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Research Paper Features

• MBA and Business
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• A title page
• A reference page
• In-text citations
• A running head
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Academic writing has always been a challenge for most students. Different types of papers are assigned daily, hundreds of rules to remember, and tight deadlines make students stress out and panic. Besides, writing such papers is difficult and time-consuming, and many associated nuances, like plagiarism or deadlines, complicate things.

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If you want to order a custom research paper writing service but don’t want to waste time doing it, you will be thrilled to learn that the order placement process on our website takes less than five minutes! How does it work? You can buy a research paper or academic poster for any subject just in a few steps. To buy custom research papers from us, you only need to choose the type of work from the list provided on our website’s home page. Then you specify a few requirements, such as deadline, number of pages, and other requirements. Browse our list of available and suitable writers, find several who meet your demands, contact them in a live chat to discuss any details, and then make a final decision. From this point, you only need to transfer money to your personal account for a writer to start working and stay in touch with the chosen specialist as he or she performs your task. Then you wait for your perfect and unique work to arrive. You only pay the research paper writer once the delivered research paper satisfies all your expectations and needs.

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Eight Ways (and More) To Find and Access Research Papers

This blog is part of our Research Smarter series. You’ll discover the various search engines, databases and data repositories to help you along the way. Click on any of the following links for in an in-depth look at how to find relevant research papers, journals , and authors for your next project using the Web of Science™. You can  also check out our ultimate guides here , which include tips to speed up the writing process.

If you’re in the early stages of your research career, you’re likely struggling to learn all you can about your chosen field and evaluate your options. You also need an easy and convenient way to find the right research papers upon which to build your own work and keep you on the proper path toward your goals.

Fortunately, most institutions have access to thousands of journals, so your first step should be to be to check with library staff  and find out what is available via your institutional subscriptions.

For those who may be unfamiliar with other means of access, this blog post – the first in a series devoted to helping you “research smarter” – will provide a sampling of established data sources for scientific research. These include search engines, databases, and data repositories.

Search Engines and Databases

You may have already discovered that the process of searching for research papers offers many choices and scenarios. Some search engines, for example, can be accessed free of charge. Others require a subscription. The latter group generally includes services that index the contents of thousands of published journals, allowing for detailed searches on data fields such as author name, institution, title or keyword, and even funding sources. Because many journals operate on a subscription model too, the process of obtaining full-text versions of papers can be complicated.

On the other hand, a growing number of publishers follow the practice of Open Access (OA) , making their journal content freely available. Similarly, some authors publish their results in the form of preprints, posting them to preprint servers for immediate and free access. These repositories, like indexing services, differ in that some concentrate in a given discipline or broad subject area, while others cover the full range of research.

Search Engines

Following is a brief selection of reputable search engines by which to locate articles relevant to your research.

Google Scholar is a free search engine that provides access to research in multiple disciplines. The sources include academic publishers, universities, online repositories, books, and even judicial opinions from court cases. Based on its indexing, Google Scholar provides citation counts to allow authors and others to track the impact of their work.  

The Directory of Open Access Journals ( DOAJ ) allows users to search and retrieve the article contents of nearly 10,000 OA journals in science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and humanities. All journals must adhere to quality-control standards, including peer review.

PubMed , maintained by the US National Library of Medicine, is a free search engine covering the biomedical and life sciences. Its coverage derives primarily from the MEDLINE database, covering materials as far back as 1951.

JSTOR affords access to more than 12 million journal articles in upwards of 75 disciplines, providing full-text searches of more than 2,000 journals, and access to more than 5,000 OA books.

Selected Databases

The following selection samples a range of resources, including databases which, as discussed above, index the contents of journals either in a given specialty area or the full spectrum of research. Others listed below offer consolidated coverage of multiple databases. Your institution is likely subscribed to a range of research databases, speak to your librarian to see which databases you have access to, and how to go about your search.

Web of Science includes The Web of Science Core Collection, which covers more than 20,000 carefully selected journals, along with books, conference proceedings, and other sources. The indexing also captures citation data, permitting users to follow the thread of an idea or development over time, as well as to track a wide range of research-performance metrics. The Web of Science also features EndNote™ Click , a free browser plugin that offers one-click access to the best available legal and legitimate full-text versions of papers. See here for our ultimate guide to finding relevant research papers on the Web of Science .

Science.gov covers the vast territory of United States federal science, including more than 60 databases and 2,200-plus websites. The many allied agencies whose research is reflected include NASA, the US Department of Agriculture, and the US Environmental Protection Agency.

CiteSeerx is devoted primarily to information and computer science. The database includes a feature called Autonomous Citation Indexing, designed to extract citations and create a citation index for literature searching and evaluation.

Preprint and Data Repositories

An early form of OA literature involved authors, as noted above,  making electronic, preprint versions of their papers freely available. This practice has expanded widely today. You can find archives devoted to a single main specialty area, as well as general repositories connected with universities and other institutions.

The specialty archive is perhaps best exemplified by arXiv (conveniently pronounced “archive,” and one of the earliest examples of a preprint repository). Begun in 1991 as a physics repository, ArXiv has expanded to embrace mathematics, astronomy, statistics, economics, and other disciplines. The success of ArXiv spurred the development of, for example, bioArXiv devoted to an array of topics within biology, and for chemistry, ChemRxiv .

Meanwhile, thousands of institutional repositories hold a variety of useful materials. In addition to research papers, these archives store raw datasets, graphics, notes, and other by-products of investigation. Currently, the Registry of Open Access Repositories lists more than 4,700 entries.

Reach Out Yourself?

If the resources above don’t happen to result in a free and full-text copy of the research you seek, you can also try reaching out to the authors yourself.

To find who authored a paper, you can search indexing platforms like the Web of Science , or research profiling systems like Publons™ , or ResearchGate , then look to reach out to the authors directly.

So, although the sheer volume of research can pose a challenge to identifying and securing needed papers, plenty of options are available.

Related posts

Beyond discovery: ai and the future of the web of science.

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Demonstrating socioeconomic impact – a historical perspective of ancient wisdom and modern challenges

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Buy a research paper from a professional research writer

The writers that work with Ultius are all college grads familiar with research paper writing

A research paper contains personal interpretation and observations regarding a specific topic or argument. Writers at Ultius are experienced in producing high-quality research papers and conducting research and analysis for each and every order. Research papers can be constructed from a topic you have provided or from one your writer chooses, whatever best suits your needs. You will be able to communicate with your writer throughout the process and the topic will be professionally researched and structured in the format of your choosing.

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Ultius writers understand the demands of research paper writing, like:

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Research is a specialty of Ultius writers. Crafting an effective research paper can be time consuming and challenging, but Ultius writers are professionals. Their education and expertise ensures that when you pay for a research paper through Ultius, it will meet your every need and provide a template for writing similar projects in the future.

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It really is as easy as 1-2-3. Just these few simple steps and you’ll have your sample research paper in hand, written to your specifications, on your schedule. We strive to ensure that each and every time you buy a research paper through Ultius, it conforms to your exact needs. But we also realize that sometimes changes need to be made. Rest easy; we offer a free revision service for those little changes or rearrangements that will elevate your research paper from good to perfect!

Consider ordering a higher level writer. They cost more, but they’re the best of the best.

When you buy a research paper through Ultius, you get some amazing benefits

The support of a skilled team is something we at Ultius are proud to provide at every stage

Our Quality Assurance team will ensure that every time you order a research paper, it meets your needs as closely as possible. Each order is carefully reviewed by our Quality Assurance agents to ensure that it is on time, the writing is of the highest possible quality, and that your specific instructions are followed precisely. Only after meeting these strict criteria is your order approved and released to you: never late, always great.

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We know that changes are sometimes necessary. Our free revisions help you address that final point or add that little extra bit of polish that will make your custom written research paper truly extraordinary.

Our Quality Assurance and Client Success teams are committed to ensuring that your experience as an Ultius customer is the best it can be. We work night and day to make sure each and every time you use our research paper writing service , you get the highest quality content possible.

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Common questions when you pay for a research paper

If you’ve never bought a paper before, we’re here to answer any questions you have before you buy

Your questions and concerns are of the utmost importance to us as your writer fulfills your research paper purchase. We realize, however, that you might not even be sure where to begin. Here are some of the more commonly asked questions our customers have when placing an order. These range from writer experience and qualifications to topics or research materials. We’ll do our very best to answer them all for you here.

You can communicate with your writer throughout the process. You have the option to leave detailed instructions or to simply provide a topic and let the writer work out the details. They are experts in this kind of document and want to help you succeed.

Our writers are highly experienced researchers with access to books, scholarly writings, and peer-reviewed journals. Simply let your writer know where the source materials must come from and they will be sure to draw from appropriate sources.

We love to make connections here at Ultius. We especially love to connect a client with a writer that they love. You will have the option to request a writer with whom you have previously worked through our “requested writer” option.

If your question was not answered, check out the FAQ section for other questions or concerns. You can also contact Ultius 24/7 via phone (toll-free included), SMS, live chat, email or Facebook Messenger. We look forward to hearing from you.

These are just a few of the questions you may have when placing an order with Ultius. You can view many additional frequently asked questions by visiting our Support Desk. If you still can’t find the answers you seek, Client Success is just one step away to help you with whatever you need!

Example research papers from Ultius writers

The writers that work with Ultius are no strangers to research papers. Here are a few examples you can check out now

It’s always a good idea to get an idea of what you are buying before you open your wallet. For that reason, we’ve included an assortment of sample research papers created by some of the finest writers. These are the same individuals who will be crafting your custom order. As you can see, our writers cover a broad range of topics and conduct top notch research to ensure that when you order a research paper, it meets all your expectations.

These are just a few of the many topics that can be chosen when you pay for a research paper through Ultius. We have plenty more samples for you to browse to make certain that our custom writing services will cater to your specific needs.

Components of a great research paper

Primary sources, a strong thesis statement, an outline, and knowing your structure are keys to a great research paper

A great research paper is a product of its parts, just as weak parts make up a flimsy whole; and nobody looking to buy research papers wants a flimsy product. The following is a breakdown of the various parts that go into an effective research paper and strategies for making those parts as strong as possible. The three most important elements of a good research paper include: proper planning and outlining, formulating a strong thesis statement, and selecting quality sources.

1 Have an outline

An outline helps you organize the structure of your research paper

An outline helps you organize your thoughts and create a strategy for your essay including these critical concerns:

• Form a thesis statement that is decisive, focused, and can be objectively supported
• Select scholarly evidence and organize it logically to most effectively present your argument and findings
• Form a succinct, coherent conclusion that touches on all key elements and summarizes your point

By pre-planning your research paper through outlining, the final product will be more cohesive and successful. Many clients choose to pay for a research paper outline and then complete the final document themselves.

2 Have a strong research thesis

Your thesis is the main point your research paper will make or address

The thesis statement is the core of an effective research paper. The thesis is not only the central idea of your document, but also expresses the intent of the piece. A good thesis in a research paper not only states a claim, but also suggests how the research will build upon that claim to both inform and expand upon the chosen topic.

3 Use primary sources

Good research papers rely heavily on primary sources rather than secondary ones

Creating a good research paper requires knowing how to identify and use both primary and secondary sources:

• Primary sources provide first hand evidence of an event or study
• Secondary sources tend to be analyses or discussions that use primary sources as reference material
• Secondary sources can provide context and supporting commentary, but only primary sources can provide objective facts

Properly implemented, both primary and secondary sources can strongly contribute to a research paper. And you can expect to receive both, used and cited correctly, any time you pay for a research paper through Ultius.

How to produce an excellent research paper

The following steps below will help ensure your research paper is done correctly

Once you have selected your sources and created a framework for your research paper with an outline, all that’s left to do is fill in the blanks. Many writers stumble at this point in the process, but if you have created an effective thesis, chosen strong sources, and devised a strategy for tying it all together, the rest is a snap! You can buy a research paper to have it done for you, but if you’d rather do it yourself, see how with the following steps:

Step 1: Use your outline to structure your paper

Your outline contains the basic structure you’ll use to begin writing your paper

Your outline is your skeleton. Each number in your outline represents a section of the completed research paper. All that remains is to add the text. The outline provides all the ideas, it just needs details, conjunctions, and transitions. Adding these elements is surprisingly easy once you get going. You know what need to be written about; now just sit and write.

Step 2: Writing your introduction

Your research paper introduction should introduce your thesis

An introduction catches the attention of your reader. Writing an effective introduction is integral to an effective research paper and mastery of this critical section is just one of the reasons Ultius is the best place to buy a research paper online.

• Start with a hook. Your opening sentence should entice your reader
• Provide some context to the hook or a bit of detail. Don’t get carried away, though. You have the whole of the paper to spend on details.
• The thesis statement should finish off the introduction, stating what you intend to explore or explain. The thesis is the payoff to the hook and establishes why one should continue reading

A good introduction gets things rolling and ensures that your reader continues reading to the very end.

Step 3: Writing your main body

The body of your research paper is where the bulk of the writing will take place

The body of the research paper contains the evidence you are presenting to prove your thesis. This needs to be organized so that it flows logically from one point to the next and that ideas transition naturally into one another. Writers often struggle here, not with the presentation of evidence, but the organization of it. Organizing the ideas in the body of a research paper contributes greatly to its effectiveness and a task that many choose to hand over to a professional when they pay for research papers.

Step 4: Cite your sources

Depending on the format of your research paper, you may be required to include an annotated bibliography

The citation style of a research paper can contribute to the way it is organized. Some styles require an annotated bibliography which is a brief justification of the value of each chosen source to the research. Each citation method contains its own specific set of criteria and each requires different formatting. Literature tends to use MLA, history often uses Chicago or Turabian styles, and social sciences often utilize APA formatting. When you buy research papers through Ultius, you are also paying for an expert in academic styles.

Step 5: Review and edit

Double check your paper for any errors in grammar or spelling and that your research and citations are correct

Revision is key! Once the writing is done the project is really only half over. Revision and rewriting are what make a good research paper truly great. Only through revision can errors be caught, missed details can be supplied and ideas that just don’t seem to work can be replaced. Revision makes everything in writing better. It is not the product of poor writing; it is the cause of great writing.

The revision phase of the writing process is essential in perfecting a research paper. Have a friend, peer, or professional review and revise your essay. Not only does Ultius provide custom writing, but it is also the best place to buy research paper editing, as well.

If you’ve written your own research paper, consider having it professionally edited .

Buying research papers is good for your future

As Business Insider noted in an article, performing well in school translates to performing well in your chosen profession. This is never more true than in research oriented fields where knowing the language and the methods of solid research writing will be an everyday requirement. Even for those who choose a career path completely unrelated to research, there is value in understanding the scientific method of exploring and resolving a research based thesis.

Additional help and resources

Creating your own research paper can seem very difficult at times. There is, however, a vast array of resources available online. Ultius offers an extensive writing help section where you can find answers to any questions you may have to help make the experience of writing your own research paper an easy and enjoyable experience even if you don’t wish to pay for a research paper.

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Custom sample services are for model and reference use only. When referencing our work, you must use a proper citation.

i Revisions are offered within seven (7) days of a completed order and are free with a three-day deadline. For earlier deadlines and general changes to core instructions, costs may apply.

ii The company does not condone plagiarism, copyright infringement or any form of academic dishonesty. All provided sample services must only be used for reference purposes while being cited properly. Please read the Fair Use Policy.

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How To Find The Right Research Papers For Sale Online?

In the vast realm of academia, research papers stand as the cornerstone of scholarly pursuit. They represent not just an assignment but a gateway to knowledge, critical thinking, and academic excellence. However, the journey towards crafting a stellar research paper can often be daunting, filled with challenges and hurdles. This is where the concept of custom research papers for sale online comes into play, offering students a lifeline in their academic endeavors. At The Writing Planet, we understand the importance of providing affordable yet top-notch research papers, tailored to meet the unique needs of every student.

Navigating the Landscape of Custom Research Papers

In today’s academic landscape, one size certainly does not fit all. The need for personalized research papers has never been more apparent. Each academic task comes with its own set of requirements, guidelines, and expectations. It’s not just about completing the assignment; it’s about delivering a paper that reflects depth of understanding, analytical prowess, and original thought. This is where custom research papers shine, offering students the opportunity to tailor their assignments to their specific needs and preferences.

Moreover, affordability plays a crucial role in ensuring equitable access to academic support. Students often find themselves grappling with tight budgets, juggling various expenses while trying to excel in their studies. The Writing Planet recognizes this need and strives to provide cost-effective solutions without compromising on quality. Our commitment to offering cheap research papers for sale underscores our dedication to making academic assistance accessible to all.

Why The Writing Planet Is Best:

At The Writing Planet, quality is our top priority. We take pride in delivering research papers that not only meet but exceed academic standards. Our team of experienced writers comprises subject matter experts who are well-versed in their respective fields. Whether you need a paper on quantum physics or Shakespearean literature, rest assured that your assignment is in capable hands.

Despite our unwavering focus on quality, we understand the importance of affordability. We believe that every student deserves access to high-quality academic assistance, regardless of their financial circumstances. That’s why we offer custom research papers for sale online at competitive prices. From introductory discounts to seasonal promotions, we strive to make our services accessible to students from all walks of life.

How to Safely Purchase Research Papers Online

The prospect of purchasing research papers online can be daunting, fraught with concerns about authenticity, reliability, and confidentiality. However, with the right approach, it can also be a seamless and secure process. Here are some tips to ensure a safe and reliable buying experience:

• Do Your Research : Before making a purchase, take the time to research different providers. Look for reviews, testimonials, and ratings to gauge their reputation and reliability.
• Verify Credentials : Ensure that the website you’re considering is legitimate and trustworthy. Look for certifications, accreditations, and security protocols to safeguard your personal and financial information.
• Communicate Clearly : Clearly communicate your requirements and expectations to the service provider. Provide detailed instructions, guidelines, and preferences to ensure that your paper meets your standards.
• Review Samples : Request samples or previews of previous work to assess the quality and style of the provider’s writing. This will give you a better idea of what to expect from your own paper.
• Ask Questions : Don’t hesitate to ask questions or seek clarification on any aspect of the buying process. A reputable service provider will be transparent and responsive to your inquiries.
• Recommendation: We recommend you get quality services from The Writing Planet Company, we hire professional research paper writers for those who want to get high grades.

By following these guidelines and entrusting your purchase to a reputable provider like The Writing Planet, you can navigate the process of buying research papers online with confidence and peace of mind.

Unveiling The Ultimate Guide to Research Paper Purchase

At The Writing Planet, we’re committed to providing a seamless and hassle-free experience for our customers. Our user-friendly platform is designed to streamline the research paper purchase process, from browsing available services to placing an order and communicating with your assigned writer.

Our extensive range of services covers a wide array of subjects and topics, ensuring that we have the expertise to tackle any academic task. Whether you need a simple essay or a complex dissertation, our team of skilled writers is up to the challenge.

We understand that purchasing a research paper online can raise concerns about authenticity and originality. That’s why we guarantee plagiarism-free content that is meticulously researched, expertly written, and tailored to your specifications. Our writers adhere to the highest standards of academic integrity, ensuring that every paper we deliver is original and well-crafted.

Elevating Your Academic Journey with The Writing Planet

But don’t just take our word for it. Hear from our satisfied customers who have experienced firsthand the difference that The Writing Planet can make in their academic journey. From improved grades to enhanced understanding of complex concepts, our custom research papers have helped countless students achieve their academic goals.

Moreover, our commitment to affordability means that you can enjoy the benefits of high-quality academic assistance without breaking the bank. With our competitive prices and flexible payment options, you can empower your studies without draining your finances.

In conclusion, when it comes to purchasing research papers online, quality and affordability need not be mutually exclusive. With The Writing Planet, you can enjoy the best of both worlds: top-notch research papers at prices that won’t break the bank. So why wait? Elevate your academic journey today with The Writing Planet and experience the difference for yourself.

In the fast-paced world of academia, research papers serve as the linchpin of scholarly pursuit. However, crafting a stellar research paper can often be a daunting task, filled with challenges and obstacles. This is where custom research papers for sale online come into play, offering students a lifeline in their academic endeavors.

At The Writing Planet, we understand the importance of providing affordable yet high-quality research papers that are tailored to meet the unique needs of every student. With our unwavering commitment to quality, affordability, and customer satisfaction, we strive to empower students to excel in their academic pursuits.

So why settle for subpar papers when you can experience the difference with The Writing Planet ? Unlock your academic potential today and embark on a journey toward excellence with our custom research papers for sale online.

What is the best website for research papers?

When it comes to finding reliable and high-quality research papers, there are several reputable websites to consider. One noteworthy option is “The Writing Planet,” a trusted service provider company known for delivering top-notch research papers. Their team of experienced writers ensures the production of well-researched and professionally written papers across various subjects.

How to buy research papers online?

When looking to buy research papers online, it’s important to approach the process with caution and ensure that you are using a reputable service. Here are the steps you can follow:

• Research and Choose a Reputable Service: Start by researching and identifying reputable online platforms that specialize in providing academic papers. Look for reviews, testimonials, and ratings to gauge the credibility of each service. The Writing Planet is one such company known for its reliability and quality.
• Check for Plagiarism-Free Guarantee: A trustworthy service should guarantee plagiarism-free content. Ensure that the company uses plagiarism detection tools and provides a report to guarantee the originality of the research paper.
• Review Sample Papers: Most reputable services offer sample papers or portfolios showcasing their writers’ capabilities. Reviewing these samples can give you an idea of the quality of work you can expect.
• Check Writer Qualifications: Ensure that the writers employed by the service are qualified and experienced in your field of study. Look for information about their academic backgrounds and credentials.
• Clear Communication and Support: A reliable service should have clear communication channels and responsive customer support. Ensure there are means to communicate with the writer working on your paper and that customer support is available to address any concerns.
• Secure Payment Options: Prioritize services that offer secure payment options. This ensures the safety of your personal and financial information.
• Specify Your Requirements Clearly: When placing an order, provide detailed instructions and requirements for your research paper. This helps the writer understand your expectations and deliver a customized paper.
• Review and Revise: Once you receive the research paper, review it thoroughly. If there are any issues or areas that need improvement, communicate with the writing service promptly to request revisions.
• Maintain Academic Integrity: While using online services, it’s crucial to maintain academic integrity. Use the purchased research paper as a reference or a guide, and avoid submitting it as your own work.
• Check Guarantees and Policies: Carefully read through the guarantees and policies of the writing service, including revisions, refunds, and confidentiality.

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If you want to purchase research paper from a trusted company, then PaperHelp is your best choice. Their team has been working since 2013, and their experience and devotion have earned the company a stellar reputation. You can be absolutely sure that your order will be delivered on time. All the specialists at PaperHelp have degrees in different fields. Hence, they are capable of writing papers of any complexity in a wide range of disciplines.

According to customer feedback and our own experience, research paper writers at PaperHelp always meet the required deadlines and deliver plagiarism-free content. It’s also important to note that prices for academic writing services start from $13 per page, which is quite affordable compared to other services.

2. BBQPapers : Professional Writers, Top Quality

If you need to write a complex research paper but there’s no time for it, you should definitely turn to BBQPapers. This company specializes in advanced research paper writing, handling the most complex tasks. You can choose an expert with a Ph.D. degree in the most suitable field and get a paper of excellent quality delivered to you in a day. In fact, in-depth research skill is a strong point of any BBQPapers’ specialist.

They always conduct in-depth analysis and build college papers on impeccable logic. The good news is that the service offers competitive prices, so you won’t spend too much money on your homework. The rates start at $5.85 per 100 words for high school students and $6.77 per 100 words for individuals studying at college.

3. WritePaperForMe : Cheap Service

WritePaperForMe is a place where you can buy college research papers at an affordable price. If your budget is very limited, it could be the perfect solution. Although it offers custom papers at low prices, the quality remains relatively high. This is a case where professionalism and affordability go hand in hand.

At WritePaperForMe, you can primarily choose ESL writers who have an advanced command of English. Despite this, their professionalism shouldn’t be questioned. You will definitely receive your college research papers on time and at the lowest price. If you’re looking to purchase research papers from WritePaperForMe, the minimum rate per page starts at $6.99.

4. EssayPro : Best Bidding Platform

If you are looking for an old, reputable company, you should consider EssayPro. Many years of experience have made this website one of the best in its niche. You can connect with professional writers by learning about their qualifications and placing a bid for your work. Once you match with a specialist, discuss all the necessary details of your order and agree on a deadline.

If needed, you can also ask a writer to share an outline or request a plagiarism report. Being one of the oldest companies in the market, EssayPro always delivers top-notch services to maintain its reputation. Therefore, you can receive an unlimited number of revisions if you are not satisfied with the result. Prices start at $10.80 per page.

5. SpeedyPaper : Exceptional Customer Service

Everyone is looking for a great customer experience, and this is exactly what SpeedyPaper can provide. The service caters to both high school and college students. Specialists from SpeedyPaper are very client-oriented, so purchasing research papers from this company is quick and efficient.

This means your needs will be met, no matter how complicated your requirements may be. And you don’t have to spend a lot of money on your order because the prices at SpeedyPaper are quite fair. The minimum rate for high school tasks is $11 per page, while university research papers can be written for as little as $13 per page.

Buying research papers online is a legitimate way to advance in your academic career without burning out. However, it’s crucial to use well-regarded services to ensure plagiarism-free, high-quality writing.

We understand that the process of buying research paper online raises many questions and concerns, so we’ll answer the most commonly asked ones here. This way, you’ll know precisely where to find the best of the best.

Is it safe to buy research paper online?

Students often worry about safety issues when using the services of custom writing companies—and with good reason! Most institutions view such practices as cheating, making it particularly risky if professors discover that your assignment was completed by someone else.

The negative consequences can damage your reputation in the academic world and disrupt your career prospects. However, your fears should not deter you from seeking help. In fact, established and reliable companies are absolutely safe for users. They protect your private data and do not share any information with third parties. Your identity will remain confidential, ensuring that no one, including your instructors, will ever know if your assignment was commissioned.

According to their privacy policies, names, orders, and banking details provided by customers cannot be disclosed to anyone. Violating this policy puts a company’s reputation at risk and leads to a loss of clients. Therefore, if you encounter multiple positive reviews and a large customer base, you can be confident that the chosen service is 100% safe.

How much does it cost to buy a research paper?

Price is one of the most important aspects to consider when choosing a custom writing company. If you are a student on a budget, you are probably limited in the amount of money to spend on your studies.  Hence, you must be wondering if buying a research paper online is expensive. It’s difficult to give an exact answer to this question because the prices vary dramatically from one service to another. What’s more, they depend on your academic level and some other criteria.

For instance, high school papers can be found at rates starting from $7 per page, while college students will typically pay more, with professional writing services charging at least $10 per page for college-level work. Ph.D. research papers command even higher prices. There are websites that offer cheap research papers, but more often than not, they are written by amateur writers or by AI.

When calculating the cost of your order, companies also consider the discipline you’re studying. The more complex the subject, the higher the price. Deadline urgency is another critical factor; tighter deadlines mean higher costs as you’re required to pay a premium for expedited service.

Who will write my research paper?

In most cases, selecting the individual who will write your research paper is your responsibility. Websites typically provide a list of writers, featuring brief descriptions of their education, skills, and experience. You can review the degrees held by each specialist and the dates they were conferred. Generally, all writers possess advanced degrees, ensuring the high quality of their work.

For instance, if you need a paper completed in Economics, you can choose a reputable research paper writer with higher education in this specific field. This approach is applicable to any discipline you are studying.

Your choice can also extend between ESL (English as a Second Language) writers and native English speakers. However, it’s important not to be influenced by stereotypes. Some people assume that native speakers are invariably superior to ESL writers. But is this assumption accurate? In reality, certifications like the IELTS Academic demonstrate an individual’s proficient command of English and their capability to perform their job effectively. Therefore, verifying qualifications is crucial.

How soon can I have my custom research paper written?

Students often turn to essay writing services when they can’t manage their homework on time. Tight deadlines prompt young people to seek help, making the delivery speed of your research paper critically important.

The good news is that nearly all reputable essay writing services are capable of completing your urgent assignments. If you’re facing imminent deadlines, you can have your term paper completed within a few days. Some services even promise to finish college tasks within 24 hours. However, be prepared to pay extra for swift services. Why? Because writers must prioritize your order, which increases their workload.

In fact, the more time you allow for the completion of your paper, the less it will cost. If you require a custom research paper to be written in just a few hours, the price can escalate to $36 per page or more.

Is it illegal to buy research papers online?

Since most institutions strictly prohibit using the services of assignment writing companies, it raises a lot of concerns among young people. Students are often worried about the legal consequences of their actions. They are afraid of being punished according to the existing laws. However, it doesn’t make any sense because there are no laws prohibiting paper writing services. If a company has a license and operates according to the required business regulations, it’s absolutely safe.

Officially registered agencies that don’t break any general rules are a great solution for busy university students. But the question is “How to make sure that you’ve chosen the right essay writing service?” Well, actually it’s pretty easy. All you need to do is just to check their official website and see if there is any information about licensing.

Where can I buy a research paper online?

Now, obtaining research paper assistance online is no longer a challenge. The availability of writing services that cater to academic assignments is on the rise. By simply searching phrases like ‘buy college research paper,’ ‘write my assignment for me,’ or ‘order research paper’ on Google, you’ll be presented with a lengthy list of companies.

Hundreds of agencies are capable of completing almost any academic task. Among the most renowned are PaperHelp, BBQPapers, WritePaperForMe, EssayPro, and SpeedyPaper. When selecting a service, it’s crucial to gather as much information about it as you can. Evaluate its pricing, review the qualifications of its writers, and scrutinize its terms and conditions meticulously.

Where can I get research papers for free?

You can find research papers in your area of study for free from a variety of online directories and libraries. But keep in mind that they are not for submitting as your own work. Instead, you can use them to bolster your own original research paper. Some sites offering free papers include:

• Library Genesis

What are the dangers of hiring a research paper writer on Reddit?

Hiring a research paper writer from Reddit or any other place that isn’t a reputable writing company comes with a plethora of dangers, including:

1. Plagiarism risk

Writers on Reddit don’t have protocols in place to ensure complete originality in the final product. Submitting a research paper filled with plagiarism or unoriginal thoughts could seriously impact your grades and, depending on your institution, lead to expulsion.

Checking for plagiarism should be of utmost importance, and hiring a Reddit-based writer doesn’t necessarily give you this peace of mind.

2. Late delivery

As you know, the punctual submission of term papers and research papers is paramount to success. If the writer fails to meet the deadline you set, the paper could be useless, wasting time and money.

While life does through curveballs to everybody, hiring a writer from Reddit provides no assurance that they’ll deliver your paper on time.

3. Poor writing quality

Poor writing quality is very likely if you fail to use a legitimate writing service and instead choose to hire a writer from Reddit.

It’s unlikely that they will show you samples of their previous work, causing your grades to slip if they can’t meet the high standards of academic writing.

4. Failure to meet requirements

Every essay has criteria that must be met. Writers who aren’t experienced with such writing can fail to meet the standards or conduct a thorough research.

We recommend hiring expert writers from reputable websites only, despite the potentially low cost of those advertising their services on Reddit.

How can a research paper writing website guarantee original, plagiarism-free papers?

Naturally, you need original, plagiarism-free work from your writing service. Otherwise, your grades are at stake.

Only reliable services offer guarantees of originality and ensure they write the paper from scratch. So, that’s the first thing you should look for when deciding where to buy a research paper online.

The services ensure original work by running all final papers through at least one plagiarism checker. Depending on the specific site, they may give you this report for free.

Reasons to Buy Custom Research Paper Online

The advantages of buying research papers from reputable companies are numerous. Firstly, it’s all about quality. Well-known agencies value their reputation on the market, so they never deliver papers of a poor quality. Otherwise, you will get your money back. What’s more, recognized assignment writing services complete orders on time.

Therefore, you can be confident about submitting your homework due to the deadline date. Another important feature of highly-rated companies is that they can write your paper very fast. So if you have an urgent task, you can pay extra and get it done in 24-72 hours.

Just in case you’ve noticed any mistakes in your paper, you can ask writers for a revision. Usually, credible companies offer an unlimited number of revisions, so you can request them until your requirements are completely met.

And last but not least, reputable sites where you can order research paper online typically provide clients with a plagiarism report. Hence, you can make sure that your research paper is original. For your instructors, it will be impossible to reveal that your work was written by somebody else.

Buying research papers online is a common practice nowadays. Many students turn to special services that complete their assignments for money. This is a very convenient way to get your homework done when you are overloaded with academic and professional responsibilities. A reliable writing service can save your time and energy, helping you avoid emotional burnout.

Before you choose a company to buy a paper from, you need to do proper research. Try to find as much information about different platforms as possible. Also, compare their prices and terms. Judging by multiple reviews, one of the best services available today is PaperHelp. But the choice is completely up to you, so you should make your own analysis.

Article paid for by: Ocasio Media The news and editorial staffs of the Bay Area News Group had no role in this post’s preparation.

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Was hesitant at first because never used such site before. Already got few essays and one big research paper. No complaints on my side, work is good give or take. Instructor never said a thing, guess all is good then;))0

Very nice! I did not have time to write my research paper. I gave notes and other info that I got from my prof. Received solid grammar, consistent sentences, all references from proper sources. IMHO I read it prior to submitting and found the work acceptable. Will definitely visit you next time.

To begin with, I usually write research papers myself. But this time I caught a cold and couldn’t perform the task up to the mark, as always. That’s why I decided to outsource the assignment from Studycrumb. The result came back as if I did it myself, which was a bit of a surprise))) Thank you a lot for helping me when the situation was critical!

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I am a non-native speaker here! My English is average at best. Must use research paper services to get by in college. I confirm rather skilled writers who produce nice writings, highly recommendable. There was nothing to edit or revise after completion. Received good marks. Please use this service

Absolute win, don’t know why I even bothered writing research papers before! I admit all these positive reviews don’t lie. Was a bit afraid at first, then all was fine. My order was performed by someone with strong English, maybe better than my own;)) Saved me a great deal of time, for what I’m eternally grateful.

Ordered research paper due in 5 days, it came back in 4, which didn’t cost me a thing, thanks for that!)) As for quality, it’s alright. Basically nothing to argue about, no revisions required. My writer? They were friendly, didn’t take too long to reply to my messages. Received the initial draft, which was good. Already turned my work in and got a positive mark. Kudos!

The service is among the good ones, the support replied to my each question very professionally. Been getting nothing less than A and B for my research papers. Two or three days is a perfect deadline for such type of work. Found a perfect balance of quality and price. I recommend this service to everyone!

Have Any Doubts? Check Our Sample!

Take a look at a free example to see the quality we provide before buying a research paper.

Purchase Research Papers With Ease

Purchase college research papers easily as ABC! Simply share your requirements, and we'll handle everything else.

Specify order details and attach the necessary files. Provide detailed instructions to make sure that everyone stays on the same page.

Surf through the profiles and choose the most seasoned expert in your field. Pay for your research paper order online to jumpstart the writing process.

Easily monitor the progress of the order and contact your personal writer from your Customer dashboard if you need to discuss more details.

Once your work is good to go, you will be able to review it and check whether it meets your needs. Download work to any device and leave your review.

FAQ About Buying Research Paper

Have inquiries about our research papers to buy online? Our managers resolved all frequently asked questions right below.

1. Where can I buy research papers?

Best site to buy research papers is StudyCrumb.com. Students can benefit from skilled lexicologists, flexible deadlines, customer-friendly help center, low prices, as well as free revisions. Stunning price-offs also attract students from all over our country.

2. Is it safe to buy a research paper online?

It’s safe to purchase college research papers online from companies that guarantee no plagiarism. Submitting nonoriginal works is tricking. So if students buy research papers that don’t incorporate plagiarism, then it’s licit because it’s not cheating.

3. Why should I buy a research paper online?

Most students buy research paper writing because of three crucial reasons. First, we can say time is lacking. Second, many US students buy research paper for college because they speak English as their second language. And third, lots of would-be graduates have work or family. In any case, sites like StudyCrumb help aspiring graduates manage their daily workload.

4. How to purchase professional research papers?

Students who need to purchase a research paper should shop on expert sites. Provide as many details as possible. Stay tuned by knowing every facet of how writing unravels by contacting your grammatist often. The best way to order a research paper is beforehand. In this way, prices will be lower than usual.

5. Can I order a research paper outline?

It’s viable to buy a research paper outline on StudyCrumb. Procure this service by visiting our order page. Then, define your preferred type of work. Our writers will draw up that outline for you. In addition, you could buy new work based on that outline from respective experts, too.

6. I need to buy non plagiarized research paper.

Buy original research papers on StudyCrumb, non-plagiarized as well as genuine. Writers examine their documents for plagiarism in front of submission. After that, our QAD editors verify content, including grammar, compliance with order instructions, as well as plagiarism.

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Order Research Paper from Experienced Writers

Order research paper online and achieve magnificent results with professional academic writers at your fingertips. StudyCrumb nurtures diversity and works with competent specialists in various disciplines. Look through the experts’ profiles and ratings, then hire an expert who ticks all the boxes.

Janice did my research paper really well. I enjoyed the topic she came up with for me, as well as the overall level of writing. The price fit my budget, too!

Hesitated at first but then was pressed for time, so I bought a research paper from this writer. Generally, I’m satisfied with the result and will definitely get their help next time.

Reach the writer to clarify the details.

No chance I could’ve finished my research paper on time if it wasn’t Mike who turned things around! In times of need, he did an excellent job on my order. Already got an A!

Had some trouble understanding the topic. That’s why I decided why not to delegate my task to someone who does. Gwen turned out to be a guru in Politics, so she aced the task very much to my liking.

My father told me once that if I can’t do anything myself, I should find someone who does. The writer performed a great research paper, from scratch, without any plagiarism. My professor approved it on the first try.

Alicia is a very smark writer, attentive and professional. I chose her to write my research paper and can tell this writer is an expert. Communication was smooth and the result is awesome.

Requested a premium writer for my research paper. Was recommended to choose this writer who, basically, did everything great. From topic research to a conclusion, the writings emanated expertness.

Camila you’re my guardian angel! If not for you, I would’ve flopped the course for sure! With the help of this fantastic research paper writer, I’ve been able to finish my Psychology course successfully.

Whenever I face trouble with Math problems, I reach out to Kurt. He’s a real genius I must say. When tasked with this research paper, I contacted him for help, as usual. Together, we did a stunning job! Thanks.

Dependable help from a knowledgeable writer. My research paper was done exactly as I initially asked. Delivery was 2 hours before the deadline. Revisions weren’t needed. A plagiarism report was attached.

Buying research papers spares time and energy, which you can spend more efficiently. Entrust our experts with your assignment, and they won’t let you down.

• Research Paper Writing Service
• Buy Research Paper

Fast Steps to Purchase a Research Paper

Most people will say a research paper is the most important assignment for a student’s self-development. When a student is asked to prepare a research paper, he or she is expected to study the chosen topic profoundly, collect information about it, and analyze a problem from different sides. Many teachers claim that higher education is based on research paper writing. In fact, students usually have too many minor assignments that disturb their attention from their complicated projects. Sometimes, it is better to ask an expert for help and have your paper written for money. We enable every student to purchase a genuine and absorbing research paper for the lowest price. There are 5 easy steps you should follow to buy a research paper at our website:

Step #1: Register on Our Website

The initial step is to register at PapersMart.net. Then, you can study the basic information about the types of our services, prices, and achievements. It is useful to read about our writers and delivery to avoid misunderstanding when you order your research paper. Find the option ‘Order Now’ and learn about the form of your order. You will notice that you are expected to possess a lot of information about your topic and writing requirements. We believe the form is easy for understanding and you will place your order without any problems. Nevertheless, we provide you with the opportunity of communication with our administrator who is able to answer all your questions. Moreover, he can provide you with valuable advice concerning the reduction of the price of your order. He can help you place your order and calculate the price of your research paper correctly.

Step #2: Make Sure You Know What Research Paper You Need

Sometimes students are dissatisfied with the quality of their custom research papers because they have not provided their experts with enough instructions. If you want to receive the very paper you need, you ought to ask your academic advisor about the required structure and format of your assignment. Many colleges and universities have their own expectations about the composition of their research papers. Therefore, you should ask about the citation style and the proper volume of your paper. Secondly, you can share your personal instructions and gripping ideas that can be inserted into the assignment. Do not forget that you should conduct primary research of your topic. Our expert will just work out, discuss, and analyze your findings in an appropriate way. If you do these basic things yourself, you will get a completely authentic and personal research paper.

Step #3: Fill in the Form

Your primary duty is to name the title and topic of your research paper. Do not forget to mention your major discipline to let us find the right expert for you. We have hired many talented and creative professionals in the fields of business, marketing, accounting, literature, nursing, psychics, etc. PapersMart.net tries to help every student who receives education at the most challenging and troublesome institutions. You can see that you are supposed to choose the proper format of your text and add your own ideas and personal findings about your topic. This help will make our expert’s work easier and more effective. In the end, you should choose the year of your education. This information determines the complexity of your research paper and its price.

Step #4: Learn about the Price

We ask to use our calculator to learn about the price of your order. When buying a research paper, you ought to understand that there are three main factors influence the cost of your paper. Every page of your assignment costs money. Thus, the overall price depends on the number of pages. Then, the cost is determined by the level of your education. High school students are lucky to be able to purchase cheap academic papers. University research papers are more expensive, as they require more skills and accuracy. An expert has to devote more effort to prepare a solid and unique paper in a short time. The last factor is the deadline. If you wish to receive your assignment quickly, you will need to pay more for it. Every fast research paper is quite an expensive order. If you send your order a good time before the deadline, you can save money and pay a regular price for it.

Step #5: Buy Your Research Paper Online

Students commonly pay the whole sum in advance in order to let us know that we are able to work safely. On the other hand, many young people are afraid of cheating from the side of writing services and we have decided to permit our clients to divide the whole cost into parts. It means that a student receives half of his or her written paper and then he or she should pay for the second half. Both methods of payment are convenient to us.

Calculate the price of your order

Call toll-free, money back guarantee.

According to our money back policy you trace a lack of quality in the final draft of a custom paper you receive from us, you are entitled to full or partial refund.

Paper Format:

• 275 Words per page
• Your choice of 12-point Arial or Times New Roman font
• Double-spaced text
• FREE title page
• FREE bibliography or reference pages
• FREE formatting (your choice of APA , MLA , Chicago, Harvard and other styles)
• FREE revisions according to our Revision Policy
• Progressive Delivery option

Confidentiality Guarantee!

We are fully aware of how crucial the complete confidentiality is for our customers and pay the utmost attention to ensure any information you share with us won't be disclosed to the third parties. Additionally to that, we never use the paper written for you as a material for other assignments we will complete in the future. Read more about our guarantees here .

• High School  -  $10 / page
• College  -  $14 / page
• University  -  $17 / page
• Master's  -  $22 / page
• Ph.D.  -  $26 / page

Current Status

• 180  writers active
• 98.93 % of orders delivered on time
• 8.5  out of 10 current average quality score

Research papers for sale

Worry-free, budget-friendly research papers

With an unbeatable $11.7 per page, our experts promise to deliver top-notch, worry-free research papers.

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Research paper for sale - decade-long expertise, top-level professionals, and versatile subject coverage.

Top-5 reasons to choose EssayPro

A decade of excellence.

As a leading research paper writing service for 10+ years, we understand client needs and consistently deliver top-quality work.

Deadlines for urgent papers

Unmatched writing speed, meeting tight deadlines with ease; we offer swift solutions, even within a 3-hour timeframe.

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Assured originality with 100% plagiarism-free papers and complimentary reports to verify content uniqueness.

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Customers can receive papers of any type, subject, and level, including essays, dissertations, school, and doctorate level work.

Affordable writing from $11.7/page

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How to order your paper

1. give us the details.

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Get notified via email when the task is done. Review, request revisions, and release funds to the writer upon satisfaction.

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Repayment policy

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Top-class academic writing support at your fingertips

Frequently asked questions, what kind of assurance can i get from your service, how quickly can you produce a paper, can you customize custom research papers for sale according to instructions, who makes up the essaypro writing team, do i need to pay before utilizing your services, are there any free offerings available, experience the best in academic support, get research paper for sale while maintaining anonymity.

Our primary goal as a team is to provide every student with exceptional academic assistance exactly when they need it. Offering cheap research paper , we prioritize privacy above all else. With EssayPro, you can confidently place your trust in us, knowing that we neither collect nor share any of your personal information. We only utilize your email address to send drafts and final versions of your papers, as well as to inform you about exclusive promotions and discounts, enabling you to save even more!

By not collecting or storing any extraneous data, including payment details, we maintain your anonymity. When you engage with our experts, concerns about safety and privacy are no longer an issue. Allow us to handle your burdensome assignments and experience a more manageable and stress-free academic life.

With a steadfast commitment to quality, our team is dedicated to helping students excel in their educational pursuits. Choose EssayPro for a secure, private, and reliable source of academic support.

Streamlined Process for Tailored Academic Support at EssayPro

At EssayPro, we make sure you get exactly what you need. Whether it's general academic assignments or term papers for sale , we've got you covered. Simply specify all your requirements for your task and upload any necessary materials. Our professional writers will study your guidelines and complete your paper with them in mind.

Here's how to get started:

• Set up your account

Sign up for a customer account with us by providing your name, email, or phone number and creating a password. Verify your email, and you're ready to go.

• Submit your order

From your dashboard, place your order by filling out a form with all the details about your assignment.

• Choose your writer

Select a writer from our database of professionals based on their field of expertise, ratings, success rate, and customer feedback.

• Communicate changes

If you forget to mention something important, use our direct chat feature to contact your chosen writer and pass along any last-minute requirements.

• Receive your flawless paper

Once your order is complete, you'll receive a notification in your email. If you're satisfied, make payment. If you need any changes, just request revisions.

Getting help with EssayPro is that easy! Try us today

EssayPro's expert hiring process

At EssayPro, we meticulously select our writers from various disciplines to ensure the highest quality service for our clients. Our comprehensive recruitment process consists of five crucial stages:

Identity verification - Initially, we request prospective writers to submit their identification documents, which enables us to maintain customer safety and trust.

Academic credential authentication - Following ID verification, we confirm the legitimacy of the candidate's diploma, including official stamps and signatures from the educational institution.

Writing sample assessment - To determine the candidate's adaptability and knowledge range, we ask for writing samples. Our quality assurance department scrutinizes these submissions meticulously.

Test assignment evaluation - Post-interview, we assign a writing task to the potential writer. This demonstrates their capability to meet the demands and standards of our team.

Probationary period - Finally, we offer a one-month trial period to assess the writer's performance. Upon successful completion, we formally invite them to join the EssayPro team.

Through this rigorous selection process, we ensure that our writers possess the necessary knowledge, speed, accuracy, and professionalism to deliver top-notch services to our valued clients.

Why opting for our service is your key to success

Numerous factors make our service the perfect solution for your writing requirements. The primary reason lies in the unwavering dedication and expertise of our professionals. Each writer on our team boasts a higher education degree, years of valuable experience, and a spotless track record, ensuring exceptional work quality. Not to mention, we also specialize in college research papers for sale, catering to students who need top-quality papers at affordable rates.

Another factor that sets us apart is our rigorous deadline policy. We understand the importance of timely submissions, so we prioritize meeting deadlines without compromising content quality. This attention to detail makes us a top choice for clients seeking reliable and punctual academic services.

By opting for our services, you can grant yourself a well-deserved respite while our skilled experts manage your tasks with diligence and precision. Choose us to simplify your life, confident that your writing needs are in the hands of experienced and committed professionals.

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In today's fast-paced world, individuals are often faced with numerous needs, desires, and, consequently, obligations. Juggling multiple tasks simultaneously is a common struggle as people try to keep up with the demands of modern life. This is where EssayPro comes in, offering a solution for those looking to lighten their workload and concentrate on their top priorities. By requesting a research paper for sale online, you can find relief from your academic challenges and receive support from our highly skilled professionals, experts in your specific field, who are dedicated to delivering quality work.

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We have a diverse team of qualified writers from various fields of study, ensuring that we can handle orders on subjects like business, literature, chemistry, and marketing. Selecting your ideal writer is a breeze, as we make our experts' profiles and ratings publicly available, allowing you to quickly find the perfect professional for your needs.

With EssayPro, you can always expect exceptional results, regardless of the type of assistance required or the writer chosen. All our experts are native English speakers from the US and Canada, proficient in the following:

• Conducting thorough research and identifying credible sources;
• Completing even the most complex assignments on time;
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May I request edits?

Occasionally, your order may be intricate and encompass a wide array of specifications, necessitating additional edits. Our team is always receptive to such requests. Within 30 days following your order delivery, you can avail of unlimited revisions free of charge. So, if the final draft does not entirely align with your expectations, don't hesitate to request adjustments.

Initiating revisions is a breeze; simply reach out to the writer who completed your paper and express your concerns. Collaborating with our expert quality assurance team, the writer will implement the necessary amendments to ensure you are absolutely delighted with your order.

In the rare instance that you remain entirely dissatisfied with the work, we offer the option for a refund. If the paper's quality does not meet your expectations, you can request a refund within 30 days of order completion. We are dedicated to providing a stellar experience and ensuring your satisfaction with our services.

Embracing originality and personalized approaches for your papers

When using an academic service for the first time, your primary concern is receiving an unoriginal piece. At our writing platform, we have a strict policy against plagiarism and are committed to delivering completely original content. In addition to our standard offerings, we also have thesis papers for sale which undergo the same rigorous standards of quality and originality. We meticulously craft each paper from scratch and rigorously examine them for uniqueness before sending them to our clients. Moreover, we offer a complimentary originality report with every order, allowing you to request a detailed analysis to ensure 100% uniqueness in your paper.

As you place your order, you can outline your specific requirements and even provide supplementary materials if necessary. Our skilled writers will diligently study your instructions, ensuring your paper is tailored to your needs. Additionally, you can directly communicate any extra requirements with your chosen expert via our convenient live chat feature, fostering a seamless exchange of ideas.

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Our team is prepared to tackle any assignment, regardless of complexity or subject. We take pride in delivering high-quality work and ensuring customer satisfaction, leading to many returning students. With EssayPro, effortlessly achieve your academic goals and confidently submit original, unique essay content.

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6 Best Sites to Buy College Research Papers Online

If you are a college student, you probably know the amount of stress that comes with writing a research paper, otherwise you probably wouldn’t be looking to buy research papers online.

You not only have to conduct extensive research, but you also need to come up with a proper structure and references. Considering all of this, it is no wonder why students often seek professional help when writing their research papers.

A lot of businesses provide such services today due to the high demand for them. However, because of this, it can be difficult to identify a reliable paper writing service. Fortunately, we have examined and identified some of the best websites for you.

These sites not only provide professional research paper help, but also ensure that every client receives their money’s worth in terms of quality work. Let us take a look at what makes these sites our top picks.

The 6 Best Sites to Buy College Research Paper From

All of the aforementioned writing services will provide you with a high-quality research paper that is professionally written. Just choose the one that offers the best value for money, ensuring that you get the highest possible grade.

• PaperHelp — Good Value for Money

The rates at PaperHelp start at $10 per page for high school papers and $12 per page for college papers.

PaperHelp is one of the oldest and most reputable websites to buy a research paper from. They have a customer support team, and they also offer live chat sessions. Their professional writers are always available so as to ensure that they meet the given deadline. Apart from offering top-notch research papers for sale, PaperHelp offers proofreading and editing services at affordable prices.

PaperHelp provides a list of their expert writers with advanced degrees that you can choose for your college research paper. By doing this, you will receive a guarantee of a high-quality paper.

• Reputable company with solid reputation;
• Great quality for a reasonable price;
• Transparent money-back guarantee;
• Plagiarism-free papers.
• Slow customer service;
• It can be hard to quickly find a writer due to the large number of orders that PaperHelp has to deal with.

2. JustDoMyEssay — Premium Quality

At JustDoMyEssay, college and university students can buy custom research paper for $17.55 per page regardless of its complexity.

JustDoMyEssay is a reputable online writing service that delivers top-notch research papers to students all across the globe. This company is known for timely delivery of orders, a secure payment system, professional customer support and affordable rates.

They have a huge team that is dedicated to offering top-notch research paper writing services at cheap prices.

All of the school and college papers are written by professional native English writers. They will provide you with an original research paper that is free of plagiarism, ensuring you get the highest grades.

• Best writers you can find online;
• Excellent quality;
• Plagiarism report comes for free;
• Free revisions to ensure customer satisfaction.
• More expensive than other sites

3. ExpertWriting — Experienced ESL Writers

The prices at ExpertWriting start at $10 per page for high school essays and $12 per page for college essays.

ExpertWriting aims to provide the best mix of affordable prices and professional writing services. This makes it ideal for buying research papers that won’t leave you with an empty hole in your pocket. They are committed to writing custom research papers for their clients within the shortest time possible.

This makes them meet the set deadlines, ensuring that you get your work on time. Unlike most companies that only hire native English writers, ExpertWriting mostly has English as a Second Language (ESL) writers.

• Fair price, good quality papers
• Regular discounts for loyal customers
• Computer science papers (as well as most exact science papers) can get expensive;
• Plagiarism report isn’t free.
• Slow customer support.

4. EssayPro — Cheap Service

At EssayPro, a high school paper will cost you around $10.8 per page. If you want to purchase a research paper, prices start at $11.4 per page.

EssayPro provides a wide range of writing services including custom writing, dissertation writing, term paper writing, essay editing, and coursework help. This makes it ideal for college students who are seeking a wide range of services and good value for money.

If you decide to buy research paper for college, EssayPro is one of the best options to do so. They have a huge team of experienced academic writers and offer 24/7 customer support, helping their clients when in need.

• Good price;
• Paper quality is always top-notch;
• EssayPro offers a bunch of free features, including a free plagiarism report;
• You can buy custom research papers straight from EssayPro’s mobile app.
• Finding a suitable writer for your academic assignment might take quite some time;
• Most writers are ESL.

5. SpeedyPaper — Great Customer Service

At SpeedyPaper, one page of a high school paper may cost you as little as $9, while college prices start at $11 per page.

SpeedyPaper is known for providing high-quality college essays with the best customer experience. Apart from writing, their services include paraphrasing, rewriting, reviewing, editing and grading. As a student, this means that you can reach out to SpeedyPaper at any stage of the writing process.

The best part is that you can get a quote for your requirements immediately. All you need to do is go on their website, select the service you want along with the number of days in which it needs to be finished. Based on this, you can make a better decision about buying research papers online.

• Good quality;
• Excellent reputation;
• Exceptional customer service, their support team won’t stop at nothing to make you satisfied with their services;
• Free title and reference pages.
• Getting a full refund isn’t that easy as SpeedyPaper claims it to be;
• Most writers at SpeedyPaper are ESL.

6. GradeMiners — Most Reputable Company

The standard price for one page of a high school essay at GradeMiners is $16.23, and $18.19 for one page of a college paper.

GradeMiners has the largest pool of academic writers that provide any kind of service you are looking for. Compared to other websites, GradeMiners has a wider range of specializations, including working on an essay assignment, coursework research paper, case study, PowerPoint presentation, book report/review, dissertation term paper, research proposal, and lab report.

This means that you can buy any kind of assignment from GradeMiners and rest assured that they will give you 100% original, custom papers. You can also trust them to deliver your paper on time as per the set requirements. Just visit their website, select the subject area and deadline, and leave the rest to their writers.

• GradeMiners has the largest database of writers, so finding a suitable writer for your specific task will be easy;
• Plagiarism free paper is guaranteed, every time.
• Some students complain about typos and grammatical mistakes in their papers.

Is buying a research paper online safe?

Yes, it is absolutely safe to buy a research paper online as long as you’re buying it from a professional academic writing company. However, there are a few simple rules that you have to keep in mind to stay safe while purchasing academic papers online.

Everyone can’t be an expert on every topic. It can be exhausting when a student has too many tasks in different subjects. This exhaustion and overload may result in low grades and poor performance. Therefore, it is a good idea to buy research paper online.

Beware of scammers. However, buying a research paper online can be safe if you keep the following points in mind. Conduct thorough research of the service provider.

Don’t fall for a low budget lucrative offer; such academic writing services are mostly scams. Chances are, you’ll end up buying a poorly written project or plagiarized content.

The cost of the project depends on its complexity. Ask the essay writing service representative about the writer’s education. Good agencies will provide you with details about their writers.

Also, try to look for a native speaker and ask about deadlines. Giving more time to the writer will minimize the cost and improve quality.

Apart from the points listed above, make sure to keep your personal information hidden.

• Don’t forget to use an anonymous profile to protect privacy.
• Never provide information about your instructors, institution, etc.
• Use a VPN to avoid leaving a digital footprint.

How much does it cost to buy a custom research paper?

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Research ethics and artificial intelligence for global health: perspectives from the global forum on bioethics in research

• James Shaw 1 , 13 ,
• Joseph Ali 2 , 3 ,
• Caesar A. Atuire 4 , 5 ,
• Phaik Yeong Cheah 6 ,
• Armando Guio Español 7 ,
• Judy Wawira Gichoya 8 ,
• Adrienne Hunt 9 ,
• Daudi Jjingo 10 ,
• Katherine Littler 9 ,
• Daniela Paolotti 11 &
• Effy Vayena 12  

BMC Medical Ethics volume  25 , Article number:  46 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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The ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health care and public health continues to be an urgent issue for attention in policy, research, and practice. In this paper we report on central themes related to challenges and strategies for promoting ethics in research involving AI in global health, arising from the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR), held in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2022.

The GFBR is an annual meeting organized by the World Health Organization and supported by the Wellcome Trust, the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the South African MRC. The forum aims to bring together ethicists, researchers, policymakers, research ethics committee members and other actors to engage with challenges and opportunities specifically related to research ethics. In 2022 the focus of the GFBR was “Ethics of AI in Global Health Research”. The forum consisted of 6 case study presentations, 16 governance presentations, and a series of small group and large group discussions. A total of 87 participants attended the forum from 31 countries around the world, representing disciplines of bioethics, AI, health policy, health professional practice, research funding, and bioinformatics. In this paper, we highlight central insights arising from GFBR 2022.

We describe the significance of four thematic insights arising from the forum: (1) Appropriateness of building AI, (2) Transferability of AI systems, (3) Accountability for AI decision-making and outcomes, and (4) Individual consent. We then describe eight recommendations for governance leaders to enhance the ethical governance of AI in global health research, addressing issues such as AI impact assessments, environmental values, and fair partnerships.

Conclusions

The 2022 Global Forum on Bioethics in Research illustrated several innovations in ethical governance of AI for global health research, as well as several areas in need of urgent attention internationally. This summary is intended to inform international and domestic efforts to strengthen research ethics and support the evolution of governance leadership to meet the demands of AI in global health research.

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Introduction

The ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health care and public health continues to be an urgent issue for attention in policy, research, and practice [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Beyond the growing number of AI applications being implemented in health care, capabilities of AI models such as Large Language Models (LLMs) expand the potential reach and significance of AI technologies across health-related fields [ 4 , 5 ]. Discussion about effective, ethical governance of AI technologies has spanned a range of governance approaches, including government regulation, organizational decision-making, professional self-regulation, and research ethics review [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. In this paper, we report on central themes related to challenges and strategies for promoting ethics in research involving AI in global health research, arising from the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR), held in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2022. Although applications of AI for research, health care, and public health are diverse and advancing rapidly, the insights generated at the forum remain highly relevant from a global health perspective. After summarizing important context for work in this domain, we highlight categories of ethical issues emphasized at the forum for attention from a research ethics perspective internationally. We then outline strategies proposed for research, innovation, and governance to support more ethical AI for global health.

In this paper, we adopt the definition of AI systems provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as our starting point. Their definition states that an AI system is “a machine-based system that can, for a given set of human-defined objectives, make predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing real or virtual environments. AI systems are designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy” [ 9 ]. The conceptualization of an algorithm as helping to constitute an AI system, along with hardware, other elements of software, and a particular context of use, illustrates the wide variety of ways in which AI can be applied. We have found it useful to differentiate applications of AI in research as those classified as “AI systems for discovery” and “AI systems for intervention”. An AI system for discovery is one that is intended to generate new knowledge, for example in drug discovery or public health research in which researchers are seeking potential targets for intervention, innovation, or further research. An AI system for intervention is one that directly contributes to enacting an intervention in a particular context, for example informing decision-making at the point of care or assisting with accuracy in a surgical procedure.

The mandate of the GFBR is to take a broad view of what constitutes research and its regulation in global health, with special attention to bioethics in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. AI as a group of technologies demands such a broad view. AI development for health occurs in a variety of environments, including universities and academic health sciences centers where research ethics review remains an important element of the governance of science and innovation internationally [ 10 , 11 ]. In these settings, research ethics committees (RECs; also known by different names such as Institutional Review Boards or IRBs) make decisions about the ethical appropriateness of projects proposed by researchers and other institutional members, ultimately determining whether a given project is allowed to proceed on ethical grounds [ 12 ].

However, research involving AI for health also takes place in large corporations and smaller scale start-ups, which in some jurisdictions fall outside the scope of research ethics regulation. In the domain of AI, the question of what constitutes research also becomes blurred. For example, is the development of an algorithm itself considered a part of the research process? Or only when that algorithm is tested under the formal constraints of a systematic research methodology? In this paper we take an inclusive view, in which AI development is included in the definition of research activity and within scope for our inquiry, regardless of the setting in which it takes place. This broad perspective characterizes the approach to “research ethics” we take in this paper, extending beyond the work of RECs to include the ethical analysis of the wide range of activities that constitute research as the generation of new knowledge and intervention in the world.

Ethical governance of AI in global health

The ethical governance of AI for global health has been widely discussed in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) released its guidelines on ethics and governance of AI for health in 2021, endorsing a set of six ethical principles and exploring the relevance of those principles through a variety of use cases. The WHO guidelines also provided an overview of AI governance, defining governance as covering “a range of steering and rule-making functions of governments and other decision-makers, including international health agencies, for the achievement of national health policy objectives conducive to universal health coverage.” (p. 81) The report usefully provided a series of recommendations related to governance of seven domains pertaining to AI for health: data, benefit sharing, the private sector, the public sector, regulation, policy observatories/model legislation, and global governance. The report acknowledges that much work is yet to be done to advance international cooperation on AI governance, especially related to prioritizing voices from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) in global dialogue.

One important point emphasized in the WHO report that reinforces the broader literature on global governance of AI is the distribution of responsibility across a wide range of actors in the AI ecosystem. This is especially important to highlight when focused on research for global health, which is specifically about work that transcends national borders. Alami et al. (2020) discussed the unique risks raised by AI research in global health, ranging from the unavailability of data in many LMICs required to train locally relevant AI models to the capacity of health systems to absorb new AI technologies that demand the use of resources from elsewhere in the system. These observations illustrate the need to identify the unique issues posed by AI research for global health specifically, and the strategies that can be employed by all those implicated in AI governance to promote ethically responsible use of AI in global health research.

RECs and the regulation of research involving AI

RECs represent an important element of the governance of AI for global health research, and thus warrant further commentary as background to our paper. Despite the importance of RECs, foundational questions have been raised about their capabilities to accurately understand and address ethical issues raised by studies involving AI. Rahimzadeh et al. (2023) outlined how RECs in the United States are under-prepared to align with recent federal policy requiring that RECs review data sharing and management plans with attention to the unique ethical issues raised in AI research for health [ 13 ]. Similar research in South Africa identified variability in understanding of existing regulations and ethical issues associated with health-related big data sharing and management among research ethics committee members [ 14 , 15 ]. The effort to address harms accruing to groups or communities as opposed to individuals whose data are included in AI research has also been identified as a unique challenge for RECs [ 16 , 17 ]. Doerr and Meeder (2022) suggested that current regulatory frameworks for research ethics might actually prevent RECs from adequately addressing such issues, as they are deemed out of scope of REC review [ 16 ]. Furthermore, research in the United Kingdom and Canada has suggested that researchers using AI methods for health tend to distinguish between ethical issues and social impact of their research, adopting an overly narrow view of what constitutes ethical issues in their work [ 18 ].

The challenges for RECs in adequately addressing ethical issues in AI research for health care and public health exceed a straightforward survey of ethical considerations. As Ferretti et al. (2021) contend, some capabilities of RECs adequately cover certain issues in AI-based health research, such as the common occurrence of conflicts of interest where researchers who accept funds from commercial technology providers are implicitly incentivized to produce results that align with commercial interests [ 12 ]. However, some features of REC review require reform to adequately meet ethical needs. Ferretti et al. outlined weaknesses of RECs that are longstanding and those that are novel to AI-related projects, proposing a series of directions for development that are regulatory, procedural, and complementary to REC functionality. The work required on a global scale to update the REC function in response to the demands of research involving AI is substantial.

These issues take greater urgency in the context of global health [ 19 ]. Teixeira da Silva (2022) described the global practice of “ethics dumping”, where researchers from high income countries bring ethically contentious practices to RECs in low-income countries as a strategy to gain approval and move projects forward [ 20 ]. Although not yet systematically documented in AI research for health, risk of ethics dumping in AI research is high. Evidence is already emerging of practices of “health data colonialism”, in which AI researchers and developers from large organizations in high-income countries acquire data to build algorithms in LMICs to avoid stricter regulations [ 21 ]. This specific practice is part of a larger collection of practices that characterize health data colonialism, involving the broader exploitation of data and the populations they represent primarily for commercial gain [ 21 , 22 ]. As an additional complication, AI algorithms trained on data from high-income contexts are unlikely to apply in straightforward ways to LMIC settings [ 21 , 23 ]. In the context of global health, there is widespread acknowledgement about the need to not only enhance the knowledge base of REC members about AI-based methods internationally, but to acknowledge the broader shifts required to encourage their capabilities to more fully address these and other ethical issues associated with AI research for health [ 8 ].

Although RECs are an important part of the story of the ethical governance of AI for global health research, they are not the only part. The responsibilities of supra-national entities such as the World Health Organization, national governments, organizational leaders, commercial AI technology providers, health care professionals, and other groups continue to be worked out internationally. In this context of ongoing work, examining issues that demand attention and strategies to address them remains an urgent and valuable task.

The GFBR is an annual meeting organized by the World Health Organization and supported by the Wellcome Trust, the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the South African MRC. The forum aims to bring together ethicists, researchers, policymakers, REC members and other actors to engage with challenges and opportunities specifically related to research ethics. Each year the GFBR meeting includes a series of case studies and keynotes presented in plenary format to an audience of approximately 100 people who have applied and been competitively selected to attend, along with small-group breakout discussions to advance thinking on related issues. The specific topic of the forum changes each year, with past topics including ethical issues in research with people living with mental health conditions (2021), genome editing (2019), and biobanking/data sharing (2018). The forum is intended to remain grounded in the practical challenges of engaging in research ethics, with special interest in low resource settings from a global health perspective. A post-meeting fellowship scheme is open to all LMIC participants, providing a unique opportunity to apply for funding to further explore and address the ethical challenges that are identified during the meeting.

In 2022, the focus of the GFBR was “Ethics of AI in Global Health Research”. The forum consisted of 6 case study presentations (both short and long form) reporting on specific initiatives related to research ethics and AI for health, and 16 governance presentations (both short and long form) reporting on actual approaches to governing AI in different country settings. A keynote presentation from Professor Effy Vayena addressed the topic of the broader context for AI ethics in a rapidly evolving field. A total of 87 participants attended the forum from 31 countries around the world, representing disciplines of bioethics, AI, health policy, health professional practice, research funding, and bioinformatics. The 2-day forum addressed a wide range of themes. The conference report provides a detailed overview of each of the specific topics addressed while a policy paper outlines the cross-cutting themes (both documents are available at the GFBR website: https://www.gfbr.global/past-meetings/16th-forum-cape-town-south-africa-29-30-november-2022/ ). As opposed to providing a detailed summary in this paper, we aim to briefly highlight central issues raised, solutions proposed, and the challenges facing the research ethics community in the years to come.

In this way, our primary aim in this paper is to present a synthesis of the challenges and opportunities raised at the GFBR meeting and in the planning process, followed by our reflections as a group of authors on their significance for governance leaders in the coming years. We acknowledge that the views represented at the meeting and in our results are a partial representation of the universe of views on this topic; however, the GFBR leadership invested a great deal of resources in convening a deeply diverse and thoughtful group of researchers and practitioners working on themes of bioethics related to AI for global health including those based in LMICs. We contend that it remains rare to convene such a strong group for an extended time and believe that many of the challenges and opportunities raised demand attention for more ethical futures of AI for health. Nonetheless, our results are primarily descriptive and are thus not explicitly grounded in a normative argument. We make effort in the Discussion section to contextualize our results by describing their significance and connecting them to broader efforts to reform global health research and practice.

Uniquely important ethical issues for AI in global health research

Presentations and group dialogue over the course of the forum raised several issues for consideration, and here we describe four overarching themes for the ethical governance of AI in global health research. Brief descriptions of each issue can be found in Table  1 . Reports referred to throughout the paper are available at the GFBR website provided above.

The first overarching thematic issue relates to the appropriateness of building AI technologies in response to health-related challenges in the first place. Case study presentations referred to initiatives where AI technologies were highly appropriate, such as in ear shape biometric identification to more accurately link electronic health care records to individual patients in Zambia (Alinani Simukanga). Although important ethical issues were raised with respect to privacy, trust, and community engagement in this initiative, the AI-based solution was appropriately matched to the challenge of accurately linking electronic records to specific patient identities. In contrast, forum participants raised questions about the appropriateness of an initiative using AI to improve the quality of handwashing practices in an acute care hospital in India (Niyoshi Shah), which led to gaming the algorithm. Overall, participants acknowledged the dangers of techno-solutionism, in which AI researchers and developers treat AI technologies as the most obvious solutions to problems that in actuality demand much more complex strategies to address [ 24 ]. However, forum participants agreed that RECs in different contexts have differing degrees of power to raise issues of the appropriateness of an AI-based intervention.

The second overarching thematic issue related to whether and how AI-based systems transfer from one national health context to another. One central issue raised by a number of case study presentations related to the challenges of validating an algorithm with data collected in a local environment. For example, one case study presentation described a project that would involve the collection of personally identifiable data for sensitive group identities, such as tribe, clan, or religion, in the jurisdictions involved (South Africa, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda and the US; Gakii Masunga). Doing so would enable the team to ensure that those groups were adequately represented in the dataset to ensure the resulting algorithm was not biased against specific community groups when deployed in that context. However, some members of these communities might desire to be represented in the dataset, whereas others might not, illustrating the need to balance autonomy and inclusivity. It was also widely recognized that collecting these data is an immense challenge, particularly when historically oppressive practices have led to a low-trust environment for international organizations and the technologies they produce. It is important to note that in some countries such as South Africa and Rwanda, it is illegal to collect information such as race and tribal identities, re-emphasizing the importance for cultural awareness and avoiding “one size fits all” solutions.

The third overarching thematic issue is related to understanding accountabilities for both the impacts of AI technologies and governance decision-making regarding their use. Where global health research involving AI leads to longer-term harms that might fall outside the usual scope of issues considered by a REC, who is to be held accountable, and how? This question was raised as one that requires much further attention, with law being mixed internationally regarding the mechanisms available to hold researchers, innovators, and their institutions accountable over the longer term. However, it was recognized in breakout group discussion that many jurisdictions are developing strong data protection regimes related specifically to international collaboration for research involving health data. For example, Kenya’s Data Protection Act requires that any internationally funded projects have a local principal investigator who will hold accountability for how data are shared and used [ 25 ]. The issue of research partnerships with commercial entities was raised by many participants in the context of accountability, pointing toward the urgent need for clear principles related to strategies for engagement with commercial technology companies in global health research.

The fourth and final overarching thematic issue raised here is that of consent. The issue of consent was framed by the widely shared recognition that models of individual, explicit consent might not produce a supportive environment for AI innovation that relies on the secondary uses of health-related datasets to build AI algorithms. Given this recognition, approaches such as community oversight of health data uses were suggested as a potential solution. However, the details of implementing such community oversight mechanisms require much further attention, particularly given the unique perspectives on health data in different country settings in global health research. Furthermore, some uses of health data do continue to require consent. One case study of South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Ethiopia and Uganda suggested that when health data are shared across borders, individual consent remains necessary when data is transferred from certain countries (Nezerith Cengiz). Broader clarity is necessary to support the ethical governance of health data uses for AI in global health research.

Recommendations for ethical governance of AI in global health research

Dialogue at the forum led to a range of suggestions for promoting ethical conduct of AI research for global health, related to the various roles of actors involved in the governance of AI research broadly defined. The strategies are written for actors we refer to as “governance leaders”, those people distributed throughout the AI for global health research ecosystem who are responsible for ensuring the ethical and socially responsible conduct of global health research involving AI (including researchers themselves). These include RECs, government regulators, health care leaders, health professionals, corporate social accountability officers, and others. Enacting these strategies would bolster the ethical governance of AI for global health more generally, enabling multiple actors to fulfill their roles related to governing research and development activities carried out across multiple organizations, including universities, academic health sciences centers, start-ups, and technology corporations. Specific suggestions are summarized in Table  2 .

First, forum participants suggested that governance leaders including RECs, should remain up to date on recent advances in the regulation of AI for health. Regulation of AI for health advances rapidly and takes on different forms in jurisdictions around the world. RECs play an important role in governance, but only a partial role; it was deemed important for RECs to acknowledge how they fit within a broader governance ecosystem in order to more effectively address the issues within their scope. Not only RECs but organizational leaders responsible for procurement, researchers, and commercial actors should all commit to efforts to remain up to date about the relevant approaches to regulating AI for health care and public health in jurisdictions internationally. In this way, governance can more adequately remain up to date with advances in regulation.

Second, forum participants suggested that governance leaders should focus on ethical governance of health data as a basis for ethical global health AI research. Health data are considered the foundation of AI development, being used to train AI algorithms for various uses [ 26 ]. By focusing on ethical governance of health data generation, sharing, and use, multiple actors will help to build an ethical foundation for AI development among global health researchers.

Third, forum participants believed that governance processes should incorporate AI impact assessments where appropriate. An AI impact assessment is the process of evaluating the potential effects, both positive and negative, of implementing an AI algorithm on individuals, society, and various stakeholders, generally over time frames specified in advance of implementation [ 27 ]. Although not all types of AI research in global health would warrant an AI impact assessment, this is especially relevant for those studies aiming to implement an AI system for intervention into health care or public health. Organizations such as RECs can use AI impact assessments to boost understanding of potential harms at the outset of a research project, encouraging researchers to more deeply consider potential harms in the development of their study.

Fourth, forum participants suggested that governance decisions should incorporate the use of environmental impact assessments, or at least the incorporation of environment values when assessing the potential impact of an AI system. An environmental impact assessment involves evaluating and anticipating the potential environmental effects of a proposed project to inform ethical decision-making that supports sustainability [ 28 ]. Although a relatively new consideration in research ethics conversations [ 29 ], the environmental impact of building technologies is a crucial consideration for the public health commitment to environmental sustainability. Governance leaders can use environmental impact assessments to boost understanding of potential environmental harms linked to AI research projects in global health over both the shorter and longer terms.

Fifth, forum participants suggested that governance leaders should require stronger transparency in the development of AI algorithms in global health research. Transparency was considered essential in the design and development of AI algorithms for global health to ensure ethical and accountable decision-making throughout the process. Furthermore, whether and how researchers have considered the unique contexts into which such algorithms may be deployed can be surfaced through stronger transparency, for example in describing what primary considerations were made at the outset of the project and which stakeholders were consulted along the way. Sharing information about data provenance and methods used in AI development will also enhance the trustworthiness of the AI-based research process.

Sixth, forum participants suggested that governance leaders can encourage or require community engagement at various points throughout an AI project. It was considered that engaging patients and communities is crucial in AI algorithm development to ensure that the technology aligns with community needs and values. However, participants acknowledged that this is not a straightforward process. Effective community engagement requires lengthy commitments to meeting with and hearing from diverse communities in a given setting, and demands a particular set of skills in communication and dialogue that are not possessed by all researchers. Encouraging AI researchers to begin this process early and build long-term partnerships with community members is a promising strategy to deepen community engagement in AI research for global health. One notable recommendation was that research funders have an opportunity to incentivize and enable community engagement with funds dedicated to these activities in AI research in global health.

Seventh, forum participants suggested that governance leaders can encourage researchers to build strong, fair partnerships between institutions and individuals across country settings. In a context of longstanding imbalances in geopolitical and economic power, fair partnerships in global health demand a priori commitments to share benefits related to advances in medical technologies, knowledge, and financial gains. Although enforcement of this point might be beyond the remit of RECs, commentary will encourage researchers to consider stronger, fairer partnerships in global health in the longer term.

Eighth, it became evident that it is necessary to explore new forms of regulatory experimentation given the complexity of regulating a technology of this nature. In addition, the health sector has a series of particularities that make it especially complicated to generate rules that have not been previously tested. Several participants highlighted the desire to promote spaces for experimentation such as regulatory sandboxes or innovation hubs in health. These spaces can have several benefits for addressing issues surrounding the regulation of AI in the health sector, such as: (i) increasing the capacities and knowledge of health authorities about this technology; (ii) identifying the major problems surrounding AI regulation in the health sector; (iii) establishing possibilities for exchange and learning with other authorities; (iv) promoting innovation and entrepreneurship in AI in health; and (vi) identifying the need to regulate AI in this sector and update other existing regulations.

Ninth and finally, forum participants believed that the capabilities of governance leaders need to evolve to better incorporate expertise related to AI in ways that make sense within a given jurisdiction. With respect to RECs, for example, it might not make sense for every REC to recruit a member with expertise in AI methods. Rather, it will make more sense in some jurisdictions to consult with members of the scientific community with expertise in AI when research protocols are submitted that demand such expertise. Furthermore, RECs and other approaches to research governance in jurisdictions around the world will need to evolve in order to adopt the suggestions outlined above, developing processes that apply specifically to the ethical governance of research using AI methods in global health.

Research involving the development and implementation of AI technologies continues to grow in global health, posing important challenges for ethical governance of AI in global health research around the world. In this paper we have summarized insights from the 2022 GFBR, focused specifically on issues in research ethics related to AI for global health research. We summarized four thematic challenges for governance related to AI in global health research and nine suggestions arising from presentations and dialogue at the forum. In this brief discussion section, we present an overarching observation about power imbalances that frames efforts to evolve the role of governance in global health research, and then outline two important opportunity areas as the field develops to meet the challenges of AI in global health research.

Dialogue about power is not unfamiliar in global health, especially given recent contributions exploring what it would mean to de-colonize global health research, funding, and practice [ 30 , 31 ]. Discussions of research ethics applied to AI research in global health contexts are deeply infused with power imbalances. The existing context of global health is one in which high-income countries primarily located in the “Global North” charitably invest in projects taking place primarily in the “Global South” while recouping knowledge, financial, and reputational benefits [ 32 ]. With respect to AI development in particular, recent examples of digital colonialism frame dialogue about global partnerships, raising attention to the role of large commercial entities and global financial capitalism in global health research [ 21 , 22 ]. Furthermore, the power of governance organizations such as RECs to intervene in the process of AI research in global health varies widely around the world, depending on the authorities assigned to them by domestic research governance policies. These observations frame the challenges outlined in our paper, highlighting the difficulties associated with making meaningful change in this field.

Despite these overarching challenges of the global health research context, there are clear strategies for progress in this domain. Firstly, AI innovation is rapidly evolving, which means approaches to the governance of AI for health are rapidly evolving too. Such rapid evolution presents an important opportunity for governance leaders to clarify their vision and influence over AI innovation in global health research, boosting the expertise, structure, and functionality required to meet the demands of research involving AI. Secondly, the research ethics community has strong international ties, linked to a global scholarly community that is committed to sharing insights and best practices around the world. This global community can be leveraged to coordinate efforts to produce advances in the capabilities and authorities of governance leaders to meaningfully govern AI research for global health given the challenges summarized in our paper.

Limitations

Our paper includes two specific limitations that we address explicitly here. First, it is still early in the lifetime of the development of applications of AI for use in global health, and as such, the global community has had limited opportunity to learn from experience. For example, there were many fewer case studies, which detail experiences with the actual implementation of an AI technology, submitted to GFBR 2022 for consideration than was expected. In contrast, there were many more governance reports submitted, which detail the processes and outputs of governance processes that anticipate the development and dissemination of AI technologies. This observation represents both a success and a challenge. It is a success that so many groups are engaging in anticipatory governance of AI technologies, exploring evidence of their likely impacts and governing technologies in novel and well-designed ways. It is a challenge that there is little experience to build upon of the successful implementation of AI technologies in ways that have limited harms while promoting innovation. Further experience with AI technologies in global health will contribute to revising and enhancing the challenges and recommendations we have outlined in our paper.

Second, global trends in the politics and economics of AI technologies are evolving rapidly. Although some nations are advancing detailed policy approaches to regulating AI more generally, including for uses in health care and public health, the impacts of corporate investments in AI and political responses related to governance remain to be seen. The excitement around large language models (LLMs) and large multimodal models (LMMs) has drawn deeper attention to the challenges of regulating AI in any general sense, opening dialogue about health sector-specific regulations. The direction of this global dialogue, strongly linked to high-profile corporate actors and multi-national governance institutions, will strongly influence the development of boundaries around what is possible for the ethical governance of AI for global health. We have written this paper at a point when these developments are proceeding rapidly, and as such, we acknowledge that our recommendations will need updating as the broader field evolves.

Ultimately, coordination and collaboration between many stakeholders in the research ethics ecosystem will be necessary to strengthen the ethical governance of AI in global health research. The 2022 GFBR illustrated several innovations in ethical governance of AI for global health research, as well as several areas in need of urgent attention internationally. This summary is intended to inform international and domestic efforts to strengthen research ethics and support the evolution of governance leadership to meet the demands of AI in global health research.

Data availability

All data and materials analyzed to produce this paper are available on the GFBR website: https://www.gfbr.global/past-meetings/16th-forum-cape-town-south-africa-29-30-november-2022/ .

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the outstanding contributions of the attendees of GFBR 2022 in Cape Town, South Africa. This paper is authored by members of the GFBR 2022 Planning Committee. We would like to acknowledge additional members Tamra Lysaght, National University of Singapore, and Niresh Bhagwandin, South African Medical Research Council, for their input during the planning stages and as reviewers of the applications to attend the Forum.

This work was supported by Wellcome [222525/Z/21/Z], the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (part of UK Research and Innovation), and the South African Medical Research Council through funding to the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research.

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JS led the writing, contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. JA contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. CA contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. PYC contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. AE contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. JWG contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. AH contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. DJ contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. KL contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. DP contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper. EV contributed to conceptualization and analysis, critically reviewed and provided feedback on drafts of this paper, and provided final approval of the paper.

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Shaw, J., Ali, J., Atuire, C.A. et al. Research ethics and artificial intelligence for global health: perspectives from the global forum on bioethics in research. BMC Med Ethics 25 , 46 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-024-01044-w

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Received : 31 October 2023

Accepted : 01 April 2024

Published : 18 April 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-024-01044-w

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• Artificial intelligence
• Machine learning
• Research ethics
• Global health

BMC Medical Ethics

ISSN: 1472-6939

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

This article is part of the research topic.

Digital Health Applications: Acceptance, Benefit Assessment, and Costs from the Perspective of Patients and Medical Professionals

Implementation of the electronic health record (EHR) in the German healthcare system: An assessment of the current status and future development perspectives considering the potentials of health data utilisation by representatives of different stakeholder groups. Provisionally Accepted

• 1 West Saxon University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau, Germany

The final, formatted version of the article will be published soon.

Introduction: The digitalisation of the German healthcare system enables a wide range of opportunities to utilize healthcare data. The implementation of the EHR in January 2021 was a significant step, but compared to other European countries, the implementation of the EHR in the German healthcare system is still at an early stage. The aim of this paper is to characterise the structural factors relating to the adoption of the EHR in more detail from the perspective of representatives of stakeholders working in the German healthcare system and to identify existing barriers to implementation and the need for change. Methods: Qualitative expert interviews were conducted with one representative from each of the stakeholder groups health insurance, pharmacies, healthcare research, EHR development and panel doctors. Results: The interviews with the various stakeholders revealed that the implementation process of the EHR is being delayed by a lack of a viable basis for decision-making, existing conflicts of interest and insufficient consideration of the needs of patients and service providers, among other things. Discussion: The current status of EHR implementation is due to deficiency in legal regulations as well as structural problems and the timing of the introduction. For instance, the access rights of various stakeholders to the EHR data and the procedure in the event of a technical failure of the telematics infrastructure are remain unclear. In addition, insufficient information and communication measures have not led to the desired acceptance of EHR use among patients and service providers.

Keywords: Digital Health, electronic health record - (EHR), Personal health records, health data use, Digitalisation

Received: 15 Jan 2024; Accepted: 26 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Rau, Tischendorf and Mitzscherlich. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Mx. Tim Tischendorf, West Saxon University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau, Zwickau, 08056, Lower Saxony, Germany

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