politics research proposal example

• Department of Politics and International Relations

Writing a research proposal

The key feature of the PhD is that it is yours; the topic, planning, motivation, and thinking all come from you. It will be the most challenging type of academic work you have ever done, but also the most rewarding.

The Research Proposal – an outline

The research proposal constitutes the main way in which the department evaluates the potential quality of your PhD plans. The proposal should be approximately 1,500 words in length and include:

• A provisional title

Question or hypothesis

Value of the phd, existing literature, methods of work.

The title indicates the ‘headline’ character of the PhD. It should include any key concepts, empirical focus, or lines of inquiry that you aim to pursue. For example: ‘Are NGOs practising sustainable development? An investigation into NGO practice in rural Botswana’, or ‘Understanding the Preferential Turn in EU External Trade Strategy: A Constructivist International Political Economy Approach’. You can negotiate changes in the title with your supervisor should you be successful but it is important to devise a title that describes what you aspire to research – and which looks original and exciting.

You need a question or hypothesis to drive the research forward. The question/hypothesis will provide your motivation; to answer the question or prove/disprove the hypothesis. The question/hypothesis will need to be something that has not been posed before. This involves looking at something that no-one has looked at before, or it might mean taking a fresh approach to an existing topic or issue.

The aims of your research should be a short list of answers to the question - what will the PhD do? So, for example ‘this PhD will explore...’ or ‘by carrying out this research, I will contribute to debates about...’. The aims are broader than the questions/hypotheses; they give a prospective statement about the overall destination of the PhD and its potential impact.

The value of the PhD follows closely from the aims. Think about how the ways it might improve our political thinking - a new perspective or the generation of new evidence? To whom might the PhD be interesting - scholars looking at a particular issue, communities within specific institutions or certain groups of people?

A short note of key existing literature situates the PhD in existing research. Literature reviews are not simply descriptive mapping exercises at PhD level. Here you should identify a small number of key texts and say something about how these books are important for your research - whether it is to support, extend, or challenge existing work.

The resources you require can vary according to the nature of the research: access to a particular archive, specialist library, visits to field sites, the use of analytical software, access to databases, training, workshop attendance and so on. It is important to list any of these resources and give a very brief account of how they will enhance the PhD.

The methods of work is a particularly important section. This is where you can say something about how you will answer your question or prove your hypothesis. It is relatively easy to ask a new question; it is more challenging to set out how you might come up with a convincing answer! Methods do not only mean empirical methodologies such as semi-structured interviews or surveys and statistical interpretation; it also might involve a statement on the kind of theoretical framework you will employ, a certain kind of approach to history or a way to understand political ideas. Methods are, therefore, qualitative, quantitative, theoretical, empirical, positivistic, heuristic... whatever fits with your research.

The research also needs a  timetable . This should be set out over three years with clear indications of how long you will need to prepare for and carry out research (however defined) and allow time for writing up. Try to be as detailed as you can at this stage.

Each of these criteria helps the Department of Politics and International Relations selectors make a good judgement about your proposal. By following these criteria you will have your best chance of getting your proposal accepted.

Three more important points:

• Try to be concise. Do not write too much – be as specific as you can but not wordy. It is a difficult balance to strike.
• Bear in mind that the proposal is a starting point. If you are registered to read for a PhD you will be able to work the proposal through with your supervisor in more detail in the early months.
• Take a look at the department’s  staff profiles . Can you identify possible supervisors and intellectual support networks within the department? The better able the department is to support your research, the better it will be for your proposal.

Related information

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More guidance on writing a research proposal

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A Political Science Guide

For students, researchers, and others interested in doing the work of political science, research proposal or prospectus.

A research proposal or prospectus serves two general purposes. One, it is a signal to others of your research plans. It is an opportunity for those who must approve of your research, or of funding your research, to consider your plans. The second general purpose is that it is a great opportunity for you to clarify for yourself what your research plans will be and the steps that you need to take to complete the project.

Key Components of a Research Prospectus

The following is not the only way to structure a research prospectus. As with all aspects of the research process, it is a good idea to be in contact with our advisors/instructors to be clear about their expectations.

Key Components of a Theory Prospectus

Many of the key components of a theory prospectus are structurally similar to a research prospectus.

1. State your question .

2. Explain why it is important and its relation to scholarly literature

3. Discussion of how you plan to answer the question, including likely arguments and approach(es).

4. Next Steps: tentative outline and timeline

5. Bibliography

Contributor: Nicholas Quah

updated July 12, 2017

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Research Proposal Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template

If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.

• Research proposal example/sample – Master’s-level (PDF/Word)
• Research proposal example/sample – PhD-level (PDF/Word)
• Proposal template (Fully editable) 

If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:

• Research Proposal Bootcamp : Learn how to write a research proposal as efficiently and effectively as possible
• 1:1 Proposal Coaching : Get hands-on help with your research proposal

FAQ: Research Proposal Example

Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.

Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.

Can I copy one of these proposals for my own research?

As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .

How do I get the research proposal template?

You can access our free proposal template here .

Is the proposal template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.

Where can I learn more about proposal writing?

For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.

For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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Examples of research proposals

How to write your research proposal, with examples of good proposals.

Research proposals

Your research proposal is a key part of your application. It tells us about the question you want to answer through your research. It is a chance for you to show your knowledge of the subject area and tell us about the methods you want to use.

We use your research proposal to match you with a supervisor or team of supervisors.

In your proposal, please tell us if you have an interest in the work of a specific academic at York St John. You can get in touch with this academic to discuss your proposal. You can also speak to one of our Research Leads. There is a list of our Research Leads on the Apply page.

When you write your proposal you need to:

• Highlight how it is original or significant
• Explain how it will develop or challenge current knowledge of your subject
• Identify the importance of your research
• Show why you are the right person to do this research
• Research Proposal Example 1 (DOC, 49kB)
• Research Proposal Example 2 (DOC, 0.9MB)
• Research Proposal Example 3 (DOC, 55.5kB)
• Research Proposal Example 4 (DOC, 49.5kB)

Subject specific guidance

• Writing a Humanities PhD Proposal (PDF, 0.1MB)
• Writing a Creative Writing PhD Proposal (PDF, 0.1MB)
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Examples of research

Research report:

http://cep.rhul.ac.uk/cep-blog/2016/1/29/royal-holloway-student-project-reveals-david-camerons-inflam.html

This is a research report on a project carried out by first year undergraduate students in Politics and International Relations at Royal Holloway, University of London. The students carried out a survey experiment on how the use of the terms ‘migrants’ and ‘refugees’ to refer to people arriving from Syria affects people’s opinions about letting them come to the UK. The web page contains an executive summary of the research and a full research report written by two undergraduate students.

• Summary of the project and links https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediaaction/publications-and-resources/research/reports/media-and-political-participation
• The full report http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/mediaaction/pdf/research/political-participation-research-report.pdf
• The executive summary http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rmhttp/mediaaction/pdf/research/political-participation-executive-summary.pdf

This is a research report published by BBC Media Action on media and political participation. The report itself is long, but is a good example of a commonly used structure. The links here are also useful for showing how to summarize large pieces of research succinctly, for example in the one-page executive summary. The three-page research briefing also gives a nice overview of the methodology used in the research.

Review essay:

http://www.e-ir.info/2014/10/29/review-feature-understanding-iran-a-summary-of-recent-scholarship/

This essay reviews three books on Iranian politics. It might be helpful for students writing literature reviews and book reviews for their assignments or research projects.

https://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/a4wKsv3FFnHiJZjxDv5A/full?target=10.1080%2F1369118X.2019.1609543&fbclid=IwAR3_FJooGWGSJ8tLSi0nIiJUWvJ-dgI458IhSyc6HB13XN-Abm4qp1Y9nVI

This book review by Dr Declan McDowell-Naylor is a good example of how to draw on other literature to situate the book you are reviewing (in this case on power and algorithms) in broader fields of interest.

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/

https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/guidelines-and-examples/

There are many book reviews available on the LSE Review of Books website. The second link gives tips for first time reviewers on how to write a book review. While the guidance on length and style may not be applicable elsewhere, the tips on what to do in each section of a review (including how to write a good introduction) will be useful whatever kind of review you are writing.

Research proposals:

https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/politics/documents/research-proposal-model.pdf

https://www.york.ac.uk/media/politics/documents/phdsampleproposals/Sample%20PhD%20proposal%201.pdf

The two resources here are examples of research proposals written by PhD students when applying for their programme of study.

Examples of Literature Reviews

The website E-International Relations, which can be accessed at http://www.e-ir.info is an open access site which features the works of students and senior scholars on international politics. Not only does this website provide access to undergraduate and postgraduate student essays, it also contains reviews and commentaries by established scholars, as well as interviews and reviews.

A Critical Review of the Concept of Middle Power (2015), available at http://www.e-ir.info/2015/12/04/a-critical-review-of-the-concept-of-middle-power/ .

This short critical review by Dr Shin Dong-Min on the concept of middle power is a nice example as it is structured in a logical way and puts forward an argument. Dr Dong-Min starts by providing a short overview of the development of the concept in international politics, before moving on to a discussion of three main theoretical approaches used to understand the concept of a middle power. The author then details the limitations of these various approaches, and explains why an alternative theoretical approach, namely classical realism, is better suited to analysing middle powers. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the main points raised in the review.

A Critical Evaluation of the Concept of Human Security (2014), available at

http://www.e-ir.info/2014/07/05/a-critical-evaluation-of-the-concept-of-human-security/ .

This review has been submitted by Luke Johns as part of a degree at the University of Kent, Canterbury, and critically appraises the concept of human security. A good aspect of this essay is that it starts by giving the reader an overview of the structure of the discussion and the main points that will be raised. Moreover, before analyzing the utility of this concept, the author provides a definition and overarching features of human security, while nonetheless recognising that it suffers from conceptual ambiguity. After clarifying this concept, the author addresses its criticisms and concludes by arguing that ultimately its numerous weaknesses prevent the concept from being useful theoretically and practically.

Examples of Dissertation Abstracts

The School of Arts and Sciences at Tufts University provides a selection of abstracts of undergraduate dissertations in the field of politics between 2011 and 2015. The link can be found at http://as.tufts.edu/politicalscience/undergraduate/seniorthesis .

The World of 9/11 and Beyond: The Landscape of Congressional Commissions Proposed at the Turn of the Millennium (2015), available at http://as.tufts.edu/politicalscience/sites/all/themes/asbase/assets/documents/abstracts/2014-2015/frappolli.pdf

This abstract by Amelia Frappolli is well-structured and clear. It starts by providing a rational for the use of Congressional Commissions, a commentary on the limitations of existing studies that have used a similar data source, the data frame and methods of the research, the findings of the study, and its value.

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Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]

Table of Contents

How To Write a Research Proposal

Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:

1. Title and Abstract

• Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research.
• Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal.

2. Introduction:

• Provide an introduction to your research topic, highlighting its significance and relevance.
• Clearly state the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Discuss the background and context of the study, including previous research in the field.

3. Research Objectives

• Outline the specific objectives or aims of your research. These objectives should be clear, achievable, and aligned with the research problem.

4. Literature Review:

• Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings, identify gaps, and highlight how your research will contribute to the existing knowledge.

5. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to employ to address your research objectives.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques you will use.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate and suitable for your research.

6. Timeline:

• Create a timeline or schedule that outlines the major milestones and activities of your research project.
• Break down the research process into smaller tasks and estimate the time required for each task.

7. Resources:

• Identify the resources needed for your research, such as access to specific databases, equipment, or funding.
• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources to carry out your research effectively.

8. Ethical Considerations:

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise during your research and explain how you plan to address them.
• If your research involves human subjects, explain how you will ensure their informed consent and privacy.

9. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

• Clearly state the expected outcomes or results of your research.
• Highlight the potential impact and significance of your research in advancing knowledge or addressing practical issues.

10. References:

• Provide a list of all the references cited in your proposal, following a consistent citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

11. Appendices:

• Include any additional supporting materials, such as survey questionnaires, interview guides, or data analysis plans.

Research Proposal Format

The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:

1. Title Page:

• Include the title of your research proposal, your name, your affiliation or institution, and the date.

2. Abstract:

• Provide a brief summary of your research proposal, highlighting the research problem, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes.

3. Introduction:

• Introduce the research topic and provide background information.
• State the research problem or question you aim to address.
• Explain the significance and relevance of the research.
• Review relevant literature and studies related to your research topic.
• Summarize key findings and identify gaps in the existing knowledge.
• Explain how your research will contribute to filling those gaps.

5. Research Objectives:

• Clearly state the specific objectives or aims of your research.
• Ensure that the objectives are clear, focused, and aligned with the research problem.

6. Methodology:

• Describe the research design and methodology you plan to use.
• Explain the data collection methods, instruments, and analysis techniques.
• Justify why the chosen methods are appropriate for your research.

7. Timeline:

8. Resources:

• Explain how you will acquire or utilize these resources effectively.

9. Ethical Considerations:

• If applicable, explain how you will ensure informed consent and protect the privacy of research participants.

10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

11. References:

12. Appendices:

Research Proposal Template

Here’s a template for a research proposal:

1. Introduction:

2. Literature Review:

3. Research Objectives:

4. Methodology:

5. Timeline:

6. Resources:

7. Ethical Considerations:

8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:

9. References:

10. Appendices:

Research Proposal Sample

Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study

1. Introduction

Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.

2. Objectives

The main objectives of this research are as follows:

• To compare student learning outcomes between online and traditional face-to-face education.
• To examine the factors influencing student engagement in online learning environments.
• To assess the effectiveness of different instructional methods employed in online education.
• To identify challenges and opportunities associated with online education and suggest recommendations for improvement.

3. Methodology

3.1 Study Design

This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:

3.2 Participants

The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.

3.3 Data Collection

The research will employ the following data collection methods:

• Quantitative: Pre- and post-assessments will be conducted to measure students’ learning outcomes. Data on student demographics and academic performance will also be collected from university records.
• Qualitative: Focus group discussions and individual interviews will be conducted with students to gather their perceptions and experiences regarding online education.

3.4 Data Analysis

Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.

4. Ethical Considerations

The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.

5. Significance and Expected Outcomes

This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.

6. Timeline

The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.

The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.

8. Conclusion

This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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• Politics Research Proposal
• Samples List

An research proposal examples on politics is a prosaic composition of a small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

Some signs of politics research proposal:

• the presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems in biology, by definition, cannot be performed in the genre of politics research proposal topic.
• The research proposal expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific occasion or issue, in this case, on politics and does not knowingly pretend to a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.
• As a rule, an essay suggests a new, subjectively colored word about something, such a work may have a philosophical, historical, biographical, journalistic, literary, critical, popular scientific or purely fiction character.
• in the content of an research proposal samples on politics , first of all, the author’s personality is assessed - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

The goal of an research proposal in politics is to develop such skills as independent creative thinking and writing out your own thoughts.

Writing an research proposal is extremely useful, because it allows the author to learn to clearly and correctly formulate thoughts, structure information, use basic concepts, highlight causal relationships, illustrate experience with relevant examples, and substantiate his conclusions.

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Examples List on Politics Research Proposal

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17 Research Proposal Examples

A research proposal systematically and transparently outlines a proposed research project.

The purpose of a research proposal is to demonstrate a project’s viability and the researcher’s preparedness to conduct an academic study. It serves as a roadmap for the researcher.

The process holds value both externally (for accountability purposes and often as a requirement for a grant application) and intrinsic value (for helping the researcher to clarify the mechanics, purpose, and potential signficance of the study).

Key sections of a research proposal include: the title, abstract, introduction, literature review, research design and methods, timeline, budget, outcomes and implications, references, and appendix. Each is briefly explained below.

Watch my Guide: How to Write a Research Proposal

Get your Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

Research Proposal Sample Structure

Title: The title should present a concise and descriptive statement that clearly conveys the core idea of the research projects. Make it as specific as possible. The reader should immediately be able to grasp the core idea of the intended research project. Often, the title is left too vague and does not help give an understanding of what exactly the study looks at.

Abstract: Abstracts are usually around 250-300 words and provide an overview of what is to follow – including the research problem , objectives, methods, expected outcomes, and significance of the study. Use it as a roadmap and ensure that, if the abstract is the only thing someone reads, they’ll get a good fly-by of what will be discussed in the peice.

Introduction: Introductions are all about contextualization. They often set the background information with a statement of the problem. At the end of the introduction, the reader should understand what the rationale for the study truly is. I like to see the research questions or hypotheses included in the introduction and I like to get a good understanding of what the significance of the research will be. It’s often easiest to write the introduction last

Literature Review: The literature review dives deep into the existing literature on the topic, demosntrating your thorough understanding of the existing literature including themes, strengths, weaknesses, and gaps in the literature. It serves both to demonstrate your knowledge of the field and, to demonstrate how the proposed study will fit alongside the literature on the topic. A good literature review concludes by clearly demonstrating how your research will contribute something new and innovative to the conversation in the literature.

Research Design and Methods: This section needs to clearly demonstrate how the data will be gathered and analyzed in a systematic and academically sound manner. Here, you need to demonstrate that the conclusions of your research will be both valid and reliable. Common points discussed in the research design and methods section include highlighting the research paradigm, methodologies, intended population or sample to be studied, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures . Toward the end of this section, you are encouraged to also address ethical considerations and limitations of the research process , but also to explain why you chose your research design and how you are mitigating the identified risks and limitations.

Timeline: Provide an outline of the anticipated timeline for the study. Break it down into its various stages (including data collection, data analysis, and report writing). The goal of this section is firstly to establish a reasonable breakdown of steps for you to follow and secondly to demonstrate to the assessors that your project is practicable and feasible.

Budget: Estimate the costs associated with the research project and include evidence for your estimations. Typical costs include staffing costs, equipment, travel, and data collection tools. When applying for a scholarship, the budget should demonstrate that you are being responsible with your expensive and that your funding application is reasonable.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: A discussion of the anticipated findings or results of the research, as well as the potential contributions to the existing knowledge, theory, or practice in the field. This section should also address the potential impact of the research on relevant stakeholders and any broader implications for policy or practice.

References: A complete list of all the sources cited in the research proposal, formatted according to the required citation style. This demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the relevant literature and ensures proper attribution of ideas and information.

Appendices (if applicable): Any additional materials, such as questionnaires, interview guides, or consent forms, that provide further information or support for the research proposal. These materials should be included as appendices at the end of the document.

Research Proposal Examples

Research proposals often extend anywhere between 2,000 and 15,000 words in length. The following snippets are samples designed to briefly demonstrate what might be discussed in each section.

1. Education Studies Research Proposals

See some real sample pieces:

• Assessment of the perceptions of teachers towards a new grading system
• Does ICT use in secondary classrooms help or hinder student learning?
• Digital technologies in focus project
• Urban Middle School Teachers’ Experiences of the Implementation of
• Restorative Justice Practices
• Experiences of students of color in service learning

Consider this hypothetical education research proposal:

The Impact of Game-Based Learning on Student Engagement and Academic Performance in Middle School Mathematics

Abstract: The proposed study will explore multiplayer game-based learning techniques in middle school mathematics curricula and their effects on student engagement. The study aims to contribute to the current literature on game-based learning by examining the effects of multiplayer gaming in learning.

Introduction: Digital game-based learning has long been shunned within mathematics education for fears that it may distract students or lower the academic integrity of the classrooms. However, there is emerging evidence that digital games in math have emerging benefits not only for engagement but also academic skill development. Contributing to this discourse, this study seeks to explore the potential benefits of multiplayer digital game-based learning by examining its impact on middle school students’ engagement and academic performance in a mathematics class.

Literature Review: The literature review has identified gaps in the current knowledge, namely, while game-based learning has been extensively explored, the role of multiplayer games in supporting learning has not been studied.

Research Design and Methods: This study will employ a mixed-methods research design based upon action research in the classroom. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test control group design will first be used to compare the academic performance and engagement of middle school students exposed to game-based learning techniques with those in a control group receiving instruction without the aid of technology. Students will also be observed and interviewed in regard to the effect of communication and collaboration during gameplay on their learning.

Timeline: The study will take place across the second term of the school year with a pre-test taking place on the first day of the term and the post-test taking place on Wednesday in Week 10.

Budget: The key budgetary requirements will be the technologies required, including the subscription cost for the identified games and computers.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: It is expected that the findings will contribute to the current literature on game-based learning and inform educational practices, providing educators and policymakers with insights into how to better support student achievement in mathematics.

2. Psychology Research Proposals

See some real examples:

• A situational analysis of shared leadership in a self-managing team
• The effect of musical preference on running performance
• Relationship between self-esteem and disordered eating amongst adolescent females

Consider this hypothetical psychology research proposal:

The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Stress Reduction in College Students

Abstract: This research proposal examines the impact of mindfulness-based interventions on stress reduction among college students, using a pre-test/post-test experimental design with both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods .

Introduction: College students face heightened stress levels during exam weeks. This can affect both mental health and test performance. This study explores the potential benefits of mindfulness-based interventions such as meditation as a way to mediate stress levels in the weeks leading up to exam time.

Literature Review: Existing research on mindfulness-based meditation has shown the ability for mindfulness to increase metacognition, decrease anxiety levels, and decrease stress. Existing literature has looked at workplace, high school and general college-level applications. This study will contribute to the corpus of literature by exploring the effects of mindfulness directly in the context of exam weeks.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n= 234 ) will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, receiving 5 days per week of 10-minute mindfulness-based interventions, or a control group, receiving no intervention. Data will be collected through self-report questionnaires, measuring stress levels, semi-structured interviews exploring participants’ experiences, and students’ test scores.

Timeline: The study will begin three weeks before the students’ exam week and conclude after each student’s final exam. Data collection will occur at the beginning (pre-test of self-reported stress levels) and end (post-test) of the three weeks.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: The study aims to provide evidence supporting the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress among college students in the lead up to exams, with potential implications for mental health support and stress management programs on college campuses.

3. Sociology Research Proposals

• Understanding emerging social movements: A case study of ‘Jersey in Transition’
• The interaction of health, education and employment in Western China
• Can we preserve lower-income affordable neighbourhoods in the face of rising costs?

Consider this hypothetical sociology research proposal:

The Impact of Social Media Usage on Interpersonal Relationships among Young Adults

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effects of social media usage on interpersonal relationships among young adults, using a longitudinal mixed-methods approach with ongoing semi-structured interviews to collect qualitative data.

Introduction: Social media platforms have become a key medium for the development of interpersonal relationships, particularly for young adults. This study examines the potential positive and negative effects of social media usage on young adults’ relationships and development over time.

Literature Review: A preliminary review of relevant literature has demonstrated that social media usage is central to development of a personal identity and relationships with others with similar subcultural interests. However, it has also been accompanied by data on mental health deline and deteriorating off-screen relationships. The literature is to-date lacking important longitudinal data on these topics.

Research Design and Methods: Participants ( n = 454 ) will be young adults aged 18-24. Ongoing self-report surveys will assess participants’ social media usage, relationship satisfaction, and communication patterns. A subset of participants will be selected for longitudinal in-depth interviews starting at age 18 and continuing for 5 years.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of five years, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide insights into the complex relationship between social media usage and interpersonal relationships among young adults, potentially informing social policies and mental health support related to social media use.

4. Nursing Research Proposals

• Does Orthopaedic Pre-assessment clinic prepare the patient for admission to hospital?
• Nurses’ perceptions and experiences of providing psychological care to burns patients
• Registered psychiatric nurse’s practice with mentally ill parents and their children

Consider this hypothetical nursing research proposal:

The Influence of Nurse-Patient Communication on Patient Satisfaction and Health Outcomes following Emergency Cesarians

Abstract: This research will examines the impact of effective nurse-patient communication on patient satisfaction and health outcomes for women following c-sections, utilizing a mixed-methods approach with patient surveys and semi-structured interviews.

Introduction: It has long been known that effective communication between nurses and patients is crucial for quality care. However, additional complications arise following emergency c-sections due to the interaction between new mother’s changing roles and recovery from surgery.

Literature Review: A review of the literature demonstrates the importance of nurse-patient communication, its impact on patient satisfaction, and potential links to health outcomes. However, communication between nurses and new mothers is less examined, and the specific experiences of those who have given birth via emergency c-section are to date unexamined.

Research Design and Methods: Participants will be patients in a hospital setting who have recently had an emergency c-section. A self-report survey will assess their satisfaction with nurse-patient communication and perceived health outcomes. A subset of participants will be selected for in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and perceptions of the communication with their nurses.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including rolling recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing within the hospital.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the significance of nurse-patient communication in supporting new mothers who have had an emergency c-section. Recommendations will be presented for supporting nurses and midwives in improving outcomes for new mothers who had complications during birth.

5. Social Work Research Proposals

• Experiences of negotiating employment and caring responsibilities of fathers post-divorce
• Exploring kinship care in the north region of British Columbia

Consider this hypothetical social work research proposal:

The Role of a Family-Centered Intervention in Preventing Homelessness Among At-Risk Youthin a working-class town in Northern England

Abstract: This research proposal investigates the effectiveness of a family-centered intervention provided by a local council area in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth. This case study will use a mixed-methods approach with program evaluation data and semi-structured interviews to collect quantitative and qualitative data .

Introduction: Homelessness among youth remains a significant social issue. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in addressing this problem and identify factors that contribute to successful prevention strategies.

Literature Review: A review of the literature has demonstrated several key factors contributing to youth homelessness including lack of parental support, lack of social support, and low levels of family involvement. It also demonstrates the important role of family-centered interventions in addressing this issue. Drawing on current evidence, this study explores the effectiveness of one such intervention in preventing homelessness among at-risk youth in a working-class town in Northern England.

Research Design and Methods: The study will evaluate a new family-centered intervention program targeting at-risk youth and their families. Quantitative data on program outcomes, including housing stability and family functioning, will be collected through program records and evaluation reports. Semi-structured interviews with program staff, participants, and relevant stakeholders will provide qualitative insights into the factors contributing to program success or failure.

Timeline: The study will be conducted over a period of six months, including recruitment, data collection, analysis, and report writing.

Budget: Expenses include access to program evaluation data, interview materials, data analysis software, and any related travel costs for in-person interviews.

Expected Outcomes and Implications: This study aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of family-centered interventions in preventing youth homelessness, potentially informing the expansion of or necessary changes to social work practices in Northern England.

Research Proposal Template

Get your Detailed Template for Writing your Research Proposal Here (With AI Prompts!)

This is a template for a 2500-word research proposal. You may find it difficult to squeeze everything into this wordcount, but it’s a common wordcount for Honors and MA-level dissertations.

Your research proposal is where you really get going with your study. I’d strongly recommend working closely with your teacher in developing a research proposal that’s consistent with the requirements and culture of your institution, as in my experience it varies considerably. The above template is from my own courses that walk students through research proposals in a British School of Education.

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 5 Top Tips for Succeeding at University
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8 thoughts on “17 Research Proposal Examples”

Very excellent research proposals

very helpful

Very helpful

Dear Sir, I need some help to write an educational research proposal. Thank you.

Hi Levi, use the site search bar to ask a question and I’ll likely have a guide already written for your specific question. Thanks for reading!

very good research proposal

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Politics Research Proposals Samples For Students

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WowEssays.com paper writer service proudly presents to you a free directory of Politics Research Proposals designed to help struggling students deal with their writing challenges. In a practical sense, each Politics Research Proposal sample presented here may be a pilot that walks you through the crucial phases of the writing process and showcases how to develop an academic work that hits the mark. Besides, if you require more visionary help, these examples could give you a nudge toward an original Politics Research Proposal topic or encourage a novice approach to a banal subject.

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International Trade and Human Rights Research Proposal

Research proposal on the case of the kurdish minority, the field of struggle for state power to understand of ethnic group in the southeast turkey.

The Kurdish community is a minority group living in Turkey. They are believed to be the largest ethnic group that are not recognized by any state. Because of this reason, they have been involved in a continuous struggle with the government of Turkey. They have been fighting for the right to be recognized and appreciated by the Turkish government (Kaya, 2011, p.15). This paper will give an insight look into the causes behind the struggle in relation to Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of the field.

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Main Research Question What are some of the main current challenges facing United States (US)-Egypt bilateral relations, and what are its future prospects?

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f(x0 + ph) = Ep f (x0 ) = (1+ Δ)p f (x ) = [ 1+pΔ+p p-1 Δ2 / 2! + p (p-1)(p -2) Δ3/ 3! +.]+ f (x0) f(x0 + ph) = f(x0)+ pΔ f(x0) + f (x0) p p-1 Δ2 / 2! + f (x0) p (p-1)(p -2) Δ3/ 3! + .. +Δ f(x0) p p-1p-n+1/ n!+ Error The above equation is called Interpolation Newton’s forward difference formula it can also be referred to as Newton-Gregory forward difference interpolation formula. (Buchanan 2012)

Studying Abroad Research Proposal Examples

The pros and cons of public assistance for single families and single household research proposal examples.

Public assistance is normally aimed at taking care of the welfare of the poor, aged, dependent children. It is a government assistance that is offered in terms of financial assistance or food.

Example Of Federal Assault Weapons Ban Research Proposal

Research proposal on briefing notes: how should ontario protest the barn owl, example of research proposal on a tourism initiative, political and economic risks for zip-6 in peru and bolivia research proposal example.

This brief report provides an analysis of the political and economic risks for Zip-6 in the countries of Peru and Bolivia.

Economic Development Of South Arabia Research Proposal Examples

South Arabia is one of the developing nation,it largely depends on petroleum income for its budget revenues.It is one of the largest oil producingcountries in the world and petroleum income accounts for more than 50% of its budget revenues and 90% of earning from export. since the discovery of oil in 1930s the economy of south arabia has grown tremendously to a high level(Oxford,2012).Its economy has since shifted from subsistence farming to the service and oil industries.

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Evaluation of jobs in a surgeon-generals office and the importance each role plays research proposal sample, research proposal on effects of mainstreaming in disabled children, a review of the literature, problem statement research proposal sample, qualitative problem statement.

Counterfeit goods in the market have caused a lot of havoc both on trader’s and manufactures of original goods. Production of these goods denies the producers of genuine goods to earn money from their goods: this is because counterfeit goods may come at lower prices than genuine goods. Consumers have had their fair share of the problems caused by the goods. Counterfeit goods do not last that long. Thus, due to the problems caused by counterfeit goods it is wise to do a research on it (Lin 2011).

The number of counterfeit goods on the market has increased in the 21st century

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International relations concerns relationships between countries or states. The relationships also concern Inter-governmental, International nongovernmental (INGO) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Buzan & Little 8). International relations encompass state relationships in trade and economics, politics, social-cultural activities such as sports among others. The history of international relations can be traced from thousands of years. Political scientists, Little and Buzan, considered interactions among ancient Sumerian cities in 3,500 BC as a fully-established international system (9).

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Issue: For the economic development and well being of the Americans, should tax reform that focuses on tax cut be introduced by the Obama administration? Thesis Assertation: Understanding tax reforms in the USA is of great benefit as it helps re-organize the country’s economic reform policy. This can however only be achieved via the accomplishment of sound tax reforms. Comprehensive understanding of a country’s tax reform strategies determines the prosperity of country’s economy. The USA government should thus undertake rigorous tax reform as it is essential for tax policy making and the general economic development.

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The effects and consequences of sanctions in the international community research proposal.

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Writing a dissertation proposal can be hard for some students. A way to solve this problem is to review the already available free samples of Research proposals available online. ResearchProspect helps students in this matter. We have a large database of free dissertation proposal examples to help students with their academic work. Review our samples now for inspiration!

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We have published numerous samples here to showcase our abilities, but also to help you become familiar with the construction, requirements, and layout of a dissertation proposal.

The proposal outlines what you plan to research and what you’re looking to achieve through the exploration. Thus, it is also called a research proposal. It’s a small version of what the full dissertation might eventually become.

It is a relatively short but comprehensive paper that describes the specifics of the research you intend to conduct. The ideal proposal will contain certain research elements and will adhere to a specific structure.

This structure requires the proposal to contain certain sections: research aims and objectives, the significance of the research, and the methodology you plan to use. As such, the proposal should include abstracts from the initial three chapters of a dissertation: the introduction, literature review, and methodology.

This is where our samples will really help you. You will be able to learn more about the essential elements of this kind of document and understand how the three sections are incorporated into it. As well as helping you learn about the proposal structure, you can use them as writing guides. Writing a dissertation is very different to writing an essay or coursework.

One main difference is the language and writing style, another is the depth of research required. Examining our proposal samples should demonstrate to you how to make effective transitions between sections, it can also ensure your statements are supported by appropriate references.

Reviewing our proposal examples, you will observe that all research aims and objectives are clearly and concisely stated, also, the importance and rationale of the research are explained at length.

The introduction section helps readers understand the importance of your topic and your perspective on conducting the research. Then the methodology chapter lays out the method of research you plan to use.

This section may include a timeline, known as the Gantt chart, which indicates the time you require for research. Finally, you should include a reference list where you cite any theory or other quoted works. You should also use in-text citations as with any academic work.

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Republicans and Democrats have different top priorities for U.S. immigration policy

Republicans and Democrats differ over the most pressing priorities for the nation’s immigration system. Republicans place particular importance on border security and deportations of immigrants who are in the country illegally, while Democrats place greater importance on paths to legal status for those who entered the country illegally – especially those who entered as children, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.

Still, there are some areas of overlap between Republicans and Democrats, and there are sizable ideological differences in immigration goals within each partisan coalition, with conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats expressing more intense views than others in their parties.

As the number of people apprehended for illegally crossing the southern border has reached record annual levels, about three-quarters of Americans (73%) say increasing security along the U.S.-Mexico border to reduce illegal crossings should be a very (44%) or somewhat (29%) important goal of U.S. immigration policy. Nearly all Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (91%) say border security should be an important goal, while a smaller majority of Democrats and Democratic leaners (59%) say the same, according to the survey of 7,647 U.S. adults conducted Aug. 1 to 14.

Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand the public’s policy priorities and goals for the U.S. immigration system. For this analysis, we surveyed 7,647 adults from Aug. 1-14, 2022. The survey was primarily conducted on the Center’s nationally representative American Trends Panel, with an oversample of Hispanic adults from Ipsos’ KnowledgePanel.

Respondents on both panels are recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. See the Methodology section for additional details. Read more about the ATP’s methodology .

Here are the questions used for the report, along with responses, and its methodology .

Majorities of Americans also say taking in civilian refugees from countries where people are trying to escape violence and war (72%) and allowing immigrants who came to the country illegally as children to remain in the U.S. and apply for legal status (72%) should be important goals for the immigration system. Each of these priorities garners more support from Democrats than Republicans.

About two-thirds of the public (66%) wants the immigration system to make it easier for U.S. citizens and legal residents to sponsor family members to immigrate to the U.S., while six-in-ten say establishing a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay legally should be an important immigration policy goal. A similar share (57%) says that increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally should be a very or somewhat important goal of U.S. immigration policy.

Wide partisan and ideological differences on immigration policy

For every policy asked about in the survey, there are sizable partisan differences in perceived importance. Still, for many policies included in the survey, majorities in both parties say it should be at least a somewhat important goal.

About nine-in-ten Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (91%) call increasing security along the U.S.-Mexico border an important goal, including 72% who say it should be a very important goal.

While a majority of Democrats and Democratic leaners (59%) say border security should be at least somewhat important, just 22% view this as very important – 50 percentage points less than the share of Republicans who say this.

About eight-in-ten Republicans (79%) say increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally is important, with nearly half (49%) calling it very important. By comparison, 39% of Democrats view increasing deportations as very or somewhat important, including just 12% who see it as very important.

Democrats are more likely than Republicans (80% vs. 37%) to say that establishing a way for most immigrants currently in the country illegally to stay in the U.S. legally is an important goal for the nation’s immigration system. About four-in-ten Democrats (38%) view this as a very important goal, compared with 10% of Republicans.

Majorities in both parties say that taking in refugees from countries where people are fleeing war and violence is an important goal. Nonetheless, more Democrats than Republicans view it as important (85% vs. 58%). Around four-in-ten Democrats (41%) say that taking in refugees is very important, while just 13% of Republicans say the same.

Conservative Republicans are the most likely to express strong support for more restrictive immigration goals such as increased border security and increased deportations, even when compared with others in their party. Liberal Democrats, by contrast, are the least supportive of these restrictive goals while being the most supportive of establishing a path to legalization for undocumented immigrants in the country.

Around eight-in-ten conservative Republicans (82%) say increased border security should be a very important goal for U.S. immigration policy; about half of moderates and liberals in the GOP (54%) say the same. Similarly, about six-in-ten conservative Republicans (58%) say increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the country illegally should be a very important goal, compared with about a third of moderate and liberal Republicans (34%). (Conservative Republicans account for about six-in-ten of those who identify with or lean toward the GOP.)

Among Democrats, conservatives and moderates are more likely than liberals to say more restrictive goals are very or somewhat important to U.S. immigration policy. Seven-in-ten conservative and moderate Democrats say increasing border security should be a very or somewhat important goal, compared with 44% of liberal Democrats. Conservative and moderate Democrats are also twice as likely as liberal Democrats (50% vs. 25%) to say increasing deportations should be an important goal.

Liberal Democrats are the most supportive of creating a way for most undocumented immigrants to stay in the country legally: 85% say this should be an important goal, including 44% who say it should very important. Three-quarters of conservative and moderate Democrats see this as an important goal, including 32% who see it as very important. Among Republicans, half of moderates and liberals say a path to legal status should be an important goal, while only about three-in-ten conservatives (28%) say the same.

Modest changes in views of U.S. immigration policy

Many of the public’s views about immigration policy goals have been largely stable over the past few years. For example, views on taking in refugees are roughly the same as in 2019, and views on allowing immigrants who came to the U.S. illegally as children to apply for legal status are largely unchanged from 2016. There has been a modest increase in the share of Americans who say increasing deportations of immigrations here illegally should be a very or somewhat important goal (57% today vs. 54% in 2019).

There has been a 5 percentage point increase in the share of the public who say increasing security along the U.S.-Mexico border to reduce illegal crossings should be an important goal (73% today vs. 68% three years ago). This increase is largely driven by a 10-point increase in the share of Democrats who say this (59% today vs. 49% then).

Support for a pathway to legal status for most immigrants currently in the country illegally has declined over the past three years. Today, six-in-ten adults say this should be an important goal, down from 67% in 2019 and similar to the share who said this in 2016 (62%). The decline reflects a decrease among Republicans – especially conservative Republicans. In 2019, about half of Republicans (48%) said this should be an important goal; today, just 37% say the same.

Note: Here are the questions used for the report, along with responses, and its methodology .

• Border Security & Enforcement
• Family Reunification
• Immigration Attitudes
• Immigration Issues
• Issue Priorities
• Refugees & Asylum Seekers
• Unauthorized Immigration

Latinos’ Views on the Migrant Situation at the U.S.-Mexico Border

U.s. christians more likely than ‘nones’ to say situation at the border is a crisis, how americans view the situation at the u.s.-mexico border, its causes and consequences, migrant encounters at the u.s.-mexico border hit a record high at the end of 2023, americans remain critical of government’s handling of situation at u.s.-mexico border, most popular.

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Politics latest: Rishi Sunak says Europe at 'turning point' as defence spending pledge revealed

Rishi Sunak confirms he will increase UK defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by 2030, as he warns European allies the continent is at a "turning point".

Tuesday 23 April 2024 17:29, UK

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• Sunak confirms defence spending will rise to 2.5% by 2030
• Beth Rigby asks PM if we have entered 'pre-war era'
• Small boat crossings must stop 'out of compassion more than anything else', PM says
• Union suggests civil servants may not comply with Rwanda bill
• Challenges to legislation 'inevitable', minister says - but declares government will 'overcome them'
• Five deaths on migrant boat trying to cross Channel hours after bill passes
• Live reporting by  Ben Bloch

The Labour Party's initial response was to suggest it would review government spending if it takes power.

But Steve Reed, the party's shadow environment sector, says Labour is aiming to match the current government's aim to spend 2.5% of GDP on defence by the end of the decade.

Speaking to the Politics Hub with Sophy Ridge, Mr Reed says: "Yes, Labour would want to match that. 

"I think what we see is escalating threats to the security of our country, and the primary objective of any government surely is the defence of the realm."

Mr Reed states several times that reaching 2.5% is part of the UK's commitment to NATO - however, the target is 2%.

Watch the full interview from 7am on Sky News.

After months of parliamentary ping-pong between the House of Commons and the Lords, Rishi Sunak's Rwanda bill has passed. The prime minister called it a "landmark" law, saying "nothing will stand in our way" of getting flights off the ground within 10 to 12 weeks.

However, the scheme could face yet more hurdles, with the potential for it to be held up by challenges in court.

On this episode, Matt Barbet takes stock of the bill with Adam Parsons , Sky's Europe editor in France, who has been watching migrant boats cross the English Channel even after the bill's passing.

Sky's communities correspondent Becky Johnson also joins Matt to share some of the stories from those asylum seekers already in the UK and what they might expect from the Rwanda bill.

And Dr Madeleine Sumption, director of the Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford, details the potential impact this new legislation might have on migration figures.

👉 Listen above then tap here to follow the Sky News Daily wherever you get your podcasts 👈

Ben Wallace, the former defence secretary, has come out with criticism aimed at both Labour and the Treasury following today's announcement the UK will increase defence spending to 2.5% of GDP by the end of the decade.

Labour said it will carry out a "strategic defence and security review" of defence if it takes power.

Writing on social media, Mr Wallace said: "Predictably Labour's response to PM's defence spending increase is bluff and delay. 

"We don't need another 'defence review' - which the Treasury love so it can delay new money. 

"We need leadership. If Labour had been paying attention these last few years they wouldn't be so clueless."

Mr Wallace predicts Labour will ask to see the  government books before making any pledges, and waiting for a review will take two years "to tell us what we already know".

He adds Labour will "play the now dated 'waste' card with historical figures and spun vocabulary (like their dodgy dossier)" - and this will be done "to avoid supporting our forces properly".

Mr Wallace quips that "it is ok because Keir Starmer has announced a Union for troops! That will scare the enemy! 

"Or Labour can do the right thing and match our pledge today….."

Jennifer Scott , political reporter

Almost one million private renters in England have been handed no-fault evictions since the Conservative government promised to abolish them, new data has shown.

Research carried out by YouGov on behalf of homelessness charity Shelter - and shared exclusively with Sky News - showed that since April 2019 a total of 943,000 people had been given Section 21 notices, which is the equivalent of more than 500 renters every day.

The figures also showed unwanted moves were costing private renters in England £550m a year, with 830,000 people having to move in the last 12 months alone due to either their fixed tenancies coming to an end, being priced out by rent increases or being served with a Section 21.

Add in the soaring upfront costs for rents and deposits and unwanted moves are costing more than £1bn a year - or an average of £1,245 per person.

Polly Neate, Shelter's chief executive, said tenants were "bearing the cost of the government's inaction" and warned any further delays to banning no-fault evictions would see more people "tipped into homelessness".

But Levelling Up minister Jacob Young defended the government. He said abolishing Section 21s was "the biggest change to the private rented sector in more than 30 years" so it "takes time to make sure we get it right".

Read more here:

We've just heard from the Labour leader, Sir Keir Starmer, who has been out and about on the local elections campaign trail in Cawood, North Yorkshire.

He was asked for his reaction to the five deaths in the English Channel this morning, and he replied: "My response is a human response.

"This is an absolute tragedy and my heart, of course, goes out to the family members of those who have died.

"It is a reminder that this vile trade run by criminal gangs costs lives and, sadly, more lives today."

The Labour leader went on to say there is "no doubt" small boat crossings need to be stopped, but said the government has "lost control of the borders".

"This Rwanda gimmick is not the way to stop it," he said.

"It costs an absolute fortune - £300m already, another £50m either this week or next, to remove a few hundred people. That's a drop in the ocean."

Sir Keir said he would use the money to "build up our border security, to take down the gangs that are running this vile trade and stop those boats arriving in the first place".

He added: "The prime minister doesn't really think it's going to work, we know that. 

"The home secretary doesn't think it's going to work. Their own side are saying it's symbolic. It isn't going to work."

Earlier today, Rishi Sunak announced a £500m military aid package to Ukraine in its war against Russia, alongside the UK's largest provision of munitions so far.

Some 400 vehicles, 60 boats, 1,600 strike and air defence missiles, and four million rounds of ammunition are included in the package.

The announcement comes during a downswing for Ukraine as Russian forces have been gaining the upper hand in recent weeks ( read the full details of the announcement here ).

Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer has welcomed the move from the government, telling broadcasters: "I fully support what the prime minister has announced in relation to further funding for Ukraine.

"It's vitally important that we continue to support Ukraine against Russian aggression, and in parliament and in our politics, we've stood united on the question of Ukraine since the conflict began.

"We will continue to do so."

Sir Keir - who is hoping to be PM after the next general election - called on "all allies to work together on this".

In the wake of the prime minister's announcement, Labour have put out their response.

John Healey, the opposition's shadow defence secretary, said: "As Keir Starmer recently set out, Labour wants to see a fully funded plan to reach 2.5%, but the Tories have shown time and time again that they cannot be trusted on defence and we will examine the detail of their announcement closely.

"The British public will judge ministers by what they do not what they say.

"Since 2010, the Conservatives have wasted more than £15bn mismanaging defence procurement, shrunk the Army to its smallest size since Napoleon, missed their recruitment targets every year, and allowed morale to fall to record lows.

"Labour will conduct a strategic defence and security review in the first year in government to get to grips with the threats we face, the state of our Armed Forces, and the resources required."

The Sun asks the prime minister if he is only making today's announcement because it is an election year.

He also asks about reports Germany is unhappy with the level of defence spending from the UK.

Mr Sunak says he is meeting Chancellor Olaf Scholz tomorrow, and that the UK and Germany are the two largest defence spenders in Europe.

He adds that he is looking forward to having "good conversations" with his German counterpart tomorrow, and that there is also "good cooperation" between the two nation's armed forces.

On the other question, Mr Sunak says that, as chancellor, he oversaw the largest increase in the defence budget since the end of the Cold War.

He adds that he has always taken it "incredibly seriously".

Jens Stoltenberg says the UK has been a "leading example when it comes to defence spending".

Jens Stoltenberg is asked about the NATO members who are "not paying their fair share".

He notes several US presidents have called for more defence spending from NATO allies in Europe.

"The good news is that over the last few years there has been a significant increase," he says.

Rishi Sunak says "the UK is doing its part" and has "stepped up".

"The UK has led by example to help galvanise others to do the same," he adds.

Sky political editor Beth Rigby asks if we have entered a "pre-war era" - and whether something particular has happened to spark today's announcement.

Rishi Sunak says people will use "different words" to describe what's happened today.

He repeats that the world is "in a more dangerous place than it's been since the end of the Cold War".

The current situation is "not something new", and was pointed out in reviews of the UK's defence.

But what has changed is the "pace and intensity of where we're seeing these threats emerge".

 Those are reasons to make the announcements now, Mr Sunak says.

The PM says that there are more threats today - but the UK is approaching the situation from a "position of strength" and confidence because it is making the right investments, alongside NATO.

Mr Stoltenberg says that "we live in a more dangerous world" as shown by Russia invading Ukraine.

The NATO chief says he cannot say what the next crisis or war will be, but that if the alliance stands together then peace can be protected and preserved for allies.

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