of Hispanic men. 5

How do different groups of Latinas view sexism in the workplace?

Latinas who are young adults, college graduates, U.S. born, Democrats or don’t have children are more likely to say that sexism against women at work is at least a somewhat big problem:

• Age: 63% of Latinas ages 18 to 29 say sexism in the workplace is at least a somewhat big problem, compared with 44% of those 65 and older.
• Education: 65% of Latinas who are college graduates say sexism in the workplace is at least a somewhat big problem, versus 47% of those with a high school diploma or less.
• Immigrant generation: 59% of Latinas who are U.S. born and have at least one immigrant parent (second-generation Hispanics) say this is at least a somewhat big problem, compared with 48% of Latina immigrants.
• Party affiliation: 60% of Latinas who identify as or lean Democratic say workplace sexism is at least a somewhat big problem, compared with 43% of Republican and Republican-leaning Latinas.

What experiences do Latinas have with harassment and discrimination?

Over four-in-ten Hispanic women (44%) say that in the past 12 months people have acted as if they were not smart, the most common of five negative experiences asked about in our survey. Meanwhile, 38% of Hispanic men say they experienced the same thing.

About a third (31%) of Hispanic women say they have feared for their personal safety in the past year. The same share say a stranger made a comment about their appearance that made them feel uncomfortable during this time. By contrast, Hispanic men are less likelyto say these experiences have happened to them.

Overall, a majority of Hispanic women (62%) and about half of Hispanic men (52%) say at least one of these five negative experiences has happened to them in the past year.

By immigrant generation and age

Among Hispanic women, those who are second generation (71%) are more likely than immigrants (59%) to say they have had at least one of the five negative experiences happen to them.

Notable differences exist between the youngest and oldest age groups of Latinas:

• 50% of Latinas ages 18 to 29 say people have acted as if they were not smart in the past year, compared with 21% of those 65 and older.
• 43% of Latina adults under 30 say they have feared for their personal safety in the past year, versus 16% of those 65 and older.
• 42% of Latinas 18 to 29 say a stranger commented on their appearance and made them feel uncomfortable, compared with 12% of those in the oldest age group.

Overall, 72% of Latinas ages 18 to 29 say they havehad at least one of the survey’s five negative experiences happen to them in the past year, compared with 36% of those 65 and older.

• Asked only of those who say they can carry on a conversation in English at least “a little.” ↩
• Asked only of those who say they can carry on a conversation in Spanish at least “a little.” ↩

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Guest Essay

The Deep, Tangled Roots of American Illiberalism

By Steven Hahn

Dr. Hahn is a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian at New York University and the author, most recently, of “Illiberal America: a History.”

In a recent interview with Time, Donald Trump promised a second term of authoritarian power grabs, administrative cronyism, mass deportations of the undocumented, harassment of women over abortion, trade wars and vengeance brought upon his rivals and enemies, including President Biden. “If they said that a president doesn’t get immunity,” Mr. Trump told Time, “then Biden, I am sure, will be prosecuted for all of his crimes.”

Further evidence, it seems, of Mr. Trump’s efforts to construct a political world like no other in American history. But how unprecedented is it, really? That Mr. Trump continues to lead in polls should make plain that he and his MAGA movement are more than noxious weeds in otherwise liberal democratic soil.

Many of us have not wanted to see it that way. “This is not who we are as a nation,” one journalist exclaimed in what was a common response to the violence on Jan. 6, “and we must not let ourselves or others believe otherwise.” Mr. Biden has said much the same thing.

While it’s true that Mr. Trump was the first president to lose an election and attempt to stay in power, observers have come to recognize the need for a lengthier view of Trumpism. Even so, they are prone to imagining that there was a time not all that long ago when political “normalcy” prevailed. What they have failed to grasp is that American illiberalism is deeply rooted in our past and fed by practices, relationships and sensibilities that have been close to the surface, even when they haven’t exploded into view.

Illiberalism is generally seen as a backlash against modern liberal and progressive ideas and policies, especially those meant to protect the rights and advance the aspirations of groups long pushed to the margins of American political life. But in the United States, illiberalism is better understood as coherent sets of ideas that are related but also change over time.

This illiberalism celebrates hierarchies of gender, race and nationality; cultural homogeneity; Christian religious faith; the marking of internal as well as external enemies; patriarchal families; heterosexuality; the will of the community over the rule of law; and the use of political violence to achieve or maintain power. This illiberalism sank roots from the time of European settlement and spread out from villages and towns to the highest levels of government. In one form or another, it has shaped much of our history. Illiberalism has frequently been a stalking horse, if not in the winner’s circle. Hardly ever has it been roundly defeated.

A few examples may be illustrative. Although European colonization of North America has often been imagined as a sharp break from the ways of home countries, neo-feudal dreams inspired the making of Euro-American societies from the Carolinas up through the Hudson Valley, based as they were on landed estates and coerced labor, while the Puritan towns of New England, with their own hierarchies, demanded submission to the faith and harshly policed their members and potential intruders alike. The backcountry began to fill up with land-hungry settlers who generally formed ethnicity-based enclaves, eyed outsiders with suspicion and, with rare exceptions, hoped to rid their territory of Native peoples. Most of those who arrived in North America between the early 17th century and the time of the American Revolution were either enslaved or in servitude, and master-servant jurisprudence shaped labor relations well after slavery was abolished, a phenomenon that has been described as “belated feudalism.”

The anti-colonialism of the American Revolution was accompanied not only by warfare against Native peoples and rewards for enslavers, but also by a deeply ingrained anti-Catholicism, and hostility to Catholics remained a potent political force well into the 20th century. Monarchist solutions were bruited about during the writing of the Constitution and the first decade of the American Republic: John Adams thought that the country would move in such a direction and other leaders at the time, including Washington, Madison and Hamilton, wondered privately if a king would be necessary in the event a “republican remedy” failed.

The 1830s, commonly seen as the height of Jacksonian democracy, were racked by violent expulsions of Catholics , Mormons and abolitionists of both races, along with thousands of Native peoples dispossessed of their homelands and sent to “Indian Territory” west of the Mississippi.

The new democratic politics of the time was often marked by Election Day violence after campaigns suffused with military cadences, while elected officials usually required the support of elite patrons to guarantee the bonds they had to post. Even in state legislatures and Congress, weapons could be brandished and duels arranged; “bullies” enforced the wills of their allies.

When enslavers in the Southern states resorted to secession rather than risk their system under a Lincoln administration, they made clear that their Confederacy was built on the cornerstone of slavery and white supremacy. And although their crushing defeat brought abolition, the establishment of birthright citizenship (except for Native peoples), the political exclusion of Confederates, and the extension of voting rights to Black men — the results of one of the world’s great revolutions — it was not long before the revolution went into reverse.

The federal government soon allowed former Confederates and their white supporters to return to power, destroy Black political activism and, accompanied by lynchings (expressing the “will” of white communities), build the edifice of Jim Crow: segregation, political disfranchisement and a harsh labor regime. Already previewed in the pre-Civil War North, Jim Crow received the imprimatur of the Supreme Court and the administration of Woodrow Wilson .

Few Progressives of the early 20th century had much trouble with this. Segregation seemed a modern way to choreograph “race relations,” and disfranchisement resonated with their disenchantment with popular politics, whether it was powered by Black voters in the South or European immigrants in the North. Many Progressives were devotees of eugenics and other forms of social engineering, and they generally favored overseas imperialism; some began to envision the scaffolding of a corporate state — all anticipating the dark turns in Europe over the next decades.

The 1920s, in fact, saw fascist pulses coming from a number of directions in the United States and, as in Europe, targeting political radicals. Benito Mussolini won accolades in many American quarters. The lab where Josef Mengele worked received support from the Rockefeller Foundation. White Protestant fundamentalism reigned in towns and the countryside. And the Immigration Act of 1924 set limits on the number of newcomers, especially those from Southern and Eastern Europe, who were thought to be politically and culturally unassimilable.

Most worrisome, the Ku Klux Klan, energized by anti-Catholicism and antisemitism as well as anti-Black racism, marched brazenly in cities great and small. The Klan became a mass movement and wielded significant political power; it was crucial, for example , to the enforcement of Prohibition. Once the organization unraveled in the late 1920s, many Klansmen and women found their way to new fascist groups and the radical right more generally.

Sidelined by the Great Depression and New Deal, the illiberal right regained traction in the late 1930s, and during the 1950s won grass-roots support through vehement anti-Communism and opposition to the civil rights movement. As early as 1964, in a run for the Democratic presidential nomination, Gov. George Wallace of Alabama began to hone a rhetoric of white grievance and racial hostility that had appeal in the Midwest and Middle Atlantic, and Barry Goldwater’s campaign that year, despite its failure, put winds in the sails of the John Birch Society and Young Americans for Freedom.

Four years later, Wallace mobilized enough support as a third-party candidate to win five states. And in 1972, once again as a Democrat, Wallace racked up primary wins in both the North and the South before an assassination attempt forced him out of the race. Growing backlashes against school desegregation and feminism added further fuel to the fire on the right, paving the way for the conservative ascendancy of the 1980s.

By the early 1990s, the neo-Nazi and Klansman David Duke had won a seat in the Louisiana Legislature and nearly three-fifths of the white vote in campaigns for governor and senator. Pat Buchanan, seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1992, called for “America First,” the fortification of the border (a “Buchanan fence”), and a culture war for the “soul” of America, while the National Rifle Association became a powerful force on the right and in the Republican Party.

When Mr. Trump questioned Barack Obama’s legitimacy to serve as president, a project that quickly became known as “birtherism,” he made use of a Reconstruction-era racist trope that rejected the legitimacy of Black political rights and power. In so doing, Mr. Trump began to cement a coalition of aggrieved white voters. They were ready to push back against the nation’s growing cultural diversity — embodied by Mr. Obama — and the challenges they saw to traditional hierarchies of family, gender and race. They had much on which to build.

Back in the 1830s, Alexis de Tocqueville, in “Democracy in America,” glimpsed the illiberal currents that already entangled the country’s politics. While he marveled at the “equality of conditions,” the fluidity of social life and the strength of republican institutions, he also worried about the “omnipotence of the majority.”

“What I find most repulsive in America is not the extreme freedom reigning there,” Tocqueville wrote, “but the shortage of guarantees against tyranny.” He pointed to communities “taking justice into their own hands,” and warned that “associations of plain citizens can compose very rich, influential, and powerful bodies, in other words, aristocratic bodies.” Lamenting their intellectual conformity, Tocqueville believed that if Americans ever gave up republican government, “they will pass rapidly on to despotism,” restricting “the sphere of political rights, taking some of them away in order to entrust them to a single man.”

The slide toward despotism that Tocqueville feared may be well underway, whatever the election’s outcome. Even if they try to fool themselves into thinking that Mr. Trump won’t follow through, millions of voters seem ready to entrust their rights to “a single man” who has announced his intent to use autocratic powers for retribution, repression, expulsion and misogyny.

Only by recognizing what we’re up against can we mount an effective campaign to protect our democracy, leaning on the important political struggles — abolitionism, antimonopoly, social democracy, human rights, civil rights, feminism — that have challenged illiberalism in the past and offer the vision and political pathways to guide us in the future.

Our biggest mistake would be to believe that we’re watching an exceptional departure in the country’s history. Because from the first, Mr. Trump has tapped into deep and ever-expanding illiberal roots. Illiberalism’s history is America’s history.

Steven Hahn is a Pulitzer Prize-winning historian at New York University and the author, most recently, of “ Illiberal America: a History .”

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