research methodology past papers pdf

•   Repository Home
• Examination Past Papers
• Faculty of Business Studies
• Business Administration

BCOM 401: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Collections.

• Business Administration [2037]

Research Methodology

• First semester

Course code(s)

Usage metrics.

• Other education not elsewhere classified

DSpace JSPUI

Dspace preserves and enables easy and open access to all types of digital content including text, images, moving images, mpegs and data sets.

• The Library:Past Papers
• Faculty of Arts
• Undergraduate

Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.

• Faculty/Subject
• List of Research Guides
• Scholars Login
• Staff Login

Previous Year Question Papers

• Research and Publication Ethics
• Research Methodology -Stream I
• Research Methodology -Stream II
• Research Methodology Stream III
• Theory and Concept -Arabic
• Theory and Concept-Biosciences
• Theory and Concept-Botany
• Theory and Concept-Commerce
• Theory and Concept-Economics
• Theory and Concept-English
• Theory and Concept-History
• Theory and Concept-Home Science
• Theory and Concept-Islamic History
• Theory and Concept-Law
• Theory and Concept-Philosophy
• Theory and Concept-Physics
• Theory and Concept-Political Science
• Theory and Concept-Sociology
• Theory and Concept-Zoology

QUICK LINKS

© 2024 Priyadarsini Hills, Kottayam,Kerala,India, Pin: 686560

The Catholic Univesity of Eastern Africa Digital Repository  > Nairobi City Campus  >

Collections in this community

Recent submissions.

ALCOHOLISM AND ITS IMPACT ON WORK FORCE: A CASE OF KENYA METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE, NAIROBI

Integration to families of origin and the psychosocial adjustment of orphans in Bagamoyo, Tanzania

Father’s Involvement in the Mitigation of Child Sexual Abuse, in Mvita sub-county, Mombasa County

Predictors of Emotional Intelligence among Academic Staff in Selected Universities in Nairobi County, Kenya

Influence of Posttraumatic Growth on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among Refugees in Nairobi County, Kenya

Correlates of Career Adaptability among Academic Staff in Selected Universities in Nairobi County, Kenya

Quality of Care and Psychological Wellbeing of Differently Abled Children in Embu County Kenya

Trauma of Poverty and its Psychological Impact: A Case of Kenya

Perception of Public Secondary School Students towards Parenting Styles of their Parents: A case of Mwingi Central Sub-County, Kitui County, Kenya

Trauma Coping Strategies for the Catholic Religious Men and Women Survivors of Kidnapping in the Southern Ecclesiastical Provinces of Nigeria

THE EFFECT OF FORGIVENESS ON MARITAL QUALITY IN KENYA: A CASE OF THE CATHOLIC ARCHDIOCESE OF NAIROBI, KENYA

Awareness in Application of Assistive Technology in Educational Instruction: A Psychological Perspective for Basic Education Learners with Visual Impairments

CAC 312 Accounting of Assets

CAC 311 Introduction to Management Accounting

CAC 211 Cost Accounting

SSW 211 Urbanization

SSW 201 Human Relations

SSW 200 Human Rights

SSW 108 Child Development THeory

SSW 107 Child rights and protection

SSW 101 Principles and Methods of Social work

SSW 100 Introduction to Social work Theory

SOS 403 Sociology of Housing and Homelessness

SOS 310 Demography

SSO 308 Criminology

SSO 206_SDS 201_SPO 202 Basic Research Methods

SSO Rural Sociology

SSO 201 Sociology of deviant behaviour

SSO 200 Social structures of East African Societies

SSO 105 The Socialization process

SSO 101 Introduction to sociology

SNT 103 Ethnology of East African Societies

SNT 100 : Introduction to Anthropology

CMT 100: Physics for computer science

ED 804: Theory and Practice in Test Development

ED 801: Curriculum Theory and practice

ED 601: Educational Supervision

ED 528:Psychometric Analysis and Diagnosis

ED 526: Psychology of Learning

ED 525: Human Growth and Development

ED 524: Legal and Fundamental Issues in Education

ED 522: Curriculum Innovation

ED 514: Human Resource Management and Development in Educationt

ED 513: Educational Planning

ED 510: Curriculum Implementation

ED 504: Ethical Issues in Education

ED 404: Educational Administration

ED 403: Educational Planning ad Economics

ED 402: Sociology of Education

ED 401: Guidance and Counseling

ED 302: Comparative in Education and Issues in Education in Africa

ED 301: Philosophy of Education

ED 202: Curriculum Development

Ed 201: Educational Technology and Media

ED 201: Educational Technology and Madia 2

ED 200:Instructional Methods

ED 100: Developmental Psychology

CMD 081: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE FOR BUSINESS STUDIES

HST 536: GENDER TOPICS IN HISTORY

HST 517: HISTORIOGRAPHY OF AFRICA

HST 515: TOPICS IN GENDER HISTORY

HST 514: THEMES IN LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY

HST 512: THEMES IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY

HST 510: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF AFRICA

HST 507: HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

HST 502: PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

HST 500: METHODS OF HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES RESEARCH

HST 409: ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT IN HISTORY

HST 402: PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

HST 401: METHODS OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

HST 315: GOVERNMENT AND CONSTITUTION OF KENYA

HST 302: COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM

HST 301: SOURCES OF AFRICAN HISTORY

HST 206: THEMES IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY

HST 203: THEMES IN EAST AFRICAN HISTORY

HST 201: THEMES IN WORLD HISTORY TO 1500

HST 104: ISSUES IN KENYAN HISTORY SINCE 1895

HST 102: INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN HISTORY SINCE 1884

HST 101: INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN HISTORY TO 1884

HIR 203: INTRODUCTION TO AFRICAN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

HIR 202: SOCIETY AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

HIR 201: HUMAN RIGHTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

HIR 108: REFUGEE STUDIES IN AFRICA

HIR 107: THEORIES AND APPROACHES TO PEACE AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION

HIR 106: INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL SCIENCE

HIR 104: THEORY AND LAW OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

MGE 538: RESEARCH METHODS IN TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

MGE 534: TOURISM PLANNING AND POLICY

MGE 506: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT POLICY AND LAW

MGE 505: APPLIED REMOTE SENSING

MGE 502: APPLIED QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN GEOGRAPHY

GS 104: ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

GES 315: PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF WETLANDS RESOURCES

GES 313: ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

GES 312: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE

GES 311: ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND BUSINESS ACCELERATION

GES 310: ATMOSPHERE AND SOIL PROCESSES

GES 216: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

GES 215: MANAGEMENT OF FRESH WATER ENVIRONMENT

GES 213: ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

GES 212: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR BUSINESS

GES 210: PRINCIPLES OF THE EARTH’S ENVIRONMENT

GES 110: INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

GEO 403: REGIONAL PLANNING

GEO 402: GEOGRAPHY OF ARID AND SEMI-ARID LANDS

GEO 401: REMOTE SENSING AND AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION

GEO 322: RECREATIONAL AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY

GEO 311: RESEARCH METHODS IN GEOGRAPHY

GES 210/ GEO 211: QUANTIATIVE METHODS IN GEOGRAPHY

GEO 210: WATER AND LAND PROCESS

GEO 114: SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY

GEO 113: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

GEO 111: CARTOGRAPHY AND MAP ANALYSIS

GEO 110: INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

MLT 520: SELECTED TOPICS AND AUTHORS INAFRICAN LITERATURE

MLT 514: AFRICAN POETRY

MLT 508: KENYAN LITERATURE

MLT 507: WOMEN’S LITERATURE AND GENDER

MLT 505: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON AFRICAN LITERATURE

MLT 503: LITERARY GENRES AND ADAPTATIONS

LIT 401: AFRICAN LITERATURE

LIT 314: CREATIVE WRITING

LIT 301: THEORY OF CHILDREN’S LITERATURE

LIT 300: STYLISTICS AND LITERARY TECHNIQUES

LIT 203: LITERARY LANGUAGE AND SCHOLARLY PRESENTATION

LIT 202: LITERATURE AND CONTEMPORARY WRITING

LIT 106: AFRICAN ORAL LITERATURE

LIT 100: CRITICAL READING AND RESPONSE

SEMINARIO DI ITALIANO I

SEMINARIO DI ITALIANO

GS 101: COMMUNICATION SKILLS AND CRITICAL THINKING

AL-GE 301: GERMAN I

ENG 403: ENGLISH STRUCTURE AND SEMANTICS

ENG 402: ADVANCED THEORETICAL SYNTAX

ENG 401: ADVANCED PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY

ENG 303: DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

ENG 302: SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING

ENG 300: RESEARCH METHODS

ENG 300: RESEARCH IN LANGUAGE

ENG 202: PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

ENG 200: ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH

ENG 101: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

December 2018

ALT 501: KEY ISSUES IN APPLIED LINGUISTICS

JPE 405: REFUGEES AND PEACE PROCESSES

JPE 403: HUMAN DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES AND JUSTICE AND PEACE

JPE 313: MANAGEMENT OF CHANGE IN PEACE PROCESSES

JPE 308: ETHICS OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION

JPE 304: CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA

JPE 302: ACTIVE NON-VIOLENCE AND PEACE

HUMAN RIGHTS FOR JUSTICE AND PEACE SDS HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE COMMON GOOD HUMAN RIGHTS AND EMPOWERMENT

JPE 208: GENDER ISSUES IN PEACE BUILDING

JPE 207: AFRICAN POLITICAL SYSTEMS

JPE 206: LABOUR RELATIONS AND LAW

JPE 202: INTERFAITH DIALOGUE AND PEACE

JPE 111: THE AFRICAN FAMILY AND PEACE

JPE 110: ETHICAL ISSUES AND JUSTICE AND PEACE SDS 404: ETHICAL ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT

JPE 109: THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF JUSTICE AND PEACE

JPE 108: CULTURE AND PEACEBUILDING

JPE 105: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF LEADERSHIP

JPE 102: THEORIES OF JUSTICE AND PEACE

JPE 101: THE NATURE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE SOCIAL DOCTRINE OF THE CHURCH

GS 100: CHRISTIAN ETHICS

GLE 204: ELECTION OBSERVATION AND MONITORING

GLE 202: ELECTIONS MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

GLE 201: CIVIC AND VOTER EDUCATION

GLE 200: CAMPAIGN AND CAMPAIGN MANAGEMENT

GLE 110: TRANSFORMATIONAL DIALOGUE AND PEACEBUILDING

GLE 108: LEADERSHIP AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

GLE 107: COUNTY LEGISLATIVE PROCESSES

JPE 413: MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF PEACE PROGRAMMES

GLE 102: COUNTY ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

GLE 100: CONSTITUTION AND CONSTITUTIONALISM

GLE 101: MANAGEMENT OF PUBLIC FINANCE AND RESOURCES

CML 208: DEVELOPMENT IN THE CATHOLIC SOCIAL DOCTRINE

WRITTEN COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

ORAL COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION

JC-LE 100: SOCIOLOGY AND LAW

JC-L 310: DELICTS RESERVED TO THE CONGREGATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF THE FAITH

JC-L 309: CANONICAL PENAL PROCESS

JC-L 308: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEGAL SYSTEMS

JC-L 307: ADMINISTRATIVE PRAXIS IN THE MISSIONARY ACTION AND COMPLEMENTARY LAW OF THE EPISCOPAL CONFERENCES

JC-L 215: LATIN IV

JC-L 214: DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE

JC-L 213: TEMPORAL GOODS OF THE CHURCH (ORAL EXAMINATION)

JC-L 212: CANON LAW AND MEDICAL ISSUES

JC-L 211: SANCTIONS IN THE CHURCH

JC-L 210: ADMINISTRATIVE PRAXIS AND SPECIAL PROCEDURES

JC-L 209: SANCTIFYING OFFICE II

INSTITUTE OF CONSECRATED LIFE AND SOCIETIES OF APOSTOLIC LIFE

JC-L 207: LATIN III

JC-L 113 / JC-B 116R: LATIN II

JC-L 112: INTRODUCTION TO COMMON AND CIVIL LAW

JC-L 111: PROCESSES I

TEACHING OFFICE OF THE CHURCH (ORAL EXAMINATION)

JC-L 109: THEOLOGY OF CANON LAW

JC-L 108: HIERARCHICAL CONSTITUTION OF THE CHURCH

JC-L 107: GENERAL NORMS II

JC-B 214: ITALIAN II

JC-B 213: ECUMENICAL COUNCILS

JC-B 115: INSTITUTIONS OF CANON LAW 11

BJ-C 312 MARRIAGE AND PROCEDURES

ED 314: MBINU ZA KUFUNDISHIA KISWAHILI

Dairy farming value chains and youth employment creation: a case study of Bio Food products Ltd.

PENSION SCHEMES

MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS

LABOUR ECONOMICS

MANAGERIAL ACCOUNTING

FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT

Environmental studies

Introduction to the bible

Communication skills

Christian ethics

Economics of development

Managerial economics

International economics

Labour economics

Intermediate microeconomics

Introduction macroeconomics

Introduction to micro economics

Management of change

Topics in management

Banking practice and law

Supply chain management

Strategic Management

International business operations

Production/ Operations management

Company law

Business research methods

Management of non profits

Business ethics

Business process re-engineering

Labour laws

Entrepreurship

Managing not for profit organizations

Management of cooperatives

Organizational development

Principles of insurance

Organizational behaviour

Principles of commercial law

Principles of management

Quantitative methods

Business statistics

Introduction to business statistics

Business mathematics

Public relations

Marketing of services

Marketing management

Principles of marketing

Sociology of science and technology

Crime and deviance

Rural sociology and development

Advanced quantitative research methods

Project appraisal techniques

Politics and development

Procurement, contracting and cost management

Procurement, Contracting and cost management

Monitoring and evaluation

Project monitoring and evaluation

Project planning principles and techniques

Research methodology

Project planning and management tools

Project planning management tools

Environmental impact assessment-EA

Environmental impact assessment and audit

Project finance

Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Statistical techniques

Development administration

Topics in human resources management

Global human resource operations

Employee performance and rewards

Career guidance and counseling

E-Human resource

Staff integration and separation

Inustrial relations management

Strategic human resource management

Strategic human resource

Human resources development

Human resource development

Industrial psychology

Employee sourcing

Human resource management

Human resources management

Global human resource management

Human resource training and management development

Industrial and organization psychology

Human resources management and development

Introduction to information technology

Management information systems

Introduction to E-Business

Business systems development and implementation

Information systems for managers

Managerial statistics

Managerial ethics

Management and organizational analysis

Corporate governance and social responsibility

Global strategic management

Managing change for competitive success

Cases in strategic management

Cases of strategic management

Population resource mobilization and development

Development planning policy formulation and governance in Africa

Project management and evaluation

Post conflict reconstruction and development

Urban development

Environment and sustainable development

Rural development

Gender and development

HIV/AIDS and development

Community development

Project planning and management

Development ethics

NGOs and development

Project planning and management 1

Entrepreneurship and microfinance

Strategic planning techniques

Rural and urban planning and management

Principles of economics

Gender issues in development

Mnagement of Information systems

Strategic financial mangement

Real estate finance

International finance

Security analysis

Financial risk management

Public sector project appraisal

Portfolio management

Pension schemes

Pension scheme

Financial institutions and markets

Public finance

Risk management

Corporate finance

Business finance

International and regional cooperation and development

Development theory management

Civil societies and the development process in Africa

Cases in financial management

Advanced security and portifolio management

International finance and derivative securities

Strategic financial management

Financial management

Entrepreneurship and business environment

E-commerce and entrepreneurship

New venture creation and management

Cases in entrepreurship

Managing entrepreneurial growth

Managerial Accounting

Financial accounting

Introduction to management accounting

Cost accounting

Introduction to financial accounting

Basic accounting

Staff integration and seperation

• Catholic University of Easter... (92)
• The Catholic University of Ea... (44)
• The Catholic University of Ea... (7)
• Asatsa, Prof. Stephen (2)
• Asatsa, Stephen (PhD) (2)
• Ndung’u, Dr. Elijah Macharia (2)
• Ndung’u, Elijah Macharia (PhD) (2)
• Ngari, Prof. Stephen Mbugua (2)
• Education (10)
• Strategic management (10)
• Entrepreneurship (9)
• April 2015 (7)
• COMMERCE (6)
• Human resource management (6)
• Business research methods (5)
• Research methodology (5)
• CFI 313 (4)
• CMM 321 (4)

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Final Exam Review for Research Methodology (RES301)

Related Papers

Dr. John Karanja , JOHN KARANJA, PhD

research proposal is a comprehensive plan for a research project. It is a written description of a research plan that has to be undertaken. It determines the specific areas of research, states the purpose, scope, methodology, overall organization and limitations of the study. It also estimates its requirements for equipment (if necessary), finance and possible personnel.

pinky marie mendi gallano

Rebekka Tunombili

Rengganis Ernia

Dr RUKUNDO Levi, PhD

Dewi Nurbaeti Widianingsih

Nidhi Mishra

Fundamental_of_Research_Methods and Statisti

Hadi Pranoto

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

AQA A-Level Psychology Past Papers With Answers

Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

AQA A-Level Psychology (7182) and AS-Level Psychology (7181) past exam papers and marking schemes. The past papers are free to download for you to use as practice for your exams.

• Download Past Paper : A-Level (7182)
• Download Past Paper : AS (7181)
• Download Mark Scheme : A-Level (7182)
• Download Mark Scheme : AS (7181)

November 2021 (Labelled as June 2021)

November 2020 (Labelled as June 2020)

• Download Past Paper: A-Level (7182)
• Download Past Paper: AS (7181)
• Download Mark Scheme: A-Level (7182)
• Download Past Paper
• Download Mark Scheme

Related Articles

A-Level Psychology

A-level Psychology AQA Revision Notes

Aggression Psychology Revision Notes

Relationship Theories Revision Notes

Psychopathology Revision Notes

Addiction in Psychology: Revision Notes for A-level Psychology

Psychology Approaches Revision for A-level

Past Examination Questions

Record detail, department of sociology.

• SOCI 305: RESEARCH METHODS

INSTRUCTIONS (READ CAREFULLY): ANSWER QUESTION ONE IN SECTION A, TWO QUESTIONS FROM SECTION B AND ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION C. IN VIEW OF SECTION C, ALL RESIT CANDIDATES ARE TO ANSWER AN ADDITIONAL QUESTION IN SECTION B. WRITE YOUR RESEARCH GROUP NUMBER OR RESIT (AS APPROPRIATE) ON THE COVER PAGE OF YOUR ANSWER BOOKLET. TIME ALLOWED: TWO AND HALF (2.5) HOURS

Detail Information

File attachment, information.

RECORD DETAIL Back To Previous

Advance Search

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts
• Published: 14 May 2024

2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years

• Jan Esper   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3919-014X 1 , 2 ,
• Max Torbenson   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2720-2238 1 &
• Ulf Büntgen 2 , 3 , 4  

Nature ( 2024 ) Cite this article

3447 Altmetric

Metrics details

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply.

• Climate change
• Palaeoclimate

Including an exceptionally warm Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer 1 ,2 , 2023 has been reported as the hottest year on record 3-5 . Contextualizing recent anthropogenic warming against past natural variability is nontrivial, however, because the sparse 19 th century meteorological records tend to be too warm 6 . Here, we combine observed and reconstructed June-August (JJA) surface air temperatures to show that 2023 was the warmest NH extra-tropical summer over the past 2000 years exceeding the 95% confidence range of natural climate variability by more than half a degree Celsius. Comparison of the 2023 JJA warming against the coldest reconstructed summer in 536 CE reveals a maximum range of pre-Anthropocene-to-2023 temperatures of 3.93°C. Although 2023 is consistent with a greenhouse gases-induced warming trend 7 that is amplified by an unfolding El Niño event 8 , this extreme emphasizes the urgency to implement international agreements for carbon emission reduction.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals

Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription

24,99 € / 30 days

cancel any time

Subscribe to this journal

Receive 51 print issues and online access

185,98 € per year

only 3,65 € per issue

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

Urban development pattern’s influence on extreme rainfall occurrences

The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979

Increasing heat and rainfall extremes now far outside the historical climate

Author information, authors and affiliations.

Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany

Jan Esper & Max Torbenson

Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic

Jan Esper & Ulf Büntgen

Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Ulf Büntgen

Department of Geography, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jan Esper .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Esper, J., Torbenson, M. & Büntgen, U. 2023 summer warmth unparalleled over the past 2,000 years. Nature (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07512-y

Download citation

Received : 16 January 2024

Accepted : 02 May 2024

Published : 14 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07512-y

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines . If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.