a case study of policy transfer

For immediate release | April 6, 2021

Academic library initiatives for transfer student success

CHICAGO — Higher ed admission teams are aggressively recruiting transfers—and they’re finding success. According to the National Student Clearinghouse, about 38 percent of all students in higher ed in the United States have transferred at least once. If you don’t include transfer students in your outreach and instruction planning, you’re missing a significant portion of the student body. However, to meet the needs of this population requires academic libraries to rethink assumptions about incoming students. Gathering 17 case studies, “ Transfer Student Success: Academic Library Outreach and Engagement ,” published by ALA Editions, presents a rich and nuanced picture of academic library services to transfer students that will empower you to achieve transfer student success. Edited by Nancy Fawley, Ann Marshall, Mark Robison, in this book you will learn about:

• organizing around the strengths of transfer students;
• applying design thinking to ease transfer students’ “culture shock”;
• using autoethnography narratives to better understand the transfer student experience;
• revamping a transfer student success course by incorporating student reflections;
• building a campus network of transfer student support and information sharing;
• partnering with military and veteran support groups on campus;
• recruiting transfer students to a campus peer mentor program;
• serving students in health sciences bridge programs;
• building connections with a fiction book club; and
• creating personal librarian programs or librarian positions dedicated to transfer students.

Fawley has spent her career working in academic libraries primarily in reference and instruction. She has held previous leadership positions at the University of Vermont, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, the University of Alabama, and Virginia Commonwealth University in Qatar. She previously coedited “ The Discovery Tool Cookbook: Recipes for Successful Lesson Plans. ” Marshall is an Information Services and Instruction librarian at Purdue University Fort Wayne (PFW), where she is also the government information librarian and library liaison to several departments within the PFW College of Arts and Sciences. She has coauthored publications in Library Hi Tech , Library Journal and College & Research Libraries News . Robison is Political Science and Peace Studies librarian at the University of Notre Dame’s Hesburgh Libraries. He also serves as an adjunct instructor for the University of Alabama’s School of Library and Information Studies. In addition to the research he has coauthored with the other editors, he wrote an earlier, single-authored journal article on transfer students’ information literacy experiences.

Many book retailers and distributors are experiencing service disruptions or delays, including Amazon. For speediest service, order direct from the ALA Store. ALA Store purchases fund advocacy, awareness and accreditation programs for library and information professionals worldwide. ALA Editions | ALA Neal-Schuman publishes resources used by library and information professionals, scholars, students, and educators to improve programs and services, build on best practices, enhance pedagogy, share research, develop leadership, and promote advocacy. ALA authors and developers are leaders in their fields, and their content is published in a variety of print and electronic formats. Contact ALA Editions | ALA Neal-Schuman at [email protected].

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"Transfer Student Success: Academic Library Outreach and Engagement"

"The One-Shot Library Instruction Survival Guide, Third Edition"

"Launching Large-Scale Library Initiatives: Innovation and Collaboration"

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World Intellectual Property Report 2024: Making Innovation Policy Work for Growth and Development

Geneva, May 2, 2024 PR/2024/916

A new WIPO report probes the intersection of human innovation, economic diversification and industrial policy and finds that the key to sustainable growth for countries is to focus policy making on developing local innovation capabilities.

The biennial  World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR) “Making Innovation Policy Work for Development” documents a recent resurgence in industrial policy making, including in many developing and least developed countries, aimed at ensuring a wide and growing economic structure base - and the innovation, creativity and technology required to achieve it. 

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The WIPR establishes a novel methodology that maps 20 years of innovation capabilities across 150-plus WIPO member states, pinpointing how different countries have boosted their economic diversification in areas of technology, science and exports. Through this, the WIPR results help governments design their policies in a highly dynamic economic and political environment.

We hope this report will guide policymakers across the world on how to leverage innovation for improved productivity, competitiveness, and development amid global economic shifts, geopolitical tensions and digital acceleration.

Our report shows that countries that leverage on local strengths, build diverse innovation ecosystems and develop deep capabilities are in a better place to win the innovation race.

said WIPO Director General Daren Tang , adding

We hope that policymakers will find the data and insights in this report useful and interesting as they build durable innovation ecosystems that brings real growth over decades.

To help guide policymakers, the report documented:

• Power of local capabilities: Countries often use their existing innovation capabilities as a springboard for diversification. Innovation capabilities based on scientific, technological and production know-how in a particular country or region can be measured by studying the data on scientific publications, patent applications and international trade respectively. For example:
• Economic Specialization and Diversification: Analysis of nearly 40 million patent filings, over 70 million scientific papers and economic activity worth more than 300 trillion dollars in goods and services exports, reveals that innovative outcomes are highly concentrated. Over the past 20 years, for example, the top eight countries account for 50 percent of exports, 60 percent of scientific publications and 80 percent of international patenting. But change is occurring: China, India and the Republic of Korea saw big increases in their technological diversification over the period. China jumped from being specialized in only 16% to 94% of all technological capabilities, the Republic of Korea's technological capabilities went from 40% to 83%, and India saw its technological capabilities double from 9% to 21%.
• Innovation Complexity: Innovation complexity is the knowledge in an economy as expressed in the diversity and sophistication of the science, technologies, and products it generates. Complex capabilities are rare and only diversified innovation ecosystems can make use of them. Of the three types of innovation capabilities, technological capabilities are the most complex and also more likely to generate higher growth.

Case Studies Spotlight

The WIPR focuses on three case studies across eight countries to reveal insights on how innovators and policymakers leveraged and enhanced existing industrial capabilities to create the advanced and sophisticated motorcycles, videogames and agricultural technologies of today.

Motorcycles Industry - full throttle on innovation

The documented evolution of the motorcycle industry is a key example of human innovation and economic diversification, which economists and policymakers can use to spur sustainable, long-term growth across the globe.

The experiences of Italy, Japan and India show how historical ties with closely related sectors - including bicycles, automobiles, and aviation – have allowed them to carve out their own unique specialized trajectories within the same innovative and complex industry.

For instance, Italian motorcycles excel in high-performance and groundbreaking design thanks to vibrant know-how in racing and top of the line craftsmanship; the big four Japanese motorcycles companies (Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki, Suzuki) dominate the global market by exploiting Japan’s complex innovation capabilities on advanced technologies, product reliability, and sophisticated supply-chain logistics ( keiretsu ) ; and Indian motorcycle companies have emerged as a key global industry player catapulted by India’s capabilities on cost efficient production, particularly prioritizing fuel-efficient engines.

The motorcycle case study provides evidence of strategic implementation of industrial policies, such as those that enhanced the rise of national champions in Japan or faster adoption of electric two- and three-wheelers in India. 

Today, the motorcycle industry is in a new and disruptive transformational journey driven by changing consumer preferences, a heightened focus on sustainability and technological shifts. Electrification, artificial intelligence, and enhanced connectivity technologies are revolutionizing the industry.

Agricultural Leveraging Technologies  

The agricultural sector is undergoing a spectacular technological transformation as shown by the 239% increase of patent protected agriculture inventions in the last decade. New scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering and the adoption of frontier robotic and digital technologies are increasing the innovation sophistication of one of the oldest economic activities.

The increase in innovation complexity in the agricultural sector is happening around the world. For instance, scientists in Kenya have leveraged their plant breeding capabilities to create a pest-resistant maize variety successfully being used across the African continent. In Brazil, sugarcane and sugar production capabilities were the standpoint for Brazil's global leadership of ethanol related technologies helping consumers find sustainable fossil-fuel alternatives.

The Rise of the Global Videogame Industry

The videogame case study showcases how seemingly unrelated existing capabilities can be used to create an innovative and sophisticated new industry.

The video game industry is a breeding ground for new businesses, with around 45% of game developers being newly founded companies. This dynamic environment fosters competition and innovation, contributing to the industry's rapid growth.

In addition, the report finds that around 15% of new video games launched each year are based on existing intellectual property (excluding sequels).

The development of the global video game industry has seen regional hubs navigating unique challenges and capitalizing on local strengths. The four video game industry hubs discussed in the chapter demonstrate how local expertise, cultural capital and interconnected industries collectively have influenced the industry's evolution and offer strategic insights for policymakers.

World IP Report 2024: A Guide for Policy Makers

The report provides a new policy toolkit that can help countries replicate these success stories. By identifying over 600 technological, scientific and production capabilities spread around the world, the new framework allow decision takers to design smart policies based on empirical evidence.

Policy makers can see where, when and how to target their innovation policies, either by nurturing their strengths, or by leveraging them to attain new and exciting scientific, technological and production opportunities.

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the United Nations agency that serves the world’s innovators and creators, ensuring that their ideas travel safely to the market and improve lives everywhere.

We do so by providing services that enable creators, innovators and entrepreneurs to protect and promote their intellectual property (IP) across borders and acting as a forum for addressing cutting-edge IP issues. Our IP data and information guide decisionmakers the world over. And our impact-driven projects and technical assistance ensure IP benefits everyone, everywhere.

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Beyond Borders

Understanding Devaluation: A Primer

Money Transfers

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Devaluation is when a country lowers the value of its currency to boost its economy and make its products cheaper for others to buy. This can also make things from other countries more expensive at home.

Have you ever wondered what “devaluation” means? This Remitly guide explains how changes in the value of a currency can affect you. When a currency loses value, it matters a great deal to anyone sending money abroad.

What Is Devaluation?

Devaluation happens when a country’s government or central bank intentionally lowers the value of its currency relative to foreign currencies. In other words, a country’s leaders decide to make its money worth less compared to money from other nations.

This policy tool can affect everything from international trade to your personal remittances. Why? Because when a currency undergoes devaluation, it purchases fewer goods and services abroad.

Why Do Countries Devalue Their Own Currency?

Countries may decide to devalue their currency for several reasons:

• Boosting Exports : By making their goods cheaper on the global market, they can sell more abroad.
• Reducing Trade Deficits: Cheaper exports can mean more sales overseas, which can help balance a country’s trade.
• Debt Management : Countries with debt that’s repaid in foreign currencies find it easier to do so when their own currency is less valuable.

How Devaluation Affects You

If you’re sending money to your family in another country, devaluation can be a double-edged sword:

• You might get more value for your money if the currency in the receiving country has been devalued.
• However, your family might find that prices locally have increased, especially for imported goods, which can diminish the real value of the money you send.

Imagine that you’re sending money from the United Kingdom to Nigeria. If you’re sending money from a country with a stronger currency, such as the British pound, you might notice you can send more money when converted to your home country’s currency. However, this doesn’t always mean more buying power. That’s because your relatives back in Nigeria need more naira to buy ordinary items.

The effect of devaluation also extends beyond the country’s borders. Here’s an example, looking at monetary policy in Nigeria.

Case Study: The Nigerian Naira

What’s happening with the Nigerian Naira? The Naira has been through quite a journey, especially recently. Devaluation has hit the Naira hard.

Why Devalue the Naira?

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), based in the capital city of Lagos, has occasionally devalued the Naira. This means they officially reduce its value compared to other currencies, like the US dollar. They hope to boost the Nigerian economy by making exported goods cheaper and more attractive to foreign buyers. This strategy can stir up demand and spark economic growth.

How Does This Affect Nigerians?

When the Naira loses value, it’s a mixed bag. For companies in Nigeria that sell things abroad, it could mean more sales. But it also means that importing goods from other countries becomes more expensive.

For everyday Nigerians , this could lead to increased prices for things they buy regularly.

Basically, when a currency is devalued, it can create economic pressure and shortages of essential goods inside the country. It can make it harder to budget , to save , invest , and even to pay taxes .

Devaluation in Action

Last year, the exchange rate in the official market saw the Naira get weaker compared to the dollar.

Meanwhile, over in the parallel market (that’s where currencies are traded unofficially), the rates were even lower, showing just how pressured the Naira really is.

What’s the IMF and World Bank’s Role?

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank often step in to offer advice or financial help when countries like Nigeria face economic challenges. They work with the CBN and Nigerian government, including Bola Tinubu, the current president of the West African nation. Their strategies include managing interest rates and subsidies to control inflation and stimulate economic activities.

Economists from institutions like the IMF and the World Bank are keeping a close eye on Nigerian economic changes. They analyze things like inflows of foreign currency and how much liquidity (or available cash) is in the Nigerian economy.

Looking Ahead: Rebounds and Growth

Despite the challenges, there’s hope that the Naira might rebound. If the CBN’s strategies work, and with support from foreign investors attracted by cheaper Nigerian goods, there could be signs of recovery and economic growth. This would mean better stability for the Naira in the forex (foreign exchange) markets and potentially more robust economic conditions in Nigeria.

Why Naira Devaluation Matters

The fluctuations of the Naira are crucial for international businesses, investors, and anyone interested in the dynamics of global financial markets.

The value of a currency like the Naira can influence everything from market rates in the FMDQ to the price of imports that might end up on shelves in South Africa or America.

10 More Global Examples of Currency Devaluation

Nigeria isn’t the only country to experience devaluation.

Over the past 30 years, several countries have intentionally devalued their currency to manage economic challenges. These include Asian, African, and Latin American nations.

• Argentina (2002) — Unpegged the peso from the U.S. dollar during a severe economic crisis.
• Zimbabwe (2009) — Abandoned its currency amidst hyperinflation, effectively rendering it worthless.
• Venezuela (2013-2020) — Experienced ongoing devaluation of the Bolivar because of hyperinflation and economic policies.
• Egypt (2016) — Devalued its currency, the Egyptian pound , as part of an IMF loan agreement to overhaul its economy.
• Turkey (2018) — The lira plummeted amidst economic turmoil and political tensions with the U.S.
• India (1991) — Devalued the rupee during a balance of payments crisis.
• China (1994, 2005, 2015) — Strategically devalued the Chinese yuan at key points to boost export competitiveness.
• Brazil (1999) — Moved from a fixed to a floating exchange rate regime during a financial crisis.
• Malaysia (1997) — Let the ringgit depreciate during the Asian Financial Crisis.
• Mexico (1994) — Devalued the peso during the “Tequila Crisis” to stabilize its economy.

How the Foreign Exchange Market Works

The foreign exchange market , or Forex for short, is like a giant global shop where countries buy and sell their money. Imagine you’re in New York, and you have dollars, but you need yen because you’re going to Japan. You can go to this market to exchange your dollars for yen. It’s not just people traveling who use it, however. Big businesses and banks swap huge amounts of money every day to do business in other countries or invest.

In this market, the price of money—how many Japanese yen you can get for your American dollars, for example—changes all the time, just like the prices of things in a store go up and down. The official exchange rate between two currencies changes daily, in some cases. The cost of wire transfers and other money transfers can be affected by that, though you can get the total cost by looking at fees.

Understanding this market’s fundamentals helps businesses and countries make better decisions about when to buy or sell different types of money. The foreign exchange market helps keep money moving around the world.

Devaluation, Global Economics, and Currencies: Frequently Asked Questions

What is depreciation? Depreciation is when the value of a country’s currency goes down compared to others. This differs from devaluation because it happens due to market forces, not because the government decided to change the value.

What is revaluation? Revaluation is the opposite of devaluation. It happens when a country’s government decides to increase the value of its domestic currency against foreign currencies. This can make imports cheaper but might hurt the country’s exports.

Why do countries fix their exchange rates? Some countries choose to fix their exchange rates, which means they set the value of their currency at a certain level against another currency, like the U.S. dollar or the Chinese yuan. This can make the value of its currency more predictable.

What is a currency war? A currency war happens when several countries try to lower the value of their currencies at the same time. They want to make their exports cheaper, but it can lead to tensions between countries.

How does a weak currency affect a country’s economy? If a country’s currency is weak, it can buy less from other countries, which makes imports pricier. However, it can also mean that the country’s exports are cheaper for others to buy, which can help to grow the country’s economy.

What does GDP mean? GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product. It measures all the goods and services a country produces in a year. It’s used to show how big a country’s economy is and how it’s doing overall.

What is purchasing power? Purchasing power means how much you can buy with a certain amount of money. If inflation is high, your money buys less, and your purchasing power goes down. When a currency is strong, you usually have more purchasing power.

How do tariffs impact the price of imports? Tariffs are taxes that countries put on imported goods. This makes these goods more expensive to buy, which can protect domestic industries from foreign competition but also raise prices for consumers.

What is the current account? The current account is part of a country’s balance of payments. It includes the trade balance (exports and imports of goods and services), net income from abroad, and net current transfers. It shows if a country is spending more money overseas than it is earning.

Why are financial markets important? Financial markets allow people and companies to buy and sell securities like stocks and bonds, currencies, and commodities. They help determine the prices for these assets based on supply and demand.

How does currency value affect domestic goods? The value of a country’s currency influences the cost of domestic goods. If the currency is strong, it can make raw materials and parts from other countries cheaper, lowering the cost to produce domestic goods. But if the currency is weak, those materials cost more, and it can drive up prices for goods made in the country.

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US-Russian Contention in Cyberspace

The overarching question imparting urgency to this exploration is: Can U.S.-Russian contention in cyberspace cause the two nuclear superpowers to stumble into war? In considering this question we were constantly reminded of recent comments by a prominent U.S. arms control expert: At least as dangerous as the risk of an actual cyberattack, he observed, is cyber operations’ “blurring of the line between peace and war.” Or, as Nye wrote, “in the cyber realm, the difference between a weapon and a non-weapon may come down to a single line of code, or simply the intent of a computer program’s user.”

The Geopolitics of Renewable Hydrogen

Renewables are widely perceived as an opportunity to shatter the hegemony of fossil fuel-rich states and democratize the energy landscape. Virtually all countries have access to some renewable energy resources (especially solar and wind power) and could thus substitute foreign supply with local resources. Our research shows, however, that the role countries are likely to assume in decarbonized energy systems will be based not only on their resource endowment but also on their policy choices.

What Comes After the Forever Wars

As the United States emerges from the era of so-called forever wars, it should abandon the regime change business for good. Then, Washington must understand why it failed, writes Stephen Walt.

Telling Black Stories: What We All Can Do

Full event video and after-event thoughts from the panelists.

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Crafting Climate Policy That Sticks: An Arctic Case Study

Tue., May 14, 2024 | 4:00pm - 5:15pm

Taubman Building - Allison Dining Room, 5th Floor

Climate change transcends terms of office and demands steadfast policy responses. The Arctic, which is warming three to four times faster than the rest of the world, is at the forefront of the climate crisis. Communities in the region are witnessing profound disruptions to their daily lives and livelihoods as their environment rapidly transforms.

Join us for a deep dive into how durable policies are critical for building the resilience communities impacted by climate change. The discussion will draw out lessons from the implementation of the U.S. Arctic Strategy, featuring insights from officials from the White House and the Department of Interior, climate scientists, and local leaders who are directly engaged in translating policy commitments into action. Learn how the strides made through this strategy are not just responding to current challenges but are setting the groundwork for a resilient future for the Arctic and all communities facing the impacts of climate change.

RSVP required. A Harvard University ID is required for in-person attendance; all are welcome to attend on Zoom. For questions or to request accessibility accommodations, contact Elizabeth Hanlon ( [email protected] ).

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• 2024-05-14 16:00:00 2024-05-14 17:15:00 America/New_York Crafting Climate Policy That Sticks: An Arctic Case Study Taubman Building - Allison Dining Room, 5th Floor Belfer

David Balton is the Executive Director of the Arctic Executive Steering Committee, which advances and coordinates and U.S. policies and activities in the Arctic region. He previously served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oceans and Fisheries in the Department of State’s Bureau of Oceans, Environment and Science, attaining the rank of Ambassador in 2006. He was responsible for coordinating the development of U.S. foreign policy concerning oceans and fisheries and overseeing U.S. participation in international organizations dealing with these issues. His portfolio included managing U.S. foreign policy issues relating to the Arctic and Antarctica. Balton functioned as the lead U.S. negotiator on a wide range of agreements in the field of oceans and fisheries and chaired numerous international meetings. During the U.S. Chairmanship of the Arctic Council (2015-2017), he served as Chair of the Senior Arctic Officials. His prior Arctic Council experience included co-chairing the Arctic Council Task Forces that produced the 2011  Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic  and the 2013  Agreement on Cooperation on Marine Oil Pollution Preparedness and Response in the Arctic . He separately chaired negotiations that produced the  Agreement to Prevent Unregulated High Seas Fisheries in the Central Arctic Ocean .

Raina Thiele (Dena’ina Athabascan and Yup’ik) is the Senior Advisor for Alaska Affairs and Strategic Priorities, Department of Interior. She previously servedas Associate Director of Intergovernmental Affairs in the Obama-Biden White House, where she was the President’s Tribal liaison and advised on arctic and climate issues. She also served at the Office of Management and Budget where she oversaw multi-billion-dollar federal programs. A first-generation college graduate, she received her BA from Yale College and a Master in Public Policy degree from Harvard Kennedy School. She was born and raised in Alaska and her family hails from Pedro Bay village on Lake Iliamna and Alexander Creek. She is an enrolled member of Pedro Bay village.   

Dr. John Holdren is the Co-Founder and Co-Chair of the Arctic Initiative at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, as well as the Co-Chair of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program there. From January 2009 until January 2017, he was President Obama's Science Advisor and Senate-confirmed Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, where among many other responsibilities he served as the Founding Chair of the interagency Arctic Executive Steering Committee. He is a member of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering of the United States, a member of the National Academies' Polar Research Board, and the lead for Harvard's participation in the Permafrost Pathways Project.

Jackie Qataliña Schaeffer , an Iñupiaq from Kotzebue, Alaska, is the Director of Climate Initiatives program at the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium under the division of Community Environment and Health. For decades she has worked across Alaska holistically infusing indigenous knowledge into a variety of sectors she has experience in, including comprehensive planning, energy, housing, water security, sanitation and climate change adaptation for rural communities. Her passion is to serve the indigenous people of Alaska and provide an indigenous perspective to all her work, including the importance and recognition of traditional philosophies, knowledge and world views. Her current work includes climate change assessments, community engagement, community relocation oversight, and overseeing the Center for Climate and Health and the Center for Environmentally Threatened Communities within the Climate Initiatives program. 

Fran Ulmer has been a Senior Fellow at the Belfer Center's Arctic Initiative since 2019. She was a Visiting Professor at Stanford University from 2017 to 2018. Ulmer was appointed by President Obama as the Chair of the U.S. Arctic Research Commission (USARC) in March 2011 and served in that role until August 2020. From 2014 to 2017, Ulmer was a Special Advisor on Arctic Science and Policy at the State Department. In June 2010, President Obama appointed her to the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling. From 2007 to 2011, she served as Chancellor of the University of Alaska Anchorage, Alaska’s largest public university. Ulmer served as an elected official for 18 years as the mayor of Juneau, a state representative and as Lieutenant Governor of Alaska. She previously worked as legal counsel to the Alaska Legislature, legislative assistant to Governor Jay Hammond and Director of Policy Development for the state. In addition, she was the first Chair of the Alaska Coastal Policy Council and served for more than 10 years on the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission. She has served on numerous local, state, and federal advisory committees and boards. Ulmer earned a J.D. cum laude from the University of Wisconsin Law School, and has been a Fellow at the Institute of Politics at Harvard Kennedy School.  

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Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) regulates the acquisition, holding, and transfer of immovable property by residents and non-residents. Compliance with FEMA guidelines is mandatory for all transactions involving immovable property to ensure transparency and adherence to foreign exchange regulations.

In Taxmann's Webinar, CA. Niki Shah will discuss the following:

• What is immovable property under FEMA?
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Complimentary Virtual Access to Taxmann's FEMA & FDI Ready Reckoner for one week [Virtual/e-Book]

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Session 1 | taxmann's live webinar acquisition/transfer of immovable property under fema regulations with guidelines | practical strategies | case studies, wed, may 15, 2024, 5:00 pm ist.

Acquisition/Transfer of Immovable Property Under FEMA Regulations with Guidelines | Practical Strategies | Case Studies

CA Niki Shah

Partner | SN & Co.

She is a highly experienced business consultant and C-Suite advisor who operates from a unique vantage point of combining her experience as an investment banker, chartered accountant, business advisor, and registered valuer. Her expertise includes helping companies raise capital, getting their finances and compliances in order, and creating value in their businesses. She is also a passionate speaker, presenter, and content creator, having spoken at various conferences and events. Her favourite topics include creating value from ideas and making companies investor-ready.

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Impact of Lipid Composition on Vesicle Protein Adsorption: A BSA Case Study

Affiliations.

• 1 Nanotechnology Laboratory, TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, 2-4 General Henri Mathias Berthelot Street, 700483 Iaşi, Romania.
• 2 Department of Bioinformatics, TRANSCEND Research Center, Regional Institute of Oncology, 2-4 General Henri Mathias Berthelot Street, 700483 Iaşi, Romania.
• 3 Department of Physiology, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universităṭii Street, 700115 Iaşi, Romania.
• 4 Department of Nanobiophysics, MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4-6 Pasteur Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
• 5 "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41A Grigore Ghica Vodă Alley, 700487 Iaşi, Romania.
• 6 Faculty of Chemistry, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iaşi, Romania.
• PMID: 38680315
• PMCID: PMC11044229
• DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09131

Investigating the interaction between liposomes and proteins is of paramount importance in the development of liposomal formulations with real potential for bench-to-bedside transfer. Upon entering the body, proteins are immediately adsorbed on the liposomal surface, changing the nanovehicles' biological identity, which has a significant impact on their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics and ultimately on their therapeutic effect. Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein and thus usually adsorbs immediately on the liposomal surface. We herein report a comprehensive investigation on the adsorption of model protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) onto liposomal vesicles containing the zwitterionic lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), in combination with either cholesterol (CHOL) or the cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP). While many studies regarding protein adsorption on the surface of liposomes with different compositions have been performed, to the best of our knowledge, the differential responses of CHOL and DOTAP upon albumin adsorption on vesicles have not yet been investigated. UV-vis spectroscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed a strong influence of the phospholipid membrane composition on protein adsorption. Hence, it was found that DOTAP-containing vesicles adsorb proteins more robustly but also aggregate in the presence of BSA, as confirmed by DLS and TEM. Separation of liposome-protein complexes from unadsorbed proteins performed by means of centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was also investigated. Our results show that neither method can be regarded as a golden experimental setup to study the protein corona of liposomes. Yet, SEC proved to be more successful in the separation of unbound proteins, although the amount of lipid loss upon liposome elution was higher than expected. In addition, coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations were employed to ascertain key membrane parameters, such as the membrane thickness and area per lipid. Overall, this study highlights the importance of surface charge and membrane fluidity in influencing the extent of protein adsorption. We hope that our investigation will be a valuable contribution to better understanding protein-vesicle interactions for improved nanocarrier design.

© 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.

Case Studies in Environmental Chemistry

Introduction to case studies in environmental chemistry.

Case studies in environmental chemistry provide valuable insights into how chemical principles and processes influence real-world environmental issues. By examining specific examples, we can better understand the complex interactions between human activities and the environment, as well as develop strategies for addressing environmental challenges.

Common Terms and Definitions

Bioaccumulation : The gradual accumulation of a substance, such as a pollutant, in an organism over time.

Biomagnification : The increasing concentration of a substance in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.

Eutrophication : The excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants due to an increase in nutrients, often leading to oxygen depletion and ecosystem degradation.

Greenhouse gases : Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor).

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) : Toxic organic compounds that resist degradation and can accumulate in the environment and living organisms.

Case Study 1: Air Pollution in Beijing, China

Beijing, the capital city of China, has faced severe air pollution challenges due to rapid industrialization, urbanization, and heavy reliance on coal for energy production. The case study examines the sources of air pollution, its impacts on human health and the environment, and the strategies implemented by the Chinese government to address the issue, such as emission control regulations and the promotion of clean energy.

Case Study 2: Eutrophication in Lake Erie, North America

Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes of North America, has experienced recurring harmful algal blooms due to excessive nutrient loading from agricultural runoff and urban wastewater. This case study explores the chemical and biological processes contributing to eutrophication, the ecological and economic consequences of algal blooms, and the collaborative efforts by stakeholders to reduce nutrient pollution and restore the lake's ecosystem.

Case Study 3: Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management

The rapid growth of the electronics industry and the short lifespan of electronic devices have led to a global e-waste crisis. This case study examines the chemical composition of e-waste, the environmental and health risks associated with improper disposal, and the challenges and opportunities in developing sustainable e-waste management practices, such as recycling and extended producer responsibility.

Case Study 4: Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs

Ocean acidification, caused by the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. This case study investigates the chemical processes driving ocean acidification, its impacts on coral reef biodiversity and ecosystem services, and the potential strategies for mitigating and adapting to the effects of acidification, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing coral reef resilience.

Common Questions and Answers

What is the role of environmental chemistry in addressing real-world environmental issues?

Environmental chemistry provides the scientific foundation for understanding the chemical processes and interactions that influence environmental systems. By applying chemical principles to real-world case studies, environmental chemists can identify the sources and impacts of pollutants, develop monitoring and remediation strategies, and inform policy decisions to protect human health and the environment.

How can case studies help in understanding complex environmental problems?

Case studies offer a focused and contextualized approach to examining environmental issues, allowing for a deeper understanding of the specific chemical, biological, and socio-economic factors at play. By analyzing real-world examples, students can develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills, appreciate the interdisciplinary nature of environmental challenges, and learn from the successes and limitations of various management strategies.

What are some common themes across different environmental chemistry case studies?

While each case study is unique, there are several common themes that emerge, such as the importance of understanding chemical fate and transport, the role of human activities in driving environmental change, the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and stakeholder engagement, and the value of evidence-based decision-making in addressing environmental challenges.

Case studies in environmental chemistry provide a valuable tool for bridging the gap between theory and practice, allowing students to apply their knowledge to real-world situations and develop a deeper understanding of the complex interactions between human activities and the environment. By examining a range of case studies, from air and water pollution to waste management and climate change, students can appreciate the diverse challenges and opportunities in the field of environmental chemistry and prepare themselves for careers in environmental science, policy, and management.

Environmental Policy and Regulations

Climate change and the role of chemistry, sustainable chemistry and green technology, environmental fate and transport of pollutants, environmental analytical techniques, toxicology and risk assessment.

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3 Best Case Study Writing Services - Top Notch Papers at the Right Price

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02/21/2021, Long Island, NY // KISSPR //

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2024 has been the year of the diss track

On friday night, drake dropped “family matters” and kendrick lamar dropped “meet the grahams,” the latest tracks in their ongoing feud, by daysia tolentino | nbc news • published 4 hours ago • updated 3 hours ago.

The diss track, a crucial tool in hip-hop culture for hashing out rivalries, is having a year.

Many of the biggest names in rap — from Kendrick Lamar and Drake to Megan Thee Stallion — have put out tracks in recent months hurling lyrical jabs at fellow artists, with most sparking an online frenzy to decipher the digs.

On Friday, Lamar and Drake dropped their latest takedowns of each other, with the former releasing “6:16 in LA” and “meet the grahams” and the latter sharing “Family Matters.” The two have exchanged blows for over a month. In total, at least 19 diss tracks have been released this year alone, according to an NBC News tally.

Some music experts said this moment showcases how social media has shaped the way rappers handle beef, and how their fans fuel the drama.

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Tia Tyree, a professor of communication studies at Howard University, said diss tracks are instrumental for artists to assert their dominance or claim the top spot in the genre.

“Nothing is off-limits in a rap battle,” said Tyree, who teaches courses on hip-hop. “Everything is on the table. Because what you want is lyrical superiority and you want the crown. You want to leave no doubt that you have won.”

Rap beef was previously filtered through radio stations and record labels, according to Tyree. Fans would wait for diss tracks to get squeezed into radio programming or released on CDs — if they were released at all.Now, “social media allows us to hear that the second it’s literally completed,” said Tyree. “We can share clips of it. We can commentate. We can add comments on social media posts. So what’s really making this a different moment in hip-hop history is the ability for us to really get it almost simultaneously as a culture.”

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After every diss drop, fans pick sides. Social media has allowed them to give their feedback in real time and share what kind of low blows they think rappers should incorporate into their disses and responses. They argue about which artist is better and who had the deepest lyrical lashings.

But the rise of stan culture — which refers to the dedication of certain artists’ most fervent fans — has made choosing a winner difficult, if not impossible, according to Pablo Hawkins, a popular TikTok music and culture critic.

“I don’t think there’s a winner or loser, because at the end of the day there is a battle just on social media,” Hawkins said. “You can’t even battle for the dominant form of opinion anymore because for everything you say, someone’s going to have a counter-reaction.”Hawkins said die-hard fans will defend their favorite artists regardless of the quality of a diss track.

“No one’s actually evaluating this from a fair starting point,” Hawkins said. “Everyone’s taking this as how deep are they into their fandom of either person.”

Diss tracks have been fueling fan wars for months. The frenzy of 2024 kicked off in January when Megan Thee Stallion prompted viral fan speculation with her song “Hiss.” Many thought she was referencing fellow rapper Nicki Minaj’s husband, Kenneth Petty, with the line: “These h--- don’t be mad at Megan/ These h--- mad at Megan’s Law.”

Petty  is a registered sex offender in the state of California. Megan’s Law is a federal law that requires convicted sex offenders to register with the state and provide their information to the community.

After “Hiss” was released, Minaj began posting relentlessly on X and Instagram. She attacked Megan and shared posts from her supportive fans, known colloquially as “Barbz.” She then dropped her own diss track, “ Big Foot .” The first verse opens by mentioning Megan directly, as well as her “Megan’s Law” line. Barbz reportedly doxxed people who criticized Minaj and “Big Foot,”  according to Time .

But rap fans didn’t think that Megan was only dissing Minaj. Many believed she was dissing Drake with the line: “Cosplay gangsters, fake-a-- accents/ Posted in another [N-word] hood like a bad b----.” Two months later, several other big hip-hop artists found themselves entangled in a back-and-forth with the Canadian rapper.

Lamar teamed up with rapper Future and producer Metro Boomin on the track “Like That” on March 22. In a guest verse, Lamar took shots at J. Cole and Drake, responding to a line in Cole and Drake’s song “First Person Shooter.” In that song, Cole had deemed himself, Drake and Lamar as the “Big Three” of rap music.

Lamar’s verse blew up online, and fans immediately called on Cole and Drake to respond. Cole released a response track called “7 Minute Drill,” in which he criticized some of Lamar’s discography. Cole eventually took the diss off of streaming,  calling it “the lamest s---” he’s ever done.

Since then, Drake and Lamar have each released several diss tracks aimed at each other. Lamar’s track “euphoria,” which dropped Tuesday, echoed some of the same criticisms mentioned in Megan’s “Hiss,” bringing this year of disses full circle.The volume of diss tracks is a welcome change for fans, many of whom have felt that rappers have been spending too much time going back and forth online and not enough making actual music.

“Instead of having to respond in a public manner to public disrespect through a song, you can just hop on Twitter, say it real quick and then leave it in the dust,” said Hawkins, the critic. “And I think that has taken away from us having really good rap beef.”

Hawkins also said diss tracks haven’t been landing as hard in recent years because it’s gotten more difficult to surprise people with new dirt. People now have more access to information than ever because of the internet, they said.

“It’s so much harder to find out genuinely new info without someone [from an artist’s team] leaking the information,” they said.When artists do claim to have damning information on each other, the beef can turn from fun to unsettling. Throughout the history of hip-hop, diss tracks have had some shocking blows — from Tupac taunting Prodigy for having sickle cell anemia on “Hit ‘Em Up” to  Pusha T exposing Drake for hiding the existence of his child in “The Story of Adidon.”

But some listeners online appeared uneasy about the accusations mentioned in Drake’s “Family Matters” and Lamar’s “meet the grahams.” Several social media users felt like Black women were being used as punchlines in the beef.

The dueling songs came out after Lamar had warned Drake in “euphoria” that he could escalate the beef: “We ain’t gotta get personal/ This a friendly fade/ You should keep it that way.”

“As a society, I think we’re in a space right now where people are holding musicians, music artists, to this moral standard,” Hawkins said.

Music experts said diss tracks will remain a staple in hip-hop in the years to come. The songs fuel fan fascination and help artists gain attention — which translates to more streams.

“Rap beefs mean money,” Tyree said. “Because those streams make money.”

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Our series of webinars that take place quarterly provides an update on the most relevant developments in the legislative environment that governs transfer pricing in Germany. Each webinar summarises the most relevant developments in legislation, case law and promulgations from the tax administration and offers insights on the practical implications.

The webinar on 13 May 2024 will illustrate in a case study how the new risk evaluation procedure in section 89b General Tax Code (Abgabenordnung) similar to ICAP and ETACA may be used by taxpayers to obtain an opinion on whether tax risks are inherent in a certain fact pattern and what taxpayers should focus on to make that procedure a success. Recent transfer pricing case law from Lower Tax Courts and the Federal Tax Court completes our webinar.

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Delhi excise policy case: Man involved in alleged transfer of hawala money to fund AAP Goa elections sent to ED custody

The ed told the court that vinod chauhan, who was arrested on friday, was part of a deep nexus with major conspirators such as brs leader k kavitha and certain aap leaders..

A Delhi court on Saturday sent Vinod Chauhan, the 18th person to be arrested by the Enforcement Directorate in the excise policy case, to the agency’s custody till May 7. According to ED, Chauhan had transferred money via the hawala route for Aam Aadmi Party’s (AAP) Goa elections and was in regular touch with the members of the ‘South Group’.

The Central agency told the court of special judge Kaveri Baweja that Chauhan, who was arrested on Friday, was part of a deep nexus with major conspirators such as Bharat Rashtra Samithi leader (BRS) K Kavitha and certain AAP leaders.

“Searches were conducted in Chauhan’s office. Rs 1 crore and Rs 6 lakh were seized. He could not explain the source for the same. He was holding this cash which was given by members of the ‘South Group’ for AAP,” ED’s special counsel Zoheb Hossain said, while requesting four days’ custody of Chauhan.

Outlining that Chauhan was involved in transferring proceeds of crime worth Rs 25.5 crore, the agency sought his custody to “unearth further material” in relation to the case.

Countering the ED, Chauhan’s lawyer stated that there was no need for sending him to ED’s custody. “I have always joined the investigation. Why have I been arrested?” the lawyer argued on behalf of Chauhan.

He also said that audited statements regarding the cash recovery had already been provided to the agency. “The sources of funds through the business have also been provided to them (ED),” he added.

Hossain, however, stated that Chauhan had given vague and unsatisfactory responses. “The Rs 1 crore seized was what was left. The rest of the proceeds of crime have already been transferred, consumed and used up,” added the special counsel.

The so-called ‘South Group’ is a group of individuals from South India which, the ED claims, “secured uninhibited access, undue favours, attained stakes in established wholesale (liquor) businesses and multiple retail zones (over and above what was allowed in the policy)”, and paid Rs 100 crore to AAP leaders in return.

According to the ED, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal was “directly involved in the formulation” of the excise policy, which was drafted “considering the favours to be granted to the South Group”.

One of the alleged members of the ‘South Group’ is former Telangana CM K Chandrashekar Rao’s daughter K Kavitha who was arrested on March 15. It was after Kavitha’s arrest that Kejriwal was named a conspirator in the excise policy case by the ED.

Two cases have been registered in relation to the excise policy — one by CBI, and the other, on alleged money laundering, by the ED.

The case arose out of a report submitted by Delhi Chief Secretary Naresh Kumar to Lieutenant Governor (LG) Vinai Kumar Saxena in July 2022, pointing to alleged procedural lapses in the formulation of the Delhi Excise Policy 2021-22. The policy came into force in November 2021, but was scrapped in July 2022.

The chief secretary’s report said that “arbitrary and unilateral decisions” taken by Sisodia in his capacity as excise minister had resulted in “financial losses to the exchequer” which is estimated at more than Rs 580 crore.

The ED alleged that the scam was to give the wholesale liquor business to private entities and fix a 12 per cent margin, for a 6 per cent kickback. In its first prosecution complaint in November 2021, the ED said the policy was “formulated with deliberate loopholes” that “promoted cartel formations through the back door” to benefit AAP leaders.

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Sunil Gavaskar slammed Virat Kohli for his tirade against critics who had questioned his strike rate. Gavaskar also called for an end to the repeated airing of the clip of Kohli's rant, stating that it belittles their own commentators.

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