a presentation about sri lanka

Presentation of Sri Lanka

• 11 October 2019 28 March 2021

With its hundreds of white sandy beaches and abundant natural wealth.

Sri Lanka is one of Asia’s ultimate tropical paradises.

Today, you can enjoy its variety of landscapes, its cultural diversity as well as the remains of its thousand-year-old history and rich in foreign influences.

Sri-Lanka is the Asian country to visit absolutely.

“Ceylon” became Sri Lanka in 1972. Located just above the equator, in the middle of the fresh waters of the Indian Ocean, the island’s legendary reputation for natural beauty has inspired an almost magical look, even for those who have never visited Sri Lanka.

Its territory of 66,000 km2 represents about 1/10th of the surface area of France,

435 km long and 225 km wide.

A population of more than 22 million inhabitants, a third of whom are under 15 years of age.

Capital : Colombo Surface area : 65,610 km² Form of the State : Republic Currency : Sri Lankan Rupee

Sri Lanka has 2 official languages, Sinhalese and Tamil. The former is predominant in most of the country, with 75% of speakers being Sinhalese and about 14% Tamil. 10% of Sri Lankans also speak English.

Buddhists represent 70% of the population, Hindus 12%, Muslims 9%, Christians 7%.

92% of the people living in the country are literate, which means that Sri Lanka has the highest literacy rate in South Asia as a whole.

Sri Lanka has the highest level of human development (life expectancy, education, standard of living) in South Asia (0.757), placing it in 73rd place worldwide. The end of the civil war has led to strong economic growth (3.4% in 2013, 4.8% in 2015)

With more than 2 million visitors in 2016, tourism confirms its role as a driving force for services.

The currency is the Sri Lankan rupee, the conversion is about 1€=160 rs. This conversion must be updated.

Because the country has many waterfalls, most of Sri Lanka’s electricity is powered by hydropower.

4th largest producer in the world after China, India and Kenya, Sri Lanka is one of the world’s largest tea exporters. 4% of the territory is occupied by tea plantations. On average, 20 kg of leaves are collected daily by each picker.

On the ancient sites and ancient Buddhist monasteries, we find the history of the ancestral practice of natural herbal Ayurvedic medicine. The vast and specialized knowledge of physicians and surgeons in ancient times is amazing. Ayurveda has spread to us; it is taught at Colombo University and officially practiced in Sri Lanka.

Nearly 2600 plants in Sri Lanka are used in Ayurvedic pharmacy.

For example, spice cinnamon from Sri Lanka was discovered by the Egyptians.

8 sites are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites

The historic city of polonnaruwa (1982), the ancient city of sigiriya (1982), the holy city of anuradhapura, the old town of galle and its fortifications (1988), the sacred city of kandy (1988), golden temple of dambulla, sinharaja forest reserve, the central highlands.

This sacred city was established around a cutting of the “tree of awakening”, the Buddha fig tree, whose cutting was brought in the 3rd century BC by Sanghamitta, founder of a female Buddhist order. Anuradhapura, Ceylon’s political and religious capital for 1,300 years, was abandoned in 993 following invasions. Long buried under a thick jungle, the city, with its palaces, monasteries and other monuments, is once again accessible in its admirable site.

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The Island of Sri Lanka in All its Glory

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Sri Lanka. Land and Climate. The island nation of Sri Lanka sits fewer than 20 miles off the coast of India. Covering 25,332 square miles, it is slightly larger than West Virginia. About 32 percent of the land is forested (down from 80 percent due to deforestation).

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Land and Climate • The island nation of Sri Lanka sits fewer than 20 miles off the coast of India. • Covering 25,332 square miles, it is slightly larger than West Virginia. • About 32 percent of the land is forested (down from 80 percent due to deforestation). • The nation's south-central region is mountainous. Tea, rubber, and coconut plantations dominate the central mountains, although terraced rice paddies are not uncommon. • Sri Lanka has a tropical climate; temperatures average 80°F (27°C) year-round.

Population • Sri Lanka's population of 21.5 million is growing by 0.86 percent annually. • Colombo, the capital and largest city, has two million inhabitants. • The ethnic Sinhalese constitute 74 percent of the population and are concentrated in the southwest. • The Tamils are divided into two groups: • the Ceylon (also called Sri Lankan) • Tamils (4 percent), whose ancestors lived on the island for centuries • The Indian Tamils (5 percent), whose ancestors were imported during the British colonial era. • About 300,000 Tamils live outside of Sri Lanka; many are refugees either in India or the West. • Tamils live in the north, south-central, and east areas.

Language • The nation's official languages are Sinhala and Tamil. • The constitution also designates English as a “link language,” or unifying language. It is widely spoken and is the primary language of commerce. • Sinhala is the primary official language.

Religion • Sri Lanka has been a stronghold of Theravada Buddhism, the more conservative branch of the religion. • Buddhism is practiced by nearly 70 percent of the population. • About 7 percent of Sri Lankans (mostly Tamils) are Hindus. • Some Buddhists also honor various Hindu deities.

Personal Appearance • Sri Lankans take great pride in their appearance; it is rare to see a person not wearing clean and pressed clothes when away from home. • Although the youth and people in cities wear Western-style clothing, traditional forms of dress remain popular.

Traditional Attire for Women • Women may wear a tight blouse and a saree, a wraparound dress that reaches to the ankles. • Women also wear a redda (a wraparound skirt that is tucked at the waist) with a hatte (blouse) that leaves the midriff bare.

Traditional Attire for Men • Traditional attire for men may include loose-fitting trousers combined with a long shirt that reaches to mid-thigh. • The shirt has long, loose sleeves and buttons to the neck. • Men might also wear a sarong that reaches to the ankles.

Family • The extended family is important in society. Even if a nuclear family has its own household, it often will live very close to relatives. • The husband dominates the family, but the wife manages the household and influences all family matters. • Women have economic and political opportunities outside the home but are expected to maintain all household responsibilities as well. • Women do not go out alone after dark.

The Elderly • Parents expect to provide their children with all basic needs, even into adulthood. • The elderly receive deep respect, and younger family members often yield to their advice and counsel. • Children are expected to care for their elderly parents when necessary.

Housing • For the upper and middle classes in urban areas, cement and brick are the most common building materials. • However, most Sri Lankans live in three- to five-room houses made of cinderblock or a mixture of clay and sand. • High roofs help keep rooms cool. • Indoor or attached bathrooms are common in cities, but many villagers still have an outhouse and bathe using water from a well or stream. • The electricity network now reaches most Sri Lankans, however, in some isolated villages, car batteries, solar panels, and household generators power homes.

Dating and Marriage • Dating in the Western sense is not common in Sri Lanka. • Boys and girls get to know each other mostly through school, but interacting in groups is becoming more acceptable. • If a young couple begins a serious relationship, they are expected to eventually marry. • Such couples do go out to parks and so forth, but not always with the knowledge of their parents. • More and more people are choosing their own mates, especially in urban areas, but arranged marriages are still common.. Marriage between members of different ethnic groups is socially unacceptable.

Recreation • Cricket is the most popular sport in Sri Lanka, followed by soccer, table tennis, volleyball.

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South Asia Brief: Sri Lanka Hones Its Balancing Act

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Sri Lanka Hones Its Balancing Act

Colombo has demonstrated its own brand of strategic autonomy on issues from russia’s war in ukraine to china’s global footprint..

• Foreign & Public Diplomacy
• Geopolitics
• United States
• Michael Kugelman

Welcome to  Foreign Policy ’s South Asia Brief.

The highlights this week: Sri Lanka showcases its own brand of strategic autonomy, recent terrorist attacks in Pakistan underscore the threat to Chinese workers and infrastructure in the country, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi seeks to sway voters in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

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Sri lanka’s strategic autonomy.

Most South Asian governments tend to have nonaligned foreign policies, balancing their relations with major powers. This maximizes their diplomatic flexibility and ability to operate independently on the world stage, also known as strategic autonomy. India and Pakistan are two prominent examples: They both balance their relations with the United States and at least one of its core rivals (Russia and China, respectively).

But it’s important not to overlook Sri Lanka: In the last two years, Colombo has quietly and successfully navigated global conflict and great-power rivalry. Like many other countries in the region, Sri Lanka has not condemned Russia’s war in Ukraine, even though resulting price shocks exacerbated its own economic crisis in 2022. Yet it has called for an end to the war and announced new measures that step up economic and energy ties with India.

This week, Sri Lanka’s government announced a $1 million donation to assist children in Gaza affected by the Israel-Hamas war, following the establishment of a national Children of Gaza Fund calling for contributions from the Sri Lankan public. The country has previously announced other aid commitments , expressed solidarity with Palestinians, and accused the European Union of “ double standards ” in its approach to Gaza.

But Sri Lanka is also a close friend of Israel, which supplied arms to the Sri Lankan military during its decades-long civil war. Since the Israel-Hamas war began, Sri Lanka has reached a controversial deal that enables Israel to hire Sri Lankan workers, and its diplomats in Israel have delivered assistance and donated blood. Colombo also joined the U.S.-led military campaign against Houthi attacks in the Red Sea, making it the only South Asian country to do so.

Meanwhile, Sri Lanka has strengthened economic ties with China and already hosts many large Chinese infrastructure projects. Sri Lankan President Ranil Wickremesinghe has also embraced Beijing’s position on key issues, including the AUKUS security alliance between Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, which he has labeled a “mistake,” and the term “Indo-Pacific,” which he has called an “ artificial framework .”

However, last November, Colombo inked a $553 million deal with the U.S. International Development Finance Corp. to support a port development project in Colombo that is backed by India’s Adani Group. In January, Sri Lanka imposed a one-year ban on Chinese research ships entering its ports. The move came soon after Wickremesinghe rejected Indian allegations that Chinese spy vessels have docked in Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka’s actions may be driven by a commitment to strategic autonomy, but its motivations are as much about practicality as principle. The country is emerging from an acute economic crisis, and it needs as much financial assistance as it can get. It’s easier to achieve that goal when it works with all the major powers. It’s not coincidental that China, India, and the United States were three of Sri Lanka’s most generous donors during its crisis.

Wickremesinghe must also proceed cautiously during an election year for Sri Lanka. Colombo’s deals with Beijing, including the latter’s 99-year lease on the Hambantota International Port, have led to increased anti-China sentiment in the country in recent years. But the president will also do everything he can to distance himself from his wildly unpopular predecessor, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, who remains a political ally of Wickremesinghe.

Rajapaksa, who heavily courted Chinese investments while in office from 2019 to 2022, published a book last month that lambasts Beijing for providing loans that deepened Colombo’s economic crisis. This gives Wickremesinghe some incentive to show some love for China in order to distance himself from Rajapaksa’s position.

South Asia has become a battleground for geopolitical rivalry, which puts pressure on the region’s nonaligned governments to take sides. But to this point, Sri Lanka has navigated this state of affairs successfully, demonstrating the capacity of states in the global south to reinforce multipolarity in the current world order.

What We’re Following

China-Pakistan ties. Last week, five Chinese nationals working on a dam project in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province were killed in a suicide attack on their way to the site. It was the latest incident underscoring that China has become the biggest foreign target for terrorists in Pakistan, despite being a key partner. The threat has grown with the implementation of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative.

Also last week, militants attacked the Turbat naval air base in Balochistan; according to some analysts, China has operated drones from the base. And on March 20, Pakistani security forces repulsed an assault near the Gwadar Port, a linchpin of CPEC. The Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) claimed responsibility for both the Turbat and Gwadar attacks and cited Chinese investments in Pakistan as justification for its assault on the air base.

No group has claimed the attack on the Chinese workers; in 2021, Pakistani officials blamed Tehrik-i-Taliban (TTP) for an attack that killed Chinese nationals working on the same dam. But the BLA, the TTP, and the Islamic State-Khorasan all have China in their crosshairs in Pakistan. In recent years, militants have attacked the Chinese Consulate and a Confucius Institute in Karachi, as well as hotels hosting Chinese nationals in Balochistan.

Pakistani officials have repeatedly pledged to strengthen security for Chinese interests in the country, so the continued assaults should concern Beijing. It has demanded a thorough probe into the attack that killed the dam workers and sent its own investigators. China is unlikely to set red lines, such as threatening to suspend investments, but other tough measures can’t be ruled out if there are more attacks, such as halting work on projects in vulnerable areas.

Modi’s Tamil Nadu tactics. On Sunday, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi blasted the main opposition Indian National Congress party—for a diplomatic decision made 50 years ago. In 1974, then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi negotiated an end to a maritime border dispute by recognizing Sri Lanka’s claim over Katchatheevu, a small island 20 miles off the southern coast of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Modi denounced the decision as “callous” and said the Congress party has weakened India’s “unity, integrity, and interests … for 75 years and counting.” On Monday, Indian External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said Sri Lanka had detained more than 6,000 Indian fishermen in the last two decades, suggesting its possession of Katchatheevu has worsened the plight of communities in Tamil Nadu.

The comments are unlikely to cause tensions between India and Sri Lanka. They are clearly part of a tactic to appeal to long-standing grievances and secure votes in a Tamil Nadu, one of a few southern states where the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party has struggled to gain traction. This underscores how Modi—despite being heavily favored to win reelection in national polls that begin this month—is leaving no stone unturned on the campaign trail.

Imran Khan’s sentence suspended. On Monday, an Islamabad high court suspended the 14-year jail sentence handed down to former Prime Minister Imran Khan in January by another court on charges related to the alleged mishandling of state gifts during his tenure. Khan’s supporters describe the charges as politically motivated, and the sentence was announced shortly before Pakistan’s Feb. 8 elections.

However, Khan is unlikely to be released from jail anytime soon because he still faces many other charges . Khan has been in jail since August 2023, following a long confrontation with the country’s military leadership and a relentless crackdown on his Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party. Notably, his sentence was suspended days after the emergence of a bombshell letter from six Pakistani high court justices to the Supreme Judicial Council.

The letter alleged that Pakistan’s main intelligence agency has interfered in Pakistan’s legal process, going as far as placing secret cameras in the living room and bedroom of a Pakistani judge. The timing of the Monday court decision could be coincidental, but it may hint at a tug of war between the security establishment and the judiciary behind the scenes.

Under the Radar

A recent study from the Paris-based World Inequality Lab has sparked debate and struck a nerve in India. Co-written by a group of prominent economists that includes Thomas Piketty, the provocatively titled “The Rise of the Billionaire Raj” argues that economic inequality in India has reached its highest level since the colonial era.

The study concludes that India’s top 1 percent income share is among the world’s largest—higher than that of the United States—and attributes this steep inequality to the structure of India’s tax code and a lack of public investment in education and health care, among other factors.

India’s government, which often rejects international studies and rankings that cast the country in a poor light, will likely bristle at the report’s conclusions. Some Indian analysts have already questioned its methodology. But the study, even if indirectly, flags some important challenges to India’s economic growth story in the long term.

India has massive numbers of young, working-age people, but the country is at risk of not capitalizing on its demographic dividend because of an insufficient number of skilled workers. There are also large numbers of Indians working in low-growth sectors, such as agriculture, and not enough people working in newer, high-growth sectors, such as technology and the services industry.

FP’s Most Read This Week

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Regional Voices

In the Express Tribune , former Pakistani official Sahibzada Riaz Noor argues that Islamabad must make major changes to its economy to wean itself off reliance on the International Monetary Fund (IMF). “After 3 to 4 years of a hard slog can we hope to get out of the repeated IMF cycle? It will depend upon how seriously we buckle up to putting our own house in order,” he writes.

Journalist Vir Sanghvi writes in the Hindustan Times that restaurants in India are becoming more respected globally and showing up in rankings of the world’s top eateries. “If you stick to making the best food possible then you may have ups and (relative) lows but the world will be forced to acknowledge your commitment to excellence,” he writes.

A Prothom Alo editorial highlights Bangladesh’s major hassles during the Eid holiday, when there often aren’t enough trains to bring travelers home. “The number of trains can only be increased by ending the irregularities, corruption and black marketing of ticket[s]” within the rail system, it argues.

Michael Kugelman is the writer of Foreign Policy ’s weekly South Asia Brief. He is the director of the South Asia Institute at the Wilson Center in Washington. Twitter:  @michaelkugelman

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How pakistan plays into india’s elections, 4 books to understand modern india, 5 charts that explain india, becoming indian, meet india’s generation z, editors’ picks.

• 1 The New Idea of India
• 2 America’s Next Soldiers Will Be Machines
• 3 ‘Civil War’ Succeeds Because Its Politics Make No Sense
• 4 How Will Israel Respond to the Iranian Attack?
• 5 The Tragedy of Haiti
• 6 Washington’s Failed Africa Policy Needs a Reset

After Failure in Niger, US Africa Policy Needs a Reset

How will israel respond to the iranian attack, review: hbo's 'the regime' misunderstands autocracy, the global south and a new international economic order (nieo), iran launches retaliatory drone attack against israel, more from foreign policy, nobody actually knows what russia does next.

The West’s warnings about Vladimir Putin’s future plans are getting louder—but not any more convincing.

China Is Gaslighting the Developing World

Beijing’s promises of equality are a guise for hegemony.

Post-Erdogan Turkey Is Finally Here

Last weekend’s elections offer a first glimpse of a political future beyond the reigning strongman.

How the United States Lost Niger

Growing Russian, Chinese, and Iranian influence in the Sahel is testing Washington’s clout in an increasingly strategic continent.

Washington’s Failed Africa Policy Needs a Reset

America’s next soldiers will be machines, ‘civil war’ succeeds because its politics make no sense, iran launches retaliatory attacks against israel, who’s afraid of the global south, ‘the regime’ misunderstands autocracy.

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