402 aiou assignment 2022 autumn

AIOU Course Code 402 Solved Assignments Autumn 2022

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Introduction

The AIOU Course Code 402 is a popular course for those seeking to advance their career in the information technology field. And, as the name suggests, it covers a range of topics related to information technology. But what does this course cover? And how can you prepare for the exams? In this blog post, we will explore the course code and its syllabus; after that, we will provide you with tips on how to study for the exams. So, whether you’re a beginner or an experienced student, read on for all the information you need to ace your exams!

Course Material

The AIOU course code is SOLVED. Here are the steps you need to take in order to solve the assignments: 1. Access the MyAIOU portal 2. Log in 3. Click on “Course Code” on the left-hand side 4. Look for the “SOLVED” section and click it 5. On the next page, you will see a table with all of the course materials associated with this course 6. Find “Assignment 1 – Task A” and click on it 7. The next page will give you instructions on how to complete Task A 8. Once you have completed Task A, return to this page and find “Assignment 2 – Answer”. Click on it 9. You will now be given instructions on how to complete Assignment 2 10. Once you have completed Assignment 2, return to this page and find “Assignment 3 – Answer”. Click on it 11. You will now be given instructions on how to complete Assignment 3 12. Once you have completed all three assignments, return to this page and submit your results 13. Congratulations! You have successfully completed the AIOU course!

Assignment 1

The AIOU Course code for Autumn is AH-15. The Autumn semester begins on the first week of October and ends on the last week of December. The course code is typically assigned at the start of the fall semester.

If you were enrolled in the AIOU Autumn semester, please enter your course code below to see your assigned reading material, lectures, tests and other course materials.

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Assignment 2

The Autumn semester of the AIOU course has come to an end and with it, the final assignments. A few students have already finished theirs, but for most of us, there’s still some work left to be done. Assignment 2 is an online quiz that was given at the beginning of the semester and it’s time for us to take a look at it.

This quiz is made up of 10 questions and each one requires you to use at least one function from the programming language Python. The first question asks you to create a function that takes in two numbers and prints out the sum of them. The second question asks you to create a function that takes in three strings and prints out the longest string contained within them. The third question asks you to create a function that takes in two numbers and prints out their product. The fourth question asks you to create a function that takes in two strings and prints out the second string reversed. The fifth question asks you to create a function that takes in two numbers and prints out their logarithm (base 10). The sixth question asks you to create a function that takes in three strings and prints out their length in characters. The seventh question asks you to create a function that takes in three strings and prints out the first two strings concatenated together. Finally, the eighth question asks you to create a function that takes in four numbers and prints out their sum divided by four.

Assignment 3

The AIOU Course Code Assignments Autumn is now open. All students who have successfully completed the first two semesters are encouraged to use this assignment as a practice for their final semester work. The assignment is available on the Blackboard course page, and can also be accessed from the MyAIOU link in your AIOU account. This assignment consists of a series of programming problems that must be solved in order to create a program that will play a certain sequence of notes on an x-ylophone.

To begin, students must first download the code provided by the instructor. Once downloaded, they should open it in a text editor such as Notepad or TextEdit. Next, they will need to locate the function that plays the notes in question. To do so, they should search for “playNotes” within the file and locate its definition within the source code area. After locating this function, they should copy and paste it into their own program file. Next, they should set up some basic parameters for the program by inserting appropriate values into the appropriate places within their code file. These parameters will include things like the duration of each note played, as well as whether or not any sound effects should be used during playback.

Once these settings have been made, students are ready to begin coding! They should start by creating a main() function within their program file which will serve as the main entry point for execution. Within this function, they should create an instance of.

Assignment 4

The AIOU course code assignments have been solved. The Autumn semester courses are now available for registration. If you have not registered for the Autumn semester yet, please go to the website and register online by clicking on the “Registration” button. You will need your student ID number and course code to register. The website also has information about how to get financial aid and scholarships.

You will find all of the information you need about the Autumn semester on our website. Our website also has a calendar that provides details about all of our classes, including when they start and end. You can also find information about our online resources, such as quizzes and homework help, which are available during the Autumn semester.

If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to contact us at [email protected] or visit our website at http://www.aiou.edu/. We would be happy to help you with whatever question you may have!

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Aiou code 402 economics solved assignments spring and autumn.

AIOU Code 402 Economics Solved Assignments Spring And Autumn Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) performs an important function in offering accessible and high-quality schooling to various scholar inhabitants . As a part of its curriculum, University students usually encounter challenges in finishing assignments, and AIOU Code 402 Economics isn’t an exception. On this weblog , we are going to delve into the importance of Code 402 Economics, the challenges University students face, and supply a piece of complete information to fix assignments for each Spring and Autumn semester.

Understanding AIOU Code 402 Economics:

AIOU Code 402 is part of the Bachelor’s program, particularly specializing in Economics. This course’s goal is to equip University students with a stable basis for financial ideas , theories, and purposes . The assignments for Code 402 are designed to evaluate University students ‘ comprehension of financial ideas and their potential to use them in real-world situations .

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Economics (402) - autumn 2022 - assignment 1.

Economics (402)

Q.1 Which definition of economics is based upon the notions of ends, means and alternative uses. Also discuss why the said definition is preferred over all other definitions. (20)

Economics can be defined as the study of how individuals, businesses, and governments make

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First, this definition of economics emphasises the scarcity of resources. Economics is based on the premise that resources are limited and must be allocated accordingly. This implies that individuals, businesses, and governments must make decisions about how to use their limited resources in order to satisfy their unlimited wants and needs. This is the concept of scarcity: the idea that there is a finite amount of resources available which must be distributed in an efficient manner. This is an important concept in economics and is highlighted in the definition.

Second, this definition of economics emphasises the real-world decisions that must be made in order to allocate resources efficiently. Economics is concerned with how decisions are made in the face of scarcity. It involves making choices between different types of resources, and allocating them in the most efficient manner possible. This definition of economics draws attention to the need for decision-making, and highlights the fact that decisions need to be made in order to ensure resources are allocated in the most effective way.

Third, this definition of economics emphasises the notion of ends, means, and alternative uses. This is an important concept in economics which is often overlooked. Ends are the desired outcomes of a decision, such as increased profit or decreased costs. Means are the resources that can be used to achieve these ends. Alternative uses are the other potential uses of these resources, such as investing in another business or using the resources to produce a different product. This definition of economics emphasises the need to consider these three aspects when making decisions about the allocation of resources.

Finally, this definition of economics is preferred over other definitions because it is broad enough to encompass the various aspects of the discipline. Other definitions of economics can be too narrow, focusing on one particular area such as microeconomics or macroeconomics. This definition, however, encompasses all aspects of the discipline and highlights the importance of decision-making and resource allocation.

In conclusion, this definition of economics is based upon the notions of ends, means, and alternative uses. It is preferred over other definitions because it emphasises the scarcity of resources and the real-world decisions that must be made in order to allocate them efficiently. Furthermore, it is broad enough to encompass the various aspects of the discipline, from microeconomics to macroeconomics. This definition of economics therefore provides a comprehensive overview of the discipline and is the preferred definition for economists.

Q.2 Is utility another name of usefulness? After discussing marginal utility, define law of diminishing marginal utility. Also explain this law with the help of a table having hypothetical data and the diagram drawn on the basis of this hypothecal table. (20)

Utility is a term used to describe the relative satisfaction or benefit that someone derives from a particular product or service. While utility and usefulness can be used interchangeably, they are not exactly the same thing. Utility is more closely related to the value of a particular service or product, while usefulness refers to the practicality of it.

Marginal Utility

Marginal utility is an economic concept that refers to the additional satisfaction or benefit gained from consuming one more unit of a particular good or service. It is the change in total utility divided by the change in the number of units consumed. It is often measured in terms of utils, which are a unit of measurement for utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as more units of a good or service are consumed, the marginal utility derived from each additional unit will decrease.

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

The law of diminishing marginal utility states that as the consumption of a given product increases, the marginal utility derived from consuming each additional unit of that product or service decreases. This is because the utility of consuming additional units of the same product or service decreases over time, as the consumer's satisfaction or pleasure derived from consuming the additional unit diminishes. The law of diminishing marginal utility is an important economic concept because it explains why consumers are willing to pay more for a small amount of a product than for a large amount of the same product.

Table and Diagram

The following table and diagram illustrate the law of diminishing marginal utility.

Units Total Utility Marginal Utility

1 10 utils 10 utils

2 19 utils 9 utils

3 26 utils 7 utils

4 32 utils 6 utils

5 37 utils 5 utils

As can be seen from the diagram, the total utility increases as more units of the product or service are consumed, while the marginal utility decreases. As the consumer consumes more units of the product or service, the utility derived from each additional unit decreases, as the satisfaction or pleasure derived from consuming the additional unit diminishes.

The law of diminishing marginal utility is an important economic concept as it explains why consumers are willing to pay more for a small amount of a product than for a large amount of the same product. Consumers are willing to pay more for the smaller amount of the product because the marginal utility derived from the smaller amount is higher than the marginal utility derived from the larger amount. This means that consumers are willing to pay more for a smaller amount of a product because they are getting more satisfaction or pleasure from it than from a larger amount of the same product.

In conclusion, the law of diminishing marginal utility is an important economic concept which states that as the consumption of a given product increases, the marginal utility derived from consuming each additional unit of that product or service decreases. This law explains why consumers are willing to pay more for a small amount of a product than for a large amount of the same product.

Q.3 How do you explain the consumer equilibrium with the help of indifference curves? Also discuss the concept of income-consumption curve with the help of a diagram.

How do you explain the consumer equilibrium with the help of indifference curves?

The consumer equilibrium is a concept from economics that refers to the optimal combination of goods that a consumer can purchase in order to maximize their utility or satisfaction. The consumer equilibrium is determined by the consumer’s preferences, budget, and prices of the goods. The consumer equilibrium can be explained with the help of indifference curves, which are graphical representations of the consumer’s preferences for different combinations of goods. In this paper, I will discuss how the consumer equilibrium can be explained using indifference curves. I will begin by explaining the concept of consumer equilibrium, then discuss how indifference curves can be used to explain the consumer equilibrium, and finally explain the implications of consumer equilibrium for market structures.

Consumer Equilibrium

The consumer equilibrium is the optimal combination of goods that a consumer can purchase in order to maximize their utility or satisfaction. It is based on the consumer’s budget, preferences, and prices of the goods. A consumer’s budget is the amount of money that they have to spend. It is the maximum amount of money that a consumer can spend on goods. A consumer’s preferences are the satisfaction that they get from consuming different combinations of goods. The prices of the goods are the cost of the goods in terms of money.

The consumer equilibrium is determined by the consumer’s budget constraint, which is a graphical representation of the consumer’s budget. The budget constraint shows the combinations of goods that a consumer can purchase given their budget. The consumer equilibrium is the combination of goods that maximizes the consumer’s utility given their budget constraint.

Indifference Curves

Indifference curves are graphical representations of the consumer’s preferences for different combinations of goods. An indifference curve shows the combinations of goods that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction. The consumer will choose the combination of goods that is on the highest indifference curve. It is important to note that the consumer’s preferences are represented by the slope of the indifference curve, not the height. The higher the indifference curve, the higher the level of satisfaction that the consumer will get from the combination of goods.

The consumer equilibrium is the combination of goods that is on the highest indifference curve that is not beyond the budget constraint. This is the combination of goods that maximizes the consumer’s utility given their budget constraint.

Explaining Consumer Equilibrium with Indifference Curves

The consumer equilibrium can be explained with the help of indifference curves. The consumer equilibrium is the combination of goods that is on the highest indifference curve that is not beyond the budget constraint. This is the combination of goods that maximizes the consumer’s utility given their budget constraint.

The consumer’s budget constraint is represented by a line on the graph. The consumer’s preferences are represented by the indifference curves. The consumer will choose the combination of goods that is on the highest indifference curve that is not beyond the budget constraint. This is the combination of goods that maximizes the consumer’s utility given their budget constraint.

An example of how the consumer equilibrium can be explained with the help of indifference curves is shown in Figure 1. The consumer’s budget constraint is represented by the line AB. The consumer’s preferences are represented by the indifference curves IC1, IC2, and IC3. The consumer will choose the combination of goods that is on the highest indifference curve that is not beyond the budget constraint. In this case, the consumer will choose the combination of goods that is on IC2. This is the combination of goods that maximizes the consumer’s utility given their budget constraint.

Implications of Consumer Equilibrium for Market Structures

The consumer equilibrium has important implications for market structures. The consumer equilibrium determines the demand for goods in the market. If the consumer’s preferences change, the demand for a good in the market will also change. The consumer equilibrium also determines the prices of the goods in the market. If the prices of the goods change, the consumer equilibrium will also change.

The consumer equilibrium also has implications for market structures. In a perfectly competitive market, the demand for a good is determined by the consumer equilibrium. In an oligopoly market, the demand for a good is determined by the actions of the firms. In a monopolistic market, the demand for a good is determined by the pricing decisions of the firm.

In conclusion, the consumer equilibrium can be explained with the help of indifference curves. Indifference curves are graphical representations of the consumer’s preferences for different combinations of goods. The consumer equilibrium is the combination of goods that is on the highest indifference curve that is not beyond the budget constraint. This is the combination of goods that maximizes the consumer’s utility given their budget constraint. The consumer equilibrium has important implications for market structures. It determines the demand for goods in the market and the prices of the goods in the market.

Also discuss the concept of income-consumption curve with the help of a diagram.

Income-consumption curve is a concept that is used to measure the relationship between income and consumption. It is a graphical representation of the relationship between income and the amount of goods and services that people purchase at various income levels. It is also used to measure the relationship between the cost of living and the level of income. This relationship is often referred to as the income-consumption curve.

The income-consumption curve is an important economic concept that is often used to measure the degree of economic growth or recession in a country. It is also used to measure the level of economic inequality between different income groups in a country. As the income of a group increases, the consumption of goods and services is expected to increase as well. However, the relationship between income and consumption is not always linear, as some people may have higher levels of consumption than others even at the same income level.

The concept of the income-consumption curve can be used to measure the level of economic inequality in a society. It can be used to study the impact of taxation on economic growth and to measure the levels of savings and investment that are taking place in an economy. It is also used to analyze the relationship between income and poverty levels in a country.

Income-Consumption Curve

An income-consumption curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between income and consumption. It is a graphical representation of the relationship between the level of income and the amount of goods and services that people purchase at various income levels. The income-consumption curve is a useful tool to measure the degree of economic growth or recession in a country. It is also used to measure the level of economic inequality between different income groups in a country.

The income-consumption curve is a curve that shows the relationship between the level of income and the amount of goods and services that people purchase at various income levels. The curve usually has an upward slope, meaning that as income increases, consumption also increases. This is because as income increases, people are able to purchase more goods and services, and thus the demand for them rises.

The shape of the income-consumption curve depends on the type of goods and services being purchased and the level of income. For example, if the goods and services being purchased are luxury items, then the curve may have a steeper slope as the income increases. On the other hand, if the goods and services being purchased are necessities, then the curve may have a more gradual slope.

Income-Consumption Curve and Economic Inequality

The income-consumption curve is useful to measure the level of economic inequality in a society. Income inequality is the difference between the amount of money that people earn in a given country, region or population. It is usually measured by looking at the distribution of income across different people and groups. Income inequality has been a major focus of economic research in recent years, as it has been found to have a significant impact on economic growth and development.

The income-consumption curve can be used to measure the level of income inequality in a society. It can be used to study the impact of taxation on economic growth and to measure the levels of savings and investment that are taking place in an economy. It is also used to analyze the relationship between income and poverty levels in a country.

The income-consumption curve can be used to measure the degree of economic inequality between different income groups in a country. It can be used to analyze the impact of taxation on economic growth and to measure the levels of savings and investment that are taking place in an economy. It is also used to study the relationship between income and poverty levels in a country.

The income-consumption curve can be used to measure the degree of economic inequality between different income groups in a country. Higher levels of economic inequality can lead to slower economic growth and higher levels of poverty. This is because when economic inequality is high, the income of the wealthy is not shared with the rest of the population, which can lead to slower economic growth.

In conclusion, the income-consumption curve is an important economic concept that is often used to measure the degree of economic growth or recession in a country. It is also used to measure the level of economic inequality between different income groups in a country. As the income of a group increases, the consumption of goods and services is expected to increase as well. However, the relationship between income and consumption is not always linear, as some people may have higher levels of consumption than others even at the same income level.

The income-consumption curve can be used to measure the level of economic inequality in a society. It can be used to study the impact of taxation on economic growth and to measure the levels of savings and investment that are taking place in an economy. It is also used to analyze the relationship between income and poverty levels in a country. Higher levels of economic inequality can lead to slower economic growth and higher levels of poverty. Thus, the income-consumption curve is a useful tool to measure the degree of economic inequality in a society.

Q.4 What is meant by supply curve of a firm? How can a supply curve of a firm be derived from marginal cost of firm. Explain with the help of a table and diagram.

The supply curve of a firm is a graphical representation of the amount of a particular product or service a firm is willing and able to produce and sell at different prices over a period of time. It shows the maximum amount of the product or service a firm can supply at each price level. It is derived from the marginal cost of the firm, which represents the cost of producing an additional unit of the product or service. The supply curve of a firm is therefore an important tool in understanding the behaviour of firms in the market and how they respond to changes in market conditions.

Definition of Supply Curve

A supply curve is a graphical representation of the amount of a product or service a firm is willing and able to produce and sell at different prices over a period of time. The supply curve shows the maximum amount of the product or service a firm can supply at each price level. The supply curve is an important tool for understanding the behaviour of firms in the market and how they respond to changes in market conditions.

Derivation of Supply Curve from Marginal Cost

The supply curve of a firm is derived from the firm’s marginal cost, which is the cost of producing an additional unit of the product or service. This is calculated by taking the total cost of production and dividing it by the number of units produced. The higher the marginal cost, the higher the price a firm must charge to break even on the cost of production. The supply curve of a firm is determined by the marginal cost of production, as the firm will only produce the product or service if the price they can charge is higher than the marginal cost.

The following table shows how the supply curve can be derived from the marginal cost of a firm.

Table 1: Deriving the Supply Curve from Marginal Cost

Price ($) Quantity (Units) Marginal Cost ($)

10 0 0

15 2 7

20 4 10

25 6 13

30 8 15

From the table, we can see that the marginal cost of producing an additional unit of the product or service increases as the price increases. This means that the firm will be willing to supply more units at a higher price, as the cost of production for each additional unit is lower. The marginal cost is also the point at which the supply curve intersects the vertical axis.

Figure 1: Supply Curve Derived from Marginal Cost

In Figure 1, we can see a graph of the supply curve derived from the marginal cost of the firm. The vertical axis represents the price of the product or service, and the horizontal axis represents the quantity of the product or service supplied by the firm. We can see that as the price of the product or service increases, the quantity of the product or service the firm is willing to supply also increases. This is reflective of the marginal cost of the product or service, which increases as the price increases.

In conclusion, the supply curve of a firm is a graphical representation of the amount of a particular product or service a firm is willing and able to produce and sell at different prices over a period of time. It shows the maximum amount of the product or service a firm can supply at each price level. The supply curve is derived from the firm’s marginal cost, which is the cost of producing an additional unit of the product or service. The higher the marginal cost, the higher the price a firm must charge to break even on the cost of production. The supply curve of a firm is an important tool for understanding the behaviour of firms in the market and how they respond to changes in market conditions.

Q.5 Write a note on the following: (5+5+5+5=20)

a) Total, average and marginal revenue under perfect competition.

Total, average and marginal revenue are the three measures of revenue that are used to analyze the financial performance of firms in a perfectly competitive market. Perfect competition is a market structure characterized by a large number of firms that are price takers, meaning that they must accept the market price set by the industry and cannot set their own prices.

Total revenue is the total amount of money a firm receives from the sale of its products and services. It is determined by multiplying the quantity of products and services sold by the market price. Total revenue increases as more products and services are sold, up to the point where the firm reaches its maximum capacity.

Average revenue is calculated by dividing total revenue by the quantity of products and services sold. Average revenue is also referred to as price, as it is the amount of money that a customer must pay for the product or service. Average revenue will remain the same regardless of the quantity of products and services sold, as long as the price remains the same.

Marginal revenue is the additional revenue that is generated by the sale of one additional unit of a product or service. It is calculated by subtracting the total revenue from the sale of one fewer unit from the total revenue from the sale of one more unit. Marginal revenue is always equal to the market price in perfectly competitive markets, as firms have no control over the price.

In perfectly competitive markets, the total, average and marginal revenue curves all slope downwards. This is because as more products and services are sold, the price of each one decreases due to the increased competition for customers. As the price of each product and service decreases, the total revenue generated by the firm decreases as well, as does the average and marginal revenue.

In summary, total, average and marginal revenue are the three measures of revenue used to analyze the financial performance of firms in a perfectly competitive market. Total revenue is the total amount of money a firm receives from the sale of its products and services, and it increases as more products and services are sold. Average revenue is the amount of money that a customer must pay for a product or service, and it remains the same regardless of the quantity of products and services sold. Marginal revenue is the additional revenue that is generated by the sale of one additional unit of a product or service, and it is always equal to the market price in perfectly competitive markets.

b) Demand curve in case of inferior good case.

An inferior good is a type of good whose demand decreases when a consumer’s income increases and vice versa. In other words, an inferior good is one whose demand falls when the consumer's income rises, and increases when the consumer's income falls. Examples of inferior goods include generic brands, fast food, and used cars. The demand curve for an inferior good is usually downward sloping, which means that as price increases, the quantity demanded decreases.

The demand curve for an inferior good is downward sloping because of the law of demand. The law of demand states that when price increases, quantity demanded decreases and vice versa. So, as the price of an inferior good increases, people are less willing to buy it, resulting in a decrease in the quantity demanded. Conversely, as the price of an inferior good decreases, people are more willing to buy it, resulting in an increase in the quantity demanded.

In addition to the law of demand, the demand curve for an inferior good is downward sloping because of income effects. An income effect is the increase or decrease in demand for a good due to a change in a consumer’s income. When a consumer’s income rises, demand for an inferior good decreases, because the consumer is able to afford more expensive goods. Conversely, when a consumer’s income falls, demand for an inferior good increases, because the consumer is less able to afford more expensive goods.

The demand curve for an inferior good can shift due to a number of factors. For example, the demand curve can shift if the prices of substitutes and complements change. If the price of a substitute good increases, the demand for an inferior good increases, because the consumer is less willing to buy the expensive substitute good. Similarly, if the price of a complement good increases, the demand for an inferior good decreases, because the consumer is less willing to buy the expensive complement good.

In conclusion, the demand curve for an inferior good is downward sloping because of the law of demand and income effects. The demand curve can also shift due to changes in the prices of substitutes and complements. Understanding the demand curve for an inferior good is important for businesses, as it helps them determine pricing strategies and make informed decisions about their products.

c) Substitution effect.

The substitution effect is an economic concept that refers to the impact of a change in price on the demand for a particular good or service. This effect can be used to explain a wide range of economic phenomena, including the effect of taxes, subsidies, and changes in the cost of living. In simple terms, the substitution effect states that when the price of a good or service increases, consumers will substitute away from that good or service in favor of a less expensive alternative.

The substitution effect is related to the law of demand, which states that as the price of a good or service increases, the demand for that good or service decreases. The substitution effect is the result of consumers reallocating their spending from the more expensive good or service to a less expensive alternative. This substitution effect can be seen in the effect of taxes on consumer spending. When the price of a good or service increases because of a tax, consumers will typically substitute away from that good or service and instead purchase a less expensive alternative.

The substitution effect can also be seen in the effect of changes in the cost of living on consumer spending. When the cost of living increases, consumers will typically substitute away from higher cost goods and services, such as housing and transportation, and instead purchase lower cost alternatives. This substitution effect can be seen in the effect of inflation on consumer spending. When the cost of living increases due to inflation, consumers will typically substitute away from higher cost goods and services and instead purchase lower cost alternatives.

The substitution effect is an important concept for understanding the behavior of consumers in response to changes in price. By understanding the substitution effect, economists can better understand the impact of taxes, subsidies, and changes in the cost of living on consumer spending. This understanding can be used to inform economic policies that are designed to promote economic growth and stability.

d) Diminishing marginal rate of substitution.

Diminishing marginal rate of substitution (MRS) is an economic concept that explains how the relative value of two goods or services decreases as the amount of one of them increases. It is based on the idea that when a consumer has a fixed amount of money to spend, the marginal rate of substitution between two goods or services decreases as the amount of one of them increases. This is because the consumer will be willing to sacrifice a smaller amount of the other good or service in order to acquire more of the one they already have.

For example, if a consumer has a fixed budget of $100, they may be willing to sacrifice $20 of one good in order to acquire an additional $30 of the other. However, if they have already acquired $50 of one good, they may be willing to sacrifice only $10 of the other in order to acquire an additional $30 of the first. This is because as the amount of one good increases, the marginal rate of substitution decreases.

The concept of diminishing marginal rate of substitution is important for understanding how consumers make decisions about how to allocate their limited resources. It is also helpful for understanding how producers can adjust the prices of their goods and services in order to maximize their profits. For example, if a producer notices that the demand for their product is decreasing, they can lower the price in order to make it more attractive to consumers. This will reduce the amount of money that consumers are willing to sacrifice in order to acquire the product, which will in turn increase the producer's profits.

The concept of diminishing marginal rate of substitution is also useful for understanding how different firms and industries compete with one another. If one firm is able to produce a product at a lower cost than its competitors, it can charge a lower price in order to attract more customers. This will reduce the amount of money that the consumers are willing to sacrifice in order to acquire the product, thus putting pressure on the other firms to lower their prices or find other ways to increase their competitive advantage.

Overall, diminishing marginal rate of substitution is an important concept in economics that helps to explain how consumers make decisions about how to allocate their limited resources, how producers adjust prices in order to maximize their profits, and how different firms and industries compete with one another. It is a useful tool for understanding how the market works and how different economic forces interact with one another.

AIOU Solved Assgnment Economics 402

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AIOU Solved Assgnment Economics 402 BA Associate degree Autumn 2023

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Table of Contents

(Department of Economics)

PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE.
SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENT(S) BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”.

Course: economics (402) semester: autumn, 2023, level: b.a/associate degree , please read the following instructions for writing your assignments. (ssc, hssc & ba programme).

1. All questions are compulsory and carry equal marks but within a question the marks are distributed according to its requirements.

2. Read the question carefully and then answer it according to the requirements of the questions.

3. Late Submission of assignments will not be accepted.

4. Your own analysis and synthesis will be appreciated

5. Avoid irrelevant discussion/information and reproducing from books, study guide or allied material.

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA): 40 Pass Marks (AD): 50

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

(Units 1-4)

Q.1 Is economics positive or negative science?

What are considerations on the basis of those economic systems can be differentiated from one another?

What are the determinants of an economic system?

Also enumerate different economic systems and then write a note on the functions of free enterprises.

What is the relationship between the law of demand and law of equi-marginal utility?

Derive the demand curve of a market from the market demand schedule.

show the rise and fall of demand with the help of an hypothetical demand schedule and diagram.

Q.3 Explain the division of price effect into substitution effect and income effect with the help of indifference curves and budget line in Giffon good case. Also derive the demand curve for Giffongood from the said diagram. (20)

Q.4 What is meant by supply and demand elasticity? In which situation unitary elasticity of supply prevails? How does the change in elasticity of supply determine the slope of supply curve? Explain with the help of formula and diagram. (20)

Q.5 Write a note on the following: (5+5+5+5=20)

a) Concept of consumer surplus.

b) Geometric measurement of point elasticity.

c) Break-even point of a competitive firm.

d) Long-run supply curve of an industry.

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA): 40

Pass Marks (AD): 50

ASSIGNMENT No. 2

(Units 5-8)

Q. 1 (a) What do you understand by the term “market” as it used by the economist? Also differentiate among local, national and international markets. Give examples of some commodities and link them to above said types.

(b) Make a comparison between differentiated oligopoly and monopolistic competition with the help of diagrams. (20)

Q. 2 Can the equilibrium out put of a firm be established if the marginal cost intersects the marginal revenue from above? Explain with the help of diagrams in case of perfect competition and monopoly. Also differentiate between duopoly and monopoly. Can this difference be shown diagrammatically? Explain. (20)

Q. 3 Whether the large scale production be necessarily beneficial or some loss would be expected? If you know any local factory owners, why not discuss with them what the economies of scale might be available in practical terms in their particular area of business and industry. Write the conclusion of this discussion as a note. (20)

Q. 4 What is a wage? Also discuss different theories of wage and its types in detail. (20)

Q.5 a) What is median? What is median of a grouped data? Explain with the help of

formula. (20)

b) Find the median by using following table of grouped data.

ASSIGNMENT No. 3

(Units 9-13)

Q.1 What is meant by internationally accepted symbols and identities of the simple economy? Why are the basic identies modified? Write down the identies in the full economy. Also write a discussion on the aim of national income accounting and its general problems. (20)

Q.2 Differentiate between multipier and accelerator Also explain the following concepts.

a) Consumption multiplier b) Dynamic multiplier.

c) Foreign trade multiple d) Acceleration effect on investment. (20)

Q.3 How does the general acceptance characteristics of money play role in its definition? Differentiate between supply of money and stock of money. Also enumerates the different components of money supply. (20)

Q.4 Differentiate between the saving bank and commercial bank. Discuss the role of commercial bank in credit creation. How do commercial banks affect the daily life business through discounting of bills, purchasing of bond and securities and over drafting. Discuss by giving examples from daily life experience. (20)

Q.5 What is the relationship between purchasing power parity and exchange rate? Also give an overview of purchasing power parity theory in a critical manner. (20)

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA): 40

ASSIGNMENT No. 4

(Units 14-18)

Q.1 Our exports seem to be insufficient to meet the ned of foreign reserves in Pakistan. Can deficiency in foreign reserves be overcome by reducing our imports (or payment to the foreigners in foreign currency). Suggest a suitable policy to increase the foreign exchange reserves of Pakistan. (20)

Q.2 What is the volume of government debt in the current year? (Consult “Pakistan Economic Survey 2022-23”). How can the volume of government debt be decreased by increasing government taxes? Suggest some suitable policy. (20)

Q.3 How the budget deficit is financed? Discuss the objectives and effects of deficit financing on the economy. What is the relationship between deficit financing and economic stability? Explain. (20)

Q.4 Discuss the economic growth and social welfare as a criteria of measuring development of a country. Write a note on the two important sectors for the economic development of Pakistan i.e. industrial and agriculture sectors. Also update the data of table 17.2 from 2008-09 to 2021-22 (see Pakistan Economic Survey 2022-23) stability and development of a country? Enumerate a logical discussion in detail.

(20)

Q.5 Discuss different forms of economic planning. Also suggest some planning to cope with the crises of balance of payment and employment in Pakistan(to complete above discussion write down the relevant discussion form last topic of unit 17 “ Other key Areas”). (20)

What are the steps to plan discussion, explain the structure of guided discussion method, aiou assignment autumn 2023, leave a reply cancel reply.

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AIOU Solved Assignment Autumn 2022 – 2023

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Matric (General Group, Dar-e-Nizami)

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AIOU Bachelor (BA / B.Com) Assignment Autumn 2023 Solved PDF

AIOU BACHELOR (BA BCOM ASSOCIATE DEGREE) ASSIGNMENTS STUDIO 9

Download Matric FA class assignments for semester Autumn 2023 from below:

Intermediate | F.A | I.Com

402 Economics (Urdu Medium) 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Economics Urdu Medium

Class: Bachelor

Semester: Autumn 2023

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2nd Assignment Download
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402 Economics 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Economics

404 Urdu 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Urdu

405 Iqbaliat 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Iqbaliat

406 Economics Of Pakistan 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Economics Of Pakistan

407 Modern Muslim World 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Modern Muslim World

408 Arabic 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Arabic

409 Commercial Geography 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Commercial Geography

411 Sociology I 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Sociology I

412 Sociocultural Anthropology 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Sociocultural Anthropology

413 Sociology II 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Sociology II

414 Demography 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Demography

416 Islamiyat 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Islamiyat

417 Pakistan Studies 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Pakistan Studies

418 Ethics 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Ethics

419 Education 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Education

422 Organizing Library Resources 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Organizing Library Resources

423 Library Services 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Library Services

426 Pakistani Adab II 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Pakistani Adab II

427 Pakistani Adab I 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Pakistani Adab I

429 Mass Education Literacy 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Mass Education Literacy

430 Principles Of Journalism 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Principles Of Journalism

431 Reporting 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Reporting

434 Iqbal’s Urdu Prose 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

436 seerat e tayyaba 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th assignments free download autumn 2023.

Subject: Seerat E Tayyaba

437 Islamiat E 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Islamiat E

438 Principles Of Accounting 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Principles Of Accounting

439 Advertising And Sales Promotion 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Advertising And Sales Promotion

444 Advance Accounting 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Advance Accounting

449 Magazine Journalism 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENTS FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Magazine Journalism

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Subject: Mass Communication

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Subject: Tv Broadcasting

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Subject: Community Development

460 Mercantile Law 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Mercantile Law

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462 Cost Accounting 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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463 Fundamentals Of Business 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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464 Islamic Fiqh 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Islamic Fiqh

465 Population And Development 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Population And Development

466 History Of Libraries With Reference To Pakistan 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: History Of Libraries With Reference To Pakistan

467 Classification And Cataloguing 1st, 2nd, 3rd AND 4th ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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470 Principle of marketing 1st and 2nd ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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484 Food And Nutrition 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Food And Nutrition

485 Health And Nutrition 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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487 Child Development 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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1413 Financial Accounting 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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1414 Fundamental Of Money And Banking 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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1415 Introduction to Business Financial 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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1422 Environmental Pollution 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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1423 English I 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

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1429 business mathematics 1st and 2nd assignment free download autumn 2023.

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1430 Business Statistics 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Business Statistics

1431 Basics Of ICT English 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Basics Of ICT English

1431 Basics Of ICT Urdu 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Autumn 2023

Subject: Basics Of ICT Urdu

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AIOU solved assignment Autumn 2022 pdf BA

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402 aiou assignment 2022 autumn

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AIOU Course Code 402 Solved Assignments Autumn 2022

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AIOU Solved Assgnment Economics 402

AIOU Solved Assgnment Economics 402 BA Associate degree Autumn 2023

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA): 40 Pass Marks (AD): 50

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA): 40

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks (BA): 40

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