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In crux of Geography, discover the inherent charm and nuances of Stratford. This extensive guide magnifies Stratford, London and its importance, particularly highlighted during the Olympics. Gain insights into the vital topic of regeneration , casting light on Stratford before and after, alongside a balanced view of its pros and cons. The transformation of Stratford is also succinctly summarised, alongside a discussion on future regulation and its impact. This all-encompassing text presents a comprehensive understanding of Stratford, its geographical allure, and future prospects.

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Understanding the Location: Stratford London

Before embarking on a tour of Stratford, it's important for you to explore its characteristics and the historical significance of certain events, such as the London Olympics. A keen understanding of these aspects will lead to a richer appreciation of Stratford's geography.

Introduction to Stratford: A Look into Its Characteristics

Stratford, popularly known as the heart of East London, carries a rich history interwoven with contemporary features. The city converges cultural diversity, architectural brilliance and commercial opportunities.

Stratford is defined as a district in the East End of London, England, in the London Borough of Newham.

It's strategically located and connects central London to other parts of the country via a robust transport network. The following aspects contribute to defining the character of Stratford:

• Architecture: Featuring a mix of Victorian, post-war, and cutting-edge modern style.
• Cultural Diversity: A melting pot of cultures from around the globe.
• Leisure and Entertainment: Home to theatres, parks, and arenas that host a variety of events.

Consider Stratford's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, an architectural marvel that was a major venue for the London 2012 Olympics. Today, it serves as a versatile space for both recreation and various events.

The Significance of Stratford London Olympics

The 2012 London Olympics brought a transformational change to Stratford. The Olympics acted as a springboard for Stratford's regeneration , attracting worldwide attention and economic enrichment.

The London Olympics 2012: A major international multi-sport event that marked a historical moment in Stratford's development.

Here are some of the key impacts of the Olympiad:

Notably, the London Olympic Games became a catalyst for sustainable development. It led to the rise of new infrastructures and housing projects, which were designed with an ecological focus, promoting renewable energy, waste reduction, and biodiversity.

Stratford's geographical location, cultural mix, and links to significant events, make it a vibrant, dynamic destination worthy of study in our exploration of global geography.

The Regeneration of Stratford: A Case Study

Stratford's regeneration, greatly sparked by the 2012 Olympics, is a fascinating case study in urban renewal and sustainable development. Stratford's journey from a once industrial area to the flourishing multiculturality it represents provides insights into the transformative impacts of well-planned urban development.

It is worth noting that the success of this regeneration wasn't by chance but the product of strategic planning and timing, with the London Olympics as the perfect spotlight to debut Stratford's facelift.

Stratford Regeneration: Before and After

Stratford's development didn't happen overnight. Let's dive deeper into its transformation, comparing the pre and post-regeneration period.

Urban Regeneration is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the physical, economic and social fabric of an area.

Before Regeneration:

• Stratford was predominantly an industrial area, with neglected landscapes and semi-derelict buildings.
• It housed a significant, yet disconnected community, with the area lacking in necessary social infrastructure.
• Despite being well serviced by public transport, the area wasn't an attractive destination for investment or tourism.

After Regeneration:

• Stratford has become a bustling metropolis with new housing projects, commercial buildings, and state-of-the-art sports facilities.
• The rejuvenated Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (@qeop123) is now a recreational and cultural hotspot.
• Stratford has seen a surge in economic development, with an influx of tourists and new residents attracted to its dynamics.

Take, for example, Stratford's transport hub. Before regeneration, it was merely a junction. Today, it serves as a major interchange point between different train lines, and connects to various parts of London and the country, enhancing Stratford's connectivity and accessibility.

Pros and Cons of Stratford Regeneration

When it comes to urban regeneration, there are always two sides to the coin. While Stratford's transformation brought many advantages, it also resulted in certain challenges. Let's discuss each in detail.

Regeneration Pros and Cons: The positive and negative outcomes related to regeneration developments, influencing the economic, social, and environmental sectors of the area.

Thus, the regeneration of Stratford offers invaluable lessons on the balancing act between growth and inclusivity in urban planning.

Appreciating the Changes: A Stratford Summary

In the journey through Stratford's geography, the profound transformation of this East London district and its experience of urban regeneration have painted a vivid picture of how well executed urban development can impact a location's dynamics, economy, and cultural landscape.

The Transformation of Stratford through Regeneration

Stratford's metamorphosis is more than merely an architectural makeover. It's a testament to the resilience of a community and the potential of thoughtful regeneration.

Urban regeneration of Stratford was catalysed by London's successfully hosting the Olympics in 2012, which offered a unique opportunity to transform the district from an industrial hinterland to a hub of cultural and social vibrancy.

Transformation in the context of urban geography refers to an extensive or dramatic change in the physical, social and economic structures of a city or district.

The following facets illustrate Stratford's transformation journey:

• Industrial to Residential: Stratford has seen a shift from being predominantly industrial to a largely residential area with new residential developments attracting a more diverse population.
• Transportation Enhancement: The redevelopment of Stratford's transportation network has significantly improved the accessibility of the area.
• Cultural Vibrancy: The emergence of sites like Olympic Park and the Westfield Stratford City shopping centre, repositioned Stratford as a cultural and leisure destination.

Seeing the transformation can be as simple as taking a walk through the Stratford Centre, a local shopping mall that serves as a microcosm of the area's change. Where once it was an outdated shopping complex, it is now a vibrant centre of activity teeming with shops, restaurants, and often, community events.

Regulation and its Impact on Stratford's Future

The continued success of Stratford's regeneration and the implications for its future notably depend on the role of regulatory policies and frameworks.

Regulation in the context of urban planning refers to the rules or directives enforced by an authority (like a government agency) to guide the development and management of urban spaces.

The impact of urban regulation on Stratford's future can be grouped under two main themes:

• Sustainability: Regulation demands balanced growth, ensuring new developments are environmentally friendly and socially inclusive, promoting sustainable living.
• Urban Resilience: Regulatory measures aim to increase the city's capacity to absorb, recover and adapt to challenges, ensuring the long-term viability of the district.

For instance, the London Plan, a strategic planning document by the Mayor of London, encapsulates policies that promote strategies such as "Building a sustainable future", "Building strong communities" and "Promoting opportunity", all of which are vital for Stratford's continued growth and development.

It's important to note that while regulation guides development, it's the adaptation and execution of these regulations by local authorities and developers that will determine Stratford's evolution.

Thus, appreciating the transformation of Stratford showcases the catalyst role of urban regeneration and the importance of regulation in shaping the future of cultural landscapes like Stratford.

Stratford - Key takeaways

• Stratford is a district in the East End of London, notable for its architectural diversity, cultural variety, and expansive commercial opportunities.
• The London Olympics 2012 played a significant role in Stratford's development, serving as a catalyst for urban regeneration, economic enrichment, and social cohesion.
• Stratford's regeneration, primarily triggered by the 2012 Olympics, is a study case of urban renewal and sustainable development, transforming this former industrial area into a dynamic hub of cultural and social vibrancy.
• The regeneration of Stratford has both pros – like improved sports infrastructure, increased economic activity , and modernized urban environment – and cons – including gentrification, potential social unrest, and concerns over preserving the area's historic and cultural identity.
• Urban planning regulation plays a critical role in ensuring Stratford's future, targeting eco-friendly and socially inclusive growth, as well as resilience to challenges for the district's sustainability.

Frequently Asked Questions about Stratford

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Where is Stratford located?

In East London, about 7 miles from Central London

What was Stratford like after the decline?

It had one of the most deprived communities in the country, unemployment was high, and health levels were poor. Stratford lacked proper infrastructure, and the environmental quality was poor. 

During the Victorian Era, the Metropolitan Building Act, the new railway, and the creation of the Royal Docks accelerated industrialisation. With it, Stratford saw a lot of work opportunities.

Deindustrialisation and the closure of the Royal Docks

The creation of containerised cargo and other technological changes. The containerised cargo was much more efficient for transporting goods, but it required larger ships. These ships could not navigate down as far as the Royal Docks.

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• Resources for ...
• London 2012 Ol...

London 2012 Olympic Park

This resource was written before the London 2012 Olympics. We have kept it available as the material is still useful to teachers running fieldwork in the Stratford area. 

On 6 July 2005, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) announced that London would host the 2012 Olympics. London won its bid on the back of three factors:

Its status as a global city with one of the world's most culturally and ethnically diverse populations

Its focus upon regenerating one of the poorest areas of the city, which is ongoing, where the Olympics have a specific role to play in providing a legacy of amenities for local people

A focus upon children as the benefactors of the Olympics, and the inspiration that could link nations through sport

London's bid was focused upon a complete rebrand and reconstruction of a brownfield site along the Lea Valley in east London. A range of new facilities is currently being built in the area. The central hub will be the Olympic Park, parallel to the Lea River, which will contain several Olympic venues located within walking distance of each other. As the Olympic Park develops, there will many opportunities for engaging students in geographical learning, focusing upon the topics of regeneration, sustainability, culture and sport.

Opportunities for fieldwork in the Olympic area

Download the full Opportunities for fieldwork in the Olympic area article

Download a list of relevant websites 

Between July 2005, when London won the right to host the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics, and July 2007, East London was ripe for geographical field study. The plans for the Olympic Park were being firmed up, organisations being put in place, and infrastructural change - such as underground electricity cables to replace the pylons - was largely being carried out underground and out of sight. The images of future Olympics and Paralympics venues could be downloaded. All that the willing geographer needed was a sense of imagination - record the present, take a glimpse into the future, and leave the rest to the imagination.

However, like all large plans, London's Olympics and Paralympics are being subjected to ‘events'. Just as Canary Wharf blighted the progress of London's Docklands regeneration when it went into receivership in 1993, so too London's Olympics and Paralympics are likely to alter as part of the credit crunch that began in September 2007.

What kind of fieldwork?

London's Olympics and Paralympics offer geographers considerable potential for fieldwork study.

They offer a discrete study in which the themes of change , regeneration , and sustainability can be given a place focus

Because they are part of a process of regeneration that began with Docklands in the early 1980s and is likely to continue with commercial development such as Stratford City, they have a context in which regeneration for some of the poorest and most deprived areas of London and the UK

They allow first hand study of economic, social, and environmental impact - in which secondary sources can play as important a part as primary data

Getting access to the sites

Access is now more difficult, and the imagination required of both teachers and their students is considerable. In July 2007, the ODA assumed ownership of the Marshgate Lane area, which forms the hub of the Olympics facilities. For both security and safety, the entire site - stretching from the southern borders close to Stratford north to the A12 - was fenced off, creating a tall blue security fence that the ‘Guardian' and others have referred to as east London's Berlin wall. Clearly, this made access difficult to the public generally and to geographers specifically!

Nonetheless, provided that fieldwork parties come to see the Olympics in the context of regeneration - and not simply observe only the Olympics sites - there are plenty of opportunities for students of all ages. Placed around the theme of regeneration, students could investigate and collect primary data for the following:

Investigate Docklands and the nature of 1980s style regeneration, that was market led, which focused upon the development of a service economy, redeveloped areas of derelict land into secure housing, and convert warehousing and lofts, each of which would attract the middle-classes

Investigate the nature of communities such as Canning Town South, for which 2001 census data are available. In 2002, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL) took its second year undergraduates into Canning Town and questioned a large sample of residents about what Canning Town was like to live in. 

Investigate local perceptions of the Olympics as seen by local people in parts of Newham, for example Stratford shopping centre which is undercover, safe, and where residents are generally friendly enough towards students to answer questions. A perception framework covers economic, social and environmental aspects, and those questioned are asked to respond how well they believe that the Olympics will benefit them and the area

Investigate environmental quality in the areas which are still accessible from, for example the canal or Lea River towpath and which pass the Olympics sites. These are the core area of Olympics sites and those which will form the new Olympics Park - and thus it will be possible to compare environmental quality now with the environmental impact of the new Olympics park using the computer-generated images on the London 2012 website

Investigate the environmental impact of the security wall on people's live sin east London and the extent to which they are being or are not being inconvenienced by the work going on. This could take the form of an environmental quality bi-polar assessment, like that used for environmental quality above

Observe the new Olympics Park using accessible sites such as the Stratford town centre multi storey car park. This overlooks Stratford station, is easily accessed, and a view from the open deck top floor shows the Olympics Park in its entirety. It is also possible to view the new Channel Tunnel Rail Link station from this site, and therefore the site of the new Stratford City development

Students can then also use secondary data , such as:

Photographs from 2005 onwards of different parts of the Olympics sites, enabling them to assess the degree of change

The London 2012 website which shows computer-generated images of the Olympics stadia and facilities, and of the new Olympic Park

The Census 2001 website which shows data for the different wards of Newham. Click on ‘Neighbourhood' and type in ‘Canning Town South' for data for this ward. Other wards can be accessed by name or postcode

In carrying out just some of these data collection techniques and using sources, students might be able to generate as much as:

Identifying the need for regeneration - environmental

EQS results for accessible Olympic sites. Examples include the overall view over the future Olympic Park from the multi-storey car park in Stratford, the view of the stadium from across the railway tracks from Pudding Mill Lane station (DLR - first stop outside Stratford)

EQS results for areas such as Canning Town, compared to sites in Docklands, for example Canary Wharf or ExCel

Annotated photos of locations visited

The impact of regeneration - environmental

Environmental Impact Assessments of the Olympic sites using the computer images on the London 2012 website

Annotated photos/images of these images and that of the aerial view of the Olympic Park

The need for regeneration - social and economic

Graphs of social and economic data for wards such as Canning Town using 2001 census data

Graphs generated from data collected by the 2002 Canning Town survey by QMUL

The impact of regeneration - social and economic

Environmental Quality Survey graphs from Canary Wharf

Graphs generated from perception surveys held in Canning Town or Stratford about how well local people think the Olympics will benefit them and the communities of east London

Do not forget places outside London!

There are several Olympics and Paralympics sites outside London. Progress at some venues is exceptional. Sailing events are to be held next to Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy (WPNSA), in Dorset on the south coast. The old Naval Air Station at Portland has been renovated and redesigned, and is now known as Osprey Quay; new residential, commercial and marina facilities have been given planning permission and building started in May 2008. On one of the most exposed locations in the western English Channel, it provides superb natural sailing waters. Facilities include:

A new slipway, 70 moorings and associated facilities

A new 600 berth commercial marina nearby. Part of the sailing venue, 250 of its berths will be used for test events as well as during the Games

Construction was completed by late 2008, making Weymouth and Portland one of the first venues completed for 2012.

How do I get to the sites shown in the field booklet?

In an ideal world, a coach will help you to see the contrasts between:

Places that have undergone regeneration in Docklands

Places that have been left behind such as Canning Town South

The Olympic sites

Stratford and Stratford City, with an overview of the Olympic Park

However, public transport is perfectly feasible. Book your students in advance and you should be able to purchase one day Travelcards for your students for 80p each (October 2008 prices). This can be checked at Transport for London .

Start at Canary Wharf or ExCel . Each is on the DLR.

Custom House for Excel station will also allow you access into Canning Town South . The main shopping parade on Freemasons Road is opposite the station once you have crossed Victoria Dock Road. Here you can carry out perception surveys as well as EQS

A short trip back on the DLR will take you to Stratford. To see the Olympic Park in progress is easy - simply cross the road form the station, go into the shopping centre and take the lifts inside the door to the eighth floor. One of the best free views in eats London.

To see other sites around Stratford

Walk east and then northwards along Major Road, past the construction college, to the site of the old Clays Lane Housing estate - to be the site of the Olympic Village

Take the overground to Hackney Wick and walk along Rothbury Road (see the photograph on page two) as far as the blue wall; the area gives a good idea of what regenerated housing can look like in east London, and how housing like this will probably encircle much of Olympic Park after 2012

The stadium is best viewed from Pudding Mill Lane station, one stop east out of Stratford on the DLR

Author: Bob Digby 2008

Bob Digby’s Olympic fieldtrip

Bob Digby is a Chartered Geographer, Community Geographer for the Geographical Association, GCSE Principal Examiner and an education consultant and author. He has a particular interest in teaching about London's 2012 Olympics, and has led many fieldtrips to the site with both students and other teachers. 

Since Bob wrote his original fieldtrip resources for the Olympic site, accessibility to the area has been considerably reduced to allow the site development to proceed. The fieldwork booklet available to download on this page is therefore an adaptation of the original, taking into account these changes. The fieldtrip follows a route around the Olympic sites to investigate the need for regeneration in East London and the potential impacts of the games. 

What lessons for urban regeneration in East London can be learnt from projects in the past?

In January 2008 a group of Year 11 students from Guildford High School undertook a day of fieldwork in East London. The aim of their visit was to study four different areas, two of which have undergone urban regeneration and two of which will be regenerated in the future.

The four areas were:

Canary Wharf: An example of 1980s urban regeneration, focusing on commerce and retail

ExCel London: An example of 1990s urban regeneration, focusing on leisure and service industries

Canning Town: A deprived residential area with plans for regeneration

Stratford: The heart of the ongoing Olympics regeneration project, with additional Stratford City and transport developments also underway

At each site, they collected social, economic and environmental data, which they subsequently used to write a GCSE case study of urban regeneration in East London. Their case study focused on the positive and negative impacts of regeneration as well as the lessons that can be learnt for regeneration projects in the future. It was presented back in school in the form of an annotated map.

In addition, resources are included for a fifth site, the Coin Street Community Builders Programme on the South Bank, SE1. This successful social enterprise and development trust scheme is located in the area between the Oxo Tower and the National Theatre in the heart of the South Bank area. It was visited by a group of AS and A2 students attending the RGS-IBG Winter School in February 2008 and is an additional scheme with which to contrast the East London redevelopments. The aim of the AS/A2 trip was to collect information and data to resource a case study of urban regeneration. The students subsequently used the information to write their own exam question and mark scheme, which they shared with others in the group.

Follow-up work

Year 11 students

Listed below are links to some examples of work produced by Year 11 students from Guildford High School following their fieldtrip to East London.

Their brief was to summarise the positive and negative impacts of the urban regeneration projects they visited in Canary Wharf and ExCeL London socially, environmentally and economically, and to consider the lessons that can be learnt for the future.

The students also considered positive and negative aspects to the Canning Town and Stratford areas, and the possible impacts of regeneration in these places.

Finally, the students superimposed digital photos onto a map of the site as a visual representation and comparison of social, economic and environmental features of the areas.

AS/A2 students

The aim of the fieldtrip for AS/A2 students was to collect data for an exam case study. Rather than using their findings to answer a question, however students studied a range of past papers and used these as a framework for writing their own exam question with resources and a detailed mark scheme.

Background to the 2012 site

Olympic park photos, canary wharf, excel london, canning town, coin street.

File name Files

Background to the 2012 Stratford's Transport Links

Background to the 2012 Site Location of Olympic Park

Background to the 2012 Site London 2012 Article

Background to the 2012 Updated Article

Background to the 2012 Deprivation Indicators of Canning Town South

Olympic Park Photos Clays Lane

Olympic Park Photos Canning Town and Marshgate Lane

Olympic Park Photos Olympic Park

Olympic Park Questionnaire

Olympic Park Shopping Survey

Olympic Park Business Survey

Olympic Park Shopping Survey (1)

Olympic Park Museum Worksheet

Olympic Park Historical Map

Olympic Park Photo Task

Olympic Park Environmental Quality Survey

Olympic Park Questionnaire (1)

Olympic Park Business Survey (1)

Olympic Park Museum Worksheet (1)

Olympic Park Photo Task (1)

Olympic Park Estate Agent Survey

Olympic Park KS3 West India Quay Tour

Olympic Park Reasons to Relocate to Canary Wharf

Olympic Park Historical Maps and Clues

Olympic Park Historical Maps and Clues (1)

Olympic Park Environmental Quality Survey (1)

Olympic Park Estate Agent Survey (1)

Olympic Park Reasons to Relocate to Canary Wharf (1)

ExCel London Field Sketches Worksheet

ExCel London Photo Task

ExCel London Notes on ExCel Sheet

ExCel London Historical Map

ExCel London Historical Map Task

ExCel London Notes on ExCel Sheet (1)

ExCel London Photo Task (1)

ExCel London Field Sketches Worksheet (1)

ExCel London Environmental Quality Survey

ExCel London Environmental Quality Survey (1)

ExCel London Historical Map Task (1)

Canning Town Notes from Canning Town Worksheet

Canning Town Photo Task

Canning Town 2001 Census Data for Canning Town South

Canning Town Notes from Canning Town Worksheet (1)

Canning Town Analysis of Social Data

Canning Town Analysis of Social Data (1)

Canning Town Photo Task (1)

Canning Town Environmental Quality Survey

Canning Town QMUL Social Survey Summary

Canning Town Environmental Quality Survey (1)

Canning Town QMUL Social Survey Summary (1)

Statford Environmental Quality Survey

Statford Local Opinion Questionnaire

Statford Environmental Quality Survey (1)

Statford Historical Map North

Statford Local Views on the Olympics Task

Statford Local Views on the Olympics Task (1)

Statford I-Spy Activity

Statford I-Spy Activity (1)

Statford Photo Task

Statford Photo Task (1)

Statford Historical Map South

Statford Local Selection of Views on the Olympics

Statford Local Opinion Questionnaire (1)

Statford Local Selection of Views on the Olympics (1)

Coin Street Worksheet

Coin Street Worksheet (1)

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Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park - Stratford

The Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in east London (Stratford) was developed and constructed for the 2012 Olympic Games. The key features of the development are:

Olympic Park

• An area of 350 hectares of abandoned and derelict land was converted into sports and residential facilities.
• There are 100 hectares of new green space, with 4,000 trees and 600,000 tonnes of soil cleaned (to remove contaminants like arsenic and ammonia).
• 3km of rivers and canals were cleaned and 230,000 cubic metres of contaminated groundwater was removed.

• The accommodation that was built for Olympic athletes in the Olympic Village was converted into new housing for 2,800 people.

Transport and infrastructure

• The rail, bus and cycle routes in Stratford were improved to cater for the volume of people visiting during the Olympics and for residents afterwards.
• A new rail station was built at Stratford International.

• A new Westfield shopping centre was constructed within walking distance of the Olympic Park and Olympic Stadium.

Sports facilities

• The Olympic Stadium has become the London Stadium, which is home to West Ham Football Club.
• The London Aquatics Centre has become a public swimming pool.

• There are plans to build a lot of cultural buildings and experiences in Stratford. These include the Victoria & Albert East museum, Sadler's Wells East, which is a dance theatre and the London College of Fashion.

Stratford - Urban Regeneration

The redevelopment of Stratford illustrates many of the core principles of regeneration.

International impact

• The presence of many MNC retailers like Zara in the Westfield shopping centre illustrates the significance of global influences on places.
• Furthermore, the Olympic Park was primarily built initially to host the Olympics, which is a global competition. London probably only won the rights to host the 2012 Olympics because of good rail, underground and air transport links.

Regeneration strategies

• Sport-led regeneration is clear with the London Stadium, Aquatic Centre and Olympic Games.
• Tourism-led regeneration is evident because the Olympic Park hosted the Olympic Games.
• Retail-led regeneration is shown by the construction of a Westfield shopping centre nearby.
• Culture-led regeneration is shown by the establishment of museums like the Victoria & Albert Museum East nearby.

Win-win redevelopment

• Although, many stakeholders may have attachment and life experiences of the pre-development Stratford, regenerating derelict and unused land is likely to be less controversial than developing other areas.

1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards

1.1 Tectonic Processes & Hazards

1.1.1 Tectonic Plates

1.1.2 Distribution of Tectonic Hazards

1.1.3 Theoretical Frameworks

1.1.4 Earthquakes

1.1.5 Earthquake Hazards

1.1.6 Volcanoes

1.1.7 Tsunamis

1.1.8 End of Topic Test - Tectonic Processes

1.1.9 Exam-Style Question - Earthquakes

1.2 Natural Disasters

1.2.1 Introduction to Natural Disasters

1.2.2 Impacts of Hazards

1.2.3 Comparing Hazards

1.2.4 Development & Governance

1.3 Natural Disaster Case Studies

1.3.1 Tohoku Earthquake & Tsunami

1.3.2 Gorkha Earthquake

1.3.3 Mount Merapi Eruption

1.4 Trends & Patterns

1.4.1 Disaster Trends

1.4.2 Prediction

1.5 Disaster Modification

1.5.1 Hazard Management

1.5.2 Modifications

1.5.3 End of Topic Test - Natural Disasters

1.5.4 Exam-Style Question - Disaster Modification

2 Option 2A: Glaciated Landscapes & Change

2.1 Glaciated Landscapes Over Time

2.1.1 Timeline of Glacial Change

2.1.2 Natural Causes

2.1.3 Ice Distributions

2.2 Periglacial Landscapes

2.2.1 Periglacial Processes

2.2.2 Periglacial Landforms

2.3 Glacial Processes

2.3.1 Mass Balance

2.3.2 Glacial Movement

2.4 Glacial Landforms

2.4.1 Landscapes

2.4.2 Erosional Landforms

2.4.3 Erosional Landforms 2

2.4.4 Erosional Landforms 3

2.4.5 Depositional Landforms

2.4.6 Fluvioglaciation

2.5 The Future of Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.1 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.2 The Value of Glaciated Landscapes 2

2.5.3 Threats to Glaciated Landscapes

2.5.4 Managing the Threats to Glaciated Landscapes

3 Option 2B: Coastal Landscapes & Change

3.1 Coastal Landscapes

3.1.1 The Wider Coastal Landscape

3.1.2 Geological Structure

3.1.3 Lithology & Vegetation

3.2 Coastal Erosion & Deposition

3.2.1 Shaping Coastlines

3.2.2 Coastal Formations

3.2.3 Sediment Transportation

3.2.4 Subaerial Processes

3.3 Coastal Risks

3.3.1 Sea Level Change

3.3.2 Coastal Retreat

3.3.3 Coastal Flooding

3.4 Managing Coastlines

3.4.1 Consequences of Coastal Recession

3.4.2 Engineering Management Approaches

3.4.3 Governance Approaches

4 Globalisation

4.1 Globalisation

4.1.1 Intro to Globalisation

4.1.2 Development of Globalisation

4.1.3 Economic Policy & Globalisation

4.1.4 Government Policy & Globalisation

4.1.5 International Organisations & Globalisation

4.1.6 Measuring Globalisation

4.1.7 TNCs & Globalisation

4.1.8 TNCs - Aramco & Anglo-Iranian Oil

4.2 Negatives of Globalisation

4.2.1 'Switched Off' Places

4.3 Global Shift

4.3.1 Global Shift for Developing Nations

4.3.2 Global Shift for Developing Nations 2

4.3.3 Global Shift for Developed Nations

4.3.4 End of Topic Test - Globalisation

4.4 Migration

4.4.1 Megacities

4.4.2 International Migration

4.4.3 Country Interdependence

4.5 Culture

4.5.1 Global Culture

4.5.2 Cultural Erosion

4.6 Measuring Development

4.6.1 Measuring Development

4.7 Responses to Globalisation

4.7.1 Tensions Caused by Globalisation

4.7.2 Government Control of Globalisation

4.7.3 Ethical Responses to Globalisation

4.7.4 End of Topic Test - Migration, Culture, & Response

5 Option 4A: Regenerating Places

5.1 Types of Economies

5.1.1 Economic Activity

5.1.2 Employment

5.1.3 Economic Activity - Health & Life

5.1.4 Economic Activity - Education & Inequality

5.2 Function of Places

5.2.1 Characteristics of Places

5.2.2 Changes in Places

5.2.3 International Influences on Places

5.2.4 Historic Influences on Places

5.2.5 The Perception of Places

5.2.6 Lived Experience & Attachment

5.3 Regeneration

5.3.1 Migration & Capital

5.3.2 Success & Regeneration

5.3.3 Tensions & Conflict in Communities

5.3.4 Regeneration in the UK

5.3.5 Local Government Policies

5.3.6 Regeneration Strategies

5.3.7 Measuring Regeneration Success

5.4 Regeneration Case Studies

5.4.1 Stratford

5.4.2 Salford Quays

5.4.3 Croyde

6 Option 4B: Diverse Places

6.1 Population Structure

6.1.1 The UK

6.1.2 Population Characteristics

6.1.3 Government & Change

6.2 Past & Present Connections

6.2.1 International Influence on Places

6.2.2 Historic Influences on Places

6.2.3 The Perception of Places

6.2.4 Image & Identity

6.3 Urban & Rural Spaces

6.3.1 Perceptions of Urban Places

6.3.2 Perceptions of Rural Places

6.3.3 Evaluating Living Space

6.4 Diversity

6.4.1 UK Migrations

6.4.2 Challenges

6.4.3 Tensions & Conflict

6.4.4 Wider Outcomes of Tensions

6.4.5 Managing Tensions

6.5 Urban & Rural Case Studies

6.5.1 Stakeholders

6.6 Case Study - Tower Hamlets

6.6.1 Background

6.6.2 Characteristics

6.6.3 Issues

6.7 Case Study - Sturton-le-Steeple

6.7.1 Background

6.7.2 Characteristics

6.7.3 Issues

7 The Water Cycle & Water Insecurity (A2 only)

7.1 Hydrological Processes Global to Local

7.1.1 Global Hydrological Cycle

7.1.2 Drainage Basin Hydrological Cycle

7.1.3 Water Budgets

7.1.4 River Regimes

7.1.5 Storm Hydrographs

7.2 Influences on the Water Cycle

7.2.1 Causes of Drought

7.2.2 Impacts of Drought

7.2.3 Causes of Flooding

7.2.4 Impacts of Flooding

7.2.5 Climate Change & The Water Cycle

7.2.6 Impacts of Climate Change

7.2.7 End of Topic Test - The Water Cycle

7.3 Water Insecurity

7.3.1 Water Stress

7.3.2 Causes of Water Insecurity

7.3.3 Water Insecurity Risk

7.3.4 Conflict Over Water

7.4 Water Supply Management

7.4.1 Hard Engineering Schemes

7.4.2 Sustainable Management

7.4.3 Water Treaties & Framework

7.4.4 End of Topic Test - Water Insecurity & Management

8 The Carbon Cycle & Energy Security (A2 only)

8.1 The Carbon Cycle

8.1.1 Carbon Stores

8.1.2 Carbon Stores 2

8.1.3 Biological Carbon

8.1.4 Atmospheric Carbon

8.1.5 Burning Fossil Fuels

8.2 Energy Consumption

8.2.1 Consumption

8.2.2 Access to Energy

8.2.3 Energy Players

8.2.4 Supply & Demand

8.2.5 Pathways

8.2.6 End of Topic Test - Carbon & Consumption

8.3 Alternative Energy

8.3.1 Unconventional Fuels

8.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuels

8.3.3 Non-Fossil Fuels 2

8.4 Growing Demand for Resources

8.4.1 Deforestation

8.4.2 Water

8.4.3 Climate Change

8.5 The Future

8.5.1 Future Uncertainty

8.5.2 Adaptation Strategies

8.5.3 Mitigation Strategies

9 Superpowers (A2 only)

9.1 Superpowers

9.1.1 Introduction to Superpowers

9.1.2 Superpowers - Economic Power & Size

9.1.3 Superpowers - Political & Military Power

9.1.4 Superpowers - Culture, Demography & Resources

9.1.5 Geo-Strategic Location

9.2 Hard & Soft Power

9.2.1 Hard & Soft Power

9.2.2 Emerging Powers - China Rivalry

9.2.3 Emerging Powers - Chinese Sources of Power

9.2.4 Emerging Powers - Brazil

9.2.5 Emerging Powers - Russia

9.2.6 Emerging Powers - India

9.2.7 Theories of Development

9.2.8 Power Case Studies: Chinese One Belt One Road

9.2.9 Power Case Studies: Pakistan Nuclear Arms

9.2.10 Power Case Studies: OPEC

9.3 IGOs, TNCs & Alliances

9.3.1 Superpowers & IGOs

9.3.2 Superpowers & TNCs

9.3.3 Superpowers & Global Action

9.3.4 Superpowers & Alliances

9.3.5 Superpowers & the Environment

9.4 Changing Global Influence

9.4.1 Recent Tensions between Powers

9.4.2 China in Africa & Asia

9.4.3 Tensions in the Middle East

9.4.4 Economic Problems for Superpowers

9.4.5 Future Pattern of Power

10 Option 8A: Health & Human Rights (A2 only)

10.1 Human Development

10.1.1 Measuring Development

10.1.2 Factors Improving Development

10.1.3 Variations in Health

10.2 Role of Governments & IGOs

10.2.1 Targets & Attitudes

10.2.2 Financial IGOs

10.2.3 The United Nations (UN)

10.2.4 The UN's MDGs & SDGs

10.3 Human Rights

10.3.1 Human Rights

10.3.2 Differences Between Countries

10.3.3 Transitions to Democracy

10.3.4 Differences Within Countries

10.3.5 The Demand for Equality

10.4 Interventions

10.4.1 Geopolitical Interventions

10.4.2 International Intervention Players

10.4.3 Evaluating Geopolitical Intervention

10.4.4 Military Interventions

10.4.5 Evaluating Military Interventions

10.5 Development Aid

10.5.1 Forms

10.5.2 Successes

10.5.3 Criticisms

10.5.4 Development Aid & the Environment

10.5.5 Evaluating Development Aid

10.5.6 Economic Inequalities

11 Option 8B: Migration & Identity (A2 only)

11.1 Globalisation & Migration

11.1.1 Intro to Migration

11.1.2 Trends in Migration

11.1.3 Common Migration Patterns

11.1.4 Causes of Migration

11.1.5 Restrictions on Migration

11.2 Consequences of Migration

11.2.1 Intro to Culture

11.2.2 Social & Demographic Tensions of Migration

11.2.3 Political & Economic Tensions of Migration

11.3 Nation States

11.3.1 Intro to Nation States

11.3.2 Borders

11.3.3 Nationalism

11.4 Responses to Global Migration

11.4.1 Responses to Global Migration

11.4.2 Global Organisations

11.4.3 IGOs and World Trade

11.4.4 Financial IGOs

11.4.5 Environmental IGOs

11.5 Sovereignty & Identity

11.5.1 Sovereignty & Nationalism

11.5.2 Complex Identities

11.5.3 Challenges to National Identities

11.5.4 Tensions within Nations

11.5.5 Failed States

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Measuring Regeneration Success

Salford Quays

UIC - London - Regeneration

The London Olympics of 2012 was a fantastic sporting spectacle and put the spotlight of the World on our capital city.  Part of the aims of the Olympics was to completely transform an area of East London that is lagging behind the rest, East London.  The idea was to leave a lasting legacy or impact not just for sport but for the urban area in the East of London.

The London 2012 Olympic Legacy was a plan to make sure that the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games had LONG TERM BENEFITS. This legacy was to cover 4 main areas; 1. Economic – supporting new jobs and skills, encouraging trade, inward investment and tourism 2. Sports – continuing elite success, development of more sports facilities and encouraging participation in schools sports and wider 3. Social and volunteering – inspiring others to volunteer and encouraging social change 4. Regeneration – reuse of venues, new homes, and improved transportation

The key for this unit is Legacy point 4 – urban regeneration.  Urban Regeneration is the whole sale improvement of the buildings and infrastructure of an area.   The Olympic athletes village was converted to a new housing area in London.

The areas hosting the Olympics like Stratford and nearby Tower Hamlets were in dire need of regeneration as they had; • a lot of abandoned old industrial sites, • low achievement at school in  terms of GCSE points score • industrial wastelands, • higher than average unemployment than the rest of London and • higher deprivation and poverty for the people that lived there • Lower household incomes then the London average as shown on the map below

There were many POSITIVES in the long run from the Olympics, in terms of regenerating East London socially, economically and environmentally.

NEXT TOPIC - UIC - Sustainability in Urban areas

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Stratford Olympic Park

The Olympic Park was a Brownfield site having suffered from Deindustrialisation .

When the Olympics were hosted here, it caused Regeneration of the area.

This is partly due to Gentrification of the East Village as city workers move in.

The London 2012 Olympic Legacy was a plan to make sure that the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games had Long Term Benefits .

This legacy was to cover 4 main areas:

• Economic – supporting new jobs and skills, encouraging trade, inward investment and tourism
• Sports – continuing elite success, development of more sports facilities and encouraging participation in schools sports and wider
• Social and volunteering – inspiring others to volunteer and encouraging social change
• Regeneration – reuse of venues, new homes, and improved transportation

The key is urban regeneration. Urban Regeneration is the improvement of the buildings and infrastructure of an area.

Tower Hamlets were in dire need of regeneration as they had:

• A lot of abandoned old industrial sites
• Low achievement at school in terms of GCSE points score
• Industrial wastelands
• Higher than average unemployment than the rest of London
• Higher deprivation and poverty for the people that lived there
• Lower household incomes then the London average
• The athletes’ village has been relaunched as a housing estate. Almost half of these 2,818 new homes (40%) are affordable.
• The Olympics has helped schools in the area – there was a shortage of spaces but a new school opened in the grounds of the park.
• The aquatics centre now uses its 50m pools as facilities for the community and schools, as well as elite athletes.
• Unemployment OVERALL fell across London during the Olympic period

Negatives :

• Anne Power at the London School of Economics said “The ‘affordable rents’ for the 2,800 new homes will be unaffordable to Newham’s poorest households.
• During the construction of the Olympics, very few jobs were created for local people. There are still high levels of unemployment in the borough and it was a missed opportunity to train people up for work.
• Many people in the boroughs surrounding the Olympic Park remain in poverty
• Properties for poorer people had to be demolished to make way for the site, 450 Housing Association flats were torn down for example.
• Stratford is now second only to King’s Cross as the most connected part of London.
• The Olympics brought more than £9bn of investment to east London, much of which went into transport.
• ALL of the Olympic venues have been sold.
• The Olympic stadium is estimated to have cost £701 million pounds, almost 3 times the original estimate
• £8.77 billion of tax payer’s money
• Existing businesses had to move, including H. Forman and Sons, a salmon-smoking factory with 50 employees
• Rents and property prices have gone up

Environmentally

• Many of the grounds in the Olympic Park have been kept as parkland and are open to the public for use. New green spaces and wildlife habitats were created, including ponds and woodlands.
• The stadiums were made of 25% recycled materials
• The River Lea that runs through the Olympic Park was improved as has the quality of its water. Green areas were placed along the banks of the river.
• The Olympic Site was built largely on 560 acres of brownfield land
• Researchers helped choose sustainable & biodiverse vegetation suited to an urban environment, including 4,000 trees.
• Much wildlife had to be relocated; 4,000 smooth newts, 100 toads and 300 common lizards as well as fish including pikes and eels were moved by the Olympic Delivery Authority.
• Many of the materials for the stadiums and the Olympic Park came from overseas
• The games produced 3.3 million tons of CO2

E15Campaign

How does this opinion frame the Olympics?

East Village London

Compare this to E15.

Regeneration

Gentrification is the process by which older (often run down) parts of the city, often close to the city centre, become culturally desirable, so wealthier people move in and change the area.

The gentrification applies to areas around the Olympic Park.

In particular, Hackney Wick.

Some of the park was invested by TNCS. An Australian TNC Invested with the building of the shopping centre. Lendlease are a TNC helping to build the International Quarter.

Regeneration Outside of Stratford

Studentification is the gradual change (social and environmental) of an area of a the city by the arrival of increasing numbers of students and the conversion of older, often 19th century, houses into student flats by subdividing large properties.

Universities bring employment and student spending which regenerates pubs, shops and buy to let properties.

The rural-urban fringe (areas outside of the inner city, close to rural areas) have experienced regeneration too. For example “London Square Chigwell Village is a gated oasis of forty three homes, set in and around stunning landscaped gardens, creating a spacious and beautiful environment.’’

London Square’s reputation for developing award-winning homes in some of London’s most desirable locations is exemplified in Chigwell Village, perfectly located in the heart of Chigwell itself. Prices from £1,095,000.

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Changing places: investigating regeneration at London's Olympic Park

Changing places: investigating regeneration at london’s olympic park.

Studying East London’s Olympic Park is both an excellent case study for Changing Places and a popular area to investigate for the independent investigation. In this unit you’ll look at how the area has changed since 2012 and its impact on different groups, and what needs to be considered when evaluating success.

When you’ve worked through the web unit, try the ‘ Investigating regeneration at London’s Olympic Park’ quiz to see how much you know.

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Sustainable Urban Living - East Village

Sustainable Urban Living – East Village

East Village is one of the most sustainable communities in the UK. It is part of the London 2012 Olympic legacy and was converted from the Athletes’ Village into new homes after the Games. One of the main aims of the Olympics was to be the most sustainable Games ever.

East Village, London – CC2.0 EG Focus https://www.flickr.com/photos/egfocus/7090449501/

How is East Village an example of sustainable urban living?

Transport 

East Village has an integrated transport solution. Local trains and bus services connect to the London Underground. Stratford International station provides access to Central London and Europe.

Green open spaces

10 hectares of parkland have been created, containing hundreds of newly planted trees and ponds. These provide habitats for wildlife.

Modern, high-density apartments

The athletes’ village has been transformed into modern, high-density apartments. These have been constructed to a high standard of energy efficiency and insulation. Apartments lose less heat than low-rise housing.

Green roofs 

A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium planted over a waterproofing membrane.

Green roofs have been included on residential blocks, providing habitats for wildlife as well as slowing the flow of surface run-off from rain.

Affordable housing 

Half of the homes are available to ordinary people in East London. They are affordable as they are available to rent at lower rates.

Car parking 

Parking is provided for each apartment block and residents must pay extra for a space. However, the area has good walking and cycling routes to encourage people from their cars.

Shops and services 

There are 35 independent   shops, cafes and bars serving the local community. This keeps money   in the local area as they are less likely to travel to shop.

Public services 

A large health centre has been constructed along with a school for 2000 3 to 18-year-olds. These services are essential to support the local community.

What green spaces have been created in East Village?

Although East Village is a high-density urban area, 37 per cent of the land is green open space. 10 of the 27 hectares that make up East Village is green space, including:

• a wetland area that recycles rainwater, which is used for flushing toilets and water plants;
• a large green park containing a children’s play area;
• green roofs;
• each apartment block having a shared, private green space; and
• fruit trees in an orchard in the children’s play area.

Waste Recycling

• 99% of parkland waste is recycled instead of being sent to landfill.
• Households are also encouraged to recycle with fortnightly collections of cardboard, paper, plastic bottles, tins and cans.
• Recycling is taken to a sorting facility at Jenkins Lane Reuse and Recycling Centre, where materials are separated. The sorted materials are made into bales and sent off to be recycled into new products.

How efficient is East Village?

Compared to other urban areas, East Village uses much less water and energy.

Water use in East Village is 50 per cent less than typical in urban areas. This has been achieved through recycling water naturally and using reed beds in wetland areas. Rainwater is filtered naturally before being recycled and used for irrigating plants and flushing toilets. Fresh drinking water is on a separate system.

East Village uses 30 per cent less energy than an average urban area. This is because of combined heat and power (CHP). CHP involves generating electricity and heat from the same energy source, in this case, burning biomass. Water is heated to create steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity. The hot water produced in this process is pumped around the nearby apartments and is used to heat them.

What are the benefits of East Village?

Social  

• More than 10,000 new homes will have been built by 2030, and more than 10,000 new homes will have been built in the park.
• Five new neighbourhoods will be completed by the end of the decade.
• New jobs in tourism and construction have created a multiplier effect .
• By 2030 over 20,000 jobs could be created, bringing £5 billion into the area. 
• The Westfield Stratford shopping centre created 10,000 permanent new jobs from day one, including 2,000 for previously unemployed local people.

Environmental

• The Olympic bid was, in part, successfully based on sustainability . The park is sustainable in many ways, including public transport , walking and cycling routes, the water and energy-efficient design of homes and the protection of green spaces and natural habitats .
• 300,000 new plants have been planted in the wetlands. 
• The London Olympic Athletes’ Village is the largest sustainable homes project in the UK.
• Before construction, the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA, 2015) excavated and cleaned more than 2.3 million cubic metres of contaminated soil.

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London Stratford regeneration case study

Subject: Geography

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

4 February 2020

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A comprehensive one page case study of the regeneration of Stratford as part of the 2012 Olympic Games. Perfect for any specification, but written specifically for the AQA GCSE 9-1 course.

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Join get revising, already a member, stratford place study and olympic park regeneration.

• Created by: Larissabrooke1305
• Created on: 09-04-21 08:04

Stratford Place Study

What type of place is Stratford?

·          Post industrial, mainly tertiary based economy, large cultural and ethnic mix.

·          Huge disparities in wealth, one of the most deprived boroughs in London.

·          Influxes of capital in the last 15 years for regeneration projects hoping to improve QofL.

Factors affecting Character of Place

Endogenous Factors

·          Location

®      N of Thames, E of River Lea, East End, Newham

·          Land Use

®      Fish Island: Rapid industrial expansion around waterways and railways

®      Blitz WW2 = Carpenters Estate

®      Deindustrialisation = mass unemployment, outsourcing, dereliction of industrial parks leaving brownfield sites.

®      Green space from cleaned up BF sites, Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park

·          Built Environment

®      Fish Island: Victorian terrace housing

®      Council housing = affordable

®      Stratford Plaza, East Village, Westfield, Arcelor Mittal Orbit

·          Infrastructure

®      UEL campus

®      Low Emissions Zone

®      Stratford Station

®      Stratford Regional = UK’s 7 th busiest station

®      Highest rate of households in temp acc at 48 in 1000.

·          Demographics

®      White British = largest ethnic group (44% born in England)

®      Christianity + Islam = main religions

®      Average age = 30

·          Economic Profile

®      Industrial to post industrial economy

®      Westfield = one of Europe’s largest shopping centres

®      29% jobs are low paid

®      6 th most deprived borough in London

®      Income deprivation, child poverty and the elderly living in deprivation are all significantly higher than NA.

®      12.8% own their homes (NA = 30%)

®      Gross added value of £1660 million in 2017 from real estate

Exogenous Factors

®      Flows of People

®      International in-migration to Newham = 33% 2018-9

®      Culturally diverse: 42% immigrants from outside EU (NA= 9.4%)

®      Pop. of Newham that is NOT White British = 83.3% (NA = 20.2%)

®      Flows of Capital

®      £9 billion for accelerated regeneration

®      Olympic village = 3500 new homes (half affordable)

®      Construction of Sugar House Island by Vastint (International org)

®      Stratford Halo, Stratosphere, East Village, Stratford Plaza

®      £4 billion investment from 2012 over next 15 years

®      Flows of Resources

®      Unilever factories

®      HS1 and cross rail lines

®      Flows of Ideas

®      Anish Kapoor: ArcelorMittal Orbital

®      Zaha Hadid: London Aquatics Centre

How Stratford has Changed

Remained the same or change over time?

19 th Century: industrial suburb, train station, noxious trade established (Stinky Stratford)

Bombed heavily during WW2, 27% of residential property destroyed, economic decline.

1970s-2000s: Stratford Centre = indoor market village, Stratford City Challenge = new cultural quarter (Stratford Picture House), Stratford Circus Art Centre

Pre Olympics: 33 buildings demolished for Olympic Stadium, UEL former halls of residence demolished, 193 businesses …

• Case studies Rural and urban challenges and regeneration

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