assignment of rents lien

Assignment of Rents – What, Why, and How?

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Madelaine prescott, esq., share this post:.

• November 29, 2023

These days, almost all commercial loans include an Assignment of Rents as part of the Deed of Trust or Mortgage. But what is an Assignment of Rents, why is this such an important tool, and how are they enforced?

An Assignment of Rents (“AOR”) is used to grant the lender on a transaction a security interest in existing and future leases, rents, issues, or profits generated by the secured property, including cash proceeds, in the event a borrower defaults on their loan. The lender can use the AOR to step in and directly collect rental payments made by the tenant. For an AOR to be effective, the lender’s interest must be perfected, which has a few fairly simple requirements. The AOR must be in writing, executed by the borrower, and recorded with the county where the property is located. Including an AOR in the recorded Deed of Trust or Mortgage is the easiest and most common way to ensure the AOR meets these requirements should it ever need to be utilized.

When a borrower defaults, lenders can take advantage of AORs as an alternative to foreclosure to recoup their investment. With a shorter timeline and significantly lower costs, it is certainly an attractive option for lenders looking to get defaulted borrowers back on track with payments, without the potential of having to take back a property and attempting to either manage it or sell it in hopes of getting your money back out of the property. AORs can be a quick and easy way for the lender to get profits generated by the property with the goal of bringing the borrower out of default. But lenders should carefully monitor how much is owed versus how much has been collected. If the AOR generates enough funds so that the borrower is no longer in default, the lender must stop collecting rents generated by the property.

Enforcement of an AOR can also incentivize borrowers to work with the lender to formulate a plan, as many borrowers rely on rental income to cover expenses related to the property or their businesses. Borrowers are generally more willing to come to the table and negotiate a mutual, amicable resolution with the lender in order to protect their own investment. A word of warning to lenders though: since rental income is frequently used to pay expenses on the property, such as the property manager, maintenance, taxes, and other expenses, the lender needs to ensure they do not unintentionally hurt the value of the property by letting these important expenses fall behind. This may hurt the lender’s investment as well, as the property value could suffer, liens could be placed on the property, or the property may fall into disrepair if not properly maintained. It is also important for lenders to be aware of the statutes surrounding the payment of these expenses when an AOR is being used, as some state’s statutes require the lender to pay certain property expenses out of the collected rents if requested by the borrower.

In addition to being shorter and cheaper than foreclosure, AORs can be much easier to enforce. In California, the enforcement of an AOR is governed by California Civil Code §2938. This statute specifies enforcement methods lenders can use and restrictions on use of these funds by the lender, among other things. Under CA Civil Code §2938(c), there are 4 ways to enforce an AOR:

• The appointment of a receiver;
• Obtaining possession of the rents, issues, profits;
• Delivery to tenant of a written demand for turnover of rents, issues, and profits in the correct form; or
• Delivery to assignor of a written demand for the rents, issues, or profits.

One or more of these methods can be used to enforce an AOR. First, a receiver can be appointed by the court, and granted specific powers related to the AOR such as managing the property and collecting rents. They can have additional powers though; it just depends on what the court orders. This is not the simplest or easiest option as it requires court involvement, but this is used to enforce an AOR, especially when borrowers or tenants are uncooperative. Next is obtaining possession of the rents, issues, profits, which is exactly as it seems; lenders can simply obtain actual possession of these and apply the funds to the loan under their AOR.

The third and fourth options each require delivery of a written demand to certain parties, directing them to pay rent to the lender instead of to the landlord. Once the demand is made, the tenant pays their rent directly to the lender, who then applies the funds to the defaulted loan. These are both great pre-litigation options, with advantages over the first two enforcement methods since actual possession can be difficult to obtain and courts move slowly with high costs to litigate. The written demands require a specific form to follow called the “Demand To Pay Rent to Party Other Than Landlord”, as found at CA Civil Code §2938(k). There are other notice requirements to be followed here, so it is essential to consult with an experienced attorney if you are considering either of these options. California Civil Code §2938 specifically provides that none of the four enforcement methods violate California’s One Action Rule nor the Anti-Deficiency Rule, so lenders can confidently enforce their AORs using the above methods with peace of mind that they are not violating other California laws.

Whether you are looking to originate a new loan, or you are facing a default by your borrower, understanding what an Assignment of Rents is and how it operates can be extremely beneficial. Enforcing an AOR can be an easier option than foreclosure and can help promote a good relationship with your borrower when handled correctly. If you have any questions about AORs, or need further details on how to enforce them, Geraci is here to help.

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Properly Enforcing an Assignment of Rents

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In Florida, lenders typically obtain an “assignment of rents” if the property produces income by collecting rent, such as an apartment complex, rental home, rental space, or office building. An “assignment of rents” allows the lender to collect the rent payments, if the borrower defaults on their loan payments. Although the lender and borrower may agree to the assignment of rents in the loan documents, the procedure for enforcing the assignment of rent is governed by   Section 697.07, Florida Statutes .

The Assignment of Rents Should be Recorded

If a lender and borrower agree to the assignment of rents as security for repayment of debt in a mortgage document, the lender will hold a lien on the rent payments.  However, to perfect its rents lien against third parties, the lender must record the mortgage in the public records of the county in which the real property is located. Fla. Stat. § 697.07 (2).

How Can a Lender Enforce the Assignment of Rents?

Section 697.07 provides two methods for the lender to enforce the assignment of rent: (i) the actual assignment of rent to the lender, and (ii) the sequestration of rents into the court registry. Wane v. U.S. Bank, Nat’l Ass’n , 128 So. 3d 932, 934 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (“Section 697.07 draws a clear line between a motion seeking sequestration of rents into the court registry [under subsection (4)] and a motion seeking an actual assignment of rents to the lender pending foreclosure [under subsection (3)].”).

(i) Actual Assignment of Rent to the Lender

The first method, the actual assignment of rent to the lender, is provided in Section 697.07 (3). If the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender can make a written demand to the borrower to turn over “all rents in possession or control of the [borrower] at the time of the written demand or collected thereafter,” minus any expenses authorized by the lender in writing. Fla. Stat. § 697.07 (3). If the borrower does not turn over rent payments after the lender has made a written demand, the lender may foreclose on the rents lien and collect rent payments, without having to foreclose on the underlying mortgage. Ginsberg v. Lennar Fla. Holdings, Inc. , 645 So. 2d 490, 498 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994) (“[A]n assignment of rent creates a lien on the rents in favor of the mortgagee, and the mortgagee will have the right to foreclose that lien and collect the rents, without the necessity of foreclosing on the underlying mortgage.”).

To receive a court order for the actual assignment of rent, the lender will have to prove that there was a default, and that it made a written demand to the borrower to turn over rent payment. Wane , 128 So. 3d at 934. Additionally, an evidentiary hearing will be required.

(ii) Sequestration of Rent Into the Court Registry

The second method, the sequestration of rent into the court registry, is provided in Section 697.07 (4). This method can only be used if there is a pending mortgage foreclosure lawsuit. Unlike the first method, the lender does not have to prove that there was a default or make a written demand, and an evidentiary hearing is not required.

Either the borrower or lender may make a motion to the court for sequestration of rent into the court registry. Upon such a motion, a court, pending final judgment of foreclosure, may require the borrower to deposit the collected rents into the court, or in such other depository as the court may designate. The court must hear the motion on an expedited basis, and the moving party will only be required to show that there is a pending foreclosure lawsuit, and that there is a provision in the loan documents for the assignment of rent. Wane , 128 So. 3d at 934.

Moreover, a borrower cannot avoid sequestration of rents by raising defenses or counterclaims. Id. ; Fla. Stat. § 697.07 (4). In addition, the borrower will be required to submit records of receipt of rent to the court and lender, typically on a monthly basis throughout the lawsuit. The rents will remain in the court registry until conclusion of the foreclosure action.

To properly enforce the assignment of rents, the first thing lenders should do is record the assignment of rents in the public records of the county in which the real property is located. In the event the borrower defaults on their loan, the lender will have two options to enforce the assignment of rents: the actual assignment of rent to the lender (Section 697.07 (3)), or the sequestration of rents into the court registry (Section 697.07 (4)). If the lender is seeking the actual assignment of rent, the lender must send a written demand to the borrower to turn over the rent payments and provide proof of default. On the other hand, the lender may seek sequestration without proof of default or written demand. Showing the existence of an assignment of rents provision in the loan documents is sufficient to obtain sequestration of rents into the court registry.

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REAL ESTATE LAW

What is a deed of trust with assignment of rents.

By Rebecca K. McDowell, J.D.

February 24, 2020

Reviewed by Michelle Seidel, B.Sc., LL.B., MBA

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• What Is a Corporate Assignment of Deed of Trust?

A deed of trust is a written instrument granting a lien on real property. While slightly different from a mortgage, they are functionally nearly the same. Some states use deeds of trust instead of mortgages while others allow both. Either way, a deed of trust used to secure a commercial loan may also include an assignment of rents , which gives the lender the right to collect rental income from the property in the event of default.

What Is a Deed of Trust?

A ​ deed of trust ​ is a document that a borrower may execute in favor of a lender to give the lender a lien on a parcel of real estate. Like a mortgage, a deed of trust secures the loan by allowing the lender to foreclose on the real estate if the loan isn't paid (although in some states that use deeds of trust, a foreclosure isn't necessary).

​ Read More: ​ How to Research a Deed of Trust

Deed of Trust vs. Mortgage

A deed of trust is very similar to a mortgage in that it pledges property to secure a loan. A mortgage, however, is simpler; the property owner executes a mortgage document in favor of the lender, and the lender records the mortgage and has a lien , but the property owner still holds title to the property.

A deed of trust, on the other hand, grants an actual ownership interest in the property to a trustee, who holds the property in trust for the lender until the obligation is paid.

What Is an Assignment of Rents?

An ​ assignment of rents ​ is extra security granted to a lender that provides a commercial loan. Commercial loans are loans that are not made for family or household use but for business purposes.

When a borrower grants a mortgage or deed of trust on real estate and the real estate has tenants who pay rent, the lender can demand an assignment of rents in addition to the mortgage or deed of trust.

The assignment of rents means that if the borrower defaults on the loan, the lender can step in and collect the rents directly from the tenants.

Deed of Trust With Assignment of Rents

A deed of trust may contain an assignment of rents clause for that same property. In addition to a clause in the deed of trust, the lender may also require the borrower to execute a separate document called an "Assignment of Rents" that is recorded with the register of deeds.

Whether the assignment is written in the deed of trust only or is also contained in a separate document, it is binding on the borrower as long as its language is clear and sufficient to create an assignment under state law.

Exercising an Assignment of Rents

When a lender decides to collect the rents on the borrower's property, the lender is said to be exercising the assignment of rents. The lender cannot exercise the assignment unless the borrower has defaulted on the loan. Once that happens, the lender can send a written demand to the tenant or tenants, requiring that the rents be paid directly to the lender.

Absolute Assignments of Rents

An assignment of rents most likely will contain language that the assignment is an ​ absolute assignment ​. In most states, an absolute assignment gives the lender an immediate interest in the rents. This means that the lender actually owns the rents and is simply allowing the borrower to collect them on license until an event of default. Once a default occurs, the lender can intercept the rents without taking any court action; a letter to the tenants is all that's needed.

Every state's laws are different; the law of the state where the property is located will dictate how a lender can exercise an assignment of rents.

​ Read More: ​ What Is the Difference Between a Deed and a Deed of Trust?

• Companies Incorporated: Mortgage States and Deed of Trust States
• American Bar Association: Commercial Real Estate FAQs
• Schulte Roth & Zabel: Sixth Circuit Upholds Assignment of Rents to Secured Lender
• Findlaw: California Civil Code - CIV § 2938
• Legal Beagle: What Is the Difference Between a Deed and a Deed of Trust?
• Legal Beagle: How to Research a Deed of Trust
• Legal Beagle: Documents Needed to Refinance a Mortgage
• Legal Beagle: How to File a Property Lien

Rebecca K. McDowell is a creditors' rights attorney with a special focus on bankruptcy and insolvency. She has a B.A. in English from Albion College and a J.D. from Wayne State University Law School. She has written legal articles for Nolo and the Bankruptcy Site.

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Assignment Of Leases And Rents

Jump to section, what is an assignment of leases and rents.

The assignment of leases and rents, also known as the assignment of leases rents and profits, is a legal document that gives a mortgage lender right to any future profits that may come from leases and rents when a property owner defaults on their loan. This document is usually attached to a mortgage loan agreement.

Assignment of leases and rents allows lenders to a degree of financial protection in case a loan default occurs. This document is an agreement made between a borrower and a lender of mortgage loans. It often details an exact amount the lender will be entitled to if a default happens.

Common Sections in Assignments Of Leases And Rents

Below is a list of common sections included in Assignments Of Leases And Rents. These sections are linked to the below sample agreement for you to explore.

Assignment Of Leases And Rents Sample

Reference : Security Exchange Commission - Edgar Database, EX-10.9 10 d368735dex109.htm ASSIGNMENT OF LEASES AND RENTS , Viewed October 4, 2021, View Source on SEC .

Who Helps With Assignments Of Leases And Rents?

Lawyers with backgrounds working on assignments of leases and rents work with clients to help. Do you need help with an assignment of leases and rents?

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Robert is a sixth-generation Tennessean and part of a long line of Tennessee attorneys: There has been a Marks attorney in Tennessee since 1856. In 1929, Robert’s great-grandfather established an event venue, Shadowbrook, which Robert has worked at his entire life, including managing for 10 years. He knows what business owners are dealing with—especially venue owners—because he has dealt with it. While Robert loves the hospitality industry, he pursued his passion. In 2016, Robert decided to attend law school and continue managing the business. He thrived. He was a founding member of the Nashville School of Law's Legal Aid Society, received the Tennessee Supreme Court’s Law Student for Justice award, and interned with the Tennessee Supreme Court's Access to Justice Commission. Before co-founding Mercury Legal Group, Robert focused on estate planning in solo practice. In this role, he helped clients protect what they had spent a lifetime building. Now he helps his clients build their businesses by providing tailored legal services.

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Ms. Ayub is an attorney licensed to practice in Texas. Before moving to the US, she has a number of years of experience in contract review, analysis and drafting. Ms. Ayub is available to help you with your legal problems, as well as filling LLC and other business entity formation documents. To know more about her practice, please visit https://ayublawfirmpllc.com/.

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I have dedicated my professional career and practice to Federal Government Procurement Law. My practice includes experience as an Army JAG who specialized in Government Procurement Law who represented contracting commands and requiring activities both deployed and in the United States and now as a civilian attorney who represents clients in all aspects of Federal Government Procurement Law. My clients are people and firms that are developing technology through the SBIR/STTR programs, OT's, and businesses using Small Business Administration (SBA) contracting programs.

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• What is an assignment of rents?

by Brian D. Moreno, Esq., CCAL | General Real Estate Law , Homeowners Association

With the collection of assessments, community associations are always looking for creative ways to increase the chance of recovery.  One underutilized remedy that may provide associations good results is an assignment of rents.  If an owner-landlord fails to pay HOA assessments but continues to collect rent payments from his or her tenant, the association should consider rent assignment.  There are prejudgment and post-judgment rent assignment remedies that can be pursued with regard to the delinquency.  A post-judgment rent assignment can be pursued by way of a request to the court after a Judgment is entered against the owner-landlord.

A prejudgment rent assignment can be pursued even before filing a lawsuit if executed properly.  In California, Civil Code Section 2938 regulates the formation and enforcement of the assignment of rents and profits generated by a lease agreement relating to real property.  It provides that “[a] written assignment of an interest in leases, rents, issues, or profits of real property made in connection with an obligation secured by real property. . .shall, upon execution and delivery by the assignor, be effective to create a present security interest in existing and future leases, rents, issues, or profits of that real property. . . .”   Once a written assignment of rents is properly authorized and formed, the law creates a security interest (i.e., lien) against the rents and profits paid by a tenant. 

The question then is whether the association’s CC&Rs, by itself, creates an assignment of the right to a tenant’s rent payment in favor of the association.  Indeed, section 2938(b) provides that the assignment of an interest in leases or rent of real property may be recorded in the same manner as any other conveyance of an interest in real property, whether the assignment is in a separate document or part of a mortgage or deed of trust.  Since a homeowners association’s CC&Rs is a recorded document and contains covenants, equitable servitudes, easements, and other property interests against the development, it follows that the assignment of rents relief provided in Section 2938(b) can be extended to community associations provided the CC&Rs contains an appropriate assignment of rents provision.

Section 2938, however, does not clarify whether the CC&Rs document on its own creates a lien and enforceable assignment right.  Moreover, a deed of trust is much different than a set of CC&Rs, in that the deed of trust creates a lien against the trustor’s property upon recordation, while a homeowners association would not have a lien until an owner becomes delinquent with his or her assessments and the association records an assessment lien against the property.  Therefore, depending on the scope of the assignment of rents provision in the CC&Rs, a homeowners association would likely need to record an assessment lien first before pursuing rents from a tenant.  Moreover, even after a lien is recorded, homeowners associations should consider adding a provision in the assessment lien giving notice to the delinquent owner that an assignment right is in effect upon recordation of the assessment lien.  Nevertheless, association Boards should consult with legal counsel to ensure proper compliance with the law.

Once the assignment right becomes enforceable, the next issue is how the Association can and should proceed.  Section 2938(c)(3) allows the association to serve a pre-lawsuit demand (a sample of which is included in the statute) on the tenant(s), demanding that the tenant(s) turn over all rent payments to the association.  This can be a powerful tool for homeowners associations.  Moreover, if the tenant complies, the association will receive substantial monthly payments that can be applied towards the assessment debt, and collecting the funds does not appear to preclude the association from pursuing judicial or non-judicial foreclosure proceedings at a later time.

While homeowner associations have the option of pursuing a lawsuit against the delinquent owner and seeking to collect the rent payments after a judgment has been obtained, there are obvious advantages to enforcing the assignment of rents provision prior to pursuing litigation.  A pre-lawsuit assignment of rents demand may prove to be more effective and cheaper.  Additionally, the tenant affected by the assignment of rents demand may place additional pressures on the delinquent owner/landlord having received such a demand.  Given this, the options available pursuant to Section 2938, including the pre-lawsuit demand for rents, should at least be considered and analyzed before action is taken.

Truly, the initial pre-lawsuit demand for rents may persuade the landlord-owner to resolve the delinquency with the association in the face of the potential disturbance of the landlord-tenant relationship.  Even if the tenant fails to comply with the demand and/or the owner fails to bring the account current, the association could nonetheless pursue foreclosure remedies and/or seek to have a receiver appointed to specifically enforce the assignment of rents provision.

In sum, if a delinquent homeowner is leasing the property to a tenant, the homeowners association should consider making a pre-lawsuit demand for rent payments.  If the association’s CC&Rs does not contain an assignment of rents provision, the board of directors should consider amending the CC&Rs to include an appropriate provision.  Without question, the pre-lawsuit demand for rents could provide an excellent opportunity for recovery of unpaid assessments during these difficult economic times.

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Assignment of Rents & Leases

Assignment of rents and leases in business and real estate transactions.

An “Assignment of Rents and Leases” is a crucial legal instrument that significantly impacts commercial and residential real estate, and mergers and acquisitions of real estate. Having a properly drafted and executed assignment means the rights and assets that are transferred give the new party (the assignee) the right to receive payments.

What is an assignment of rents and leases?

An assignment of rents and leases is a legal agreement in which the individual or company entitled to receive payments transfers that right to another party. Most often, this occurs (1) when a property owner hires a property manager, or (2) in acquisitions, such as a property management company selling their accounts to another property management company or a commercial landlord selling their portfolio to a buyer.

How is an assignment of rents and leases used?

This arrangement is often utilized in business sales, account sales, financing, and investment transactions as a means of securing debt or protecting the interests of the lender or property owner.

In the financing context, an assignment often grants the lender or assignee the authority to collect and apply the rents from the property should the borrower default on their loan; this is important when the borrower collateralizes real estate in order to receive the loan. In a property management context, an assignment often serves to effectively transfer management rights to the new company.

An assignment of rents and leases is probably most commonly used in a commercial real estate context when there is a sale of a commercial property, or in the residential real estate context when there is a change in property managers.

What terms should be included in an assignment of rents and leases?

Certain components should be included in a proper assignment. Here are a few of the foundational terms for an assignment of rents and leases:

• Parties. All parties should be clearly identified and defined. This can include the borrower, lender, assignee, assignor, successor, etc.
• Property description. The real estate parcel(s) involved in the assignment should be described by legal description, street address, and more.
• Lease terms, rents, and disclosures. The actual lease agreements that are being transferred to the new landlord, property manager, lender, etc. should be provided to the assignor/successor, along with an easy-to-read schedule of rents and other crucial details per parcel or premises.
• Rights and obligations. Each party should have their rules, permissions, and contractual rights and obligations outlined in the assignment language. The rights and obligations of each stakeholder will be widely varied based on the needs and financial position of each party, the existing leases being assigned, and the specifics of the subject properties.

Best Commercial Real Estate Attorneys in Oklahoma

It is crucial to engage an attorney with experience in properly negotiating, drafting, and executing assignments of rents and leases. They can guide you through the process, ensuring that the assignment is tailored to your specific needs and complies with all relevant legal requirements. The attorneys of Avenue Legal Group have the experience you need and want in your transaction. Contact our firm to discuss your transaction, assignment of rents and leases, or other real estate documentation.

Looking for local counsel in Oklahoma for your commercial real estate transaction? Our firm frequently works with attorneys, investors, and lenders from outside the state. Contact us by call, text, email, or website submission to discuss your matter.

Other helpful information:

• Commercial Real Estate Transactions in Oklahoma
• Due Diligence in Oklahoma Real Estate Transactions
• Essential Terms for Every Commercial Lease
• Attorney for Real Estate Contract Review
• Estate Planning
• Real Estate and Investing

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Assignment of leases and rents: absolutely collateral.

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Jeffrey B. Steiner[/caption] Generally speaking, rents comprise the principal income derived from commercial real property ownership prior to the sale of the property. In traditional, non-recourse lending, where the special purpose entity borrower may become insolvent, lenders rely on the rent and related income from the property as security for the loan. One mechanism employed by commercial mortgage lenders to secure their interest in the rental stream is to require in the mortgage document an assignment of leases and rents pursuant to which the borrower ‘presently and absolutely’ assigns to the lender the rents from the real property. In turn, the lender grants the borrower a license, revocable upon an event of default, to collect and use the rents. Lenders have elected to include the language purporting to affect a “present” and “absolute” transfer with the hope of achieving the benefits of an “absolute” assignment of the rents over a “collateral” assignment. If the assignment is deemed to be an “absolute” transfer of legal title of the rents from the borrower to the lender, then such assignment would become enforceable immediately upon an event of default and revocation of borrower’s license to collect and use the rents—meaning, that the lender would have the right and ability to collect the rents directly from the tenants as soon as an event of default has occurred. By contrast, if the assignment is considered “collateral,” the lender runs the risk that, following an event of default and a resulting borrower bankruptcy, the rents will be deemed property of the bankruptcy estate, subject to a bankruptcy plan and protected by the Bankruptcy Code’s automatic stay. Case Law New York case law surrounding the treatment of assignments of leases and rents, whether by “absolute” or “collateral” assignment nominally suggests that judges will give effect to the intended purpose of these assignments, ignoring such “absolute” assignment language and interpreting the assignment as a “collateral” one for the mortgage loan. For this reason, a majority of New York state courts have ruled that lenders cannot create an absolute assignment of leases and rents in a mortgage transaction regardless of the language used. In Dream Team Assocs. v. Broadway City , 2003 N.Y. Slip Op 50894U, 2003 WL 21203342 (N.Y.Civ.Ct. May 7, 2003), for instance, the court addressed the question of whether an assignment of rents constitutes an absolute assignment and ruled that “[u]nder New York law…the language used in the assignment instrument itself is not determinative of what rights are actually transferred.” Relying on the fact that New York is a “lien theory” state rather than a “title theory” state, state courts typically hold that an assignment of leases and rents, regardless of the wording of the provision or form taken, will not be a present assignment when given as security for the loan. It follows then that, if assignments of rents do not serve to transfer immediate title to the rents, they instead transfer equitable title and constitute a pledge of the rents to which the lender cannot become entitled until taking some extra, affirmative enforcement steps. In In re Soho 25 Retail , No. ADV. 11-1286-SHL, 2011 WL 1333084, at *6–8 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. March 31, 2011), the court sought to summarize certain potential steps to enforcement as follows: “requesting the appointment of a receiver to collect the rents, demanding or taking possession [of the property], commencing foreclosure proceedings, or seeking an order for the sequestration of rents.” These additional, affirmative steps do not seem onerous at first glance. However, as any mortgage lender will attest, the foreclosure process in New York State is slow. Furthermore, mortgage lenders are properly advised to avoid the exercise of any such rights prior to an appointment of a receiver or the consummation of foreclosure for fear of being found to be a mortgagee in possession, which could cause lenders to be deemed to have assumed all of the same duties and liabilities of the owner of the property. The rule was recently restated by the court in Allen v. Echeverria , 11 N.Y.S.3d 170, 173 (N.Y. App. Div. 2015), that is, a mortgagee who takes possession of the property mortgaged as collateral is “bound to employ the same care and supervision over the mortgaged premises that a reasonably prudent owner would exercise in relation to his own property; he is bound to make reasonable and needed repairs, and is responsible for any loss or damage occasioned by his willful default or gross neglect in this regard.” Most commercial mortgage lenders are not in the business of managing properties and do not want to be subject to the liability that could arise during such management, especially when the title to the property remains vested in an adverse party, i.e., its defaulted borrower. In light of the bankruptcy risks and the potential that an assignment of rents will not be deemed an absolute assignment, vigilant lenders will avail themselves of alternative mechanisms to exert control over the rents, namely, (i) cash management arrangements and (ii) guaranties that provide for liability in the event of a misappropriation of the rents. Through “lockbox” arrangements between the lender, the borrower and third-party banks, lenders will control the rents deposited by tenants directly into such lender-controlled clearing accounts. The rents will then be distributed according to the terms agreed upon by the parties at closing or otherwise at the direction of the lender in order to pay debt service and to accumulate reserves for the payment of property taxes and insurance. Borrowers will typically have no right to access these funds and, in all cases following an event of default, the banks will be prohibited from following any instructions received from borrowers. For loans in which lenders perceive greater risk, they can structure cash management to exercise greater control of the rents and to make less funds available to the borrower, decreasing the risk that rents will be misused. Additionally, loan documents always provide that, during an event of default, the rents deposited into the cash management accounts will be deemed to be additional collateral for the loan and may be applied by the lender to pay down the debt in lender’s sole discretion. Lenders may also protect against the misuse of rents by including a carve-out to the non-recourse nature of the mortgage loan in a guaranty executed by a borrower-affiliated person or entity. In such a guaranty, the guarantor will be liable to the lender to the extent of any loss suffered by the lender due to the misapplication or misappropriation of rents by the borrower or its affiliates.

Mortgage lenders should not rely on assignments of leases and rents, whether as a clause in the mortgage or as a separate agreement, to protect their interests in the income from their collateral prior to the appointment of a receiver or the final sale of the property at foreclosure. The enforcement of these agreements may take considerable time and money before the lender even gains a legal right to collect rents. Lenders should account for these risks by taking other legal measures which grant them greater control and actually give them enforceable rights immediately upon default. Jeffrey B. Steiner is a member of DLA Piper. Shane Goodhue, a law clerk (assoc.) at the firm, assisted in the preparation of this article.

• What is an Assignment of Rents?

WHAT IS AN ASSIGNMENT OF RENTS?

An assignment of rent is a binding contract between a lender and a borrower stipulating that in the event the borrower defaults on the mortgage, the lender will be entitled to collect any rent payments made by a tenant occupying the property. If the lender is aware that the borrower intends to use the mortgaged property as a rental property, the lender may include an assignment of rents clause in the mortgage agreement to further protect its interest. A lender may choose to enter a general assignment of rents or a specific assignment of rents.

In a general assignment of rents, the agreement is binding on all future leases. A specific assignment of rents is only binding on the specific parties listed in the agreement. In the context of a real estate transaction, an assignment of rents, whether general or specific, may be registered on title. An assignment of rent may also be registered under the Personal Property Security Act as a secured interest. An assignment of rents is typically only deleted from the title when the corresponding mortgage is discharged and paid in full.

Contact us if you require legal assistance with your real estate transaction. Our real estate law team has the experience and knowledge to assist you throughout every step of the transaction.

Disclaimer: The information contained in this article is not to be construed as legal advice. The content is drafted and published only for the purpose of providing the public with general information regarding various real estate and business law topics. For legal advice, please contact us.

About the Author:

Shahriar Jahanshahi is the founder and principal lawyer at Jahanshahi Law Firm with a practice focus on representing business star-ups and investors in the province of Ontario. For further information about Shahriar Jahanshahi, click here .

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How to Perfect an Assignment of Rents Clause in CC&Rs

By Joan E. Lewis-Heard, Esq. Senior Associate; SwedelsonGottlieb For those community associations whose CC&Rs provide for assignment of rents from a tenant in the event an association owner who is renting their unit or home is delinquent in the payment of assessments, an association may collect the rent directly from the tenant to pay delinquent assessments.

If done properly, this can be done without a court order or the expense of a court appointed receiver. In order to do this, the following is required: 1) the CC&Rs must have an assignment of rents clause; 2) a lien for the delinquent assessments should be recorded to secure the debt; and 3) a statutory Demand to Pay Rent to a Party Other than Landlord, pursuant to Section 2938 of the Civil Code, is required to be delivered by mail or by hand to each tenant of the property and the landlord/owner. Follow this link for the required text of the demand to pay rent to party other than landlord. It is an important part of the process for the association to take all of the steps necessary to record a Notice of Delinquent Assessment (Lien). Once the Lien is recorded, this gives the Association “secured party” status and hence, the Association would be considered the “secured party” pursuant to the Lien and the “assignee” pursuant to the assignment of rents provision in the CC&Rs.

Throughout the process, it is most important that close attention is paid to: 1) statutory obligations; 2) the association’s CC&Rs assignment of rents provision; 3) securing the indebtedness, i.e., by recording a Lien should your association’s CC&Rs allow same; and 4) by making sure that both the tenant and landlord/owner are notified when the assessments are brought current such that the assignment of rents should no longer be in effect.

Further, pursuant to Civil Code Section 2938(g), if the association enforces the assignment by way of a Demand to Pay Rent (without the appointment of a receiver) and the tenant complies, the delinquent landlord/owner may make written demand upon the association to pay the reasonable costs of protecting and preserving the property, including payment of taxes and insurance and compliance with Building and Safety codes, if any. The association’s obligations under this provision cannot exceed the amount of rents received pursuant to the assignment. Therefore, the association’s obligation to protect the property by payment of taxes and insurance, etc. does not exceed the amount that it actually receives pursuant to the assignment of rents.

It is important for an association, prior to the time a landlord/owner becomes delinquent, to obtain a copy of the lease agreements landlord/owners have with their tenants. As an aside, it is important that the lease agreement generally incorporate the association’s governing documents and that the tenant agrees to abide by same. More importantly with respect to an assignment of rents, the association would have no real way of knowing how much rent to expect in the event of an assignment of rents if the association does not have a copy of the lease agreement. For instance, the tenant could say “I’m just paying $200 in rent,” when in actuality they are paying $2,000 in rent, still paying $1,800 to the landlord/owner and only paying $200 to the association pursuant to the assignment.

Bottom line, the procedure is properly completed, the assignment of rents provision, if contained in the CC&Rs, is a powerful tool to collect past-due assessments without the need for court intervention. However, if not done properly, it can raise threats of tort liability against the association by the landlord/owner such as interference with contract, etc. While threats of legal action and actual legal action may still be the result even if the assignment of rents is done properly, the association would have an appropriate defense to that action and the appropriate legal grounds upon which to have a court order the assignment of rents pursuant to Civil Code Section 2938.

If your CC&Rs do not have an assignment of rents provision, you may want to consider amending your CC&Rs.

For help with the assignment of rents procedure, contact Joan Lewis-Heard at SwedelsonGottlieb at 800-372-2207.

CALIFORNIA DOCUMENT FORMS

Abandonment of Homestead - Declaration ​Acknowledgment Page

Acknowledgment of Satisfaction of Judgment

​Affidavit - Death of Join Tenant

Affidavit-Death of Transferor Under Revocable Transfer on Death Deed Affidavit - Death of Trustee - Succession of Successor Trustee Affidavit - Death of Trustee

​Affidavit of Death - Terminating Life Estate Interest Affidavit by Surviving Spouse - Section 13540 Probate Affidavit of Mailing All-Inclusive Deed of Trust and Assignment of Rents

​All Inclusive Deed of Trust and Assignment of Rents (Long Form) All-Inclusive Note Secured By Deed of Trust to Chicago Title Company as Trustee

Assignment of Deed of Trust Assignment of Mortgage Assignment of Note California All Purpose Acknowledgement Certification of Trust

Change of Ownership Statement by County

Change of Ownership upon Death by County Claim of Lien

​Claim for Reassessment Exclusion for Transfer Between Parent and Child (Locate Your County)

Claim for Reassessment Exclusion for Transfer Between GrandParent and GrandChild (Locate Your County)

​Corrective Affidavit for Minor Re-Recording Correction

​ Declaration of Homestead Declaration of Abandonment of Homestead Declaration of Non-Military Service Deed in Lieu of Foreclosure Deed of Trust with Assignment of Rents as Additional Security ​Deed of Trust with Assignment of Rents 

Deed of Trust with Assignment of Rents (Short Form)

​ Deed of Trust - Modification and Supplement Estoppel Affidavit

Full Reconveyance

Grant Deed - Interspousal

Grant Deed - Interspousal Transfer Grant Deed ​

Grant Deed - Interspousal Specific R&T63​ Grant Deed - Right of Survivorship​

​Grant Deed - Interspousal Community Property w/Right of Survivorship Grant Deed

​Grant Deed - Trust Transfer

Homeowners' Exemption by County

Homestead Declaration Interspousal Grant Deed Form 1 Interspousal Grant Deed Form 2 Interspousal Grant Deed ​ Interspousal Transfer Grant Deed

​Interspousal Grant Deed Specific R&T63

Interspousal Grant Deed Community Property w/Right of Survivorship Long Form Security Installment Land Contract with Power of Sale and Request for Notice of Default Prior Loan Paymen​t Memorandum of Option

​Military Discharge Recording Sheet

​Military Non-Service Declaration Modification and Supplement Deed of Trust Mortgage

NEW CONSTRUCTION EXCLUSION FROM REASSESSMENT

Non-Military Service Declaration

​Note Secured by Deed of Trust (Interest Included)

​Note Secured by Deed of Trust (Interest Extra)

Note Secured by Deed of Trust (Straight Note)

Note Secured by Deed of Trust (Straight Note - Interest Only)

Notice of Cessation Notice of Completion Notice of Default and Election to Sell Under Deed of Trust Important Notice

​Notice of Default and Election to Sell Under Deed of Trust Cover Language Notice of Non-Responsibility   Notice of Rescission Notice of Termination of Right of First Refusal   Notice of Trustee's Sale

​Notice of Trustee's Sale Cover Language 

​ Option to Purchase (FKA Memorandum of Option) Partial Reconveyance Power of Attorney   Preliminary Change of Ownership (By County)

ProLink Acknowledgement  Publication of Authorization Quitclaim Deed Recorders Cover Page Release of Claim of Mechanic_x27_s Lien Request for Full Reconveyance Request for Notice  Request for Partial Reconveyance

Recording Exemption Cover Page for Building Homes & Jobs Act (SB2)

​Rescission of Reconveyance

​Rescission of Partial Reconveyance Rescission of Trustee's Deed

​Satisfaction of Judgment Satisfaction of Mortgage Specific Release of LIen as to Specific Property Statement of Information Spanish Statement of Information Subordination Agreement Substitution of Trustee and Deed of Full Reconveyance Substitution of Trustee

​Transfer on Death (TOD) Deed (Revocable) 

​Transfer on Death Deed (Revocation of Revocable)  Trust Certification Trust Transfer Grant Deed Form Trustee's Deed Upon Sale Uninsured Affidavit​

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Recording Fees

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There are few statutory exemptions from this fee; they include:

• Documents transferring real property (e.g., deed) where transfer tax is paid;
• Documents transferring real property (e.g., deed) that is a residential dwelling to an owner-occupier;
• Documents recorded in connection with an exempt transfer of real property (i.e., subject to transfer tax or owner-occupied);
• The maximum fee of $225 per transaction is reached; or,
• Document is not related to real property.

A declaration of exemption specifying the reason for the exemption from the fee must be placed on the face of each document, or on a coversheet to be recorded with the document, prior to depositing with the Recorder.  If the exemption is not provided, the fee will be charged. Declarations of exemption are subject to review.

• Public Notice
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San Francisco County Recorder Division Fee Schedule (Effective January 1, 2022)

Note: Fees on this schedule marked with an asterisk (*) are subject to the State-mandated Building Homes and Jobs Act (SB2) fee of up to an additional $225, in accordance with the legislative amendment of Government Code §27388.1, unless an exemption is claimed.

What is SB2(Atkins)?

The California Legislature passed SB2 (Atkins) on September 29, 2017. It requires County Recorders throughout California to charge an additional $75 fee at the time of recording every real estate instrument, paper, or notice, except those expressly exempted from payment of recording fees, per each transaction per parcel of real property, not to exceed $225 per single transaction. Effective January 1, 2018.

For additional information and supporting materials, please read here .

On November 8, 2005, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors approved Ordinance Number 258-05, the Monument Preservation Fund. The Ordinance established a $10.00 fee on the filing of each deed that is subject to transfer tax. The fee proceeds will be used for the Department of Public Works (DPW) to retrace and re-monument historic survey and monument lines in the City. California Government Code Sections 27584 et seq. authorizes the adoption and collection of this fee. The County Recorder's Office collects this fee at the time a deed is recorded along with other recording fees. Starting on March 13, 2006, in order to record the deed that you have submitted to the County Recorder's Office, an additional fee of $10.00 is due for each deed that is subject to transfer tax .

Yes, there is transfer tax because there is a change of proportional ownership when an individual is added to title. Transfer tax will be collected based on the fair market value of the property being transferred at the time of recording the deed. However, if you deem that it is a gift, then there is no transfer tax. Please see the Transfer Tax Affidavit in the forms section for more information regarding Federal Gift Tax. On the Preliminary Change of Ownership form, be sure to mark the gift box in part 2. In addition, on the Transfer Tax Affidavit form, mark the YES box in number 4 and completely fill out and sign the Transfer Tax Affidavit form.

Please note that our staff may not give you financial advice. Questions regarding gift tax should be directed to the Internal Revenue Service or your financial advisor. Please note that the Assessor-Recorder transmits deeds and tax affidavits for all claimed gift exemptions to the Internal Revenue Service on a quarterly basis.

(Note: Please see Forms/Attachments tab for the Transfer Tax Affidavit and Preliminary Change of Ownership forms.)

Yes, there is transfer tax because there is a change of proportional ownership when an individual is added to title. When you say you want to add your child to the title deed of your house, you are transferring a portion of what you own to him. Transfer tax will be collected based upon purchase price. If it is not a purchase, then it is based on the fair market value of the property being transferred at the time of recording the deed.

For example, you originally own the property 100% and you transfer 50% to your child. Let’s say the fair market value of the property being transferred is $600,050. 50% of $600,050 would be $300,025. Please note that it is necessary to round it up to the next $500, which would be $300,500, and the transfer tax would be $2,043.40.

However, if you deem that it is a gift, then there is no transfer tax. Please see the Transfer Tax Affidavit on the Forms/Attachments tab for more information regarding Federal Gift Tax. On the Preliminary Change of Ownership form, be sure to mark the gift box in part 2. In addition, on the Transfer Tax Affidavit, mark the YES box in number 4 and completely fill out and sign the Transfer Tax Affidavit form.

Please note that our staff may not give you financial advice. Questions regarding gift tax should be directed to the Internal Revenue Service or your financial advisor. The Assessor-Recorder transmits deeds and tax affidavits for all claimed gift exemptions to the Internal Revenue Service on a quarterly basis.

Transfer Tax Affidavit

Preliminary change of ownership report, sb2 exemption recording coversheet, recorder division fee schedule.