speech on unemployment in tamil

Unemployment: Meaning, Causes, Effects,and Solutions

வரையறை மற்றும் பொருள்: ஒரு நபர் வேலையில்லாதவர் என்று குறிப்பிடப்படலாம், அவர் அல்லது அவள் வேலை செய்யத் தயாராக இருக்கும்போது, ​​ஆனால் தற்போது வேலையில்லாமல் இருக்கிறார். அத்தகையவர்கள் பொதுவாக வேலை வாய்ப்புகளை தீவிரமாக தேடுகிறார்கள்.

எளிமையான சொற்களில், வேலையின்மை என்பது வேலை இல்லாத நிலை. ஒரு நாட்டின் குடிமக்களில் பலருக்கு வேலை இல்லாதபோது வேலையின்மை விகிதம் அதிகமாக இருப்பதாகக் கூறப்படுகிறது. ஒரு நாட்டில் நிறைய பேர் வேலையில்லாமல் இருக்கும்போது, ​​வருமான ஆதாரங்கள் இல்லாததால் வறுமையின் அளவும் அதிகமாக உள்ளது.

மறுபுறம், குறைந்த வேலை என்பது, ஒரு தொழிலாளர் தொகுப்பில் உள்ளவர்கள் முழு நேரத்துக்கும் குறைவாகவே வேலை செய்யும் சூழ்நிலையாகும். தனிநபர்கள் தங்கள் பொருளாதாரத் தேவைகள் அல்லது பயிற்சியுடன் பொருந்தியபோது போதுமானதாக இல்லாத வேலைகளில் பணிபுரியும் நிலை என்றும் பொருள் கொள்ளலாம்.

குறைவான ஊதியம் என்பது மக்கள் செய்யும் வேலையின் ஆபத்து அல்லது அளவுக்கு ஏற்ப சரியான முறையில் இழப்பீடு வழங்கப்படாமை ஆகும். ஊழியர் நலனைப் பணயம் வைத்து லாப வரம்புகளை அதிகரிக்க சில முதலாளிகள் எடுக்கும் அணுகுமுறை இது.

வேலையில்லாத் திண்டாட்டத்தின் சுழற்சித் தன்மையால் அரசு தலையிட்டு அதைக் குறைப்பது முக்கியம். இது ஒரு நாட்டில் பல சமூகப் பிரச்சனைகளை ஏற்படுத்துவதோடு பொருளாதார வளர்ச்சியைத் தடுக்கும்.

ஒரு பொருளாதாரத்தில் வேலையின்மை, வேலையின்மை மற்றும் குறைவான ஊதியத்திற்கு பல காரணங்கள் உள்ளன. இவை மிகவும் பொதுவான காரணங்களில் சில:

1. திறமையான மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப பயிற்சி இல்லாமை: தற்போதைய வணிகச் சூழல் திறமையான மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப ஆர்வமுள்ள ஊழியர்களுக்கு அதிக தேவை உள்ளது. பல வணிக செயல்முறைகளில் தொழில்நுட்பத்தை இணைப்பதன் மூலம் இது அவசியம். வேலைச் சூழலின் ஒவ்வொரு துறையிலும் தொழில்நுட்பங்கள் அறிமுகப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. எனவே, திறமையான மற்றும் சிறப்புப் பணியாளர்களுக்கான தேவை அதிகரித்து வருகிறது. திறமையான மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப பயிற்சி இல்லாததால், ஒரு தனிநபருக்கு லாபகரமான வேலை கிடைப்பதை கடினமாக்கும்.

2. கல்வியின்மை: பல பொருளாதாரங்களில் வேலை இல்லாதவர்களில் பெரும்பான்மையானவர்கள் கல்வியறிவு இல்லாதவர்கள். பள்ளிக்குச் செல்வது, வேலை செய்யும் இடத்தில் தேவையான திறன்கள் மற்றும் பயிற்சியுடன் ஒருவரைச் சித்தப்படுத்துகிறது. கல்வியின்மைக்கு பல காரணங்கள் உள்ளன. பல சமயங்களில், ஏழைப் பின்னணியைச் சேர்ந்தவர்கள் தங்கள் கல்விக்கு நிதியளிக்கப் பணம் இல்லாததால், படிப்பை இடைநிறுத்துகிறார்கள். பரவலான வறுமை உள்ள பகுதிகளில் இதன் காரணமாக அதிக வேலையின்மை விகிதம் உள்ளது. இளவயது திருமணம் போன்ற கலாச்சார நடைமுறைகளும் பெண்கள் பள்ளியை விட்டு வெளியேறி குடும்பங்களைத் தொடங்க காரணமாகின்றன. இந்த நடைமுறை பரவலாக உள்ள பகுதிகளில், வேலைகள் அல்லது நியாயமான வருமான ஆதாரங்கள் இல்லாத பல பெண்கள் ஏன் இருக்கிறார்கள் என்பதை இது விளக்குகிறது.

3. குறைவான ஊதியம்: ஒருவர் செய்த வேலைக்கு போதுமான ஊதியம் இல்லாமல் வேலை செய்யும் போது அது மிகவும் வெறுப்பாக இருக்கும். குணங்கள் அங்கீகரிக்கப்படாதபோது குறைவான கட்டணம் ஏற்படுகிறது. தொழிலாளர்களின் இழப்பில் லாப வரம்புகளை அதிகரிப்பதே முதலாளியின் முதன்மையான கவனம். தொழிலாளர்கள் சில சமயங்களில் மிக நீண்ட நேரம் உழைக்க வேண்டியிருக்கும். ஒருவர் பெற்ற கல்வித் தகுதிக்கு பொருந்தாத ஒரு வேலையில் பணிபுரியும் போது, ​​ஒரு நபர் குறைவான ஊதியம் பெறலாம். உதாரணமாக, ஒரு பல்கலைக்கழக பட்டதாரி துரித உணவு உணவகத்தில் பணியாளராக பணிபுரிகிறார். பட்டம் பெற செலவழித்த பணத்தின் அளவு அந்த நபருக்கும் நியாயமான இழப்பீடு வழங்கப்பட வேண்டும் என்று ஆணையிடுகிறது. குறைவான ஊதியம் விரக்தியின் காரணமாக பலர் வேலையை விட்டு வெளியேற வழிவகுக்கிறது.

4. குறைந்த ஊதியத்தில் குழந்தைகளை வேலைக்கு அமர்த்துதல்: இது லாபத்தை அதிகரிப்பதற்கு ஏற்ற மற்றொரு நெறிமுறையற்ற வணிக நடைமுறையாகும். இது முக்கியமாக பலவீனமான தொழிலாளர் சட்டங்கள் மற்றும் நிறுவனங்களைக் கொண்ட நாடுகளில் அல்லது பிராந்தியங்களில் நிகழ்கிறது. அத்தகைய குழந்தைகள் திறமையற்ற தொழிலாளர்களாக பணியமர்த்தப்படுகிறார்கள், எனவே அவர்களுக்கு ஊதியம் வழங்கப்படுகிறது. இளம் வயதினராக இருப்பதால், அவர்கள் எளிதில் கையாளப்பட்டு பயன்படுத்திக் கொள்கிறார்கள். அவர்களில் நிறைய பேருக்கு கவனித்துக் கொள்ள வேண்டிய பொறுப்புகள் இல்லை, எனவே அவர்களுக்குச் செலுத்தும் சிறிய தொகை போதுமானதாகத் தெரிகிறது.

5. பெரிய மக்கள் தொகை: ஒரு பொருளாதாரத்தில் தொழிலாளர் சந்தை தேவைகளை விட அதிகமான தொழிலாளர்கள் இருக்கும்போது, ​​வேலையின்மை அளவு அதிகமாக இருக்கும். வேலை வாய்ப்புகள் கிடைக்காததால், வேலை செய்யத் தயாராக இருக்கும் திறமையான தொழிலாளர்கள் கூட வேலை இல்லாமல் இருப்பார்கள்.

6. வேலை வாய்ப்புகள் இல்லாமை: அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான இளைஞர்கள் பல்கலைக்கழக மட்டம் வரை படித்திருந்தாலும் குறைந்த வேலை வாய்ப்புகள் உள்ள நாடுகளில் கடுமையான வேலையின்மை பிரச்சனைகள் உள்ளன. கிடைக்கும் சில இடங்களுக்குப் போட்டி அதிகம்.

ஒரு நாட்டில் வேலையின்மை விகிதம் அதிகமாக இருக்கும்போது என்ன நடக்கும்? வேலையில்லா திண்டாட்டம், வேலையின்மை, குறைவான ஊதியம் போன்ற பல பிரச்சனைகள் எழுகின்றன.

1. பொருளாதார அழுத்தம்: வேலையின்மை, வேலையின்மை மற்றும் குறைவான ஊதியம் ஆகியவை பொருளாதார அழுத்தத்தை ஏற்படுத்துகின்றன, ஏனெனில் ஒருவரால் நிதிக் கடமைகளை நிறைவேற்ற முடியவில்லை. ஒரு தனிநபர் மோசமான வாழ்க்கைத் தரத்துடன் வறுமையின் வாழ்க்கைக்கு கண்டனம் செய்யப்படுகிறார். வளங்கள் மெல்லியதாக நீட்டிக்கப்படுகின்றன, மேலும் சிறிய நிதித் தேவைகள் கூட சந்திக்க கடினமாகின்றன.

2. மன அழுத்தம்: நிதி வெற்றி என்பது மன அமைதிக்கான ஒரு முக்கிய அங்கமாகும். அடுத்த உணவு எங்கிருந்து கிடைக்கும் அல்லது ஆடை மற்றும் கல்வி போன்ற அடிப்படைத் தேவைகளுக்கு பணம் எங்கிருந்து கிடைக்கும் என்று ஒருவர் எப்போதும் கவலைப்படும்போது, ​​மன அழுத்தம் ஏற்படுகிறது. ஒரு நபரின் சுயமரியாதை பாதிக்கப்படும்போது மனச்சோர்வும் ஏற்படலாம். பள்ளிப் படிப்பை முடித்து, பட்டம் பெற்று, நிறையப் பணத்தைச் செலவழித்த ஒரு நபர், தனக்கு வேலை கிடைக்காமல் வாழ்க்கையில் மிகவும் விரக்தியடைந்துவிடுவார். மனச்சோர்வு ஒருவரை போதைப்பொருள் மற்றும் ஆல்கஹால் துஷ்பிரயோகத்திற்கு ஒரு சமாளிப்பதற்கான வழிமுறையாக வழிவகுக்கும்.

3. நுகர்பொருட்களுக்கான தேவை குறைதல்: நடுத்தர வர்க்கத்தின் வாங்கும் சக்தியால் நுகர்வுத் திறன் தூண்டப்படுகிறது. இது சில்லறை விற்பனைத் துறையில் அதிக விற்பனைக்கு வழிவகுக்கிறது மற்றும் அதன் வளர்ச்சிக்கும் நாட்டின் பொருளாதாரத்திற்கும் எரிபொருளாக அமைகிறது. மக்களுக்கு வேலை கிடைத்து நல்ல ஊதியம் கிடைக்கும் போது, ​​அவர்களின் வாங்கும் திறனும் மேம்படும். வேலையின்மை, குறைவான ஊதியம் மற்றும் வேலையின்மை ஆகியவை குடிமக்களின் வாங்கும் திறன் குறைவதற்கு காரணமாகின்றன.

4. சமூக அமைதியின்மை: பலர், குறிப்பாக இளைஞர்கள், தங்களுக்கு வேலை இல்லாத போது குற்றச் செயல்களில் ஈடுபடுகின்றனர். செயலற்ற நிலை தங்களை ஆக்கிரமிக்க ஏதாவது ஒன்றைக் கண்டுபிடிக்க அவர்களைத் தூண்டுகிறது. ஏற்கனவே குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளபடி, அதிக வேலையின்மை விகிதங்களைக் கொண்ட பகுதிகளில் மிக அதிகமான குற்ற விகிதங்கள் உள்ளன. குடிமக்கள் தங்கள் சூழ்நிலைகளில் விரக்தியடைந்து, சிறந்த வாழ்க்கையை அடைவதற்கான வழிகளைக் கண்டறிய முயற்சிப்பதால் பொருளாதார அழுத்தமும் சமூக அமைதியின்மையை ஏற்படுத்துகிறது. தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்ட தலைவர்கள் செயல்படவும் நிலைமையை சரிசெய்யவும் உள்நாட்டு அமைதியின்மை மூலம் இது செய்யப்படலாம்.

5. கடனைத் திருப்பிச் செலுத்த முடியவில்லை மற்றும் உரிய செலவுகள்: 2007 ஆம் ஆண்டில் அமெரிக்கப் பொருளாதாரம் மந்தநிலைக்குச் சென்றதற்குக் கடனைத் திருப்பிச் செலுத்தத் தவறியதும் ஒரு காரணமாகும். வங்கித் துறை நஷ்டத்தைச் சந்தித்தது மற்றும் இது பொருளாதாரத்தின் பல துறைகளைப் பாதித்தது. திருப்பிச் செலுத்தத் தவறினால், மக்கள் தங்கள் சொத்துக்களை முன்கூட்டியே பறிமுதல் செய்தல் மற்றும் திரும்பப் பெறுதல் மூலம் இழக்க நேரிடும். இது ஒரு தனிநபரை நிதி ரீதியாக பின்தள்ளலாம் மற்றும் திவால் மற்றும் வணிக இழப்பு போன்ற கடுமையான விளைவுகளின் சங்கிலியைத் தூண்டும்.

வேலையில்லா திண்டாட்டம், வேலையின்மை மற்றும் குறைவான ஊதியம் போன்ற பிரச்சனைகளை கையாளக்கூடிய சில வழிகள் இவை:

1. கல்வி: கல்வி வெற்றிக்கு முக்கியம் என்கிறார்கள். இது பல சாத்தியக்கூறுகளுக்கான கதவைத் திறக்கிறது மற்றும் ஒருவருக்கு வாழ்க்கை மற்றும் வேலை திறன் இரண்டையும் வழங்குகிறது. கல்வியறிவின்மை ஒருவரை வறுமை வாழ்க்கைக்குக் கண்டிக்கிறது. பள்ளியில் தங்கி கல்வியில் உயர்ந்த நிலையை அடைய விரும்பும் மக்களும் உள்ளனர், ஆனால் பணப் பற்றாக்குறையால் மட்டுப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளனர். எனவே, அனைவருக்கும் கல்வி கிடைக்க வேண்டும். இந்த இலக்கை அடைவதற்கான ஒரு வழி, அனைவருக்கும் அடிப்படைக் கல்வியை இலவசமாக வழங்குவதாகும். மாணவர்களின் கல்விச் செலவுக்கான கடனைப் பெறுவதையும் அரசாங்கம் எளிதாக்க வேண்டும். இதன் மூலம், அதிகமான மக்கள் பள்ளிக்குச் சென்று முக்கியமான திறன்களைக் கற்றுக்கொள்ள முடியும். சமகால வேலைச் சூழலின் சவால்களை எதிர்கொள்ளும் வகையில் பாடத்திட்டத்தை மாற்றுவதும் ஒரு நல்ல அணுகுமுறையாகும். தொழில்நுட்ப மாற்றங்களின் வேகத்தைத் தொடர இது செய்யப்பட வேண்டும்.

2. திறன் அடிப்படையிலான பயிற்சி, தொழில் பயிற்சி, தொழில்நுட்பப் பயிற்சி: திறன்கள் மற்றும் நுட்பங்கள் திறன் சார்ந்த பயிற்சி, தொழில் பயிற்சி மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்பப் பயிற்சி மூலம் கற்பிக்கப்பட வேண்டும். பல்கலைக் கழகக் கல்வியைப் பெற முடியாத அல்லது போதுமான மதிப்பெண்களைப் பெறாதவர்களுக்கு இது பெரிதும் பயனளிக்கும். உயர்நிலைப் பள்ளிப் படிப்பை முடித்தவுடன் கல்வியைத் தொடர முனையும் கிராமப்புற இளைஞர்களிடையே வேலையில்லாத் திண்டாட்டத்தைச் சமாளிக்க இது உதவும். அத்தகைய திறன்களுடன் அவர்களைச் சித்தப்படுத்துவது, தொழில் நுட்பத் திறன்கள் மற்றும் பயிற்சியைச் சார்ந்திருக்கும் தொழிலாளர் சந்தையில் அவர்களை வேலைக்கு அமர்த்துகிறது. அத்தகைய பயிற்சி அவர்கள் சிறந்த ஊதியத்திற்கு தகுதி பெறும் நிலையில் அவர்களை வைக்கும். தொழில் வழங்குபவர்கள் திறமையற்ற தொழிலாளர்களை விட திறமையான தொழிலாளர்களுக்கு சிறந்த ஊதியம் வழங்க முனைகின்றனர்.

3. பல்வகைப்பட்ட வேலை வாய்ப்புகளை உருவாக்குதல்: ஒரு நாட்டில் வேலையின்மை விகிதத்தை நிர்ணயிப்பதில் பொருளாதாரக் கொள்கைகள் நீண்ட தூரம் செல்கின்றன. 2007 ஆம் ஆண்டு ஏற்பட்ட உலகளாவிய மந்தநிலையின் உதாரணத்திலிருந்து பல நிறுவனங்கள் கடையை மூடிவிட்டன அல்லது வணிகத்தில் தொடர்ந்து இருக்க ஊழியர்களின் எண்ணிக்கையைக் குறைத்தன. நல்ல பொருளாதாரக் கொள்கைகள் ஒரு நாட்டில் வேலை வாய்ப்புகளை உருவாக்கி வேலையின்மையைக் குறைக்கும். திறமையான, திறமையற்ற மற்றும் தொழில் வல்லுநர்கள் போன்ற அனைத்து நிலைகளிலும் சிறந்த வேலை வாய்ப்புகளை உருவாக்குவதும் வேலையின்மை விகிதத்தைக் குறைக்கலாம். இளைஞர்களிடையே தொழில் முனைவோர் கலாச்சாரத்தை ஊக்குவிப்பது பொருளாதாரத்தை வளர்ப்பதிலும், வேலையற்ற இளைஞர்களின் எண்ணிக்கையை குறைப்பதிலும் முக்கிய பங்கு வகிக்கும்.

4. மறைந்திருக்கும் குணங்களை ஆராயுங்கள்: மக்கள் தங்களுடைய மறைந்திருக்கும் குணங்களைக் கண்டறிய உதவும் விழிப்புணர்வை உருவாக்குவது வேலையின்மைப் பிரச்சனையைத் தீர்ப்பதற்கான ஒரு வழியாகும். இது சுயவேலைவாய்ப்பை ஊக்குவிக்கும் மற்றும் முறையான வேலைத் துறையில் அதிக சார்புநிலையைக் குறைக்கும். இயற்கையாகவே திறமையான கலைஞன் கலையை உருவாக்கி விற்க முடியும். ஒரு திறமையான கால்பந்து வீரர் தனது திறமைகளை மேம்படுத்தி ஒரு தொழில்முறை வீரராக முடியும். ஒரு கவிஞரோ அல்லது படைப்பாளியோ அத்தகைய திறமைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி பணம் சம்பாதிக்கலாம். பள்ளிக்குச் சென்ற பலர் வேலைவாய்ப்பிற்காக முறையான வேலைத் துறையை அதிகம் நம்பியிருப்பதற்கான காரணங்களில் ஒன்று, பள்ளி அமைப்பு அவர்களை அப்படிச் செய்வதுதான். நல்ல வருமானம் ஈட்டவும், சுகமான வாழ்க்கையை நடத்தவும் திறமைகள் பயன்படும் என்பது அவர்களில் பலருக்குத் தெரியாமல் போய்விட்டது. இப்பிரச்சினை பற்றிய விழிப்புணர்வை ஏற்படுத்துவது மக்களைச் சுறுசுறுப்பாகச் செய்வதற்கும் அவர்களிடையே சுயதொழில் கலாசாரத்தை வளர்ப்பதற்கும் பெரிதும் உதவும்.

5. கிடைக்கக்கூடிய வேலை வாய்ப்புகளுக்கான மேம்பட்ட தகவல் தொடர்பு: வேலை தேடுவது எளிதான காரியம் அல்ல. பலருக்கு, கிடைக்கக்கூடிய வேலை வாய்ப்புகளை அடையாளம் காண்பது பொதுவாக மிகப்பெரிய சவாலாக உள்ளது. ஒருவர் எங்கிருந்து தொடங்குகிறார்? யாரிடம் பேசுகிறீர்கள்? விண்ணப்பத்தை உருவாக்க சிறந்த வழி எது? எங்கு பார்க்க வேண்டும் என்பதில் ஆர்வமுள்ளவர்களுக்கு வழிகாட்ட, கிடைக்கக்கூடிய வேலை வாய்ப்புகளுக்கான மேம்பட்ட தகவல் தொடர்பு இருக்க வேண்டும். சில சமயங்களில் அந்த பதவியை சரியாக விளம்பரப்படுத்தாததால், கிடைக்கும் வாய்ப்புக்கான சரியான நபரை நிறுவனங்கள் கண்டுகொள்வதில்லை. சிறந்த தகவல்தொடர்பு கிடைக்கக்கூடிய காலியிடங்களுக்கு அதிக எண்ணிக்கையிலான மக்கள் செல்வதைக் காணலாம்.

6. தேசிய எல்லைகளுக்கு அப்பால் புவியியல் இயக்கம்: உலகமயமாக்கலை உந்திய ஒரு காரணி தொழில்நுட்பத்தின் முன்னேற்றம். இது தகவல்களுக்கு எளிதான அணுகல் மற்றும் தகவல்தொடர்பு வழிகளை அதிகரித்தது. சமூக ஊடகங்களுக்கு நன்றி, மக்கள் முன்பை விட இப்போது கலாச்சார ரீதியாக விழிப்புணர்வு பெற்றுள்ளனர். இந்தியாவில் வசிக்கும் ஒரு நபர், ஃபேஸ்புக் மற்றும் ட்விட்டர் போன்ற தளங்களால் ஆஸ்திரேலியர்களின் கலாச்சாரத்தைப் பற்றிய யோசனையைப் பெற்றிருக்கிறார். உருவாக்கப்படும் ஆர்வத்தின் அர்த்தம், வேலை வாய்ப்புகளைத் தொடர வெளிநாடுகளுக்குச் செல்வதில் அதிகமான மக்கள் இப்போது வசதியாக உள்ளனர். இந்த ஆசைக்கு மிகப்பெரிய தடையாக கடுமையான குடியேற்றக் கொள்கைகள் உள்ளது. வெளிநாடுகளுக்கு எளிதாக இடம்பெயர்வது, மக்கள் தங்கள் எல்லைகளுக்கு வெளியே வேலை வாய்ப்புகளைத் தேட ஊக்குவிக்கும்.

நல்ல வாழ்க்கை வாழ்வது என்பது ஒரு சிலரின் பாதுகாப்பல்ல. அனைவரும் நலமுடன் வாழவும், வாழ்க்கையைப் பயன்படுத்திக் கொள்ளவும் ஆசைப்பட வேண்டும். இருப்பினும், ஏறக்குறைய இந்த ஆசைகள் அனைத்தும் நிலையான வருமான ஆதாரத்தை சார்ந்தது. பலர் பள்ளிக்குச் செல்வதற்கான முக்கிய காரணங்கள் அறிவைப் பெறுவதும், வேலை சந்தையில் அவர்களைப் பொருத்தமானதாக மாற்றும் முக்கியமான திறன்களைக் கற்றுக்கொள்வதும் ஆகும். மறுசீரமைக்கப்பட்ட கார்ப்பரேட் சூழல் திறன்கள் மற்றும் தொழில்நுட்ப அறிவைப் பொறுத்தது. எனவே, முறையான பயிற்சி இல்லாதவர்கள், தொழிலாளர் சந்தைக்கு தகுதியற்றவர்கள் எனக் கருதப்படுவதால், வேலைவாய்ப்பு இல்லாமல் போய்விடும். வேலையின்மை அளவைக் குறைப்பதற்கான முக்கிய வழிகளில் ஒன்று கல்வி. ஒவ்வொரு குடிமகனும் நல்ல கல்வியைப் பெறுவதை உறுதிசெய்வது ஒவ்வொரு அரசாங்கத்தின் தனிச்சிறப்பாக இருக்க வேண்டும். இது தவிர, தனிநபர்களும் ஆக்கப்பூர்வமாக இருக்க வேண்டும் மற்றும் முறையான வேலைவாய்ப்பை நம்பாமல் வருமானம் ஈட்ட மாற்று வழிகளைக் கண்டறிய வேண்டும். இயற்கையான திறமைகள் மற்றும் தொழில்முனைவோரைப் பயன்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் இதைச் செய்யலாம். இவை அனைத்தும் வேலையின்மை, வேலையின்மை மற்றும் குறைவான ஊதியம் போன்ற பிரச்சினைகளை நிவர்த்தி செய்வதில் நீண்ட தூரம் செல்லும்.

மேலதிக ஆய்வுக்கான விக்கிபீடியா இணைப்பு: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unemployment

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Speech On Unemployment for Students and Children

Speech on unemployment.

Unemployment is a very serious and important issue not only in India but all over the world. There are millions of people in this world who do not have employment or any kind of job. Moreover, the problem of unemployment is a very major problem in India. In India, the main reason for unemployment is the increasing population and the demand for jobs. Moreover, if we will ignore this problem then it will become the reason for the doom of the country. Read Speech On Unemployment here.

At present all of us know what unemployment actually is. But unemployment does not only mean that any person is jobless. Likewise, unemployment also includes those people who are working in areas that are out of their expertise or mastery.

The numerous types of unemployment consist of disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, open unemployment, technological unemployment, and structural unemployment. Besides, some other unemployment is the cyclic unemployment, educated but unemployed, underemployment, frictional unemployment, chronic unemployment, and casual unemployment.

Above all, seasonal unemployment, under unemployment, and disguised unemployment are very common unemployment present right now in India.

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In our country, there are a lot of reasons for a large section of the population of the nation for facing the problem of unemployment. Some reasons are population growth, slow economic growth, seasonal occupation, slow growth in the economic sector, and the decrease in the cottage industry.

Moreover, these are the main reasons for the problem of unemployment in our country. Also, the situation is now so extreme that people with high education are ready for doing the duty of a sweeper as an employee. Besides, the government is not taking their work seriously and that’s a huge problem we should worry about. Apart from all these things, a huge portion of the population takes part in the agricultural sector.

The agriculture sector only provides employment in the harvesting or plantation seasons. In addition, one of the main reasons for the unemployment problem in India is the vast population of the nation. The population of the country demands a huge number of jobs and occupations every year which the government is unable to deliver.

Consequences

If things will continue like the current situation then the problem of unemployment will become a major issue for the nation. Apart from this, many things happen in the economy that is responsible for the increase in poverty.

The things responsible are an increase in the crime rate, exploitation of labours, political instability, mental health condition, and loss of the skills. As a result of these things, all this will eventually affect the nation in a very bad manner.

An initiative by the Government

The government is taking this problem very seriously and is also taking actions to slowly decrease the level of unemployment. Schemes that are available for this are IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme), DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Employment Assurance Scheme, NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojana), Training for self-Employment, PMIUPEP (Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program), employment exchange, Employment Guarantee Scheme, development of organized sector, small and cottage industries, employment in forging countries, and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana and many more are also there.

To conclude, we can say that the problem of unemployment is a very important issue for all of us equally. We all need work because we all need money to secure our future. We have to earn for our families and we have to fulfil our needs. For all these things we need the money and the source of money is employment. Everyone has to work for money and we can’t work until and unless we won’t get any job.

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Unemployment in urban TN doubled in a year: Report

CHENNAI: A report from the chairman of the Prime Minister Economic Advisory Committee has shown that Tamil Nadu, a State with high incidence of youth unemployment, saw urban unemployment double from 2020 to 2021. According to the report, titled ‘Post Covid Employment Scenario in India’, by Bibek Debroy, the urban unemployment rate in TN, though similar to the national average of 7.27 per cent in February 2021, is more than double that of the previous year.

The rate at the level of ‘graduate and above’ was at 16.78 per cent in February 2021, and it continues to remain higher than other education-level bracket. This was coupled with a nearly three per cent fall in labour participation rate compared to the previous year.

The labour force participation rate is a measure of the proportion of a country’s working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work; it provides an indication of the size of the supply of labour available to engage in the production of goods and services, relative to the population of working age.

Noted economist and former governor of the Reserve Bank of India, C Rangarajan, tells Express that the informal sector in the State was more affected due to the pandemic. 

Informal sector is left unprotected: Rangarajan

Rangarajan says informal employees in hospitality sector were also affected as there was no mobility, and that social security is linked to the formal sector where various protection is provided to them. The informal sector is left unprotected. Rangarajan rues that though there is an act to register migrant workers, the State has not been doing so.

To a query on the struggle by MSMEs in the State due to the pandemic, Rangarajan, who chaired the 24-member committee last year to propose measures to bring the Covid-battered economy of Tamil Nadu back to growth, says like the Centre the State should also come out with a Credit Guarantee Scheme for Subordinate Debt, under which personal loans are given to promoters of stressed MSMEs.

A bout 80 per cent of the micro and tiny units, run by entrepreneurs, have closed down and skilled workers are finding it difficult to get alternate jobs, says KV Kanakambaram, president of the Industrial Estate Manufacturers Association. “When owners themselves are looking for jobs after selling their machinery, how will they provide jobs to youngsters?” asks Kanakambaram. Meanwhile, the report states that Tamil Nadu’s rural unemployment rate peaked at 53.19 per cent in April 2020, more than double the national average at 22.19 per cent during the first wave of pandemic.

A subsequent drastic increase in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme contributed to the rural unemployment rate decreasing significantly to 4.53 per cent in July 2020, the report states.Interestingly, as per an analysis available till March 2021, the rural unemployment rate in Tamil Nadu was at 2.7 per cent in February 2021, marginally higher than 1.17 per cent in February 2020, coupled with a significant decrease in rural labour participation rate by around eight per cent.

Rural female labour participation rate at 10 per cent is less than a sixth of male labour participation rate in February 2021, and seven per cent lower than the previous year. A similar peak of 45.55 per cent urban unemployment rate was seen in April 2020, significantly higher than national average at the time. However, one of the challenges in analysing employment scenarios is the lack of consistent job data especially during the pandemic. The report states that initially ‘Annual Survey of Employment and Unemployment’ was carried out by the Labour Bureau.

Subsequently, in April 2017, the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) was entrusted with the task to conduct Periodic Labour Force Surveys (PLFS) to have a reliable high frequency data for urban areas, released quarterly and annual numbers for both rural and urban areas. The last PLFS results were published for January to March 2020 for the urban areas. As such, data by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) at the State-level was taken into account, the report states. Rangarajan, however, refused to comment on the data put forth in the report.

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• General Candidate
• Resident of Tamil Nadu.
• Family Annual Income should not be more than Rs. 72,000/- per annum.
• Maximum Age Limit :-
• 40 Years for General Candidate.
• 45 Years for Schedule Caste/Tribe Candidate.
• Should be registered in Employment Exchange for 5 years or more.
• Should not be a regular student of any school or college.
• Should not be in any type of employment.
• Differently Abled Candidates
• Should have Physical Disability.
• Should be registered in Employment Exchange for 1 year or more.
• No Maximum Age or Income Limit.
• Any one of the Identification Proof :- Aadhar Card/ Pan Card/ Voter ID/ Passport/Driving License/ Ration Card.
• Domicile of Tamil Nadu.
• Passport Size Photo.
• Mobile Number.
• Bank Account Details.
• Caste Certificate.
• Self Affidavit.
• Medical Certificate. (For Disability Proof).
• Qualification Documents. (If Literate).

What is this scheme?

In 2006, Tamil Nadu Government started Unemployment Assistance Scheme for the welfare of unemployed youth of the state.

What are the benefits under the scheme ?

Financial and job Assistance.

Who can get the benefits of the scheme ?

All unemployed youth with full fill the eligibility criteria.

What is the financial eligibility for applicant ?

For General Candidate: Family Annual Income should not be more than Rs. 72,000/- per annum. Differently Abled Candidates: No Income Limit.

What Is The Education Qualification For The Scheme ?

Minimum 9th to Graduation

What is the maximum age eligibility ?

General Candidate: 40 Years for General Candidate.45 Years and for Schedule Caste/Tribe Candidate. Differently Abled Candidates : No Maximum Age Limit.

How To Apply offiline For The Scheme ?

Step-1: The Applicant can obtain the Application Form from the Employment Exchange Center of his district. or can download the from here. Step-2: Fill out the application in prescribe manner. Step-3: Attach required documents Step-4: The Applicant have to submit the Application Form and the attached documents to the Employment Exchange Center of his district.

How To Apply online For The Scheme ?

Step-1: Applicant have to visit the official website Step-2: Click on login and select Government/Public Sector or Private Sector. Step-3: Select registration/create new account option. Step-4: Fill out the required details. Step-5: Attach required documents. Step-6: Submit.

What Documents Are Needed ?

1. Any one of the Identification Proof :- Aadhar Card/ Pan Card/ Voter ID/ Passport/Driving License/ Ration Card. 2. Domicile of Tamil Nadu. 3. Passport Size Photo. 4. Email ID. 5. Mobile Number. 6. Bank Account Details. 7. Caste Certificate. 8. Self Affidavit. 9. Medical Certificate. (For Disability Proof). 10. Qualification Documents. (If Literate).

What is the official web portal to apply ?

Https://tnvelaivaaippu.gov.in/index.html#

Application Form

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PM Modi's Speech In English To Students In Tamil Nadu

• Published On: November 11, 2022

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Speech on Unemployment in Simple and Easy words

Table of Contents

We all know that India as a nation is dealing with the problem of unemployment and our government is trying to implement some effective measures to grant employment to the people of its country. The youth of the nation is suffering due to no or incompatible job opportunities. Since it’s such a pertinent issue for all of us, everyone is seen addressing this issue either publicly or at school, colleges, etc., in order to educate the masses. Therefore, at times one needs to prepare a brief speech on unemployment. If you are looking to prepare one in order to impress your teacher or leave an impact on your audience, then you may refer to our both short and long speeches on unemployment and complete your task without any hassles.

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Speech on Unemployment

Unemployment speech – 1.

Respected Managers and Dear Colleagues!

As the increasing threat of recession is looming over our heads, it has become necessary to talk about it at least amongst our fraternity. We all know that our co-employees are being laid off due to the scarcity of work and the dwindling financial condition of our organization. It’s a time that needs to be handled with utmost patience and ingenuity.

We never know that one day while walking through the office, any of us may be told by our manager, “Sorry, but it’s your last day in the office today”. Now you all must have started contemplating what you will do then, how you will make money and run your family. So let’s face this situation with dexterity and smartness. However, before we engage in a conversation or discussion, please allow me to deliver a concise speech on unemployment so that you have an insight into the things and thereafter are able to evaluate your own circumstances with the situation of the masses. Trust me; it will give you a lot of encouragement to brave the situation boldly.

There are mainly three forms of unemployment – labor class, who is illiterate, educated people without being technically qualified and lastly technical people, such as engineers. Let us know about them one by one.

With labor class, the situation is such that they have to constantly look for employment opportunities as they earn wages on a daily basis; hence they club themselves at a particular place to be able to obtain regular employment somewhere. In this precarious situation, sometimes they are able to find employment and sometimes not. But they have habituated themselves to survive in the latter condition even though it is frustrating at times for them too when they are unable to meet their basic requirements of food and clothing. Situation is quite similar for the city laborers also as they manage to get seasonal employment in some big farm or field, which help them to survive.

As the population of literate people is growing day by day, the government is unable to accommodate them at the workplaces. Already our educated youth is discontented with the incompetent wages given to them and the threat of unemployment leaves them even more frustrated. It is quite unfortunate that they are made to meander through the dark roads. Since they don’t possess any practical experience or technical expertise, they only end up looking for clerical jobs, which are not enough to accommodate the growing number of literate people.

Then those who possess technical qualification get even more frustrated because they are unable to find a good job at par with their academic qualification. Since the number of people acquiring technical expertise is increasing day by day, therefore even they get caught in the trap of unemployment. It’s good that more and more people are educating themselves and are also going for higher educational levels too; but sadly the government is proving inefficient to offer them good employment opportunities. Hence, the growing anger and frustration in our youth has become so evident these days.

But instead of increasing our frustration, we should think of combating this situation, may be through generating self-employment opportunities and channelizing our energy in that direction. In this manner, the grave problem of unemployment can be tackled to a great extent. That’s all I have to say.

Unemployment Speech – 2

Dear Employees!

It’s a rare occasion that I get to interact with all my employees under one roof the way that I am doing today. There is nothing special in the present day and behind our coming here; however as a director of the company I realized that there ought to be no communication gap between me and my employees. Secondly, if there is any concern or issue with any one of you then please feel free to put it across the table. The management would certainly try to resolve it or would bring the necessary changes in the organization.

Amidst the growing recession period, I would request everybody to join hands together and work unanimously towards the betterment of our company. In fact, we should consider ourselves fortunate that we have a job at hand and good growth prospects. Look at those who are not fairly employed or are unemployed despite a good educational background.

Do you know that the count of people, who are without a job, is increasing day by day in our country? According to experts, this is mainly owing to the economic slowdown as well as sluggish expansion in business activities that have brought the doom of employment generation.

Ideally, it’s the government that should expedite its growth measures in order to facilitate skill-based training activities so that the gap between demand and supply of work skills can be filled and necessary qualification can be given. This can also help resolve the long-term issue of unemployment.

Though there are people who remain unemployed by choice and are not willing to work, this will not be termed as unemployment. Unemployment is that situation when a person wishes to work, but is not able to find for himself/herself a qualified job. There is no doubt that our nation is grappling with this grave issue of unemployment. Unfortunately, many engineers, doctors, graduates or even post graduates are either unemployed or underemployed. Due to rising unemployment, the nation is merely wasting its human resource or is not able to unleash its benefits entirely.

In India, the rate of unemployment is depicting a growing trend since 2011 when it was 3.5 percent. Gradually, it increased to 3.6% in the year 2012 and further rose to 3.7% in the year 2013. Since then, the percentage is never seeing its decline. In fact, it has also been observed that at every stage of education, particularly at the higher levels, rate of female unemployment has always surpassed male employment.

The most important step that our government should take is to enforce strict population control measures and encourage its people to have small families. Then, some scrupulous measures should be taken to improve the quality of Indian education system. Our education system should be more focused on developing skills or providing practical training rather than confining itself to theoretical knowledge.

Then, new possibilities of employment should be created by setting-up small-scale and cottage industries. When people will be self-employed, they will not run after for jobs and would rather be able to employ others in their start-ups.

Now, may I invite the opinions of my employees on this issue of unemployment and also some concrete suggestions to combat it.

Unemployment Speech – 3

Good Morning Honorable Principal, Honorable Teachers and My Dear Friends!

As I begin, I would like to ask all the senior students a question that how many of you know that what you are going to do in your future? Nobody knows! Today, I am here to deliver a speech on unemployment that is directly related to my question and our future because it could be the worst problem that we all are going to face in our life after our education completion. As we all know that India is a huge country with 1.32 billion of population and thus it became a difficult task for our government to provide jobs to all the job seekers in the country. India has approximately 356 million youth population and probably all of them want to earn money but it is not an easy task for the government to provide all of them a job.

There are many reasons behind the rise of this problem. First of all, our education system is not appropriate. Our education should be job oriented but unfortunately it is been fixed up to the bookish knowledge. Students spend their whole time at school in reading books and writing but they also need some practical or job oriented knowledge. Second problem is our country’s huge population. This is because of the lack of knowledge among people about the values and benefits of a small family. Due to the lack of education and knowledge, our country has the second highest population around the world that creates a shortage of jobs for people living in the country.

There are some schemes and programs that are launched by our Indian government for solving the problem of unemployment in the country. First, in 2005, the government had launched Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act that guarantee a 100 day employment for an unemployed person in a year. In 200 of the district it has been implemented and will be expanded to 600 districts further. Under this scheme, a person is paid 150 Rs per day. Another scheme that was also launched by the Ministry of Labour and Employment of India called National Career Service Portal (a web portal) (www.ncs.gov.in). By the help of this portal, a person who is seeking for a job could avail the information about job updates and vacancies. In this portal, private vacancies and contractual jobs that are available in government sector are available in this portal.

One more facility that government has provided is a weekly newspaper titled Employment News that can be available in every Saturday evening. It contains all the detailed information regarding government jobs and vacancies available in India. It also contains notifications regarding government exams and recruitment procedure for government jobs. Besides these schemes, there is also a choice of self-employing through business etc. If a person starts a company then it provides jobs for many unemployed people and it is a good solution for this problem.

On this note I would like to conclude my speech and I hope that my speech would be useful for your future.

Thank you and I wish you all a great day ahead!

Also Read: Essay on Unemployment for Children and Students

Unemployment Speech – 4

Good Morning Respected Principal, Respected Teachers and My Dear Students!

Today, this seminar has been organized for the discussion over a very important aspect from which mostly every person could go through and that is unemployment and as a teacher, I have got this opportunity to host this seminar. First of all let me tell you about unemployment. It is a state when a person who is qualified and is eligible for job but does not find any. The problem of unemployment has continued from many years and is still a major issue for every person who willing to find a job. In a country like India, it becomes such a difficult task for a government to provide jobs to every job seeker. There are many reasons for the lack of employment in India. One of the reasons for unemployment is that India is a developing country and hence the country is getting modernized, it is lacking in jobs because of the excess use of technological machines. Industries started using heavy machines in the place of many workers and thus the workers are getting laid off and unemployed. Especially, old people who live alone are facing a lot of problems due to modernization and use of technology.

There are many other reasons such as our country’s education system which focuses only on the bookish knowledge and much less on practical knowledge. This kind of education system is called as degree oriented system but we actually need a system which is career oriented. If a person has completed many years in school and colleges and is still not ready for a job then what is the outcome of those years and study. There is a need of change in our education system. There should be some vocational studies that will help in enhancing the skills of the students. Another reason could be the thinking of people. Everybody wants to have a government job and that is quite impossible. Students should get praised and provoked for starting their own business. Mainly parents or teachers create a fear in a mind of student that there is a huge risk of failure in business or self-employment. This is also one of the reasons of lack of jobs because if a person starts a business then it provide jobs to many job seekers.

One of the main reasons of the lack of job opportunity in India is its population. We get to see thousands of people who compete for one position. India is a second most populated country around the world. It is quite difficult to provide millions of people a job in government sector. There is a need for encouraging the interest of students and showing them the correct path through which they could defeat this problem. As a teacher, I would like to advise you to choose your own interest as a career option.

On this note I would like to conclude my speech and extend special thanks to our honorable principal ma’am for giving me this opportunity.

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• Unemployment Speech

Long and Short Speeches on Unemployment

Any individual who is deprived of earning a living and faces difficulty in getting a paid job is known as unemployed and the condition is termed as unemployment. With India being a highly populated country, unemployment has always been a major problem in our country. And this problem has been increasing at a major rate.

Here, we have provided a long speech as well as a short unemployment speech in English for the students of all categories. Students can easily refer to our speech on unemployment for any exam preparation and can also gather information on this topic to prepare their own speech.

There is also a 10 Lines Speech provided by us especially for the students of Class 1 and Class 2.

Long Speech on Unemployment

This long speech on unemployment has been provided as a reference for the students of Class 7 To Class 12 for their exam preparation. 

Warm greetings to everyone! I firstly appreciate everyone who has gathered here to discuss the problem of unemployment. I am thankful enough for providing me with an opportunity to deliver a speech on unemployment.

Unemployment has become a major concern among the people of India today. With the increasing population, the job sectors fail to provide a full-time job to all the people. This, as a result, has increased the rate of unemployment in our country. Thus, unemployment can be defined as the condition where an individual is deprived of a paid job or self-employment and is unable to find a suitable job for employment. 

The fear of unemployment has caused a level of depression and mental stress on the youth today. In spite of getting a degree and having the highest qualifications, they still have to go through the process of unemployment. Many individuals, being the sole bread earner of the family, struggle day and night to earn a living. Unemployment not only refers to being jobless, but it also refers to the state where an individual is being underpaid as per their experience and qualifications. Several individuals are unsatisfied with the jobs they are in and are sticking to their jobs due to unemployment problems. 

Implementation of various government programs to improve the practical skills of the students must be done in every school and college. Although the government of India has introduced several employment schemes to offer jobs to the unemployed, many more steps must be taken to reduce the unemployment rate in our country. People must be made aware of self-employment and proper fundings for these government programs and projects must be implemented by the government.

Lastly, I would like to thank all of you for your patience and for coming here to discuss this issue. 

Short Speech on Unemployment in English

Given below is a short unemployment speech in English for the students of Class 3 to Class 6. 

Greetings everyone! Today I am here to deliver a speech on the topic of unemployment.

With the fast-growing industries and economic system, our country India still lags behind in the field of employment. In spite of having a higher degree and qualification, many people have to suffer through the process of unemployment. The main reason behind this major issue is the growing population and demand for a full-time job. Many citizens of the country are still deprived of paid jobs and are struggling to earn a living. This has also eventually led to mental pressures and depression among the youth. Although there has been an increase in the literacy rate of the people that has also increased the demand for new jobs. 

It is high time that the government should take up initiatives to provide employment to the people. There are several government programs and schemes that have been introduced by the Prime Minister to help the unemployed to get a paid job. New training programs should be introduced in schools and colleges for the better development of the students. People should be made familiar with the self-employment scheme and initiatives must be implemented by the government for funding these programs.

Lastly, I would like to end my speech by saying that unemployment has become a major problem in India today and necessary steps must be taken to reduce the unemployment rate. 

10 Lines Speech on Unemployment

Here is a 2-minute long speech on unemployment for the students of Class 1 and Class 2.

Good morning everyone! Today I am here to deliver a speech on unemployment.

Unemployment is a serious problem faced by many people in our country.

The increasing population and higher demands for jobs give rise to unemployment.

India being a populated country faces a higher unemployment rate due to limited job sectors.

There are several people who do not have a paid job and are surviving unemployment.

Unemployment also counts those individuals who are being underpaid in their jobs and are working outside their area of interest.

Even people having higher degrees and qualifications have to go through the process of unemployment.

This causes a high level of mental pressure and depression to the individuals as they struggle day and night to earn a living.

Due to slow economic growth and small job sectors, this problem has given rise to many unemployed people.

Lastly, I would like to say that unemployment is becoming a major concern of the youth of our country and if not solved in time, it will also bring down the economic rate of our country.

FAQs on Unemployment Speech

1. How can you include initiatives taken by the government to curb unemployment in your speech?

This problem is taken very seriously by the government, and a number of schemes are being implemented to reduce unemployment. Among these schemes are IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme), DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Training for self-employment, PMIUPEP (Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program), employment exchange, Employment Guarantee Scheme, development of organized sector, small and cottage industries, employment in forging countries, and others.

2. What are the reasons for unemployment that I can include in my unemployment speech?

There are numerous reasons for a large section of the population of our country to be facing the problem of unemployment. Some of these reasons are population growth, slow economic growth, seasonal occupations, slow economic growth and a decrease in the cost of living in our country. Additionally, the large population of the country adds to the unemployment problem in India. The country's population demands a huge number of jobs and occupations every year, which the government is unable to supply.

3. What are the types of unemployment?

All of us today are aware of what unemployment is. However, it does not just mean that any person is unemployed. Likewise, unemployment also refers to people working in areas that are outside of their expertise or mastery. Some of the various types of unemployment include disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, open unemployment, technological unemployment, and structural unemployment. Other types of unemployment include cyclical unemployment, educated but unemployed, underemployment, frictional unemployment, chronic unemployment and casual unemployment. Presently, in India, among the most prevalent types of unemployment are seasonal unemployment, underemployment, and disguised unemployment.

4. What type of unemployment can be found in developed countries?

Mostly in developed countries, cyclical and frictional unemployment exist. The period of cyclical unemployment is the period in which the unemployment rate rises and falls according to cycles of economic ups and downs. It is vital to minimize cyclical unemployment during recessions. In an economy, frictional unemployment arises from voluntary job transitions. Frictional unemployment is a fact of life, even in a growing, stable economy.  The frictional unemployment that occurs when workers leave their current jobs in search of new jobs and when workers enter the workforce for the first time does not include those workers who remain in their current job until they find a new one, since they are never unemployed.

5. How to define different types of unemployment in india?

Open or Structural Unemployment- The phenomenon of open or structural unemployment occurs when a number of people desire to work but are unable to find jobs for themselves. It is a result of a growing population and people migrating to larger cities.

Disguised Unemployment - Under this type of unemployment, people seem employed, yet their productivity is zero and they do not receive any assistance to increase their output.

Seasonal Unemployment - During some seasons in India, farming is not practiced year-round, which results in farmers being jobless for a few months. Seasonal unemployment is also observed in the sugarcane industry, cold drinks industry, and crackers industry.

Opinion | Why BJP-led NDA Seems to Have Advantage in 2024 Elections

T he 2024 Lok Sabha elections have entered midway with the completion of four phases and only three phases remaining. During this election, the centre of discussion has been the low voter turnout — although in the fourth phase, this trend reversed with a marginal increase in turnout percentage compared to 2019.

Amid this, the Opposition leaders have started claiming that the BJP’s numbers are falling. Congress leader Rahul Gandhi said the BJP would win 180 seats, but days later he revised the figures to 150. Compared to Rahul, who seems to be very strict regarding the BJP’s figures, TMC supremo and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee gave more seats to the BJP — 195, at best. However, AAP supremo and Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal seems to be more liberal than Gandhi and Banerjee when it comes to assigning numbers to the BJP. He projected that the saffron party may get 220 seats.

When the Opposition leaders are trying their best to propagate that the BJP is even struggling to cross the 200 mark, this month, in an election rally in Krishnanagar, West Bengal, Prime Minister Narendra Modi claimed that people have decided that the BJP-led NDA is poised to secure not only 370 seats but is looking forward to crossing the 400 mark. Such claims are routine for politicians during the election season to energise their ground-level workers and attract floating voters.

But what caught the attention are the claims made by some journalists and political analysts, who are saying that the BJP is unlikely to get a majority on its own — and even the NDA may struggle to get the majority on its own. Psephologist turned political leader and activist Yogendra Yadav has given a loose figure of around 233 seats based on his “ground assessment” to the BJP and around 268 seats to the NDA.

A revisit to the 2019 election

Before analysing the current election, first let’s revisit the 2019 Lok Sabha election, which is being cited nowadays often by many journalists and political commentators. According to this section, this year’s election has no dominant narrative unlike the 2019 election, which, according to them, was won by the BJP-led NDA with a big mandate because of the nationalist wave generated by the Pulwama terror attack followed by the Balakot airstrike. Interestingly, a section during the election campaign then had claimed 2019 as “a waveless election”. Nevertheless, post the results, they concluded that Modi came to power for the second time only because of the opportunity provided by the Pulwama terror attack.

This argument is faulty, that’s why a revisit to the 2019 elections is necessary. According to the Lokniti-CSDS post-poll study, the Pulwama terror attack and Balakot air strike were important issues for only 0.4 per cent of voters while voting. The survey pointed out that development was an important issue for 14.3 per cent of voters. This was followed by unemployment, which was important for 11.3 per cent of voters. Other issues included economic growth, corruption, price rise, water-related problems etc. These figures have been in the public domain for the last five years, still, it is amazing that in this country, we have some eminent journalists and political commentators misinterpreting the 2019 election as mostly decided on the basis of Pulwama and Balakot.

Despite Dissatisfaction, Modi Remains Popular

Coming to the 2024 elections, Lokniti-CSDS released a pre-poll survey in April where the data pointed out that the satisfaction level towards the Modi government has seen a dip of around 8.1 per cent — a sign of serious concern for the BJP. Increasing unemployment (12.2 per cent), price rise (7.6 per cent) and falling income (4.1 per cent) are some of the crucial issues in the survey that matter to voters. The pre-poll survey also points out that there is an increase of around 5 per cent in support for Congress leader Rahul Gandhi — 26.5 per cent — as the next prime minister compared to the 2019 pre-poll survey. Interestingly, there is also a 2 per cent increase in support for Narendra Modi — 47.5 per cent — as the next prime minister. This is despite 10 years of anti-incumbency.

Why Narendra Modi Remains Popular

Many journalists and political commentators are seen discussing that Ram Mandir in Ayodhya isn’t a poll issue. First of all, this isn’t an issue for a particular election — Ram Mandir is a sentiment for the Hindus. That said, it’s still an issue in this election. According to the pre-poll survey, for 7.5 per cent of voters, Ram Mandir is an important issue when they vote, with an additional 2.3 per cent of voters separately pointing to Hindutva as an important issue when they vote. Clearly, the BJP’s Hindutva agenda remains a significant factor for 9.8 per cent of voters in this election, though a small fraction of them may be anti-Hindutva voters.

Unemployment remains the most important issue for voters — 27.3 per cent — when they vote. However, it is wrong to conclude that all voters citing unemployment as an important issue are necessarily anti-BJP voters. If they vote for the Modi-led BJP, liberals and Leftists label them as being “blind” towards basic issues like unemployment and price rise. Interestingly, according to the pre-poll survey, 9.1 per cent of voters cited employment as the most liked work of the Modi government — the second most liked factor after Ram Mandir. This means that there is a section that believes that although unemployment is a burning issue, the Modi government has been working to address it.

After unemployment, price rise has been cited by 23.4 per cent of voters as an important factor. However, it’s worth noting that despite price rise being an important issue during the 2009 elections, the Congress-led UPA came to power with an increased number of seats. This is not to deny the disillusionment of voters towards the Modi government on price rise. However, welfare schemes, cited by 18.1 per cent of voters as the biggest change since Modi became prime minister, and infrastructure-related works are likely to aid the government, lessening the impact of this disillusionment and preventing it from converting into votes against the BJP-led NDA.

Modi is aware of the ground reality

Liberals and Leftists aren’t happy with Narendra Modi’s election speeches targeting Congress-led Opposition for Muslim appeasement. They argue that this is not a significant issue. While the Congress manifesto does not discuss wealth redistribution, the CSDS-Lokniti pre-poll survey suggests that concerns about policies targeting Muslim communities resonate with some voters. The survey found that 47.3 per cent of voters agreed that Muslims are unnecessarily pampered, compared to 32.2 per cent who disagreed, while 20.4 per cent chose not to respond. Modi’s speeches on Muslim appeasement, targeting the Opposition, particularly Congress, aim to address the concerns of these voters, close to 50 per cent of those surveyed, while also appealing to undecided voters.

NDA ahead of Opposition?

In the most crucial state of Uttar Pradesh, BJP-led NDA is ahead of the Opposition, which is divided between the Samajwadi Party-Congress alliance and the BSP. Mayawati’s party may be weak but still is a force having the potential to split anti-BJP votes. Not only this, SP’s experiment to forge a social alliance with smaller caste-based parties — with some success in 2022 state Assembly polls — got setbacks with the desertion of four of the five OBC-based parties – Om Prakash Rajbhar-led Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party, Jayant Singh-led Rashtriya Lok Dal, Apna Dal (Kamerawadi) and Jan Janwadi Party. Two of them — SBSP and RLD — have joined the NDA. Last time, the NDA won 64 out of 80 seats, this time it is expecting gains here.

In Bihar, where the NDA almost swept by winning 39 of 40 seats, the Janata Dal (United) indeed remains a weak link for the NDA due to the decline in popularity of Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar but voters too are aware that this election is not about Nitish, it’s about Modi.

There may be a loss of some seats here and there in states like Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Haryana and West Bengal but BJP and NDA may also see some gains in Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Northeast, Telangana and probably in Tamil Nadu too. If this happens, BJP’s tally may get reduced but is unlikely to fall below the 272 mark with NDA likely to cross the 300 mark. This time, Chandrababu Naidu’s Telugu Desam Party is likely to add a considerable number of seats to the NDA’s tally.

Speaking arithmetically, the BJP IN 2019 won 224 seats with more than 50 per cent votes. Swing does happen but for that, the Opposition needs to be strong on the ground. Talking about the Congress, which is mostly contesting against the BJP in the Hindi belt barring Uttar Pradesh, it lacks a strong active organisation. Only creating a mahaul (environment) during the election season through social media is unlikely to help in getting votes. Opposition is already lacking behind the BJP-led NDA, which has been active on the ground much before the beginning of the election season. Kejriwal’s recent statement that BJP may get 220 seats — this number still is likely to make BJP the single largest party — gives a perception that even the Opposition isn’t very sure of their claims about the saffron party losing the elections. This gives an impression that the BJP is likely to win and it is this perception that is likely to play a role in adding the floating voters to the BJP’s side.

As the election season is progressing, the Opposition has been able to lessen this perception to some extent but will this be able to convert into votes against the BJP, and if yes, then to what extent? Will it match the threshold required to defeat the juggernaut BJP? This remains a critical question. Definitely, there is a consolidated anti-Modi wave than there was in the 2019 elections, but there is also a silent pro-Modi wave, without losing much of its 2019 strength on the ground.

Sagarneel Sinha is a political commentator and tweets @SagarneelSinha. Views expressed in the above piece are personal and solely those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect News18’s views.

1 Minute Speech on Unemployment In English

A very good morning to one and all present here. Today, I will be giving a short speech on the topic of ‘Unemployment’.

Google simply defines the term ‘unemployment’ to be “the state of being unemployed.” Wikipedia, on the other hand, gives a much more detailed explanation. It states as follows: “Unemployment, according to the OECD, is people above a specified age not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period. Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of people who are unemployed as a percentage of the labour force.”

Broadly speaking, unemployment can be classified into 10 different categories. Namely, they are Cyclical Unemployment, Frictional Unemployment, Structural Unemployment, Natural Unemployment, Long-Term Unemployment, Seasonal Unemployment, Classical Unemployment, Underemployment, Regional Unemployment, and Voluntary Unemployment. Again, Disguised Unemployment can also be taken as a form of unemployment, often seen in farms and rural areas.  

The unemployment rate in India rose to 8.30 percent in 2022, owing to Covid-19.

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Inflation Cooled Slightly, Offering Some Relief for Consumers and the Fed

Prices climbed 3.4 percent in April from a year earlier, a moderation after some hot inflation readings this year. Stocks rose as investors bet that the Federal Reserve could cut interest rates sooner.

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+3.6% excluding

food and energy

+3.4% in April

Ben Casselman

What to know about the inflation report.

A closely watched measure of inflation eased last month, an encouraging sign for the economy after three straight months of uncomfortably rapid price increases.

The Consumer Price Index climbed 3.4 percent in April, down from 3.5 percent in March, the Labor Department said Wednesday. The “core” index — which strips out volatile food and fuel prices in order to give a sense of the underlying trend — rose 3.6 percent last month, down from 3.8 percent a month earlier. It was the lowest annual increase in core inflation since early 2021.

The slowdown will likely come as welcome news to consumers, and as a relief to policymakers at the Federal Reserve, who have been concerned that they were losing ground in their fight against inflation. But economists cautioned that one month of encouraging data was far from enough to set those worries to rest.

“I would characterize it as a small step in the right direction,” said Stephen Stanley, chief U.S. economist at Santander.

Both overall and core prices rose 0.3 percent from the previous month, down from 0.4 percent in February and March.

Inflation fell rapidly last year, giving rise to hopes that the Fed was on the verge of succeeding in its effort to rein in price increases without causing a recession, and that the central bank could soon begin cutting interest rates. But progress has since stalled, and investors have all but given up hope of rate cuts before September.

The encouraging inflation report on Wednesday is unlikely to change those expectations. But it could be a step toward giving policymakers confidence that inflation is returning to normal, which they have said they need before they begin cutting rates, which are currently set at about 5.3 percent.

“I think there will be something of a sigh of relief from the Fed, but at the same time there’s still work to be done,” said Sarah House, senior economist at Wells Fargo. She noted that services prices, in particular, continued to rise quickly in April, albeit more slowly than they had in recent months.

The report is also likely to be met with relief at the White House after what has been a rough recent run of inflation data for President Biden. Grocery prices fell outright in April, and are up just 1.1 percent over the past year, encouraging signs of progress in what has been one of the most painful categories of inflation for families.

But the report also provided fodder for Republicans. Gasoline prices rose a seasonally adjusted 2.8 percent in April from March.

Still, while Wednesday’s report contained some mixed signals, it did at least stop the bleeding after several months of bad news.

Had the data come in hotter than anticipated yet again, it could have led policymakers to conclude that high rates needed more time to bring inflation to heel. Speaking at an event in Amsterdam on Tuesday , Jerome H. Powell, the Fed chair, reiterated that recent inflation readings had made him more cautious about cutting rates.

“We did not expect this to be a smooth road, but these were higher than I think anybody expected,” he said. “What that has told us is that we will need to be patient and let restrictive policy do its work.”

Any further delay would be bad news for investors, who have been eagerly anticipating lower rates, and for low- and moderate-income Americans, who are increasingly struggling to manage the burden of higher borrowing costs. Data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York on Tuesday showed that a rising share of borrowers are falling behind on their credit card bills as rates on those debts have skyrocketed.

Wednesday’s report showed improvement in some of the categories that had driven the recent uptick in inflation. Health insurance costs, which jumped in March, rose more slowly in April. Car insurance rates, too, rose more slowly, although still at an uncomfortably rapid clip.

But prices in one key part of the economy remained stubborn: housing. For more than a year, forecasters have been predicting that the government’s measure of housing inflation would ease, citing private-sector data showing rent increases slowing.

Instead, housing costs in the Consumer Price Index have continued to rise more quickly than before the pandemic, a pattern that continued in April.

“The initial reaction from the market to this data is that this is a relief, and it’s good news, because we’re not re-accelerating,” said Blerina Uruci, chief U.S. economist at T. Rowe Price. “But when I look at the details, it seems to suggest a degree of stickiness in inflation,” in part because of housing.

Still, the latest data could restore some confidence that policymakers will be able to keep bringing down inflation without causing a recession. The Fed had seemed on track to do that last year, defying predictions that high interest rates would inevitably cause a large increase in unemployment.

But as the fight has dragged on, some economists have become more concerned that the Fed will prove unable to control inflation fully without slowing the economy so much that people lose their jobs. Job growth slowed more than expected in April, and the unemployment rate has gradually crept up.

“The labor market has held up so well,” Ms. House said. “But the longer we keep interest rates where they are, the more I get worried about the labor market side.”

Jeanna Smialek and Jim Tankersley contributed reporting.

J. Edward Moreno

Stocks are rising in early trading as investors celebrate the inflation data, which has boosted hopes of Fed rate cuts this year. The S&P 500 is up about 0.5 precent and the tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite is up about 0.3 percent. The Russell 2000 index, which measures smaller companies more exposed to changes in the economy, is up 1.3 percent.

S&P 500

Jim Tankersley

No boasting over the inflation numbers from President Biden today. “Fighting inflation and lowering costs is my top economic priority,” he said in a statement. “I know many families are struggling, and that even though we’ve made progress we have a lot more to do.”

Biden has been trying for months to find the right balance between claiming credit for economic gains and expressing solidarity with voters struggling with high prices . Here, he’s leaning into the “feel your pain” side of the equation .

Former President Donald J. Trump’s campaign is, not surprisingly, hitting Biden on today’s report. “Joe Biden’s poll numbers continue to sink as prices for the American people continue to rise,” Karoline Leavitt, the campaign press secretary, said in a statement.

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Lydia DePillis

Volatile energy costs — especially gasoline — led the increase in inflation in April, but it was partly counterbalanced by categories such as vehicles and some food items.

Monthly changes in April

Gasoline (all types)

Motor vehicle insurance

Cereals and bakery products

Hospital services

Medical care commodities

Rent of primary residence

Food away from home

All items excl. food, energy

Dairy, related products

Alcoholic beverages

Physicians’ services

Tobacco products

Motor vehicle repair

Electricity

Nonalcoholic beverages

New vehicles

Meats, poultry, fish, eggs

Fruits, vegetables

Airline fares

Used cars, trucks

Piped utility gas service

All items excluding food and energy

Dairy and related products

Tobacco and smoking products

Motor vehicle maintenance and repair

Nonalcoholic beverages and materials

Meats, poultry, fish and eggs

Fruits and vegetables

Used cars and trucks

Madeleine Ngo

Food price gains moderated in April.

Food inflation eased in April, providing some relief to grocery shoppers struggling to deal with higher costs.

Overall, food prices were flat compared with the prior month, a slowdown from March, when prices rose 0.1 percent. Grocery prices fell 0.2 percent in April after remaining flat for two straight months. The cost of dining out rose 0.3 percent for the second month.

Compared to a year earlier, food inflation climbed 2.2 percent in April, the same rate it rose in March . Still, that is a faster rate than prices were rising before the pandemic.

Prices for fruits and vegetables declined 0.8 percent over the month after increasing 0.1 percent in March. Meats, poultry and fish prices fell 0.1 percent, down from an increase of 0.6 percent the month before. Some products saw more rapid price gains. Costs for cereal and cereal products increased 2.2 percent over the month, and prices for ice cream and related products rose 3.3 percent in April.

Egg prices declined 7.3 percent over the month. That was a reversal from the two months prior, when they rose 4.6 percent in March and 5.8 percent in February. Economists have mostly attributed the recent rise in egg prices to bird flu outbreaks hitting commercial farms.

Although egg prices declined in April, David Ortega, a food economist at Michigan State University, said there was still a lot of uncertainty surrounding bird flu outbreaks, and he expected prices to rise in the coming months if outbreaks continue to worsen.

Overall food inflation has cooled over the past several months as transportation and raw material costs have moderated. Economists have said they expect overall food inflation to continue easing in the coming months.

Still, the high cost of food has posed a political problem for President Biden ahead of the election. Although food prices have been rising at a slower rate in recent months, economists have said consumers might not be taking much comfort with that fact because prices are still significantly higher than they were a few years ago.

Meanwhile, retail sales came in weaker than expected, in a potential sign that high prices are continuing to depress purchases. The flat number came after a strong February and March, however, so it may not add up to real evidence of a downturn.

Jeanna Smialek

Blerina Uruci, chief U.S. economist at T. Rowe Price, said that she thought that the Fed still hasn’t “seen a sufficient deceleration to feel confident,” and said that she is forecasting a rate cut in December — but predicating that on cool inflation readings over the summer.

“I don’t think there is any benefit right now to signaling too strongly in either direction for the Fed,” she said.

Joe Rennison

Renewed signs of cooler inflation have bolstered hopes of rate cuts this year. Investors have tilted their bets toward September for when the Fed will first cut interest rates, based on prices in interest rate futures markets, with another cut expected by the end of December.

“This is the first good C.P.I. report in four months and the market likes it,” said Gary Pzegeo, head of fixed income at CIBC Private Wealth US.

Paul Ashworth, chief North America economist for Capital Economics, said, “all things considered, this is consistent with the Fed cutting interest rates in September,” in a note he wrote to clients.

Of interest to parents of young children, the cost of daycare and preschool rose 0.4 percent over the month. It has been rising slightly faster in the pandemic era than it had been in the years before, though it is less volatile than other categories.

One reason why: According to a report out today from Child Care Aware of America, the supply of new daycares hasn’t kept up with demand as parents go back to work in person.

This report ends what has been a rough run of inflation data for President Biden. White House officials would love to see even more cooling in price growth, but they will welcome this reading as a start.

I would expect Biden and his team to highlight falling grocery prices — progress on an issue that consumers are paying an enormous amount of attention to.

Airfares appear to have resumed their downward slide, after having risen sharply in the second half of last year. They have declined 1.2 percent over the past two months.

Housing inflation held steady in April, as a more marked slowdown remains elusive.

Housing inflation remained unchanged in April, offering little comfort for Federal Reserve policymakers as they look for further evidence that inflation more broadly is slowing down in a sustainable way.

Economists have been closely watching housing inflation, which makes up about a third of Consumer Price Index inflation. They have expected it to cool meaningfully, but so far it has moderated only slowly.

Forecasters have been looking for a slowdown because market-based rents on new leases have cooled notably, and economists have expected that to slowly feed into official inflation data. But the government’s inflation figures capture more than just new rents: They try to represent what is happening to all rental units, including those with existing leases, and also estimate how much it would cost to rent owner-occupied housing.

It is taking an unexpectedly long time for the slowdown in real-time rents to move into those measures, though it is slowly happening. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ rent of primary residence index picked up 0.4 percent in April from the previous month, in line with its March gain. And a measure that tracks how much it would cost someone who owns their house or apartment to rent it climbed by 0.4 percent, also unchanged.

That pace of increase is slower than last year, but it is also a reminder that it is taking time to turn the tide on housing inflation.

Economists broadly still expect official housing inflation measures to moderate this year. Rent growth on existing leases must eventually slow down to look more like the rent growth on new leases, the logic goes, because otherwise people who are facing big rent jumps will simply move.

But there is uncertainty around both when that moderation will happen and how extensive it will be. And some economists have been eyeing a recent tick up in at least one measure of new leases — a nervousness that is likely to linger in light of the new data.

One component pushing up the headline inflation index was energy, which has been bouncing around a lot since peaking in 2022. It rose 1.1 percent over the month and is up 2.6 percent since last year.

The two-year Treasury yield, which is sensitive to changes in interest rate expectations, fell sharply after the numbers were released, as investors appear to have dialed back how long they expect interest rates to stay elevated for.

The dollar is also sharply weaker, a welcome sign for many countries around the world.

Stocks are rallying, as investors welcome a return to the trend of cooling inflation data. Futures on the S&P 500, which allow investors to trade before the official start of trading, rose 0.5 percent in premarket trading, on course to push the index to a fresh record high.

Emily Flitter

This inflation report shows that car insurance prices are still rising, but at a slower rate than last month. The index for motor vehicle insurance rose 1.8 percent in April, after a 2.6 percent rise in March.

Even though it’s slowing, the rise in car insurance is still staggering compared with other inflation components. Car insurance prices haves risen by 22.6 percent over the last year. Insurers have just recently gotten permission to adjust their prices to conditions that have since faded, and now they’re hoping to start turning a profit again.

One of the biggest drags on inflation came from cars — prices for used vehicles were down 1.4 percent over the month, and the cost of new vehicles declined 0.4 percent.

The combined used and new vehicles index is now down about three percent from its peak in May of last year.

Food prices were flat in April compared with the previous month, a slowdown from March, when prices rose 0.1 percent. Grocery prices also fell 0.2 percent, providing some relief to consumers.

Egg prices fell 7.3 percent in April, a reversal after prices rose 4.6 percent the month before.

Jason Karaian

The numbers are in: U.S. consumer prices rose 3.4 percent in the year through April, a slight downtick in the inflation rate. That’s roughly in line with what economists expected.

We are all watching closely to see what happens with rent and a measure of rent that applies to homeowners this morning. Economists have been waiting for months (and months) for it to come down.

Stocks are mixed as investors await the inflation data. The S&P 500 is flat in premarket trading. The tech-heavy Nasdaq Composite is down slightly, after some lukewarm news from big tech companies like Apple and Amazon.

A positive report could be enough to push the S&P 500 back up to another record high, after a brief blip in this year’s rally.

The Fed chair’s confidence in cooling inflation is ‘not as high’ as before.

Jerome H. Powell, the Federal Reserve chair, reiterated Tuesday that policymakers were poised to hold interest rates steady at a high level as they waited for evidence that inflation is slowing further.

Fed officials entered 2024 expecting to make interest rate cuts, having lifted borrowing costs sharply to a more than two-decade high of 5.3 percent between 2022 and the middle of last year. But stubbornly rapid inflation in recent months has upended that plan.

Central bankers have been clear that rate cuts this year are still possible, but they have also signaled that they are planning to leave interest rates on hold for now as they wait to make sure that inflation is genuinely coming under control.

Speaking during a panel discussion in Amsterdam, Mr. Powell said officials had been surprised by recent inflation readings.

“We did not expect this to be a smooth road, but these were higher than I think anybody expected,” Mr. Powell said on Tuesday of recent inflation readings. “What that has told us is that we will need to be patient and let restrictive policy do its work.”

Mr. Powell said that he expected continued growth and a strong labor market in the months ahead, and that he believed inflation would begin to slow again.

But, he said, “my confidence in that is not as high as it was, having seen these readings in the first three months of the year.”