skeleton presentation

Creating a Solid Presentation Outline

March 6, 2017 / Blog, Presentation Science, Tips & Tricks presentation outline, presentation tips

Speech outlines are often overlooked in presentations. They’re dismissed as a waste of time by amateur presenters who don’t realize their relevance. Why flesh out your speech when you can go straight to writing it whole, they’d argue. Most professional speakers, however, claim the opposite. They know better, and they understand that time spent mulling over a presentation’s basic framework is never wasted time. In fact, they consider it as time well-spent.

Think of your speech outline as the blueprint of your presentation. It’s there mostly as an assurance that your speech is coherent, focused, and ready to be brought to life. It will help you clear your presentation anxiety, so you’ll feel less apprehensive about muddling it up with ambiguous ideas and obscure statements. Crafting a speech outline is a critical step to make sure that your presentation is ready to go.

The Importance of Preparing a Speech Outline

Your speech outline will help you see your core message clearly and without obstruction. It will force out from your mind the key logical elements of your presentation—the bits that, together, form your speech skeleton.

An outline is a good way to find out, possibly for the first time, exactly what it is you want to say. It will help you organize your material and put your thoughts together in a way that yields a comprehensible output. It will ground you and keep you on topic from the time you write that first draft to the moment you deliver the actual presentation. And the best part is that it’s easier than it seems. You don’t need a flurry of words to make one—you need ideas. Cues and fragments would do, as long as they mean something to you.

As the backbone of your speech, the outline will help you enhance the logic of your content and the sequence of your narrative. It will improve the flow and style of your presentation so that whatever you share to the audience will be received with interest and understanding. Laying out the basics of your presentation will help you look at the bigger picture without delving deep into the details.

Structuring Your Speech Skeleton

Speech outlines, like many write-ups, usually follow a three-part structure. This basic formula is something that anyone who has ever read or written anything can easily recognize:

• Introduction – where you tell your audience what you’re going to tell them
• Body – where you actually tell them
• Conclusion – where you tell them again what you just told them

It’s an easy enough way of framing a speech. Structuring your outline this way will help you determine which sections of your presentation need to be given more importance.

The Brainstorming Stage

Before you can write your outline, you need to go through one more stage: brainstorming. This will jumpstart your creative process by allowing you to explore all possibilities, exhaust all means, and let your stream of consciousness flow. In this stage, you’ll have to experiment with different concepts to come up with the basics of your presentation. Decide on your topic to keep your speech firmly grounded. Define your goals and identify how to achieve them. Determine the essence of your presentation from the audience’s perspective. Of course, whatever you decide on while brainstorming won’t necessarily be set in stone. They can still change as you move forward. Brainstorming will only help you create idea maps in your mind so that you can organize your thoughts before outlining.

Part One: Introduction

The Introduction is where you establish the topic and the core message. This is where you define the problem, state your goal, and tell the audience how they can benefit from it. It’s concise in form, but it encapsulates the theme well. Your first few minutes onstage is your chance to establish your credibility and assert your qualifications. This is where you establish your right to speak on the topic.

Professional speakers will agree that, more than anything, an introduction must grab the audience’s attention and compel them to listen. This is why the most memorable presentations use humor as an opening salvo. A bit of wit is effective in offsetting the somberness of later discussions.

Part Two: Body

The Body contains the bulk of your talk because this is where you elaborate and flesh out your main points. It’s your opportunity to give credence to your claims and present supporting points to your arguments. You can either support your premise by introducing factual evidence, or you can dismiss opposing arguments. The body is also where your story solidifies—you can tell a narrative that relates back to your core message.

Part Three: Conclusion

The Conclusion is where you recap your main points—the pieces of information you want your audience to remember. This is where you neatly wrap up your main arguments and reiterate your core message to tie every aspect of your speech together. Before you step out of the limelight, you should’ve already established your call to action. Move the audience to join your cause and suggest future actions that they can take. But most important of all, you need to make your closing remarks memorable. Dress them up so you’ll end with a bang that will resonate with your audience long after you’re done talking.

The initial draft of your outline is unlikely to be the final draft. Writing is a process, after all. You’ll have to constantly review and revise your work until the finished output is seamless. Instead of a tedious hurdle, see this as an opportunity to shape and refine your speech to perfection. Don’t worry, the outline is 60% of the work, so once you’re done with it, you’re more than halfway to finishing your presentation.

Dlugan, Andrew. “Don’t Skip the Speech Outline.” Six Minutes. February 29, 2008. sixminutes.dlugan.com/speech-preparation-3-outline-examples

Dugdale, Susan. “Sample Speech Outline.” Write Out Loud. n.d. www.write-out-loud.com/sample-speech-outline.html

Guay, Matthew. “Presentations 101: The Absolute Basics of Making a Presentation.” Envato Tuts Plus. February 18, 2014. computers.tutsplus.com/tutorials/presentations-101-the-absolute-basics-of-making-a-presentation–cms-19551

Hansen, Brianna. “7 Techniques for More Effective Brainstorming.” Wrike. November 16, 2016. www.wrike.com/blog/techniques-effective-brainstorming

Pfeifer, Tom. “Start with Your Speech Skeleton: Add Some Tasty Skin.” Tom Pfeifer. n.d. tompfeifer.wordpress.com/tag/how-do-i-frame-a-speech

Zomick, Brad. “How to Write an Outline: 5 Techniques and 5 Learning Resources.” Skilled Up. May 29, 2013. www.skilledup.com/articles/how-to-write-an-outline-techniques-resources

“Building a Speech: Starting with an Outline.” Boundless. n.d. www.boundless.com/communications/textbooks/boundless-communications-textbook/organizing-and-outlining-the-speech-10/principles-of-organization-51/building-a-speech-starting-with-an-outline-206-6814

“Creating a Presentation Outline.” Think Outside the Slide. n.d. www.thinkoutsidetheslide.com/lesson-1-creating-a-presentation-outline

“How to Create a Presentation Outline.” eHow. n.d. www.ehow.com/how_2057469_create-presentation-outline.html

“Speech Outline Example (Informative or Persuasive).” My Speech Class. n.d. www.myspeechclass.com/outline.html

“The Rough Draft Outline.” Boundless. n.d. www.boundless.com/communications/textbooks/boundless-communications-textbook/organizing-and-outlining-the-speech-10/outlining-56/the-rough-draft-outline-223-7317

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Anatomy Lesson: Realistic Skeleton for Education

Anatomy lesson: realistic skeleton for education presentation, free google slides theme, powerpoint template, and canva presentation template.

Trick or treat? Oh, it’s not that kind of skeleton… It’s a more realistic skeleton, far more! It’s time to learn about the human skeleton in a fun (and not so scary) way. Teach about bone anatomy with this template conceived as a notebook full of underlines, scribbles and notes to make it closer to students, perfect to learn about our 206 bones!

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Home Human Skeleton PowerPoint Shapes Human Skeleton Presentation Template (Hand)

Human Skeleton Presentation Template (Hand)

This template shows the Hand section of our Skeletal System. This illustration shows the skeletal image of the hand with the skin or muscle outline. This way the participants could approximate the location of the bones in the hands. This part of the presentation template is very useful for studying hand injuries or therapies involving parts that consist of tiny bones. It features the scientific names for each bone as well as its positions. These labels can be replaced with the functions that each bone does. It can also be used as an exam questionnaire where you can replace the labels with a dotted line or blank lines that is filled out by the participants.

Return to Human Skeleton PowerPoint Shapes .

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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Seventh Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

� The Skeletal System

Functions of Bones

• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation

The Skeletal System

• Parts of the skeletal system
• Bones (skeleton)
• Ligaments (bone to bone)
• tendon=(bone to muscle)
• Divided into two divisions
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton – limbs and girdle

Bones of the Human Body

• The skeleton has 206 bones
• Two basic types of bone tissue
• Compact bone
• Homogeneous
• Spongy bone
• Small needle-like �pieces of bone
• Many open spaces

Figure 5.2b

Classification of Bones

• Typically longer than wide
• Have a shaft with heads at both ends
• Contain mostly compact bone
• Examples: Femur, humerus
• Short bones
• Generally cube-shape
• Contain mostly spongy bone
• Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape

• Thin and flattened
• Usually curved
• Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone
• Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum
• Irregular bones
• Irregular shape
• Do not fit into other bone classification categories
• Example: Vertebrae and hip

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

• Composed of compact bone
• Ends of the bone
• Composed mostly of spongy bone

Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone

• Outside covering of the diaphysis
• Fibrous connective tissue membrane Provides nutrie nts
• Free Nerve Endings
• Touch Sensation (pain)
• Supply bone cells with nutrients

Figure 5.2c

• Articular cartilage
• Covers the external surface of the epiphyses
• Made of hyaline cartilage
• Decreases friction at joint surfaces
• Medullary cavity
• Cavity of the shaft
• Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults- energy storage

Red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Slide 5.10a

• Haversian canal
• Opening s and tunnels in the bone
• Carries blood vessels and nerves

Slide 5.10b

Slide 5.11a

• Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)
• Arranged in concentric rings
• Rings around the central canal
• Sites of lacunae

Slide 5.11b

• Tiny canals
• Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
• Form a transport system

Changes in the Human Skeleton

• In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage
• During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone
• Cartilage remains in isolated
• Bridge of the nose
• Parts of ribs

Bone Growth

Slide 5.13a

• Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood
• New cartilage is continuously formed
• Older cartilage becomes ossified
• Cartilage is broken down
• Bone replaces cartilage

Slide 5.13b

• Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops
• Bones change shape somewhat
• Bones grow in width

Long Bone Formation and Growth

Slide 5.14a

Figure 5.4a

Types of Bone Cells

• Mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts
• Bone-forming cells- Take calcium from blood and work with osteocytes to deposit calcium in bones
• Osteoclasts
• Bone-destroying cells
• Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium into bloodstream.
• Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bone Fractures

• A break in a bone
• Types of bone fractures
• Closed (simple) fracture – break that does not penetrate the skin
• Open (compound) fracture – broken bone penetrates through the skin
• Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
• Realignment of the bone

Common Types of Fractures

Repair of Bone Fractures

• Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed. Full of Pla telets, macrophages, Fibroblasts (cells that build cartilage)
• Dead cells (bone, blood, cartilage) are removed. Break is splinted by fibro blasts- form a cartilage callus
• Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by o steoblasts to form a bony callus (spongy b o ne)
• Bony callus is remodeled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts to form a permanent patch (spongy → compact bone)

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture

The Axial Skeleton

Slide 5.20a

• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts
• Vertebral column
• Bony thorax

Slide 5.20b

Slide 5.21a

• Two sets of bones
• Facial bones
• Bones are joined by sutures
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Slide 5.21b

Bones of the Skull

Figure 5.11

Human Skull, Superior View

Human Skull, Inferior View

The Hyoid Bone

• The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
• Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Figure 5.12

The Fetal Skull

Slide 5.27a

• The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length

Figure 5.13

Slide 5.27b

• Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
• Allow the brain �to grow
• Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

The Vertebral Column

• Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
• The spine has a normal curvature
• Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

Figure 5.14

Structure of a Typical Vertebrae

Figure 5.16

The Bony Thorax

Slide 5.31a

• Forms a cage to protect major organs

Figure 5.19a

Slide 5.31b

• Made-up of three parts
• Thoracic vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton

Slide 5.32a

• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle

Slide 5.32b

Figure 5.6c

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

• Composed of two bones
• Clavicle – collarbone
• Scapula – shoulder blade
• These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle

Slide 5.34a

Figure 5.20a, b

Bones of the Upper Limb

Slide 5.35a

• The arm is formed by a single bone

Figure 5.21a, b

Slide 5.35b

• The forearm has two bones

Figure 5.21c

• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers

Figure 5.22

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle

• Composed of three pair of fused bones
• The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
• Protects several organs
• Reproductive organs
• Urinary bladder
• Part of the large intestine

Slide 5.38a

Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis

Figure 5.23c

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Slide 5.40a

• The thigh has one bone
• Femur – thigh bone

Figure 5.35a, b

Slide 5.40b

• Patella- kneecap
• The leg has two bones

Figure 5.35c

• Tars al s – ankle bones
• Metatarsals – sole
• Phalanges – toes

Figure 5.25

• Articulations of bones
• Functions of joints
• Hold bones together
• Allow for mobility
• Ways joints are classified
• Functionally
• Structurally

Functional Classification of Joints

• immovable joints
• slightly moveable joints
• freely moveable joints

Structural Classification of Joints

• Fibrous joints
• Generally immovable
• Cartilaginous joints
• Immovable or slightly moveable
• Synovial joints
• Freely moveable

Fibrous Joints

• Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.

Figure 5.27d, e

Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis

• Bones connected by cartilage
• Pubic �symphysis
• Intervertebral �joints

Figure 5.27b, c

Synovial Joints

• Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
• Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity

Figure 5.27f–h

Features of Synovial Joints-

• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones
• Joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule
• Have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforce the joint

Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint

• Bursae – flattened fibrous sacs
• Filled with synovial fluid

The Synovial Joint

Figure 5.28

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape

Slide 5.52a

Figure 5.29a–c

Slide 5.52b

Figure 5.29d–f

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints

• Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
• Tendonitis – inflammation of tendon sheaths
• Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
• Over 100 different types
• The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Clinical Forms of Arthritis

Slide 5.54a

• Osteoarthritis
• Most common chronic arthritis
• Probably related to normal aging processes
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• An autoimmune disease – the immune system attacks the joints
• Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
• Often leads to deformities

Osteoporosis

• Lack of estrogen stimulates osteoclast activity
• Bones become brittle, weak “holey”
• Older Women, after menopause, estrogen level drops.

Slide 5.54b

• Gouty Arthritis
• Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of urate crystals from the blood
• Can usually be controlled with diet

Free Skeleton PowerPoint Templates

Free Anatomical PowerPoint Template

Free Anatomical PowerPoint Template is a wonderful design and background that you can use in your presentation. You can download it freely and use it for science projects, learning anatomy courses online as well as other skeleton related presentations including skulls, bones, Skeletal System, etc. Free Anatomical PowerPoint template can be used for presentations when you need to …

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315 Best Skeleton-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

With over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too" id="category_description">crystalgraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. below you’ll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 315 best skeleton templates for powerpoint and google slides. the text you’ll see in in those slides is just example text. the skeleton-related image or video you’ll see in the background of each title slide is designed to help you set the stage for your skeleton-related topics and it is included with that template. in addition to the title slides, each of our templates comes with 17 additional slide layouts that you can use to create an unlimited number of presentation slides with your own added text and images. and every template is available in both widescreen and standard formats. with over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too.

Widescreen (16:9) Presentation Templates. Change size...

A skeleton with the word emergency

Human body showing skeleton and human torso with digestive tract in red

A man skeleton showing different joints in the human body with swelling pain

Close up scan of human skeleton showing ribs and lungs

Heart and ECG rays with human skeleton in background

Medical concept with doctor and blue human skeleton with lungs in background

A running skeleton with highlighted joints

Back pain skeleton nervous human body blue background

Human skeleton with lungs, medicines, injection and stethoscope in background

Yellow hazard sign with skeleton

A skeleton and a virus in the picture

Running man with skeleton x-ray visible in blue background

Human heart and skeleton over colored background

Shoulder pain on skeleton black background

Blue x ray of in action skeleton health issue joint red highlight with blue sophisticated background

X-ray of man showing skeleton; ribs and spinal chord

Three blue shinning 3D human skeletons over a blue background

Gold skeleton key with three dimensional word Future

A skeleton is running with highlighted knee indicating pain

Skeleton showing the anatomy of shoulder, red color indicating pain in the shoulder

Scan showing human skeletal system with cardiogram pulse in background

Old skeleton key laying on yellowed paper covered with education related words

A human skeleton with a brownish background

Body and skeleton Vitruvian man in blue

Golden skeleton key with dollar sign on cool background

A skeleton running away from a circle of binary numbers

Human skeleton holding a screen with cardio wave lines

A 3D human character showing the brain and skeleton

A female skeleton is running with highlighted joints indicating pain

A skeleton with a heart and heartbeat lines in the background

Medical concept depicting female human skeleton with rays

Two human skeleton close ups standing in blue background

Golden dollar skeleton key over hundred dollar bills on white background

Slides with skeleton with smoke coming out of open skull open mind concept

PPT theme enhanced with single golden skeleton key surrounded by sparkling lights business concepts of unlocking potential key to success or financial opportunity

PPT theme with physiotherapist holding a skeleton feet model in clinic

Collage of gold keys with gold success?skeleton key on black background?

PPT theme enhanced with key to success

Slide deck featuring healthcare medical and radiology concept - african doctor looking at x-rays

Theme enhanced with vintage metal keys on the table

More skeleton templates for powerpoint and google slides:.

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Basic Skeletal Anatomy

Apr 06, 2019

440 likes | 500 Views

Basic Skeletal Anatomy. Skeletal System - Functions. Support & shape to body Protection of internal organs Movement in union with muscles Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids Blood cell production. INTERACTION OF SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS:.

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• myosin head
• skeletal muscles
• long bone structure
• skeletal muscle movement
• heavy cords anchor muscles
• blood vessels

Presentation Transcript

Skeletal System - Functions • Support & shape to body • Protection of internal organs • Movement in union with muscles • Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & lipids • Blood cell production

INTERACTION OF SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS: • Skeletal and Muscular systems - works together to allow movement • Ligaments - attach bone to bone • Tendons- attach muscle to bone • Skeletal muscles - produce movement by bending the skeleton at movable joints. Muscles work in antagonistic pairs. • Skeleton - provides structure of body • Muscles - allow skeleton mobility – pull by contraction of muscle.

The Skeletal System Know the Skeletal Anatomy Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton Surface Anatomy of the bone By x-ray or diagram Structure/function of joints, muscle and ligament attachments Including range of motion

206 Bones Axial skeleton: (80 bones) in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone Appendicular Skeleton: (126 bones)- upper & lower extremities plus two girdles Half of bones in hands & feet Human Skeleton

Axial Skeleton (80) • Skull • Ossicles of the middle ear • Hyoid bone • Thorax or chest • Vertebral column

AppendicularSkeleton (126) Upper Extremity (64) • Shoulder Girdle • Arms • Hands Lower Extremity (62) • Pelvic Girdle • Legs • Feet

Types of Bone • Long bones: longer than they are wide; shaft & 2 ends (e.g.: bones of arms & legs,except wrist, ankle & patella) • Short bones: roughly cube-shaped (e.g.: ankle & wrist bones) • Sesamoid bones: short bones within tendons (e.g.: patella) • Flat bones: thin, flat & often curved (e.g.,: sternum, scapulae, ribs & most skullbones) • Irregular bones: odd shapes; don't fit into other classes (e.g.: hip bones & vertebrae)

Types of Vertebrae • Cevical (7) • Atlas • Axis • Thoracic (12) • Lumbar (5)

Cervical Vertebrae • Atlas – 1st; supports head • Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head

Thoracic Vertebrae • long spinous • processes • rib facets

Lumbar Vertebrae • large bodies • thick, short • spinous • processes

Joints • Ball & Socket • Pivot • Saddle • Hinge • Elipsoid (Condyloid) • Plane or Gliding - vertebrae

Bones – Cellular & Physiology

Compact Bone Outer Layer Haversian System Spongy Bone Ends of long bones Cartilage Long Bone Structure

Red and Yellow Bone Marrow • The formation of blood cells takes place mainly in the red marrow of the bones. • In infants, red marrow is found in the bone cavities. With age, it is largely replaced by yellow marrow for fat storage. • In adults, red marrow is limited to the spongy bone in the skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae and pelvis. Red marrow functions in the formation of red blood cells, white blood cells and blood platelets.

Cartilage – Characteristics • Mostly water; no blood vessels or nerves • Tough, resilient • Heal poorly

Fractures of the Bone

Disease/Injury Levels • Osteoarthritis • Osteoporosis • Fractures (via pictures and x-rays) • Disc herniation • Scoliosis • ACL and MCL injuries

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscle Function: • Stabilizing joints • Maintaining posture • Producing movement • Moving substances within the body • Stabilizing body position and regulating organ volume • Producing heat– muscle contraction generates 85% of the body’s heat

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue • Excitability- receive and respond to stimuli • Contractility- ability to shorten and thicken • Extensibility- ability to stretch • Elasticity- ability to return to its original shape after contraction or extension

Types of Muscle

Skeletal Muscles • Nearly 650 muscles are attached to the skeleton. See muscle list for competitions. • Skeletal muscles- work in pairs: one muscle moves the bone in one direction and the other moves it back again. • Most muscles- extend from one bone across a joint to another bone with one bone being more stationary than another in a given movement. • Muscle movement- bends the skeleton at moveable joints. • Tendons - made of dense fibrous connective tissue shaped like heavy cords anchor muscles firmly to bone. • Tendon injury- though very strong and secure to muscle, may be injured.

Skeletal Muscles • origin - Attachment to the more stationary bone by tendon closest to the body or muscle head or proximal • insertion - attachment to the more moveable bone by tendon at the distal end • During movement, the origin remains stationary and the insertion moves. • The force producing the bending is always a pull of contraction. Reversing the direction is produced by the contraction of a different set of muscles. • As one group of muscles contracts, the other group stretches and then they reverse actions.

Skeletal Muscle Anatomy • Each muscle- has thousands of muscle fibers in a bundle running from origin to insertion bound together by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves. • Each muscle fiber - contains many nuclei, an extensive endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmicreticulum, many thick and thin myofibrils running lengthwise the entire length of the fiber, and many mitochondria for energy

Sacromere sacromere -The basic functional unit of the muscle fiber consists of the array of thick and thin filaments between two Z disks. thick filaments -with myosin (protein) molecules thin filaments - with actin (protein) molecules plus smaller amounts of troponin and tropomysin. striations -of dark A bands and light Ibands. A bands-are bisected by the H zone with the M line or band running through the center of this H zone. I bands-are bisected by the Z disk or line.

Sliding-Filament Model • Thick filaments, - myosin molecules contain a globular subunit, the myosin head, which has binding sites for the actin molecules of the thin filaments and ATP. • Activating the muscle fiber causes the myosin heads to bind to actin molecules pulling the short filament a short distance past the thick filaments. • Linkages breakand reform(using ATP energy) further along the thick filaments. • Ratchet-like action pulls the thin filaments past the thick filaments in a. • Individual filaments - No shortening, thickening or folding occurs.

Muscle Contraction • As the muscle contracts - the width of the I bands and H zones decrease causing the Z disks to come closer together, but there is no change in the width of the A band because the thick filaments do not move. • As the muscle relaxes or stretches - the width of the I bands separate as the thin filaments move apart but the thick filaments still do not move.

Muscle and Tendon Injuries • Strains – injuries from overexertion or trauma which involve stretching or tearing of muscle fibers. They often are accompanied by pain and inflammation of the muscle and tendon. • Sprain - the injury near a joint and involves a ligament • Cramps – painful muscle spasms or involuntary twitches. • Stress-induced muscle tension – may cause back pain and headaches.

Muscular Disorders • Poliomyelitis – viral infection of the nerves that control skeletal muscle movement. • Muscular Dystrophies – most common caused by mutation of gene for the protein dystrophin which helps in attaching and organizing the filaments in the sacromere. Duchenne MuscularDystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy are the two most common types. The gene for dystrophin is on the X chromosome so the disorder is sex-linked. • Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction. affecting the ability of the impulse to cause the muscle contraction. Administering an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase can temporarily restore contractibility.

Exercise on Skeletal and Muscular System Skeletal System • Exercise slows decline in minerals and maintains joint mobility • Stress of exercise helps the bone tissues to become stronger • Hyaline cartilage at the ends of the bones becomes thicker and can absorb shock better • Ligaments will stretch slightly to enable greater joint flexibility Muscular System • Exercise helps muscles become more effective and efficient. • Tendons will become thicker and stronger • High intensity exercise for short duration produces strength, size and power gains in muscles • Low intensity exercise for long durations will give endurance benefits • Trained muscles have better tone or state of readiness to respond • Exercise promotes good posture enabling muscles to work effectively and helps prevent injury

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