Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.
- View all journals
- My Account Login
- Explore content
- About the journal
- Publish with us
- Sign up for alerts
- Open access
- Published: 29 July 2021
The evolution of our understanding of human development over the last 10 years
- Ali H. Brivanlou ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1761-280X 1 &
- Norbert Gleicher ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0202-4167 2 , 3 , 4
Nature Communications volume 12 , Article number: 4615 ( 2021 ) Cite this article
5751 Accesses
4 Citations
1 Altmetric
Metrics details
- Developmental biology
- Embryogenesis
As it fulfills an irresistible need to understand our own origins, research on human development occupies a unique niche in scientific and medical research. In this Comment, we explore the progress in our understanding of human development over the past 10 years. The focus is on basic research, clinical applications, and ethical considerations.
What basic research has taught us about human development
Over the last decade, progress in understanding our own development was mostly driven by the emergence and combination of remarkable new technologies. New molecular biology tools such as single-cell RNA-sequencing (sc-RNA-seq) unveiled the earliest genetic signature of the three cell lineages of the human blastocyst and allowed for the discovery of human-specific signatures 1 , 2 , 3 . CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has offered further access to in vitro functional studies in human blastocysts 4 . However, as we discuss below, an ethical line was crossed when a group claimed that genetically modified human embryos had been transferred, leading to births 5 when neither public opinion nor a consensus within the scientific community had been reached regarding whether crossing the germline in in vitro fertilization (IVF) was safe and ethically acceptable.
On the embryology side, the development of an in vitro attachment platform for human blastocysts offered a first glance into post-implantation events up to 12 days 1 , 3 , 5 , 6 . This paved the way for several important discoveries, including the observation that the human embryo can self-organize to generate embryonic and extraembryonic germ layers, yolk sac, and amniotic cavities in the absence of maternal influences 5 , 6 ; and the presence of a transient embryonic tissue of trophectodermal lineage, adjacent to the yolk sac, therefore named, yolk-sac trophectoderm ( ysTE ) 5 . The presence of these seemingly human-specific populations was independently confirmed by sc-RNA-seq 1 .
The marriage of stem cell biology with bioengineering gave birth to the field of synthetic embryology 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . This technology uses human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultured on geometrically confined micropatterned substrates to generate 2D in vitro models of human conceptuses, such as models of the gastrula ( gastruloids ) 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , or parts of the embryo, such as cerebroids and neuruloids 14 . Thousands of nearly identical self-organizing human embryonic structures allow for standardization and reproducibility, which cannot be achieved in standard organoid structures 15 . Cells within these structures can be tracked and quantified in real time with sub-cellular resolution, using sophisticated quantification code, including artificial intelligence 14 .
Human gastruloids induce formation of the primitive streak and have enabled the deciphering of the molecular network underlying gastrulation—the most crucial moment of our lives 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . 3D models of human epiblasts can spontaneously break axial symmetry, thus providing an assay for the elucidation of molecular events underlying the emergence of antero–posterior polarity 11 , 16 . A highly homogenous population of self-organizing 3D models of amniotic ectoderm-like cells can be obtained by combining microfluidic and microculture approaches 17 .
Finally, the development of interspecies chimeras provided the most stringent in vivo validation of human embryo models 9 , 10 , 18 . Unimaginable in human models, inter-species chimeras have become the next best choice to test whether hESC behavior in self-organizing gastruloids , as observed on microchips, would also occur in an embryonic environment 10 , 18 , 19 . Human/bird chimeras generated from transplanting human gastruloids into early chick embryos in ovo unexpectedly proved more efficient than previous methods 9 , 19 . They allowed for the observation of an entire self-organizing embryonic axis in bird eggs 9 . As birds are closer to dinosaurs than to humans, this high rate of success with these chimeras further suggested that these early patterning events must be highly conserved.
Translational clinical applications that arose from basic research
The past 10 years bore witness to significant clinical progress in reproductive medicine, often translated from basic research. Successful human uterus transplantation and the subsequent birth of healthy offspring was, for example, only achieved after years of meticulous laboratory work in animals 10 . Significant improvements in cryopreservation technology for human eggs and ovarian tissue were also preceded by research in model systems 10 , 20 . Practical clinical applications have been developed for women in need of cancer treatment that are toxic to ovaries. In these cases, oocytes and/or ovarian tissue can be cryopreserved for later use in fertility treatments once the patient is cured of her cancer 21 . This ever-evolving technology has already proven to result in live births, and has also become an integral part of routine infertility treatments with IVF, giving rise to the brand-new concept of fertility extension through egg-freezing.
Diagnostic technologies to assess retrieved eggs and preimplantation-stage embryos in the IVF process have been disappointing. For example, tracking extended embryo culture to blastocyst-stage with time-lapse imaging failed to improve embryo selection 22 . That chromosomal-abnormal embryos increase with maternal (but not paternal) age has been interpreted to mean that chromosomal abnormalities were a principal cause for lower implantation chances and higher miscarriage risks among older women. This assumption led to the rapidly growing utilization of chromosomal testing of human embryos prior to embryo transfer in a procedure recently renamed preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) 23 . The hypothesis behind PGT-A is to exclude chromosomal-abnormal embryos from the transfer, thereby improving implantation potentials of remaining euploid embryos.
Here too, clinical evidence was unable to confirm the hypothesis 24 . Moreover, basic research demonstrated a self-correction mechanism in mouse 25 and human embryos 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 that arose during embryogenesis that was cell lineage-specific to the embryonic cell lineage. In contrast, PGT-A biopsies are obtained from the extraembryonic-derived trophectoderm, rendering any diagnostic procedure at the blastocyst stage ineffective. In addition, mathematical modeling demonstrated that results from a single trophectoderm biopsy could not be extrapolated to the whole embryo 30 . Transfer of PGT-A “chromosomal-abnormal diagnosed embryos” has resulted in the births of over 400 chromosomal-normal offspring 20 , 21 .
In recent years, increasing attention has also been given to the quickly evolving understanding of how interdependent lifestyle and human fertility are 31 , 32 , 33 , including the influence of diet on the microbiome, as in many other areas of medicine.
The ethical significance of understanding human development
Whether in clinical medicine or in the research laboratory, human embryology has remained an ethical minefield, strongly influenced by socio-political and religious considerations. At the core of the controversy resides the special moral value of the human embryo, a subject that has come to the forefront again with the ascent of human embryonic stem cell research 34 . There is, however, little consensus as to how to answer a previously raised question: “ what is an embryo ?” 35 . The term pre-embryo, first introduced in 1986, was defined as the interval up to the appearance of the primitive streak, which marks biological individuation at ~14 days post-fertilization. This definition designated the period beyond 14 days as the time when a pre-embryo attains special moral status 36 , 37 . Paradoxically, the term pre-embryo has been replaced by the indiscriminate use of the term embryo, whether at preimplantation cleavage or blastocyst-stages or post-implantation before day 14. It was suggested that the distinction was important for ethical, moral, and biological relevance. The principal reason is simple: Until a pre-embryo becomes an embryo, there is no way of knowing whether implantation has taken place, whether a pregnancy is developing, whether there is a single pregnancy or twinning, or whether fertilization ended up in a benign (hydatidiform mole) or even in a malignant tumor (choriocarcinoma) 35 . Assigning advanced moral value to embryos at those early stages is, therefore, difficult to defend.
The past 10 years have witnessed innumerous ethical debates related to this subject, each with its own social, historical, and religious justifications, reflecting cultural diversities in human populations. Most are triggered by scientific breakthroughs. We summarize here the major ethical challenges preoccupying reproductive research and clinical practice.
We have already briefly referred to CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. While the use of sc-RNA-seq to identify the molecular blueprint of human development has not elicited significant controversy, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of human embryos has been a topic of intense discussions and is currently permissible only in vitro 38 . An alleged attempt in China of implanting human genome-edited embryos into the uterus supposedly led to two births (one a twin birth). Though widely discussed in the media, neither attempt was published in the medical literature, and therefore cannot be verified 5 , 38 .
The ethical debates surrounding the 14-day rule, quiescent since the early IVF days, experienced a rebirth that was prompted by in vitro human embryo attachment studies and the emergence of synthetic human embryos. Within this context, we note that self-organizing embryo models are nothing more than cells in culture and are certainly not embryos. Regardless of scientific merits, in the U.S., the National Institutes of Health (NIH) currently prohibits the use of public funds for the study of synthetic embryos “for ethical reasons”. After being under an NIH moratorium for more than a year, research on chimeras is now, however, again permitted, though human/non-human primate chimeras remain prohibited.
These ongoing ethical debates mostly also mirror those surrounding the lack of U.S. federal funding for clinical IVF and related research, as well as hESCs-derived model embryos. In this context, the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)’s Ethics in Embryo Research Task Force recently made an important statement: “ Scientific research using human embryos advances human health and provides vital insights into reproduction and disease ” 39 .
Provided certain guidelines and safeguards are followed, research with already existing embryos or embryos specifically produced for research should be ethically acceptable as a means of obtaining new knowledge that may benefit human health. ASRM also pointed out that scientists and society must understand which research questions necessitate the use of human embryos.
It is gratifying to acknowledge the history and vitality of ongoing debates, especially since they increasingly mimic decision-making processes in the medical field. These debates are meant to be based on cost-benefit and/or risk-benefit assessments. These debates will, unquestionably, continue and, indeed, considering that every intervention has consequences, must be decided based on careful considerations, including all relevant stakeholders and all parts of society.
Zhou, F. et al. Reconstituting the transcriptome and DNA methylome landscapes of human implantation. Nature 572 , 660–664 (2019).
Article ADS CAS Google Scholar
Petropoulos, S. et al. Single-cell RNA-Seq reveals lineage and X chromosome dynamics in human preimplantation embryos. Cell 167 , 285 (2016).
Article CAS Google Scholar
Xiang, L. et al. A developmental landscape of 3D-cultured human pre-gastrulation embryos. Nature 577 , 537–542 (2020).
Ma, H. et al. Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos. Nature 548 , 413–419 (2017).
Deglincerti, A. et al. Self-organization of the in vitro attached human embryo. Nature 533 , 251–254 (2016).
Shahbazi, M. N. et al. Self-organization of the human embryo in the absence of maternal tissues. Nat. Cell Biol. 18 , 700–708 (2016).
Warmflash, A., Sorre, B., Etoc, F., Siggia, E. D. & Brivanlou, A. H. A method to recapitulate early embryonic spatial patterning in human embryonic stem cells. Nat. Methods 11 , 847–854 (2014).
Etoc, F. et al. A balance between secreted inhibitors and edge sensing controls gastruloid self-organization. Developmental Cell 39 , 302–315 (2016).
Martyn, I., Kanno, T. Y., Ruzo, A., Siggia, E. D. & Brivanlou, A. H. Self-organization of a human organizer by combined Wnt and Nodal signalling. Nature 558 , 132–135 (2018).
Yoney, A. et al. WNT signaling memory is required for ACTIVIN to function as a morphogen in human gastruloids. Elife 7 , e38279 (2018).
Simunovic, M. & Brivanlou, A. H. Embryoids, organoids and gastruloids: new approaches to understanding embryogenesis. Development 144 , 976–985 (2017).
Martyn, I., Brivanlou, A. H. & Siggia, E. D. A wave of WNT signaling balanced by secreted inhibitors controls primitive streak formation in micropattern colonies of human embryonic stem cells. Development 146 , dev172791 (2019).
Deglincerti, A. et al. Self-organization of human embryonic stem cells on micropatterns. Nat. Protoc. 11 , 2223–2232 (2016).
Haremaki, T. et al. Self-organizing neuruloids model developmental aspects of Huntington’s disease in the ectodermal compartment. Nat. Biotechnol. 37 , 1198–1208 (2019).
Lancaster, M. A. et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 501 , 373–379 (2013).
Simunovic, M. et al. A 3D model of a human epiblast reveals BMP4-driven symmetry breaking. Nat. Cell Biol. 21 , 900–910 (2019).
Zheng, Y. et al. Controlled modelling of human epiblast and amnion development using stem cells. Nature 573 , 421–425 (2019).
Levine, S. & Grabel, L. The contribution of human/non-human animal chimeras to stem cell research. Stem. Cell Res. 24 , 128–134 (2017).
Article Google Scholar
James, D., Noggle, S. A., Swigut, T. & Brivanlou, A. H. Contribution of human embryonic stem cells to mouse blastocysts. Dev. Biol. 295 , 90–102 (2006).
ESHRE Working Group on Time-Lapse Technology, et al. Good practice recommendations for the use of time-lapse technology. Hum. Reprod. Open 2020 , hoaa008 (2020).
Homer, H. A. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A): the biology, the technology and the clinical outcomes. Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 59 , 317–324 (2019).
Castellón, L. A. R. et al. The history behind successful uterine transplantation in humans. JBRA Assist. Reprod. 21 , 126–134 (2017).
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saragusty, J. & Arav, A. Current progress in oocyte and embryo cryopreservation by slow freezing and vitrification. Reproduction 141 , 1–19 (2011).
Bracewell-Milnes, T., Norman-Taylor, J. & Nikolaou, D. Social egg freezing should be offered to single women approaching their late thirties: AGAINST: Women should be freezing their eggs earlier. BJOG 125 , 1580 (2018).
Rito, T., Naftaly, J., Gleicher, N. & Brivanlou, A. H. Self-correction of aneuploidy in human blastocysts and self-organizing gastruloids. Fertil. Steril. 112 , e127 (2019).
Chu, W. et al. Metagenomic analysis identified microbiome alterations and pathological association between intestinal microbiota and polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 113 , 1286–1298 (2020). e1284.
Hug, K. Therapeutic perspectives of human embryonic stem cell reserach versus the moreal status of a human embryo- does one have to be compromised for the other? Medicina 42 , 107–114 (2006).
PubMed Google Scholar
Jones, H. W. Jr & Veeck, L. What is an embryo? Fertil. Steril. 77 , 658–659 (2002).
American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Ethical considerations of the new reproductive technologies. Ethics Comm. Opin. Fertil. Steril. 46 , 1–93 (1986).
Google Scholar
Loren, A. W. et al. Fertility preservation for patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J. Clin. Oncol. 31 , 2500–2510 (2013).
Gleicher, N. et al. The 2019 PGDIS position statement on transfer of mosaic embryos within a context of new information on PGT-A. Reprod. Biol. Endocrin 18 , 57 (2020).
Gleicher, N. et al. A single trophectoderm biopsy at blastocyst stage is mathematically unable to determine embryo ploidy accurately enough for clinical use. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 15 , 33 (2017).
Patrizio, P. et al. Worldwide live births following the transfer of chromosomally “Abnormal” embryos after PGT/A: results of a worldwide web-based survey. J. Assist Reprod. Genet. 36 , 1599–1607 (2019).
Barmat, L. I. et al. Human preembryo development on autologous endometrial coculture versus conventional medium. Fertil. Steril. 70 , 1109–1113 (1998).
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Examining the State of the Science of Mammalian Embryo Model Systems: Proceedings of a Workshop (2020).
Abbott, A. et al. 2016 in news: the science events that shaped the year. Nat. N. 540 , 496 (2016).
Gleicher, N., Kushnir, V. A., Albertini, D. A. & Barad, D. H. First birth following spindle transfer. Reprod. BioMedicine Online 35 , 542–543 (2017).
Research CfBEa. Therapeutic Cloning and Genome Modification (FDA, 2019).
van den Brink, S. C. et al. Symmetry breaking, germ layer specification and axial organisation in aggregates of mouse embryonic stem cells. Development 141 , 4231–4242 (2014).
Download references
Acknowledgements
We like to thank Min Yang, Jean Marx Santel, Adam Souza, and Amir Brivanlou, for data gathering and critical reading of the manuscript, and constructive criticism.
Author information
Authors and affiliations.
Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology Laboratory, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
Ali H. Brivanlou
The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA
- Norbert Gleicher
The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Contributions
Both A.H.B. and N.G. have contributed to writing the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Ali H. Brivanlou .
Ethics declarations
Competing interests.
A.H.B. and N.G. are co-founders of OvaNova Inc. A.H.B. is a co-founder of Rumi Scientific Inc.
Additional information
Peer review information Nature Communications thanks Alfonso Martinez Arias, Annelien Bredenoord and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Cite this article.
Brivanlou, A.H., Gleicher, N. The evolution of our understanding of human development over the last 10 years. Nat Commun 12 , 4615 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24793-3
Download citation
Received : 09 June 2020
Accepted : 29 June 2021
Published : 29 July 2021
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24793-3
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
This article is cited by
Revisiting selected ethical aspects of current clinical in vitro fertilization (ivf) practice.
- Anja von Schondorf-Gleicher
- Lyka Mochizuki
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics (2022)
Quick links
- Explore articles by subject
- Guide to authors
- Editorial policies
Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.
- Browse All Articles
- Newsletter Sign-Up
DevelopmentEconomics →
No results found in working knowledge.
- Were any results found in one of the other content buckets on the left?
- Try removing some search filters.
- Use different search filters.
Educational technology research and development
A bi-monthly publication of the Association for Educational Communications & Technology
- Publishes rigorous original quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods studies on topics relating to applications of technology or instructional design in educational settings.
- Features well-documented articles on the practical aspects of research as well as applied theory in educational practice.
- Development Section publishes research on planning, implementation, evaluation and management of a variety of instructional technologies and learning environments.
- Includes a Cultural and Regional Perspectives Section for innovative research about how technologies are being used to enhance learning, instruction, and performance specific to a culture or region.
- 91% of authors who answered a survey reported that they would definitely publish or probably publish in the journal again.
- Tristan E. Johnson,
- Lin Lin Lipsmeyer
Societies and partnerships
Latest issue
Volume 72, Issue 1
Special Issue: Learning Through Design and Maker Education
Latest articles
Exploring novel approaches to digital self-regulated learning: a study on the use of mobile applications among polish and turkish efl pre-service teachers.
- Joanna Kic-Drgas
- Ferit Kılıçkaya
Connecting sustainability and computer science curricula through website learning projects embedding different types of student-generated content
- José Miguel Blanco
- César Domínguez
- Imanol Usandizaga
Knowledge check-based concept mapping in digital games: impacts on students’ learning performance and behaviors
- Kuan-Fu Chen
- Gwo-Jen Hwang
- Mei-Rong Alice Chen
Could virtual reality be the next approach for international students learning Maltese?
- Jacqueline Żammit
Dimensions of scale: Connected Learning Initiative (CLIx)—a case study of educational technology initiative in India
- Omkar Balli
- Ekta Singla
Journal updates
Educational Technology Research and Development is the only scholarly journal in the field focusing entirely on research and development in educational technology. More about the sections in the journal can be found here.
Call for Reviewers
Educational Technology Research & Development (ETR& D) is experiencing record levels of submissions. As a result, we are seeking additional qualified reviewers. We invite you to join our family of reviewers and look forward to hearing from you. More...
Journal information
- Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences
- Google Scholar
- MLA International Bibliography
- Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals and Series
- OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service
- Social Science Citation Index
- TD Net Discovery Service
- UGC-CARE List (India)
Rights and permissions
Springer policies
© Association for Educational Communications and Technology
- Find a journal
- Publish with us
- Track your research
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Development Studies Research, Volume 11, Issue 1 (2024) See all volumes and issues. Volume 11, 2024 Vol 10, 2023 Vol 9, 2022 Vol 8, 2021 Vol 7, 2020 Vol 6, 2019 Vol 5, 2018 Vol 4, 2017 Vol 3, 2016 Vol 2, 2015 Vol 1, 2014. Select to download all citations or PDFs. Download citations Download PDFs Download issue.
1. Introduction. Sustainable Development (SD) has become a ubiquitous development paradigm—the catchphrase for international aid agencies, the jargon of development planners, the theme of conferences and academic papers, as well as the slogan of development and environmental activists (Ukaga, Maser, & Reichenbach, Citation 2011).The concept seems to have attracted the broad-based attention ...
Development Studies Research ( DSR) is an open access, peer-reviewed journal that provides a platform to further debates on development studies and development issues.. DSR is intended for both academics and practitioners, including policymakers. It aims to examine issues in all areas of development and across the globe - with a particular, but not exclusive, focus on low- and middle-income ...
The Guide walks the reader through the three stages of research strategy development: inform, create, and implement. 5.1.1 Inform. When creating a research strategy, there are three different stages. First, it is important to begin by collecting information to inform the research approach and strategy.
Academic achievement plays an important role in child development because academic skills, especially in reading and mathematics, affect many outcomes, including educational attainment, performance and income at work, physical and mental health, and longevity (Calvin et al., 2017; Kuncel & Hezlett, 2010; Wrulich et al., 2014).Not surprisingly, much research in the past several decades has ...
As it fulfills an irresistible need to understand our own origins, research on human development occupies a unique niche in scientific and medical research. In this Comment, we explore the ...
The Journal of Development Economics publishes original research papers relating to all aspects of economic development - from immediate policy concerns to structural problems of underdevelopment. The emphasis is on quantitative or analytical work, which is novel and relevant. The Journal does not … View full aims & scope $4190
The book is written for development workers, and is intended to give you the tools to use research as effectively as possible in your work. We draw on examples from international development work and from work in the UK to improve the wellbeing of disadvantaged communities.
Erikson's psychosocial development is a well-known and sound framework for adolescent development. However, despite its importance in scientific literature, the scarcity of literature reviews on Erikson's theory on adolescence calls for an up-to-date systematization. Therefore, this study's objectives are to understand the extent and nature of published research on Erikson's ...
Developmental theorists use their research to generate philosophies on children's development. They organize and interpret data based on a scheme to develop their theory. A theory refers to a systematic statement of principles related to observed phenomena and their relationship to each other. A theory of child development looks at the children's growth and behavior and interprets it. It ...
Abstract and Figures. This paper reviews the existing research on sustainability and sustainable development around the world. It begins by defining the sustainability and sustainable development ...
Community development is a process where members of community are supported by government, individuals and agencies to identify and take collaborative actions on issues affecting members which are ...
As the flagship journal of the Society for Research in Child Development, Child Development has published articles, essays, reviews, and tutorials on various topics in the field of child development since 1930. Spanning many disciplines, the journal provides the latest research, not only for researchers and theoreticians, but also for child psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychiatric ...
New research on development economics from Harvard Business School faculty on issues including the between mental health and economic productivity, the "Argentina Paradox," and strategy and execution for emerging markets.
Development education, education for sustainable development and global citizenship education. More than a century ago, Durkheim (Citation 1885, 445) declared that the 'aim of public education is not 'a matter of training workers for the factory or accountants for the warehouse but citizens for society'.From a US perspective, Feinberg (Citation 2006, xi) draws attention to the 'shared ...
The study of human development is currently witnessing an exciting new phase of growth. There are concerted attempts to move beyond the Euro-American theories and explore culturally rooted perspectives. This trend is reflected in many ways including the use of indigenous concepts, methodological innovations and choice of research issues and ...
Abstract. A growing body of research in the United States and Western Europe documents significant effects of the physical environment (toxins, pollutants, noise, crowding, chaos, housing, school and neighborhood quality) on children and adolescents' cognitive and socioemotional development. Much less is known about these relations in other ...
The Journal of Early Childhood Research is a peer-reviewed journal that provides an international forum for childhood research, bridging cross-disciplinary areas and applying theory and research within the professional community. This reflects the world-wide growth in theoretical and empirical research on learning and development in early childhood and the impact of this on provision.
Journal of Career Development provides the professional, the public, and policymakers with the latest in career development theory, research and practice, focusing on the impact that theory and research have on practice. Among the topics … | View full journal description. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
The Impact of Infrastructure on Development Outcomes. Policy Research Working Paper10350. The Impact of Infrastructure on Development Outcomes. A Meta-Analysis. Vivien Foster Nisan Gorgulu Dhruv Jain Stéphane Straub Maria Vagliasindi. Infrastructure Chief Economist Office March 2023.
Overview. Educational Technology Research and Development is a scholarly journal focusing on research and development in educational technology. Publishes rigorous original quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods studies on topics relating to applications of technology or instructional design in educational settings.
This type of research uses research and development in the field of education known as Research and Development (R & D). The location of this research is at SMAN 3 Medan. The research is conducted ...
The human development (HD) approach puts the improvement of people's lives as the central objective of development. This paper provides an overview of major aspects of the approach. It shows how it emerged with the evolution of development thought and a widening of development objectives The paper explores the two-way relationship between HD ...