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UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

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Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

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UPSC : GUIDELINES ON ESSAY WRITING

Upsc : guidelines on essay writing .

An essay is a written exposition on a given subject which allows the writer to organize her/ his thoughts intellectually, and present them in a logical and coherent manner. Essay writing aids in critical reading and in developing written communication skill. It fosters a spirit of logical inquiry and an ability to identify significant aspects of any topic. It allows the writer  to construct arguments supported by evidence.Essay is a critical examination of the issue which presents its various dimensions. All pertinent questions are raised and answered. The author is required to take a stand after examining all facts and facets and present it in a convincing and well thought out manner. The objective of an essay is to convey the author’s thoughts on the topic s/he sets out to examine. A well written essay can shed new light on the subject and add significantly to the existing body of knowledge.

Theme and Topic: 

1. National Security: Threats to National Security in Coming Decade 2. National Integration and Communal Harmony : Science and Technology as a promoter of Communal harmony in the Society 3. Human Rights : Nationalism, Globalisation and Humanitarian Crisis-The paradox of our times 4. Science and Human Development : Nurturing Scientific Temper in India: Challenges and Prospects

Note: 100 marks will have a weightage of 10 marks in Director’s assessment. Style: Every individual has a style of expression and word usage. It becomes very clear to the reader when an essayist cobbles up random quotes from various sources since there is no consistency in style. Use of short and simple sentences is preferable. It is better to spread out complex/compound sentences. Flowery language and archaic use puts off readers and more often does not communicate the meaning at all. Word / phrase usage should be appropriate. Refer to get the correct meaning and the context of usage of words, whenever in doubt. Usually essays are written in third person singular. However, narrative in the first person can be adopted if you have a flair for it. Avoid use of words which convey vagueness or uncertainty. Avoid repetitive use of words. (Example –but, therefore, supposedly, as they say, not only but also, used to etc.) Lay out: Every essay has the following layout1. Introduction 2. Body /Discussion 3. Conclusion Plan the word limit for each of these sections. As you research the topic, it is useful to take notes with relevant references and later on arrange them in logical sequence.

Introduction generates interest in the topic. A statement, a quotation or an incident can be used to open an essay. The body contains review of available literature, raises pertinent issues or questions, presents them in the context, and sheds light on the views of the author and the thought process that leads her/him to those views. Every idea is presented in one or more separate paragraphs arranged in logical sequence. When there is a need to reiterate an idea already discussed, it can be mentioned in detail. While reinforcement of a line of thought may need reiteration, try and reduce redundancy. Pay attention to Grammar and spelling. The conclusion of an Essay is more than just a summary. It gives a comprehensive idea of what has been discussed and the settled thoughts of the author after due inquiry. 

Referencing: Same guidelines to be followed as given for the Book review. Foot notes:

Foot notes can be given wherever relevant. Care should be taken that they are short and never longer than the main text on the page.  Plagiarism: Plagiarism is strictly prohibited. The Essay has to be put through Turn it in Software before submission. More than 10% of commonality will attract penal action and the essay will be marked zero.The entire activity of Essay writing should result in knowledge and skill enhancement to the writer. A good essay gives a comprehensive idea of the topic and makes for an interesting reading. Suggested References:  Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, Joseph M Williams, (2008) The Craft of Research, University of Chicago Press: Chicago 

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ESSAY WRITING FOR UPSC MAINS

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• 1 ESSAY WORKBOOK
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EDEN IAS conducts the Essay Writing Course for UPSC CSE Mains under the guidance of one of the best teachers for UPSC exam preparation, Tirthankar Roychowdhary Sir .

This course is a complete solution for Essay writing for UPSC Mains Examination.

As we know, Essay paper is something which needs a lot of practice, which can’t be gained overnight. This course has a lot of practice activity involved in it, with proper individual attention to every aspirant.

The course holistically covers each and every type of essay asked by the UPSC in the Essay paper, be it of dynamic nature, for example the theme being “Role of Education”, or be it a philosophical essay, based on some quote, a trend which is being recently followed by the Commission in the Essay paper.

The course consists of the followings: –

• 6 Classes (1 Guiding Class + 5 Essay Discussions) having duration of approx. 3 Hrs.
• 5 Sectional Tests.
• 2 Mock Tests. 
• Essay Workbook.
• Mentorship.

COURSE STRUCTURE

The course is an amalgamation of Guiding class + Section wise practice sessions + Discussion sessions + Mock Test Series + Personalized Mentorship . The duration of the course will be around 2 months .

The detailed agenda of the course is as follows:-

Guiding Class

Guiding class is going to start with your introduction to Essay writing in UPSC CSE Mains examination. It starts with the idea of explaining:-

• How is writing an essay for UPSC Mains different from a regular way of Essay writing in schools & colleges?
• What should be the approach & strategy to choose an Essay in UPSC Exam Paper as per your ability? ( Keeping previous year’s question papers of Essay in UPSC Exams as standard reference)
• How to formulate the structure of an Essay from the Introduction to Main Body of the Essay and the final conclusion, depending on the type of Essay. 
• How to manage time, avoid redundancy & manage the flow of content of your Essay. 
• Last but not least, the creativity related to the art of writing Essays for UPSC CSE Mains.

DETAILED SESSIONS

5 detailed essay sessions are conducted, covering different topics such as Philosophical topics, Social & Economic related topics, Geopolitical & Constitutional related topics, Science & Technology related topics and Environmental related topics.

Sectional Tests

These are a total of 5 Sectional Tests covering a diverse range of topics. The aspirants are expected to write both the essays which will be followed by a discussion session covering both the essays by Tirthankar Roychowdhary Sir. The areas to be covered as the syllabus of Essay writing are as follows:-

• Essay on Social Issues.
• Essay on Philosophical topics.
• Environmental Issues.
• Essay on Science & Technology related Issues.
• Essay on Economic Issues.
• Essay on International & Geo-Political Issues.
• Essay on Ethical Issues.

MOCK TEST SERIES

The course includes 2 Full Length Mock Tests , exactly on the similar pattern as that of the Essay paper of UPSC Mains examination.

FEEDBACK/MENTORSHIP

The course also provides one to one mentorship session with the evaluators. Enrollers of this course can get personalised mentorship and  can also get their doubts cleared with the evaluators.

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This year’s Mains – 2021 questions in GS, Essay, and even Optional papers need in-depth examination of trending topics as well as certain key static topics that may or may not be in the news.

Analytical skills can only be enhanced by regularly thinking and writing. Regular writing, in particular, is essential for improving your analytical abilities. Writing answers after reading other people’s answers or reading a synopsis will get you nowhere.

You must adhere to the standards outlined in the preceding article. You can get knowledge but not wisdom by consulting a summary.

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• Topic Wise Essay Questions From UPSC Mains 1994 2018

Last 25 Years Topic-wise Essay Questions From UPSC Mains (1994 - 2018)

Paper I of the UPSC Civil Services mains exam is the Essay. Here, prelims-qualified IAS aspirants have to write two essays out of a few given topics. The paper is for a total of 250 marks and its marks are taken into consideration for the Final Merit List. In this article, we have listed all the essay topics asked in the UPSC mains exam from 1994 to 2018. We have also classified the last 25 years essay questions into topics to make your preparation easier.

Latest – See the UPSC Essay Topics in the IAS Mains 2020 Essay Paper. Download UPSC Mains 2020 Essay Paper from the linked article.

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UPSC Essay Topics

Administration.

• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. (1994)
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. (1995)
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy. (1996)
• Need for transparency in public administration. (1996)
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. (2000)
• How should a civil servant conduct himself? (2003)

Democracy/India since independence

• Whither Indian democracy? (1995)
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. (1997)
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? (2000)
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? (2001)
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? (2003)
• National identity and patriotism. (2008)
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy. (2012)
• Is the colonial mentality hindering India’s success? (2013)
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. (2015)
• Management of Indian border disputes – a complex task. (2018)

Economic growth and development

• Resource management in the Indian context. (1999)
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country. (2013)
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? (2014)
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. (2015)
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. (2016)
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. (2016)
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. (2016)
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. (2017)

Federalism, Decentralisation

• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. (1998)
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. (2004)
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. (2007)
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? (2007)
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication. (2011)
• Cooperative federalism: Myth or reality. (2016)
• Water disputes between States in federal India. (2016)

Indian Culture & Society

• The Indian society at the crossroads. (1994)
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion. (1996)
• The composite culture of India. (1998)
• Youth culture today. (1999)
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. (2000)
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? (2000)
• As civilization advances culture declines. (2003)
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? (2010)
• Judicial activism. (1997)
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. (2004)
• Justice must reach the poor. (2005)

Social justice/Poverty

• Reservation, politics and empowerment. (1999)
• Food security for sustainable national development. (2005)
• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. (2009)
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for the majority of farmers in India. (2017)
• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. (2018)

Media & Society

• Misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. (1998)
• Mass media and cultural invasion. (1999)
• Responsibility of media in a democracy. (2002)
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? (2007)
• Role of media in good governance. (2008)
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? (2011)
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? (2014)

Environment/Urbanisation

• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. (1997)
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. (2006)
• Urbanisation and its hazards. (2008)
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? (2010)
• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. (2017)

Economic sectors/MNCs

• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs. (1994)
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. (2006)
• BPO boom in India. (2007)
• Special economic zone: boon or bane? (2008)
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? (2009)
• Is the criticism that the Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified? (2012)
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? (2014)
• Restructuring of Indian education system. (1995)
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. (1996)
• Irrelevance of the classroom. (2001)
• Privatization of higher education in India. (2002)
• Modern technological education and human values. (2002)
• What is real education? (2005)
• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. (2006)
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right from the childhood. (2007)
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses? (2008)
• Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges. (2011)
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? (2014)
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? (2014)
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil. (2015)
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. (2017)
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. (1995)
• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. (1997)
• Woman is god’s best creation. (1998)
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. (1999)
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. (2001)
• Whither women’s emancipation? (2004)
• If women ruled the world. (2005)
• The hand that rocks the cradle. (2005)
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. (2006)
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal? (2012)
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. (2016)
• Fulfillment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. (2017)

Quotes-based/Philosophy

• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret. (1994)
• Useless life is an early death. (1994)
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. (1995)
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. (1995)
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. (1995)
• Truth is lived, not taught. (1996)
• True religion cannot be misused. (1997)
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. (2002)
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. (2002)
• If youth knew, if age could. (2002)
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. (2003)
• Be the change you want to see in others. (2013)
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. (2014)
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. (2014)
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. (2015)
• “The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. (2018)
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. (2018)
• Attitude makes habit, habit makes character and character makes a man. (2007)
• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin. (2008)
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. (2015)
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. (2016)
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. (2017)
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. (2018)
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. (2018)
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modern life. (2018)

Globalisation

• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. (1994)
• The world of the twenty-first century. (1998)
• The implications of globalization for India. (2000)
• My vision of an ideal world order. (2001)
• The masks of new imperialism. (2003)
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. (2004)
• ‘Globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’. (2009)
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. (2010)

Science & Tech

• The modern doctor and his patients. (1997)
• Value-based science and education. (1999)
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. (2001)
• Spirituality and scientific temper. (2003)
• The lure of space. (2004)
• Science and Mysticism: Are they compatible? (2012)
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation. (2013)
• Technology cannot replace manpower. (2015)
• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. (2018)

Internet/IT

• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. (2000)
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. (2006)
• Cyberspace and Internet: Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run. (2016)
• Social media is inherently a selfish medium. (2017)

International organisations/relations

• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities. (1996)
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN cooperation. (2004)
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement. (2006)
• Has the Non- Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world. (2017)
• Terrorism and world peace. (2005)
• Are we a ‘soft’ state? (2009)
• Good fences make good neighbours. (2009)
• In the Indian context, both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism. (2011)

Miscellaneous

• India’s contribution to world wisdom. (1998)
• The pursuit of excellence. (2001)
• Geography may remain the same; history need not. (2010)
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? (2014)
• Quick but steady wins the race. (2015)

When preparing for IAS Mains, aspirants must focus on UPSC Mains Answer Writing Practise as this will improve one’s speed, efficiency and writing skills. It will automatically help in essay writing as well. 

Also, read:

Frequently Asked Questions on UPSC Essay Topics for UPSC Mains

Q 1. how can i write a good essay in upsc, q 2. does handwriting matter in upsc.

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EDITORIAL ANALYSIS : Make EPI an ‘Essential Programme on Immunization’

Source: The Hindu , WHO

• Prelims: Current events of national importance, WHO, NCDs, G20, age tax, mortality, fertility rate, AI, robotic surgery etc
• Mains GS Paper I & II: Development and management of social sectors/services related to Health and education etc

ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS

• The year 2024 commemorates 50 years since the launch of the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974

INSIGHTS ON THE ISSUE

Health:(WHO)

• A certain totality of health to the realms of mental and social well-being and happiness beyond physical fitness, and an absence of disease and disability.
• We cannot achieve health in its wider definition without addressing health determinants.

Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI):

• EPI was launched in 1974 to ensure that all children, in all countries, benefited from life-saving vaccines
• EPI was introduced as the eradication of smallpox virus was on the horizon.
• Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
• Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib)
• Hepatitis B (HepB)
• pneumococcal disease (PNC)
• rotavirus (Rota)
• human papillomavirus (HPV)
• COVID-19(for adults).
• India launched the EPI in 1978, which was later renamed as the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985.

Progress in immunization and vaccines:

• There are vaccines against 13 diseases which are universally recommended
• Vaccines against 17 additional diseases are recommended for a context-specific situation.
• There is research in progress to develop vaccines against nearly 125 pathogens.

India’s success story:

●      the children with three doses of dpt, a tracer indicator of coverage, has been rising over these years., ●      in the early 1970s, around 5% of children in low- and middle-income countries had received three doses of dpt., ○      which increased to 84% in 2022 at the global level., ●      smallpox has been eradicated, ○      polio eliminated from all but two countries and many vaccine preventable diseases have nearly disappeared., ●      in india , the coverage has increased every passing year and in 2019-21,, ○      76% of children r eceived the recommended vaccines..

Impact of EPI:

• Studies have shown that vaccines have saved millions of lives and prevented billions of hospital visits and hospitalisations.
• Economic analyses h ave estimated that vaccines are highly cost-effective interventions, with every single dollar (or rupee) of expenditure on vaccination programmes ensuring a seven to 11-fold return.
• In nearly all low- and middle-income countries, including India, t he immunization programme remains a success among all government initiatives.
• Immunization remains the only health intervention with greater utilization from the government sector.
• Nearly 85% to 90% of all vaccines are delivered from government facilities.

UNICEF’s ‘The State of the World’s Children’ report(2023):

• Th e childhood immunization coverage had declined in 2021 .
• Another 6.2 million children were partially immunized.
• Over the years, the vaccination coverage in India has increased, both nationally and State-wise.
• There are persisting inequities in coverage by geography, socio-economic strata and other parameters, which demand urgent interventions.

Background of Vaccine development:

• The first available vaccine was against smallpox in 1798
• The first anti rabies vaccine , cholera, and typhoid vaccines developed between 1880s to mid 1890s were primarily for adults .
• The first vaccine ever developed in any part of the world against plague (in 1897) was from India and meant for individuals across all age groups.
• It was administered to the adult population.
• Influenza vaccines have been administered to adults and children alike.

What steps need to be taken?

• The Indian government needs to consider providing recommended vaccines f or a wider section of the adult and elderly population.
• Vaccines for all age groups should be made available as free at the government facilities.
• Once a vaccine is recommended by the government body, the coverage is likely to be far greater than if the vaccines are not recommended by the government.
• Prevailing myths and misconceptions about vaccines must be proactively addressed to tackle vaccine hesitancy.
• This requires citizens to learn and educate t hemselves about these vaccines from reliable sources.
• Various professional associations of doctors — community medicine experts, family physicians and pediatricians should work to increase awareness about vaccines among adults and the elderly.
• Physicians treating patients with any disease should use the opportunity to make them aware of vaccines.
• Medical colleges and research institutions should generate evidence on the burden of diseases in the adult population in India.

Way Forward

• Diseases that are preventable with vaccines are increasingly becoming common in the adult population.
• Therefore, it becomes imperative t hat government policies now focus on the vaccination of adults and the elderly.
• For better coverage of adult vaccines, learn from the past and five decades of the EPI.
• Expanding coverage of vaccines for adults and the elderly may result in improved coverage with childhood vaccines and reduced vaccine inequities.
• India’s EPI has made major progress and it is time for another independent national level review of the UIP in India, engaging key partners and international experts.
• In late 2023, India launched a pilot initiative of adult BCG vaccination as part of efforts to ‘end TB’ from India.
• The COVID-19 vaccination of the adult population has made the public sensitized to the need for and the benefits of adult vaccination.
• Make EPI an ‘Essential Program on Immunization’.

QUESTION FOR PRACTICE

Besides being a moral imperative of the Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyze.(UPSC 2021) (200 WORDS, 10 MARKS)

Editorial Analysis – 1 May 2024

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UPSC CAPF Syllabus 2024: PDF Download for Important Topics

Upsc capf ac syllabus 2024: the central armed police forces written exam syllabus includes topics from subjects like quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning, indian history, geography, polity, current affairs, etc. check out the detailed syllabus and updated exam pattern..

UPSC CAPF AC Syllabus 2024: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) releases the official syllabus and exam pattern for the Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) examination. Candidates must check the latest syllabus to prepare only the topics that are important from the exam point of view. The UPSC CAPF syllabus contains topics from subjects like general ability and intelligence, general studies, essays and comprehension.

UPSC CAPF AC Syllabus 2024

Upsc capf ac syllabus 2024: overview, upsc capf ac syllabus pdf download, upsc capf syllabus: important topics, upsc capf exam pattern 2024.

• The UPSC CAPF written exam comprises two papers, i.e., Paper 1 and Paper 2.
• Paper 1 contains Objective questions. Questions asked in Paper 2 will be descriptive in nature.
• The medium of Paper 1 is English as well as Hindi. 
• In Paper 2, candidates will be allowed the option of writing the Essay Component in English or Hindi, but the medium of Precis Writing, Comprehension Components, and other communications/ language skills will be English only.
• There shall be a negative marking of 1/3rd mark for every incorrect answer in Paper 1, whereas there is no negative marking in Paper 2

How to Cover UPSC CAPF Syllabus 2024?

• Check the UPSC CAPF exam syllabus 2024 to cover the topics asked in the exam.
• Choose the expert-recommended books and study material to cover the fundamentals and core topics of all the subjects.
• Attempt endless questions from mock papers and UPSC CAPF previous year's question papers to review their performance and identify their strengths for better results.
• Revisit all the covered chapters frequently to remember concepts for a definite period of time.

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UPSC Key | 30th April, 2024 — International Criminal Court, MCC, Critical minerals and more

Exclusive for subscribers from monday to friday: how are international criminal court (icc) and model code of conduct (mcc) relevant to the upsc exam what significance do topics like ethylene oxide and critical minerals have for the preliminary and main exams you can learn more by reading the indian express upsc key for april 30, 2024..

Important topics and their relevance in UPSC CSE exam for April 30, 2024. If you missed the April 29, 2024 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here. 

🚨  The Indian Express  UPSC Essentials brings to you the  April   edition of its monthly magazine.  Click Here  to read. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at manas.srivastava@ indianexpress.com 🚨

Potential ICC arrest warrants elicit concern among Israel’s top officials 

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance.

Mains Examination: GS-II: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.

What’s the ongoing story- Israel is voicing concern that the International Criminal Court could be preparing to issue arrest warrants for government officials on charges related to the conduct of its war against Hamas.

Prerequisites:

— What is the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

— What is International Court of Justice ?

—  International Criminal Court and International Court of Justice-Compare and Contrast

Key takeaways: 

— The ICC – which can charge individuals with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide – is investigating Hamas’ October 7 cross-border attack and Israel’s devastating military assault on Hamas-ruled Gaza.

— Israeli officials are worried that the court could issue arrest warrants against Netanyahu and other top officials for alleged violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza, Israeli media have reported.

— Israel is not a member of the court and does not recognise its jurisdiction, but the Palestinian territories were admitted with the status of a member state in 2015.

— The ICJ, also known as the World Court, is a United Nations court that deals with disputes between states, while the ICC is a treaty-based criminal court focusing on individual criminal responsibility for war crimes.

For Your Information:

— The 1949 Geneva Conventions are a set of international treaties that ensure that warring parties conduct themselves in a humane way with non-combatants such as civilians and medical personnel, as well as with combatants no longer actively engaged in fighting, such as prisoners of war, and wounded or sick soldiers.

— All countries are signatories to the Geneva Conventions.

Points to Ponder: 

— Why is India not a member of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

— What are the emerging challenges in the field of international criminal justice?

— What are war crimes? What is the criteria for war crimes?

— What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

— What are the provisions related to human rights in India?

— What distinguishes war crimes from crimes against humanity?

Post Read Question:

Which of the following statements is not correct with reference to the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

(a) Governed by an international treaty called ‘The Rome Statute’, the ICC is the world’s first permanent international criminal court.

(b) It investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression.

(c) India is not a party to Rome Statute along with US and Britain.

(d) ICC headquarters at The Hague, the Netherlands.

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Everyday Global: What is the International Court of Justice

What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

The Editorial Page

Mind the gap.

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance – Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues

Mains Examination: GS-II, Constitution, Polity

What’s the ongoing story- Former Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa writes: a significant gap in the present framework is that the Model Code of Conduct for elections has not clearly spelt out the consequences of defaults, thus diluting its deterrent effect.

— What is the role of the Election Commission of India?

— What is the Model Code of Conduct (MCC)?

— What is vicarious liability?

— Ashok Lavasa opines, “ There is a need to remodel MCC by imposing more reasonable restrictions in a non-discriminatory manner.”

—” A significant gap in the present framework is that the MCC has not clearly spelt out the consequences of defaults, thus diluting its deterrent effect. It is necessary to specify punitive measures in a fair, transparent, and predictable manner, especially with respect to serious violations.”

— “Such violations should attract severe consequences that could be graded and made known publicly.”

— He has provided examples of how MCC can be revamped. “the first case of any such violations could attract a ban on campaigning for a specified period; the second could entail a ban for a longer period and the third would debar the concerned candidate or political functionary for the entire period while the MCC is in force.”

— “ Those found in repeated violation would not be eligible to be categorised as star campaigners in subsequent elections for a certain length of time.”

— “In an unprecedented move when the EC served a notice to political parties for violation alleged to be committed by individuals has introduced the principle of vicarious liability.”

— “The procedure for dealing with such cases should be streamlined such that punitive action is taken within 72 hours of the violation. A standard procedure must be laid down. Delayed responses dilute the impact of penalties and diminish public confidence in the credibility of the EC.”

— “Whether all this will deter potential violators and instil an element of self-regulation in the conduct of political parties, depends on the character of the political leaders.”

— Kerala was the first state to adopt a code of conduct for elections. In 1960, ahead of the Assembly elections in the state, the administration prepared a draft code that covered important aspects of electioneering such as processions, political rallies, and speeches.

—  It was only in 1974, just before the mid-term general elections, that the EC released a formal MCC. It also set up bureaucratic bodies at the district level to oversee its implementation.

— So the EC, just before the 1979 Lok Sabha elections, released a revised Model Code with seven parts, with one part devoted to the party in power and what it could and could not do once elections were announced. The MCC has subsequently evolved as an integral part of conducting fair and free elections.

— When did MCC come into force?

— What is the statutory status of MCC?

— Criticism related to MCC

— Recommendation of various committees on the implementation of MCC

— Role of Election Commission in the implementation of MCC

(Thought process: Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms, recommendation of law commission, significance of Chief Election Officer in strict implementation of MCC like T.N. Seshan)

Which was the first state to implement the Model Code of Conduct (MCC)?

(a) Tamil Nadu

(c) Karnataka

(d) Andhra Pradesh

Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022)

Decode Politics: Key to free and fair polls, how Model Code of Conduct evolved over decades

Model Code of Conduct comes into force for 2024 Lok Sabha elections: What does it mean?

Short on safety

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national importance.

Mains Examination: GS-II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

What’s the ongoing story- In the past few weeks, questions have been raised about India’s food safety regime in the wake of allegations against products as varied as infant food, “health drinks” and spices.

— What is FSSAI? What are the legislative frameworks of FSSAI?

— What is Salmonella?

— What is ethylene oxide?

— Frequent controversies over food products in India show the country’s food business regulator in poor light and FSSAI needs to step up.

— The FSSAI came into being in 2008, two years after the enactment of the Food Safety and Standards Act. Its remit extends to multinationals like Nestle and Cadbury, established Indian companies like MDH and Everest and thousands of small and medium-sized food businesses who have razor-thin profit margins.

— The agency has had a chequered record. It has consistently been hamstrung by staff and infrastructure shortage. This has meant that a large section of the market views regulation as paperwork rather than regular inspections followed by expert guidance.

— The FSSAI is mandated to educate businesses and consumers on food safety. It is also tasked to “collect and collate data regarding food consumption, incidence and prevalence of biological risk, contaminants in food, residues of various contaminants in foods products, and identify risks”.  The frequent controversies around food items indicate that the agency has done scarce justice to its remit.

— Regulations must contend with scientific uncertainty and the variance in rules amongst nations. Thus, food authority must regularly update standards, and handhold exporters. The FSSAI has fallen short on both counts. The failure of MDH’s plants to meet the USFDA sanitary standards shows the Indian regulator in poor light. A country with a growing food market and an aspiration to increase its footprint in the global market needs a more proactive regulator.

— Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause food-borne illnesses known as salmonellosis. The World Health Organisation (WHO) identifies Salmonella as one of four key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases. Individuals who develop salmonellosis may show symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12-72 hours after contracting the infection.

— Why is food safety an important issue? What are WHO’s five keys to safer food?

— What are the challenges associated with the food safety in India?

— What are some of the important initiatives for food safety in India?

— What is the State Food Safety Index (SFSI)?

Consider the following statements about the State Food Safety Index (SFSI):

1. The index is released by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) to measure the performance of States/UTs on various parameters of Food Safety.

2. The index is released bi-annually.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? given below –

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

What should be the role of different stakeholders in food safety?

Ethylene Oxide

FSSAI sets up lab network to test food for pathogens

Explained: MDH masalas in US have tested positive for Salmonella. What is it?

The Ideas Page

Mom, baby and us

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity- Constitution, Right Issues, Social Sector Initiatives.

Mains Examination: GS-I: Society, Issues related to women, Social empowerment.

What’s the ongoing story- Ashwini Deshpande writes- “Which parent is primarily responsible for the hands-on work that goes into raising children until they are adults? In India, like elsewhere in the world, it is typically the mother. The central government has a childcare leave (CCL) policy which allows for 730 days of paid leave to female employees during their entire service period, for taking care of a maximum of two children under 18 years. This is over and above maternity leave.”

— What are the key provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, and the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017?

— What is the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013?

— What are the articles of the Indian Constitution related to gender equality and women?

( Thought Process: Read articles 14, 15, 16, 21, 39, 39(A), 42, 51 A (e), Reservation of Seats for Women in Panchayats and Municipalities.)

— What is the provision with regard to childcare leave in India?

— Child Care Leave (CCL) is a central government provision that is not binding on the states. Recently, a government employee in Himachal Pradesh was denied the CCL. The Supreme Court declared this denial as a violation of working women’s “constitutional right”.

— Provisions of the Maternity Benefit Act, or the POSH (Prevention of Sexual Harassment) Act are applicable to establishments with 10 or more employees. Majority of firms in India are not covered by any of these benefits because they are too small. The Economic Census reveals that 98 per cent firms are “micro”, i.e., they have less than 10 employees.

— The ground reality is that the pro-women laws, which are meant to ensure constitutional rights, are applicable to a small minority of employed women. In the larger establishments (i.e., private establishments with more than 10 workers) where POSH and maternity laws are applicable, research hints at perverse consequences, such that in the short run, these have the potential to worsen employer bias against women.

— This doesn’t mean that there should not be pro-women laws, even if applicable to a tiny proportion of workers. Wherever possible, legal structure needs to guarantee women’s rights.

— However, we also need to think more broadly about how to effectively ameliorate the burden of childcare that is seen as essentially the mothers’ responsibility. The 3Rs framework shows the way forward: Recognise, reduce, and redistribute the responsibility of childcare. Through redistribution, both within the household and outside.

— Both in urban and rural areas, we need good quality, affordable, reliable and safe childcare in our neighbourhoods. This can be provided both by government and private players. We also  need to invest in the care economy.

— Men are eligible for CCL only if they are single fathers.

— How pro-women laws have the potential to worsen employer bias against women.

— What is the care economy?

— What are the government’s initiatives for promoting women’s empowerment?

— What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space?

Distinguish between ‘care economy’ and ‘monetized economy’. How can care economy be brought into monetized economy through women empowerment? (2023)

“Today’s children are tomorrow’s workforce and therefore childcare is a social responsibility.” In the light of this statement, elaborate what measures should be taken to effectively ameliorate the burden of childcare that is seen as essentially the mothers’ responsibility.

SC: Denying women child care leave is violation of Constitution

A collective responsibility

Repolls and adjournments: ECI’s options when polling process is disrupted

What’s the ongoing story- The Election Commission of India (EC), under Sections 58(2) and 58A(2) of the Representation of People Act, 1951 (RPA), declared void the poll on April 19, in 11 polling stations of Manipur, and 8 polling stations of Arunachal Pradesh. Repolls were conducted on April 22 and April 24 respectively. Elections were also adjourned in Madhya Pradesh ’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate on April 9. The polling, originally scheduled on April 26, will now be held on May 7.

— Who is the Returning Officer (RO)?

— Who is the Presiding Officer (PO)?

— Who is the Chief Electoral Officer (CEO)?

— What is the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RPA)?

— Role of the Election Commission of India (ECI)

— Ravi Mittal writes: “India’s election laws provide a framework for handling situations where the normal polling process is disrupted for any reason, including damage to EVMs, booth-capturing, natural disasters, or a candidate’s death.”

— “Under Section 58 of the RPA (‘Fresh poll in the case of destruction, etc., of ballot boxes’), the EC can declare the poll at a polling station to be void if unauthroised person has taken away EVM, EVM accidentally or intentionally destroyed, and a mechanical failure develops in any EVM during the recording of votes.”

— “Section 135A of the RPA defines booth booth capture. Booth capturing is punishable for a term of not less than one year, which may extend to three years for lay people, and not less than three years, extending to five years for government servants.”

— “The Presiding Officer of a polling station can adjourn the poll at a polling station under section 57(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in case of: natural calamity, . interruption or obstruction due to any riot or, open violence,  non-arrival of the polling party due to obstruction or any other serious difficulty.”

— “As per Section 52 of RPA, amended in 1996, the poll shall be adjourned only in case of the death of a recognised political party’s candidate. The above provision applies if the candidate with a valid nomination dies at any time after 11.00 a.m. on the last date for making nominations, until the commencement of the poll.”

— “The ECI’s vital function is to ensure free and fair elections leading to the formation of a democratically-elected political system responsible for running the government till the next elections.”

— In Betul, the candidate’s death occurred one day after the last day for withdrawing candidature. Therefore, the polls were adjourned. However, in the Moradabad Lok Sabha constituency, the candidate died after voting, in which case a by-election will be held if he emerges as the winner of the seat after counting.

— Role of ECI in conducting free and fair elections

— What measures have been taken by the ECI to eliminate booth capture?

— Coordination and Cooperation between RO, PO, CEO and ECI.

Consider the following statements:

1. Section 58 of the RPA, 1951 provides power to the ECI to declare the poll void in case any mechanical failure develops in any EVM during the recording of votes.

2. Section 52 of the RPA allows the ECI to adjourn the polling if the candidate contesting the election from a “recognised political party” died after voting.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(c)Both 1 and 2

(d)Neither 1 nor 2

Former Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa writes: With vacancies, Election Commission’s moment of reckoning

Hangor class submarine

Mains Examination: GS-III: Security, Defence Technology.

What’s the ongoing story- The first Hangor class submarine, built by China for Pakistan, was launched on April 26 at a Wuhan shipyard. This was the first of eight submarines of this class that the Pakistan Navy is set to induct into its fleet by 2028. Here is all you need to know.

— What are diesel-electric submarines?

— What are the major types of submarines?

— Read about India’s Kalavari class of submarines.

— The Hangor-class, an export variant of the Chinese Type 039A Yuan class, is a diesel-electric attack submarine, named after the now decommissioned PNS Hangor, which famously sank Indian frigate INS Khukri during the 1971 war.

— “Diesel-electric” refers to the mode of propulsion — diesel engines power the submarine when surfaced or snorkelling (as they need air to operate), while a battery, charged by the diesel engine, allows the vessel to operate while submerged.

— Pakistan’s Hangor class is the direct counterpart of India’s Kalavari class of submarines, based on the French Scorpene-class. India currently operates six Kalavari class submarines, with three more set to be inducted into service by the early 2030s.

— In terms of size, the Hangor class is significantly bigger than the Kalavari class. The Kalavari class, like the Hangor class, runs on diesel-electric propulsion. However, the models India currently operates do not come with built-in AIP. This means that in terms of underwater endurance, the Hangor class potentially has an edge on the Kalavari class.Both submarine classes carry state of the art sensor suites, although details of Hangor’s capabilities in this regard are not out in public.

— India got its first submarine, INS Kalvari of the Foxtrot Class, from the USSR in December 1967.

— What is the significance of submarines to India?

— What are the issues with the submarine capability of India?

— How many submarines does India have? What is Project-75?

— How many submarines do China and Pakistan’s navies possess in their fleets?

— What is China’s maritime defense capability, and why is it a concern for India?

Which of the followings are submarines?

3. Vagsheer

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2, and 3 only

(b) 2, 3 and 4 only

(c) 1, 3, and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4

Explained: The state of India’s submarine fleet 

20 critical mineral blocks to be on sale

Preliminary Examination: Indian and World Geography – Physical, Social, Economic geography of India and the World.

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS-II, GS-III: Distribution of key natural resources across the world, Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests, Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life, Defence.

What’s the ongoing story- The government will put on sale around 20 critical mineral blocks in the fourth round of auction by the end of June, mines secretary V L Kantha Rao said on Monday.

— What is an auction?

— What are critical minerals?

— Critical minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, cobalt and rare earth elements are essential components in many of today’s rapidly growing clean energy technologies –- from wind turbines and electricity networks to electric vehicles.

— Demand for these minerals is growing quickly with clean energy transitions gathering pace.

— Minister Joshi told Lok Sabha in August 2023 that in FY23, India imported 2,145 tonnes of lithium carbonate and lithium oxide at a total cost of Rs 732 crore.

— India also imported 32,000 tonnes of unwrought nickel at a cost of Rs 6,549 crore, and 1.2 million tonnes of copper ore at a cost of Rs 27,374 crore, in 2022-23.

— India is 100 per cent reliant on imports for its lithium and nickel demand. For copper, this figure is 93 per cent.

—  India has identified 30 critical minerals in July 2023 depending upon their disruption potential, substitutability, cross-cutting usage across different sectors, import reliance, recycling rates etc.

— India has collaborated with which countries on critical minerals?

— How critical minerals hold a vehicle for India’s development?

— Role of private sectors in exploring critical minerals.

— What is the significance of critical minerals in clean technology initiatives, semi-conductors, and advanced manufacturing inputs?

—  What are the challenges India faces in assuring resilient critical minerals supply chains?

— Role of US-led Minerals Security Partnership ( MSP )? Is India part of this partnership?

Discuss the significance of critical minerals in multiple strategic value chains. What steps have been taken by the Indian government in the exploration of the critical minerals?

Mining for critical minerals: what is the auction process, and why is it important?

Centre identifies 30 critical minerals: Why, how, and importance of the exercise

India to leverage US-led Minerals Security Partnership to help PSUs secure critical mineral assets abroad

Govt & Politics

India summons canada diplomat over pro-khalistan slogans in toronto.

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II: International Relations

What’s the ongoing story – India on monday summoned the Canadian Deputy High Commissioner and lodged a strong protest over the pro-Khalistan slogans raised during a public event in Toronto in the presence of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

— What is the Khalistan Movement?

— What is the separatist movement?

Map Work: Location of Canada on the world map.

(Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario are located in Canada)

— “At the event on Sunday, as the Canadian PM walked up to the stage for his address to mark Khalsa Day, the chants of “Khalistan Zindabad” kept getting louder, showed a video released by Canadian TV channels.”

— It happened again when Opposition leader Pierre Poilievre walked up to the stage to begin his address. New Democratic Party leader Jagmeet Singh and Toronto Mayor Olivia Chow were also present at the event.

— “Trudeau, who has upset India with allegations that Delhi was involved in the killing of Sikh separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar last year, also vowed to always protect the rights and freedoms of Sikhs in Canada.”

— In September last year, India suspended visa services to Canada which was restored after some time. India has also revoked the diplomatic immunity of Canadian diplomats based in India.

— The big issue for India is the safe haven that Canada has provided to separatist Khalistani groups, and what New Delhi sees as the Liberal Party’s pandering to these groups for votes. Estimates suggest there are 20-25 constituencies where these votes are crucial — and that explains the Trudeau government’s soft-pedalling on India’s concerns.

— In geopolitics: Canada is an important strategic partner for major Western powers — it is part of the G7 grouping and shares the table with the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, and Japan. It also shares intelligence with the Five Eyes grouping — with the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand.

— What are the reasons for the rise in pro-khalistani activities?

— What is the impact of diplomatic escalation on India and Canada trade ties?

— Impact of the turmoil of relationship on the Indian diaspora in Canada

How is the Khalistan Issue impacting the bilateral relationship between India and Canada? What potential steps need to be taken to restore the values of trust and loyalty between these two nations?

A history of the Khalistan movement in Canada, going back more than 40 years 

The India-Canada standoff: What led to it, the problems it raises

UPSC Ethics and Essay Snippet

‘Wordly Wise’ from The Editorial Page

“We are stuck with technology when what we really want is just stuff that works.”

-Douglas Adams

( Thought process: While technology is often seen as the answer to our problems or the key to a better life, what people truly desire are simple tools or solutions that effectively serve their purpose without unnecessary complexity. In contrast to it, do you think, emerging technologies are presenting new challenges to society and are opening new fronts of complexity in the form of the misuse of AI and other technologies? How can we draw the line between the optimal yet right use of technology and its misuse? Is the cost of a simple life through advanced technology higher than ever before? Is it the fallacy in the technology or in its way of use that is increasing the complexities of human life rather than making it simple? Also, refer Express View .)

“You cannot have a proud and chivalrous spirit if your conduct is mean and paltry; for whatever a man’s actions are, such must be his spirit.” 

– Demosthenes 

( Thought process: Emphasis on aligning one’s action with values and character. Social status or external appearance doesn’t determine the nobility and honour of a person. Isn’t the conduct of a person the most important thing? Let’s refer to an example for our Ethics and Essay papers: The Seshan effect -“The story of T.N Seshan (Chief Election Commissioner) and the EC is a striking example of the transformation an individual can achieve in a complex society with multiple levers of power. In retrospect, all that Seshan did was enforce the EC’s authority as per its powers laid out in the Constitution. When the pushback came from the politicians, he stood his ground with the backing of the law. In clashes with the political class, his persona, aggressive, even abrasive, loomed larger than life, but it was the institution that ultimately won the battle.” What other examples can you think of from the lives of different personalities justifying this quote? For more refer to ‘Mind the gap’ .)

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Essay – Civil Services Books – Mains Exam

Last updated on March 15, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

UPSC Civil Service Mains Paper 1 (popularly known as essay paper) is now of 250 marks.

Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics (two topics as of now). They will be expected to keep close to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in an orderly fashion and to write concisely.

Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

Table of Contents

Recommended Books for Essay Paper – Civil Services Books – Mains Exam

• Essays for Civil Services and Other Competitive Examinations by Pulkit Khare .
• Selected Contemporary Essays by Saumitra Mohan (MHE)
• Essay Paper for Civil Services Main Examination by Pavneet Singh and Sonali Bansal
• A Book of Essays by Kalpana Rajaram
• 151 ESSAYS For UPSC Mains Various State Public Service Commissions and Other competitive Examinations
• English-Hindi-Essay Compulsory- UPSC Mains Examination
• ESSAYS(101 Current) for Competitive Exams

How to write a good essay

Here are some tips for writing a good essay:

• Read and understand the essay topic: Ensure that you understand the topic and what is expected of you in the essay.
• Plan and structure: Plan the flow of your essay and create an outline to ensure that your essay has a clear structure.
• Write in a clear and concise manner: Make sure your writing is easy to understand and avoids unnecessary technical terms or jargon.
• Use examples and evidence: Use real-life examples and supporting evidence to reinforce your arguments.
• Address counter-arguments: Consider and address any counter-arguments to strengthen your essay.
• Conclusion: Sum up your key arguments and present a clear conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Revise your essay several times to ensure that it is error-free and presents your ideas effectively.

Remember to write in a way that is analytical, evaluative and comprehensive. Also, ensure that you stick to the word limit and allocate enough time for each essay.

To get a detailed idea on how to write a good essay, click here

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Reader Interactions

August 8, 2016 at 6:57 am

June 18, 2017 at 11:08 am

I am preparing for 2018. Kindly share essay content .

June 14, 2021 at 2:45 pm

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April 17, 2018 at 11:28 am

Should I buy all the books or any one is OK. Please reply……

April 17, 2018 at 2:23 pm

Start with 1 book.

March 9, 2019 at 12:07 pm

plz send essay content

August 25, 2019 at 2:23 pm

Sir , what are the books to read so that i can have a good content for mains examination? I have certain books which are universal for UPSC CS .. For mains i am confused same are enough or not ..if not from where will i get the content ..

November 28, 2019 at 2:28 am

Hello I want to buy kirans upsc English essay solved till date how can I buy

December 22, 2019 at 6:27 am

Sir mughe IAS mains ke liye pahle kon si book Leni chahiye

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