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Consumers Law (HSC Legal Studies) Top of Class study notes

Consumers Law (HSC Legal Studies) Top of Class study notes at the Higher School Certificate (HSC - New South Wales). 2024 created, 37 page notes got me 82% in the exam.

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• Higher School Certificate (HSC - New South Wales)
• Legal Studies Year 12 HSC (15220)
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The Consumers Law (HSC Legal Studies) Top of Class Study Notes serve as a definitive guide for students delving into Option 1: Consumers, which comprises 25% of the course time. These 37-page notes were a crucial tool in securing an 82% exam score, demonstrating their effectiveness and comprehensive coverage. They are precisely structured alongside the syllabus points, ensuring that every key area is thoroughly addressed, making these notes indispensable for exam preparation.

Key features of these notes include:

• The Nature of Consumer Law – This section provides a foundational understanding of consumer law, outlining its purpose, scope, and the legal framework that governs consumer transactions. It helps students grasp the basic principles that protect consumers and regulate interactions between consumers and businesses.
• Consumer Redress and Remedies – Focusing on what happens when things go wrong, this part discusses the various remedies and forms of redress available to consumers under the law. It covers the processes through which consumers can seek enforcement of their rights and the specific remedies that courts and tribunals may award.
• Contemporary Issues Concerning Consumers – This section is particularly valuable as it addresses modern challenges and developments in consumer law, such as issues related to credit, product certification, and the impacts of marketing innovations and technology. It explores how laws adapt to new business practices and technologies that affect consumer rights and protection.

Additionally, the notes are enriched with numerous legislations and landmark cases that provide critical legal precedents and illustrations of the laws in action. This inclusion not only aids in understanding the practical application of the law but also enhances the ability to critically analyze and discuss these issues in exams.

These study notes are an excellent resource for students aiming to excel in Consumer Law within their HSC Legal Studies. They not only ensure a deep comprehension of the material but also prepare students to effectively tackle exam questions and assignments with confidence.

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HSC Legal studies consumer essay notes

Everything you'll ever need for the consumer topic for legal studies. These extensive essay notes helped me obtain 1st overall and a band 6 in the hsc. Includes case and evidence summaries needed for constructing well-written responses.

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consumer law essay

• Thread starter sandra
• Start date Aug 16, 2004

I got an essay asking to " ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN PROTECTIG CONSUMER RIGHTS " Im having trouble keeping to the 600-800 word limit though , so i was wandering if anyone knew what are the important things i should speak about, and what is not necesary to include, cuz i got no idea... Thx heaps..  

santaslayer

Active member.

Tabris said: Evaluating the Effectivness of the law essay plan: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Intro - the effectiveness of the law can be evaluated by examing the effectiveness on individuals; equality, accessibility, enforcability, resource efficiency and recognition and protection of rights. - For society it can be evaluated through its resource efficiency, reflection of community standards, opportunities for appeals , reviews and eforcability and balancing rights and values of society with individuals Body (Body 1) - There always has been an unequal baalnce of power between indiviudals and businesses and the law atempts to rectify this problem through the creation of statute law. - Trade practices act 1974(Cth) - Sales of goods act 1923 NSW - Fair Trading act 1987 NSW - Contract review act 1980(NSW) - These statutes attempt to balance the power between individuals and businesses in achieving justice - These statutes set out the obligations, rights and responsibilities of the individuals and the business firms regarding the production and consumption of goods and services - Donoghue vs Stevenson case showing the shift of power by challenging the Lassaiz faire notion creating a more equal baalnce of rights and responsibilities of consumers and businesses - However equality is limited as individual power can not match the collective power of business firms - Overall equality of rights and responsibilty exists in simple transactions and is effective but not in major disputes where there is a great inequality of power between individuals and trans-national businesses (Body2) - accessibility refers to the ability of the individual to achieve consumer redress and is essential in achieving justice as shown in Dietrcih v Queen - accessbility to the law has increased with the introduction of ADR, mediation and conciliation and out of court settlements as well as self help programs - This along with the department of fair trading's complaint handling has allowed greater consumer redress for individuals over the years - the existence of legal aid has created financial support for individuals who dont have the resources to take on big businesses - however there the effectiveness of mediation and conciliation and self help mechanisms are limited and many cases end up in court - legal aid is limited and requires means tested and the cost and time of litigation deters many from taking action - even if legal aid is guarenteed, the quality of representation may be of a lower standard than a rich business's lawyers - Overall, the law can effective in providing access to simple disputes and again, complicated and large disputes deters many individuals from taking action (Body 3) - Enforcability refers to the effectiveness of the law in enforcing itself on soceity - The law is effective in enforcing any domestic breaches as statute law and common law is applied in the same way as any other law - The existence of the ACCC, ASIC and APRA monitors the markets and major business activity so any breach can be dealt with the fullest extent of the law - However, globalisation has restricted the enforcability of domestic law as it cannot exted beyond our borders unlike businesses - James Hardy Aesbestos case and Christopher Skase case is one example where business owners has shifted overseas and escaped major legal action - International law is in its infant stages and cannot be effective in extradition etc. - Overall the law can be enforced effectively domestically but not internationally (Body 4) - Resource efficiency has improved the time and costs of achieving jsutice and consumer redress for indivuduals -The ACCC, dept of fair trading all provide information on consumer's rights and businesses responsibilities - Through self-awareness of rights, individuals can use self help measures and mediation and conciliation avenues to achieve redress - However, resources can only be efficientyl sued on a small simple scale, large matters require massive amounts of resources and time - The bereaucracy and red tape involved in the legal system which limits the effectiveness of resource efficiency for the indivudal - Overall resource efficiency can only be effective and useful in minor matters not large corporate legal action matters (Body 5) - recognition and protection of individual rights has been largely effective through the law - Trade practices act 1974(Cth) - Sales of goods act 1923 NSW - Fair Trading act 1987 NSW - Contract review act 1980(NSW) - The department of fair trading and the ACCC recognises rights of the consumers by monitoring and making reviews of current rights with business and consumer trends - Australia has also implemented the UN International Convenant on social and economic rights (ICSER) 1966 which protects and recognises basic human economic rights - The ACCC and dept of fair trading and the also advocates for the consumers if the matter is beyond there comprehension - Amadio case where the law recognised and protected Amadio's rights where the Bank attempted to take advantage through unconscionable behaviour - the recent media case where the RBA took action against major credit card banks to stop increased card fees - overall the law has been very effective in protecting and recognising individual rights. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This is a rough plan of my intro and body for evaluating the effetivness of the law in teh consumer law topic I will include effectiveness of society later Anway what do u think of it? its for my assessment task on Monday and some feedback would be nice, if theres any problem or bad information in it plz let me know Click to expand...

santaslayer said: 1) Nice introduction. You've effectively communicated what you are addressing in your essay, which forces the examiner to mark it in a way which you find suitable. 2) You should really try to be specific when citing legislation. What is the value of the pieces of legislation you are referring to? 3) Referring to other regulatory bodies such as the ACCC is nice. 4) Nice number of cases. 5) International refernces are always a winner. 6) Something about law reform is just before the conclusion is always good. What can the legal system improve? 7) Statistical information, News articles and other forms of media should be included. 8) Overall, you've raised valid points. Using other forms of authority to back up what you say is what you need to work on. Nice effort. Click to expand...

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Other Papers Say: Even Starbucks is suffering

The following editorial originally appeared in the Chicago Tribune:

The U.S. consumer is increasingly tapped out, and the effects are being felt in even the strongest, most resilient brands out there. Exhibit A is Starbucks.

The Seattle-based coffee chain, ubiquitous in the U.S. and increasingly a global franchise, recently delivered a first-quarter earnings report that sent many investors running for the exits like their caramel frappuccinos were on fire. The stock closed down nearly 16 percent on more than eight times the average trading volume.

Suffice to say there was investor shock over a brand that has known decades of robust growth reporting a 4 percent year-over-year decline in same-store sales. The obvious concern: Have U.S. consumers (not to mention those in China and other countries) finally hit a limit on how much they will pay for a cup of coffee?

To be clear, Starbucks isn’t the only fast-food or convenience brand whipsawed by sour consumer sentiment.

One can discern quite a bit from the fast-food and convenience-dining sectors in terms of the state of the economy and even politics. Last year, the economic narrative focused on the remarkably resilient U.S. consumer, still cheerily spending away despite inflationary pressures and relatively high interest rates.

In the past, when consumers got nervous about the economy and their household budgets, McDonald’s and other fast-food purveyors would thrive. After all, those options were affordable alternatives to a pricier restaurant downtown or even a neighborhood diner.

We appear to be seeing something new in this version of economic angst. Cost pressures — including minimum-wage requirements — have driven up the price of fast-food meals to a point where people are shocked at the counter.

Arguably no chain has proven more impregnable to this dynamic than Starbucks. But the coffee giant at long last may have hit a wall. There are locally owned coffee specialists virtually everywhere, giving consumers a truly singular experience. And when Starbucks’ prices essentially are the same as the boutique neighborhood roaster, despite the massive economies-of-scale advantages Starbucks enjoys, it prompts head-scratching.

Could a ceiling on a tall coffee of the day or monthly specials like two lattes for the price of one be coming soon to a Starbucks near you? The Seattle brain trust reassured analysts such an approach is furthest from their minds. Another few quarters like the first may soften their resolve.

McDonald’s may have some tips to offer their rivals in Seattle, having gone through more than a few of these cycles in which the Golden Arches’ prices, products or both required substantial overhaul.

It’s no sin to offer good value. Americans are practical people. We’re betting most of those who duck into a Starbucks would be pleased to see some special deals on the menu.

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Environmental Factor

Your online source for niehs news, papers of the month.

Extramural By Megan Avakian and Julie Leibach

Air pollution may trigger DNA modifications tied to Alzheimer’s disease

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a type of air pollutant, may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease risk by affecting DNA methylation patterns tied to neuroinflammation, according to NIEHS-funded research. Neuroinflammation, which is an immune response in the central nervous system, is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease.

Growing evidence indicates that PM2.5 is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Results from human and animal studies suggest that changes in DNA methylation, which regulate gene expression, are associated with indicators of Alzheimer’s disease and PM2.5 exposure.

The researchers assessed DNA methylation in human postmortem brain tissues obtained from 159 donors who participated in the Emory Goizueta Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center brain bank program. They also estimated donors’ residential traffic-related PM2.5 exposure at one, three, and five years before death. Using a combination of analytical approaches, the team looked for differences in methylation patterns that could explain links between PM2.5 exposure and Alzheimer’s disease.

Differences at two methylation sites — cg25433380 and cg10495669 — were consistently associated with PM2.5 across all exposure timeframes. One of those sites, cg10495669, is connected to a gene that regulates inflammation. The team also identified 22 methylation sites that may underpin ties between PM2.5 exposure and indicators of Alzheimer’s disease. Several of those sites are located in genes responsible for neuroinflammation and related cell death. In addition, the researchers found links between PM2.5 exposure at the three-year window and methylation changes along a pathway important to life span.

The study is the first to show an association between PM2.5 exposure and varying methylation patterns in the human brain. Results should be verified with a larger sample size across more diverse stages of Alzheimer’s disease, according to the authors. (JL)

Citation : Li Z, Liang D, Ebelt S, Gearing M, Kobor MS, Konwar C, Maclsaac JL, Dever K, Wingo AP, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Wingo TS, Hüls A. 2024. Differential DNA methylation in the brain as potential mediator of the association between traffic-related PM2.5 and neuropathology markers of Alzheimer's disease . Alzheimers Dement; doi: 10.1002/alz.13650 [Online ahead of print 12 Feb. 2024].

Heavy metal exposure linked to earlier menopause

Exposure to heavy metals may be linked to earlier menopause in middle-aged women, NIEHS-researchers reported. The study is the first to assess how metals affect levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) over time in women approaching menopause.

AMH is a marker of ovarian reserve, or the number of eggs remaining in the ovaries. Ovarian reserve and AMH levels naturally drop in the years leading up to menopause, called the menopausal transition period. A woman reaches menopause once she has gone 12 months without a menstrual period.

The team analyzed data from about 550 middle-aged women enrolled in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a racially and ethnically diverse investigation of how the menopausal transition affects health. The researchers assessed the relationship between levels of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in urine and levels of AMH in blood in the 10 years leading up to the women’s last menstrual period.

Higher urinary concentrations of arsenic and mercury were associated with lower AMH at the final menstrual period. The top one-third of arsenic and mercury exposures were associated with 32% and 40% lower AMH levels, respectively, compared to the bottom one-third of exposures. During the menopausal transition period, women in the top one-third of cadmium and mercury exposures experienced faster rates of AMH decline — 9% and 7%, respectively — than women in the bottom one-third.

According to the authors, these results indicate that certain heavy metals may act as ovarian toxicants by depleting ovarian reserve in women approaching menopause. (MA)

Citation : Ding N, Wang X, Harlow SD, Randolph JF Jr, Gold EB, Park SK. 2024. Heavy metals and trajectories of anti-Müllerian hormone during the menopausal transition . J Clin Endocrinol Metab dgad756.

Phthalate exposures associated with high numbers of preterm birth

Nearly 57,000 cases of preterm birth a year may be attributable to phthalate exposures, according to a study funded by NIEHS and others. Associated economic and medical care costs are an estimated $3.8 billion, highlighting a need for robust exposure prevention efforts.

The consequences of preterm birth include infant and childhood mortality; adverse psychological, behavioral, and educational outcomes in young adulthood; and cardiovascular disease and diabetes in later life. Phthalates — synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer products, such as vinyl flooring and personal -care items — have been implicated in preterm birth. However, little is understood about the potential effects of newer phthalates, such as diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), used to replace di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in food packaging.

Using data from the NIH Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program for 1998-2022, the researchers studied associations between 20 phthalates and gestational age at birth, birthweight, and birth length for 5,006 mother-child pairs. They also investigated negative birth outcomes and financial costs that could be attributable to phthalate exposure.

Although DEHP exposure was associated with preterm birth, the replacement chemicals DiDP, DiNP, and di-n-octyl phthalate showed stronger associations. The team also estimated that 56,595 cases of preterm birth in 2018 could be attributed to phthalate exposures. For that year, lost economic productivity and additional medical care costs due to phthalate-induced preterm birth could have ranged from $1.6 to $8.1 billion.

The results suggest substantial opportunities for phthalate exposure prevention, according to the authors. They added their findings also show that DEHP replacements are not safer, indicating a need to regulate chemicals with similar properties as a class. (JL)

Citation : Trasande L, Nelson ME, Alshawabkeh A, Barrett ES, Buckley JP, Dabelea D, Dunlop AL, Herbstman JB, Meeker JD, Naidu M, Newschaffer C, Padula AM, Romano ME, Ruden DM, Sathyanarayana S, Schantz SL, Starling AP, Hamra GB; programme collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes. 2024. Prenatal phthalate exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the USA: a prospective analysis of births and estimates of attributable burden and costs . Lancet Planet Health 8(2):e74–e85.

Moderate radon exposure associated with increased risk of stroke in women

Exposure to moderate levels of radon was associated with increased risk of stroke in middle-aged and older women, NIEHS-funded researchers reported. The findings add to limited research on how exposure to the radioactive gas affects stroke risk in women, who are more prone to strokes than men.

Rocks and soil naturally release radon, which can accumulate inside buildings by entering through small cracks. Although radon is a leading cause of lung cancer and is implicated in stroke, radon testing and mitigation tend to be less common than recommended in the U.S.

The researchers used data from nearly 160,000 women ages 50-79 when they joined the Women’s Health Initiative, a decades-long study of postmenopausal women in the U.S. They estimated exposure by linking each woman’s home address to federal data on radon levels, which they grouped into low-, middle-, and high-radon exposures. Using medical records and death certificates, they confirmed stroke outcomes in participants during the approximately 13-year follow-up.

Stroke risk was 6% and 14% greater among women living in middle and high exposure areas, respectively, compared to those with the lowest radon exposures. Notably, stroke risk was significantly elevated among women exposed to radon at mid-levels, which are below the recommended threshold for taking mitigation steps, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

Overall, the results suggest a relationship between radon exposure and increased risk of stroke among women. According to the authors, confirmation of this trend in a more diverse population could extend the generalizability of these findings and help inform stricter radon action levels to protect public health. (MA)

Citation : Buchheit SF, Collins JM, Anthony KM, Love SM, Stewart JD, Gondalia R, Huang DY, Manson JE, Reiner AP, Schwartz GG, Vitolins MZ, Schumann RR, Smith RL, Whitsel EA. 2024. Radon exposure and incident stroke risk in the Women’s Health Initiative . Neurology 102(4).

(Megan Avakian and Julie Leibach are senior science writers at MDB, Inc., a contractor for the NIEHS Division of Extramural Research and Training.)

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Band 6 Notes on Consumer Law (Helen Yousif)

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