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Secondary School Education: Preparing Your Child for the Future

Understanding the educational system's various terms can often lead to confusion, particularly when they seemingly change from one country to another.

The definition of secondary school is a prime example of this variability, and its relationship to other educational institutions like high school and college is frequently misunderstood.

At its core, a secondary school is an educational stage following primary education and preceding tertiary education. Across the globe, the term has broad applications but generally reflects a stage where students are prepped for either higher education or vocational opportunities.

In different regions, secondary education encompasses various names and forms, such as high school, preparatory school, or senior secondary school.

Despite the nomenclature differences, the common thread worldwide is that completing this level signifies a readiness to take the subsequent steps in life, be it further education or entering the workforce.

Each country might present a different framework for what secondary education entails, but the underlying objective remains consistent – to equip students with the skills and knowledge necessary for adulthood.

Key Takeaways

• Secondary school serves as the bridge between primary education and higher education or vocational training.
• The terminology and structure of secondary education vary internationally but maintain a core purpose of preparing students for future endeavors.
• Completion of secondary education is universally recognized as a milestone indicating readiness for the next life phase.

Secondary Education Overview

• Secondary School : Follows primary education; precedes tertiary education.
• Levels : Separates into lower and  Upper Secondary .
• Curriculum : Encompasses  language arts ,  social studies , etc.
• Duration : Typically mandatory to a certain age, varies by country.
• Advanced Education : Prepares for college or vocational training.
• Assessment : Involves  grading  and  standardized tests .
• Features : May include  libraries ,  counseling ,  extracurricular activities .

Understanding U.S. Middle and High Schools

In the United States,  secondary education  typically encompasses the years following elementary school.

This phase is broadly divided into two categories:  middle school  or  junior high school , covering  grades 6-8 , and  high school , which includes  grades 9-12 .

While the term 'secondary school' is not commonly used to describe these institutions, they collectively serve the educational stage after elementary school.

Secondary School Versus High School

In the U.S.,  secondary school  includes grades 6-12, but  high school  specifically refers to grades 9-12.

In many English-speaking regions, these terms are synonymous, both representing the educational stage following elementary school.

High School Education in North America

• In the  U.S. , high school typically encompasses  grades 9-12 . Attendance is mandatory.
• Post-secondary  paths in the U.S. include college, university, military service, or direct entry into the workforce.
• Canada  mirrors the U.S. structure, with high school generally spanning  grades 9-12 .
• Exception to note: Quebec's high school system ranges from  grades 7-11 , with post-secondary options following.

Educational Pathways in Australia and New Zealand

• Australia & New Zealand : Mandatory education concludes after Year 10.
• Secondary Education : Post-Year 10 options include entering the workforce or starting an apprenticeship.
• Senior Secondary Education : Years 11 and 12 serve as a bridge to university or vocational training.

U.K. Secondary Education Overview

• Lyceum and Grammar Schools : Students attend from ages 12-16.
• General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) : Key qualification obtained after lower secondary.
• Post-GCSE Education : Optional upper secondary education, for ages 16-18, geared towards university preparation.

Secondary Education Overview in South Africa

• Level:  Grades 8-12
• Compulsory:  Up to Grade 10
• Terminology:  Known interchangeably as secondary school, high school, or college

College Versus Secondary Education

• Secondary School:  Pre-university educational level.
• Tertiary Education:  Refers to college and beyond.
• Terminology Variance:  Some nations equate 'college' with high school.

Paths to Take Post-High School or Secondary School Education

Pursuing further academic studies.

For those looking to delve into academic theory and gain  advanced knowledge , pursuing a  diploma  or a degree at  vocational schools  or traditional universities may be the choice. By engaging in further education, students can connect with peers, grow personally, and pave the way for a career in a field they are passionate about. For those concerned about costs or  schedule flexibility , numerous institutions offer  online degree programs , some even providing tuition-free options.

Undertaking Vocational Preparation

Apprenticeships  provide practical, hands-on experience and are ideal for individuals eager to step into the workforce with guidance from experienced professionals. These programs are quite prevalent in the trades, healthcare technology, and other skilled labor sectors, allowing apprentices to earn while they learn and gain valuable industry insights.

Engaging in Specialized Training Courses

For careers requiring focused knowledge without the breadth of a college degree,  training programs  in  vocational education  are an excellent alternative. They offer a quicker pathway to employment in specialized roles, such as dental hygienists, IT support, web development, or legal assistants. These courses are often shorter and more skill-specific compared to a four-year degree.

Directly Entering the Labor Market

Starting a career immediately after  graduation  is an option for those ready to leap into employment. This route suits individuals who have a clear career goal in mind, wish to gain work experience before committing to further studies, or plan to accumulate savings. It also gives space for those who might want to take some time to explore the world or their personal interests.

Enlisting in the Armed Forces

For those with a strong desire to serve their country, joining the military can be a fulfilling endeavor. The military provides structured career paths, valuable life experiences, and educational benefits. Enlisting opens up opportunities to receive training in various areas and can include financial support for future educational pursuits.

By weighing these options, individuals can choose the path that aligns with their aspirations and circumstances. Each choice offers unique opportunities and challenges, and it's essential to consider personal goals, interests, and values when making a decision. Whether it's through further education, apprenticeships, training programs, immediate employment, or military service, success can be achieved with dedication and a strategic approach to one's future.

Secondary School: Common Inquiries

Ages typically enrolled in secondary education.

Secondary school traditionally encompasses the educational stage following primary school. This period often sees students ranging in age from approximately 12 to 18 years old. This range can differ by country or education system.

Curriculum: Secondary vs. Primary Schools

The curriculum in secondary schools marks a shift from the often broad and foundational subjects of primary school to a more in-depth and specialized approach. Secondary education may introduce:

• Advanced mathematics and sciences
• Literature and advanced language arts
• Foreign languages
• Social studies, including history and geography
• Electives tailored to student interest, such as arts, technology, or vocational training

Middle School vs. Secondary School: Distinguishing Features

While terms and structures vary, the distinction between middle school and secondary school typically lies in educational progression. Middle school generally serves as a transitional phase between elementary and secondary education, focusing on:

• Grades 6-8 (ages 11-14 approximately)
• A generalized curriculum bridging elementary and high school

In contrast, secondary school consists of later grades where the education concentrates on:

• Preparation for higher education or vocational pursuits
• Specialized subjects for career or college readiness

Variations in Secondary Education Among Different Nations

Across the globe, secondary education systems reflect diverse structures, curricula, and graduation requirements. Factors influencing these differences include:

• Cultural values
• Economic factors
• Educational philosophies
• Government policies

Grade Levels Constituting Secondary Education

Secondary education typically includes the final years of compulsory education. Grade levels may be delineated as:

• Junior high or middle school grades (6th to 8th or 7th to 9th)
• High school grades (9th to 12th or 10th to 12th)

Examples of Secondary Educational Institutions

Educational institutions considered as secondary schools can range from general public high schools to more specialized types such as:

• Technical or vocational high schools
• Private preparatory academies
• Magnet or charter schools focusing on specific disciplines
• Religious-based institutions offering secondary-level education

Secondary Schools - Frequently Asked Questions

What does being a secondary school mean?

A secondary school is an educational institution that follows primary (elementary) education and precedes tertiary (higher) education. It typically caters to students who are preparing for higher education or vocational training, generally ranging in age from approximately 12 to 18 years.

Is a secondary school the same as a high school?

In many countries, the terms "secondary school" and "high school" are used interchangeably. However, in some regions, "secondary school" can include both middle school/junior high (covering earlier grades like 6-8) and high school (covering later grades like 9-12).

What is secondary school in the USA?

In the USA, secondary education typically encompasses middle school or junior high (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12). While the term "secondary school" is less commonly used, it generally refers to the entire span from grades 6 through 12.

What is an example of a secondary school?

An example of a secondary school could be any institution that offers education to students typically between the ages of 12 and 18. This could be a public high school in the United States, a grammar school in the United Kingdom, or a gymnasium in Germany.

What is an example of a secondary education?

Secondary education can be exemplified by the curriculum and learning experiences designed for high school students in the United States, which includes courses in mathematics, sciences, English, social studies, and electives in areas like arts and technology.

Is higher education the same as secondary education?

No, higher education is not the same as secondary education. Higher education refers to the level of learning that follows the completion of secondary education, such as programs offered at universities and colleges leading to degrees or other qualifications.

What is level of education?

The level of education refers to the staging of learning that a person has completed. The typical progression includes primary education (elementary school), secondary education (middle and high school), and tertiary education (college or university).

What is secondary level education in Nepal?

In Nepal, secondary level education includes grades 9 to 12, divided into lower secondary (grades 9-10) and upper secondary (grades 11-12). Students in these grades typically prepare for the School Leaving Certificate (SLC) exams at grade 10, followed by the Higher Secondary Education Board (HSEB) exams at the end of grade 12.

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Are you wondering what a typical high school curriculum looks like? Do you want to know what classes you'll be taking as a high school student?

Read this guide to learn about the standard high school curriculum, high school graduation requirements, and what classes colleges expect you to have taken.

How to Find Your School's Curriculum

This is a general guide to high school curricula. It was created by researching national education standards, as well as the curricula of high schools across the country. While the information below applies to many students , not all high schools teach the same courses, follow the same course sequence, or have the same curriculum requirements. Use this information as a guideline to research your own high school's curriculum more in-depth.

To find your own school's curriculum, talk to your academic adviser . You can also look on your school's website, searching for "graduation requirements", "course sequence" or something similar. Your high school's course catalog will also usually contain this information.

Which Subjects Should You Take More Rigorous Courses In?

In addition to explaining typical graduation requirements, each core subject in this guide includes ways to exceed basic requirements and strengthen your transcript . However, trying to go the extra mile in every subject can be exhausting and lead to you getting burned out. Because colleges appreciate depth more than breadth, concentrate on putting extra effort in the area(s) you plan to continue studying in college.

For example, if you plan on majoring in a STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) field, try to follow our guidelines for exceeding expectations in your math and science classes, and worry less about taking advanced courses in English and history (although still work to get solid grades in those courses). Similarly, if you plan on majoring in something like journalism, concentrate most of your effort on taking advanced English classes and additional English electives.

Also, if you are looking at attending a highly competitive college , know that most expect applicants to have taken honors or advanced classes if their school offers them, and most also require or highly recommend completing four years in each core subject (math, science, English, and social studies).

Standard High School Curriculum

Below is information on the typical classes a high school student will be expected to take, organized by subject. Each subject includes classes that are required to graduate high school, classes colleges expect students to have taken, and suggestions for ways to impress by going beyond these expectations.

Requirements:

• Four years of English are required to graduate high school.
• Freshman and Sophomore years: Classes during these years will be primarily focused on developing writing and critical reading skills.
• Junior year: This year will focus on American literature, as well as continued development of writing skills.
• Possible electives include British literature, creative writing, and world literature.
• Colleges will expect all high school graduates to have completed four years of English.

To Exceed Expectations:

• There are two AP English classes: English Language and Composition (usually taken junior year), and English Literature and Composition (usually taken senior year).
• There are three IB literature classes: Language A: Literature, Language A: Language and Literature, and Literature and Performance.
• Also consider taking additional English electives in areas that you're interested in, such as literature or writing.

• At least three years of math, including algebra and geometry, is required to graduate high school.
• Algebra 2/Trigonometry
• Pre-Calculus
• (Not all students start with Algebra 1, and not all students complete all the above courses or follow the above order exactly)
• Most colleges require three-four years of math for non-STEM majors, including algebra 1 and 2 and geometry.
• For STEM majors, most colleges require four years of math, sometimes including pre-calculus and calculus.
• Take four years of math.
• Take math at the highest level offered by your school, such as at an honors or AP level.
• There are three AP Math classes: Calculus AB, Calculus BC, and Statistics.
• There are four IB Math classes that cover roughly the same material but vary in difficulty and speed.
• Take pre-calculus and calculus, if possible.
• Take additional math-related electives such as statistics and computer math.

Requirements

• Two to three years of science, including biology and chemistry, is required to graduate high school.
• Freshman year: Biology
• Sophomore year: Chemistry
• Junior year: Physics or Earth Science
• Students who are more confident in their math and science skills typically take physics, while those who are not take earth science instead.
• Senior year: optional electives
• Potential electives include astronomy, environmental science, and human biology.
• Most colleges require two-three years of science for non-STEM majors.
• For STEM majors, most colleges require four years of science, including physics.
• Take four years of science.
• Take honors or accelerated classes your first three years.
• Take physics instead of earth science your junior year.
• AP science classes include: Biology, Chemistry, Physics (1,2, and C versions), and Environmental Science
• There are seven IB science classes: Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Computer Science, Design Technology, Environmental Systems and Societies, Sports, Education and Health Science
• You can also take more career-focused classes if your school offers them, such as job shadowing at a hospital.

Social Studies

• Three years of social studies, including US history, is often required to graduate high school.
• This can be a human geography course or another introductory social studies class.
• Sophomore year: World history
• Junior year: US History
• Possible electives include psychology, US government, and anthropology.
• Most colleges require completing at least two years of social studies, often including US history and World or European history classes.
• For students planning on majoring in a related field, such as political science or history, most colleges require they have completed four years of social studies.
• Take four years of social studies.
• AP options during these three years include Human Geography, World History, European History, and US History
• AP electives include Macroeconomics, Microeconomics, Psychology, US Government and Politics, and Comparative Government and Politics.
• IB classes for social studies are offered under the group entitled "Individuals and Societies".
• Ten classes are offered on varying subjects.

Foreign Language

• Foreign language requirements can vary greatly by school.
• Most high schools require students to complete one-two years of foreign language.
• Most colleges require one-two years of a foreign language, and highly competitive schools may require or recommend up to four years.
• Most high schools and colleges require that these credits all come from the same foreign language. For example, if your high school requires two years of foreign language, taking Spanish 1 and Spanish 2 will meet that requirement, but taking Spanish 1 and then switching to Italian 1 often won't.
• Take one foreign language all four years of high school, including AP level if possible.
• You may also want to consider taking a second foreign language.

Other Classes

These are classes that are not part of the core curriculum, but may still be a part of graduation requirements.

• Most high schools require students to complete a certain number of credits in order to graduate. Core requirements (such as those listed above) usually do not fill all these credits, so extra space in your schedule can be used to take electives.
• Electives can be regular, honors, or AP level.
• They can relate to a core subject, such as statistics, creative writing, and zoology, or not, such as choir, drawing, and woodworking.
• Many high schools require students to complete one-four years of physical education. This may be waived if you participate in a school sport.

How to Use This Information

Now that you know what the typical high school curriculum looks like, you can use this information to make more informed decisions about your own high school classes. Some actions to take include:

• Think about your course sequence early, ideally starting freshman year if possible.
• Reflect on your course choices each quarter or semester. Are you on track to graduate on time? Are you taking the classes you need to get into the colleges you want and the major you want? Talk to your academic adviser if you're not sure.
• Think about the subject areas where you want to exceed expectations and choose your classes accordingly. However, don't be afraid to drop to a lower level if you're having a lot of trouble with a particular class.

What's Next?

Wondering if you're taking enough challenging classes? Check out our guide to learn what a rigorous high school course load looks like .

Do you know what colleges look for on your transcript? Learn what a high school transcript is and why it's so important to colleges.

Want to get more detailed information about the classes you should take? Check out our guides to choosing classes for English , Math , Science , History , and Foreign Languages !

Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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Understanding the American Education System

The American education system offers a rich field of choices for international students. There is such an array of schools, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm students, even those from the U.S. As you begin your school search, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the American education system. Understanding the system will help you narrow your choices and develop your education plan.

The Educational Structure

Primary and secondary school.

Prior to higher education, American students attend primary and secondary school for a combined total of 12 years. These years are referred to as the first through twelfth grades.

Around age six, U.S. children begin primary school, which is most commonly called “elementary school.” They attend five or six years and then go onto secondary school.

Secondary school consists of two programs: the first is “middle school” or “junior high school” and the second program is “high school.” A diploma or certificate is awarded upon graduation from high school. After graduating high school (12th grade), U.S. students may go on to college or university. College or university study is known as “higher education.”

Grading System

Just like American students, you will have to submit your academic transcripts as part of your application for admission to university or college. Academic transcripts are official copies of your academic work. In the U.S. this includes your “grades” and “grade point average” (GPA), which are measurements of your academic achievement. Courses are commonly graded using percentages, which are converted into letter grades.

The grading system and GPA in the U.S. can be confusing, especially for international students. The interpretation of grades has a lot of variation. For example, two students who attended different schools both submit their transcripts to the same university. They both have 3.5 GPAs, but one student attended an average high school, while the other attended a prestigious school that was academically challenging. The university might interpret their GPAs differently because the two schools have dramatically different standards.

Therefore, there are some crucial things to keep in mind:

• You should find out the U.S. equivalent of the last level of education you completed in your home country.
• Pay close attention to the admission requirements of each university and college, as well as individual degree programs, which may have different requirements than the university.
• Regularly meet with an educational advisor or guidance counselor to make sure you are meeting the requirements.

Your educational advisor or guidance counselor will be able to advise you on whether or not you must spend an extra year or two preparing for U.S. university admission. If an international student entered a U.S. university or college prior to being eligible to attend university in their own country, some countries’ governments and employers may not recognize the students’ U.S. education.

Academic Year

The school calendar usually begins in August or September and continues through May or June. The majority of new students begin in autumn, so it is a good idea for international students to also begin their U.S. university studies at this time. There is a lot of excitement at the beginning of the school year and students form many great friendships during this time, as they are all adjusting to a new phase of academic life. Additionally, many courses are designed for students to take them in sequence, starting in autumn and continuing through the year.

The academic year at many schools is composed of two terms called “semesters.” (Some schools use a three-term calendar known as the “trimester” system.) Still, others further divide the year into the quarter system of four terms, including an optional summer session. Basically, if you exclude the summer session, the academic year is either comprised of two semesters or three quarter terms.

The U.S. Higher Education System: Levels of Study

• First Level: Undergraduate

"The American system is much more open. In Hong Kong you just learn what the teacher writes on the board. In America, you discuss the issues and focus more on ideas."

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A student who is attending a college or university and has not earned a bachelor’s degree, is studying at the undergraduate level. It typically takes about four years to earn a bachelor’s degree. You can either begin your studies in pursuit of a bachelor’s degree at a community college or a four-year university or college.

Your first two years of study you will generally be required to take a wide variety of classes in different subjects, commonly known as prerequisite courses: literature, science, the social sciences, the arts, history, and so forth. This is so you achieve a general knowledge, a foundation, of a variety of subjects prior to focusing on a specific field of study.

Many students choose to study at a community college in order to complete the first two years of prerequisite courses. They will earn an Associate of Arts (AA) transfer degree and then transfer to a four-year university or college.

A “major” is the specific field of study in which your degree is focused. For example, if someone’s major is journalism, they will earn a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism. You will be required to take a certain number of courses in this field in order to meet the degree requirements of your major. You must choose your major at the beginning of your third year of school.

A very unique characteristic of the American higher education system is that you can change your major multiple times if you choose. It is extremely common for American students to switch majors at some point in their undergraduate studies. Often, students discover a different field that they excel in or enjoy. The American education system is very flexible. Keep in mind though that switching majors may result in more courses, which means more time and money.

• Second Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Master’s Degree

Presently, a college or university graduate with a bachelor’s degree may want to seriously think about graduate study in order to enter certain professions or advance their career. This degree is usually mandatory for higher-level positions in library science, engineering, behavioral health and education.

Furthermore, international students from some countries are only permitted to study abroad at a graduate level. You should inquire about the credentials needed to get a job in your country before you apply to a postgraduate university in the USA.

A graduate program is usually a division of a university or college. To gain admission, you will need to take the GRE (graduate record examination). Certain master’s programs require specific tests, such as the LSAT for law school, the GRE or GMAT for business school, and the MCAT for medical school.

Graduate programs in pursuit of a master’s degree typically take one to two years to complete. For example, the MBA (master of business administration) is an extremely popular degree program that takes about two years. Other master’s programs, such as journalism, only take one year.

The majority of a master’s program is spent in classroom study and a graduate student must prepare a long research paper called a “master’s thesis” or complete a “master’s project.”

• Third Level: Graduate in Pursuit of a Doctorate Degree

Many graduate schools consider the attainment of a master’s degree the first step towards earning a PhD (doctorate). But at other schools, students may prepare directly for a doctorate without also earning a master’s degree. It may take three years or more to earn a PhD degree. For international students, it may take as long as five or six years.

For the first two years of the program most doctoral candidates enroll in classes and seminars. At least another year is spent conducting firsthand research and writing a thesis or dissertation. This paper must contain views, designs, or research that have not been previously published.

A doctoral dissertation is a discussion and summary of the current scholarship on a given topic. Most U.S. universities awarding doctorates also require their candidates to have a reading knowledge of two foreign languages, to spend a required length of time “in residence,” to pass a qualifying examination that officially admits candidates to the PhD program, and to pass an oral examination on the same topic as the dissertation.

Characteristics of the U.S. Higher Education System

Classroom Environment

Classes range from large lectures with several hundred students to smaller classes and seminars (discussion classes) with only a few students. The American university classroom atmosphere is very dynamic. You will be expected to share your opinion, argue your point, participate in class discussions and give presentations. International students find this one of the most surprising aspects of the American education system.

Each week professors usually assign textbook and other readings. You will be expected to keep up-to-date with the required readings and homework so you can participate in class discussions and understand the lectures. Certain degree programs also require students to spend time in the laboratory.

Professors issue grades for each student enrolled in the course. Grades are usually based upon:

• Each professor will have a unique set of class participation requirements, but students are expected to participate in class discussions, especially in seminar classes. This is often a very important factor in determining a student’s grade.
• A midterm examination is usually given during class time.
• One or more research or term papers , or laboratory reports must be submitted for evaluation.
• Possible short exams or quizzes are given. Sometimes professors will give an unannounced “pop quiz.” This doesn’t count heavily toward the grade, but is intended to inspire students to keep up with their assignments and attendance.
• A final examination will be held after the final class meeting.

Each course is worth a certain number of credits or credit hours. This number is roughly the same as the number of hours a student spends in class for that course each week. A course is typically worth three to five credits.

A full-time program at most schools is 12 or 15 credit hours (four or five courses per term) and a certain number of credits must be fulfilled in order to graduate. International students are expected to enroll in a full-time program during each term.

If a student enrolls at a new university before finishing a degree, generally most credits earned at the first school can be used to complete a degree at the new university. This means a student can transfer to another university and still graduate within a reasonable time.

Types of U.S. higher education

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1. State College or University

A state school is supported and run by a state or local government. Each of the 50 U.S. states operates at least one state university and possibly several state colleges. Many of these public universities schools have the name of the state, or the actual word “State” in their names: for example, Washington State University and the University of Michigan.

2. Private College or University

These schools are privately run as opposed to being run by a branch of the government. Tuition will usually be higher than state schools. Often, private U.S. universities and colleges are smaller in size than state schools.

Religiously affiliated universities and colleges are private schools. Nearly all these schools welcome students of all religions and beliefs. Yet, there are a percentage of schools that prefer to admit students who hold similar religious beliefs as those in which the school was founded.

3. Community College

Community colleges are two-year colleges that award an associate’s degrees (transferable), as well as certifications. There are many types of associate degrees, but the most important distinguishing factor is whether or not the degree is transferable. Usually, there will be two primary degree tracks: one for academic transfer and the other prepares students to enter the workforce straightaway. University transfer degrees are generally associate of arts or associate of science. Not likely to be transferrable are the associate of applied science degrees and certificates of completion.

Community college graduates most commonly transfer to four-year colleges or universities to complete their degree. Because they can transfer the credits they earned while attending community college, they can complete their bachelor’s degree program in two or more additional years. Many also offer ESL or intensive English language programs, which will prepare students for university-level courses.

If you do not plan to earn a higher degree than the associate’s, you should find out if an associate’s degree will qualify you for a job in your home country.

4. Institute of Technology

An institute of technology is a school that provides at least four years of study in science and technology. Some have graduate programs, while others offer short-term courses.

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Notes on the data

The education and training that children receive in secondary school equip them with skills that are necessary to fully participate in society. Though the duration in each country vary, secondary education typically covers ages 12 to 17 and is divided into two levels: lower secondary education (spanning 3 to 4 years) and upper secondary education (spanning 2 to 3 years). However, in 2021, just two in three children of lower secondary school age attended either lower or upper secondary school, and only one in two children of upper secondary school age attended either upper secondary school or higher education. From 2000 to 2020, the number of out-of-school children of lower secondary school-age shrank from 98 million to 63 million, and the number of out-of-school children of upper secondary school-age fell from 175 million to 132 million. Although notable progress has been made in the past few decades, challenges remain in reducing regional disparities and inequalities among secondary school-age students from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Inequalities in access to secondary education increase as children get older

In 2021, the global adjusted net attendance rates for lower and upper secondary education were 65 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively. Children from urban areas and the wealthiest households have much higher attendance rates in both lower and upper secondary education, with the gap growing wider at the upper secondary level.

Worldwide, roughly 70 per cent of children complete lower secondary education. However, only 43 per cent of children from the poorest wealth quintile in their country do so, compared to 85 per cent of children from the richest wealth quintile. Across different regions, household wealth impacts lower secondary education completion rates differently.

Many children of secondary education age are out of school, particularly in Africa

The total number of secondary school-age children who are out of school has decreased by nearly 30 per cent since 2000. However, in 2020, there were still over 195 million children of secondary school age who were out of school. More boys than girls were out of school, and progress in reducing the number of out-of-school children of secondary school age has slowed significantly since 2010.

More girls are accessing upper-secondary education than ever before

As measured by adjusted net attendance rates at the upper secondary level, 64 out of 109 countries with data available have a gender parity index over 1.03, meaning that in these countries, gender disparities in upper secondary attendance disadvantage boys. This could be  mainly due to gender norms that drive boys to drop out to work and, in some contexts, may also be due to recruitment into illicit groups. For countries with gender parity index lower than 0.97 (girl disadvantage), two-thirds of them are in Eastern and Southern Africa or West and Central Africa. The gender gap in upper secondary attendance indicates that there is ample room for improvement to help every boy and girl to access education to thrive.

Results from the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) are often used to measure learning among lower secondary students. 2018 PISA results for reading show that in every participating country, girls outperformed boys, as the proportion of girls achieving a minimum level of proficiency is higher than that of boys. However, girls continue to be under-represented among top performers in science and math, indicating that boys in OECD countries receive more support and encouragement to perform and achieve academically.

Secondary education data

Build and download your own customisable dataset, are children really learning exploring foundational skills in the midst of a learning crisis.

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Suriname education fact sheets

Education Pathway Analysis dashboard

UNICEF strategic plan country and regional education profiles

For a full picture of children’s school participation, UNICEF uses two sources of data: enrolment data, which are based on administrative records, and attendance data from household surveys. In half of all countries, data on primary and secondary education come from more than one source.  All data on primary and secondary education used by UNICEF are based on official International Standard Classifications of Education (ISCED) and may deviate somewhat from those used by country-specific school systems.

Definition of indicators

Lower secondary education adjusted net attendance rate   –  Percentage of children of lower secondary school age who attend secondary or higher education.  

Upper secondary education adjusted net attendance rate  –  Percentage of children of upper secondary school age who attend upper secondary or higher education.  

Lower secondary education completion rate   –  Total number of children who are 3 to 5 years older than the intended age for the last grade of lower secondary education who completed lower secondary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children who are 3 to 5 years older than the intended age for the last grade of lower secondary education.  

Upper secondary education completion rate   –  Total number of children who are 3 to 5 years older than the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education who completed upper secondary education, expressed as a percentage of the total number of children who are 3 to 5 years older than the intended age for the last grade of upper secondary education.  

Lower secondary education out-of-school children rate   –  Total number of children of lower secondary school age and who are not enrolled in primary or secondary education.  

Upper secondary education out-of-school children rate  –  Total number of children of upper secondary school age and who are not enrolled in primary education, secondary, or higher education.  

Gender parity index   –  The ratio of female-to-male values of a given indicator. Normally, a GPI between 0.97 and 1.03 indicates parity between the sexes, whereas a GPI lower than 0.97 indicates girl disadvantage and a GPI greater than 1.03 indicates boy disadvantage.  

Related Topics

• Pre-primary education
• Primary education
• Learning and skills
• Remote learning and digital connectivity

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Senior secondary schooling pathway reforms

We want every Victorian student’s senior secondary experience to be positive, enjoyable and rewarding.

On this page

Senior secondary certificate reform, single senior secondary certificate reform timeline, vet delivered to school students core offering, school-based apprenticeships and traineeships, transforming career education, secondary schools agriculture fund, growing the vet and applied learning workforce, vet champions, the trades fit, more information.

Senior secondary education is about developing and realising every student’s potential.

We are reforming senior secondary schooling to better engage and inspire Victoria's students. Our reforms will build the aspirations and skills of young people so that their secondary schooling sets them up for future careers and meets the needs of the modern economy.

Reforming senior secondary education to better embed vocational and applied learning will build students’ critical and creative thinking, communication skills, teamwork collaboration, curiosity and innovation and provide students with real-world knowledge, including about the workplace, and practical and transferable skills.

The recommendations in John Firth’s review into vocational and applied learning pathways in senior secondary schooling (Firth review) provides a roadmap for this reform.

Senior secondary education in Victoria is changing.

Victoria is moving to an integrated senior secondary certificate.

The VCE Vocational Major is a new 2-year program that sits within the VCE. Whatever a student’s talent, they can now pursue it under one VCE .

Moving to an integrated senior secondary certificate will give all students the learning opportunities they need to develop the skills and capabilities required to succeed in further education, work and life.

The Victorian Pathways Certificate (VPC) is a new flexible foundation secondary course designed for a small number of students in years 11 and 12 who, for various reasons, are not able or ready to undertake the VCE or VCE Vocational Major.

For more information on the certificates visit:

• Many Talents One VCE
• Victorian Curriculum Assessment Authority website .

VCE Vocational Major

The VCE Vocational Major is a 2-year vocational and applied learning program within the VCE. The program aims to equip students with the skills, knowledge, confidence and agency needed to prepare for the world of work and further education and training.

The VCE Vocational Major prepares students to transition successfully into apprenticeships, traineeships, further education and training, university, or directly into employment. It supports students to develop knowledge, confidence and skills for work and life. It employs a more diverse range of assessment strategies rather than exams, alleviating some of the pressure that students face when completing the VCE.

The VCE Vocational Major replaces the Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) at the intermediate and senior levels.

For more information visit VCE and VCE Vocational Major .

Victorian Pathways Certificate

The Victorian Pathways Certificate (VPC) is a flexible foundation secondary course that will meet the needs of the minority of students not able or ready to complete a certificate at the VCE level.

The VPC provides students with a standards-based certificate that has been developed to be flexible, without a mandated period in which a student must complete the certificate. This allows students to complete it in a timeframe that suits their capability.

It provides an enriched curriculum and excellent support for students to develop the skills, capabilities and qualities for success in personal and civic life.

The VPC supports students to transition to the VCE, VCE Vocational Major=, entry level VET or employment.

The VPC replaces Foundation VCAL.

For more information visit Victorian Pathways Certificate .

November - Release of the Firth Review Recommendations

• Design and development of new certificate and curriculum
• Consultation with schools, teachers, providers and industry
• Draft certificate designs released for public consultation
• May - final certificates and new curricula released
• Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority-led professional learning for school staff and teachers.
• First enrolments in the VCE Vocational Major and Victorian Pathways Certificate
• Continuing VCAL students transition into the VCE Vocational Major or Victorian Pathways Certificate.
• Introduction of a fully integrated senior secondary certificate

For more information on the timeline for the senior secondary certificate reform visit the Victorian Curriculum Assessment Authority website .

We are helping to improve access to a range of high-quality VET courses for all students.

This includes a core set of VET certificates within 12 pathways:

Priority pathways

• Community services and early childhood education
• Building and construction
• Digital media and technologies
• Hospitality
• Clean Energy and Engineering

Flexible pathways

• Agriculture and environment
• Hair and beauty
• Creative industries
• Sport and recreation

These certificates are aligned to growth areas, student interest, and local industry needs.

We aim for all schools to provide students with access to at least 8 certificates:

• one certificate from each of the 6 priority pathways, and
• two certificates from the flexible pathways.

Expanding student access to VET will help them gain skills that align to their aspirations and get the jobs they want in Victoria’s growing economy.

Read more about VET pathways in schools .

We are supporting high-quality school-based apprenticeships and traineeships (SBATs) for more students across Victorian schools and senior secondary education providers.

SBAT students complete their schooling while spending time in paid employment, developing the vocational skills that prepare them for successful career pathways after senior secondary school.

These reforms will ensure that SBAT arrangements are appropriate to each individual student. They include establishment of minimum standards and best practice guidance, resources and supports for schools, and a minimum workplace hours policy.

The Head Start program provides wrap-around support to SBAT students and employers. To further improve vocational pathways for students, Head Start will expand to every government school in Victoria. This will give more students the opportunity to undertake an apprenticeship or traineeship in an in-demand sector while completing their schooling. For more information, visit Head Start apprenticeships and traineeships .

More information for schools and teachers is in SBATs policy, guidance and resources on PAL .

For general information about SBATs for parents and students, visit School-based apprenticeships and traineeships.

Effective career education starts early, connects to work and supports students to understand their interests, skills and goals to make informed career decisions.

My Career Insights

All year 9 students in government schools have access to My Career Insights , a comprehensive online career discovery and assessment tool. Once they have completed their career assessment, students can access high-quality one-on-one career counselling with an external accredited career practitioner.

My Career Portfolio

All students in government schools can access My Career Portfolio , an online resource to help students explore career options, plan their futures through Career Action Plans and store files related to their course and career planning.

Read more about other transforming career education initiatives .

The Secondary Schools Agriculture Fund is supporting tech schools, secondary schools and local organisations to provide opportunities that will boost pathways to agricultural careers for secondary students and meet the needs of communities and their agricultural industries.

In 2022 we awarded funding to 43 schools to deliver initiatives that include agriculture camps, student access to new agricultural technology, and educational programs covering agricultural skills, modern agricultural practices, and traditional land care and bush food. Find out more about the Secondary schools agriculture fund .

We are investigating how we can increase the number of teachers, trainers and school staff with expertise in vocational and applied learning.

A great senior secondary education requires a highly skilled and world class workforce, including teachers, trainers and staff in schools to support vocational and applied learning.

As a first step, we have provided professional learning programs that support teachers new to vocational and applied learning, as well as existing experts. This professional development builds on the VET and VCAL workforce reform program, supporting teachers specialising in vocational and applied learning by providing opportunities to enhance industry skills, share innovative practice and foster teaching excellence.

Funded study pathways will also be available for industry professionals to become VET trainers in schools, as well as helping the teaching workforce to become dual qualified VET teachers where appropriate.

For more information about how to access professional development, visit Vocational and applied learning workforce programs for senior secondary schools .

The VET Champions initiative shines a light on high-achieving Victorians who have risen to success through a vocational pathway. Since 2021, VET Champions have promoted the benefits of vocational pathways to students, schools, educators and the broader community.

VET Champions are available to attend your local school or industry event and talk about their VET experiences.

Hear individual stories or book a VET Champion on the VET Champions website.

The Trades Fit is a careers expo that allows female and non-binary students to experience exciting career opportunities in traditionally male-dominated fields.

The inaugural expo in 2022 helped more than 1500 students explore trade and technology careers.

For more information, visit The Trades Fit: Young Women in Trades and Tech .

Further information is available at:

• Firth Review
• Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority
• [email protected]
• [email protected] .

Updated 2 August 2023

VCE is changing from 2023

VCE now includes the new Vocational Major, replacing VCAL.  Whatever your talent, pursue it under the new VCE.

Celebrating 150 years of Harvard Summer School. Learn about our history.

Secondary School Program Courses and Subjects

The application for Summer 2024 is closed.

Learn from inspiring faculty. Our courses are taught by Harvard faculty, who teach many of the same courses to Harvard College students during the academic year, or by visiting faculty from respected institutions around the world.

Earn college credit. At the completion of the program, you may request a transcript listing your coursework, grades, and number of credits earned.

Enjoy a flexible schedule. On class days, you’ll be in class 2.5-3 hours per class but you get to plan the rest of your day like you would in college, balancing studying, daily tasks, and your social life.

Choosing the Right Courses for You — 4-week or 7-week?

While there are many similarities in the experience you’ll have in all our Harvard Summer School programs, each program has unique courses to choose from. You can only apply to one program, so make sure the program you apply to has the course or courses you want to enroll in.

Students who said they had an easier time considering their future academic goals after attending the Secondary School Program.

How to Pick a 4-Week Course

• Consider classroom hours: Students in the 4-Week program will be in class 2.5 hours, 4 days/week.
• Choose from around 20 small, interactive courses: Connect with peers and special guest speakers as subjects such as business or writing come to life.

How to Pick a 7-Week Course

• Consider classroom hours: 4-credit courses in the 7-Week program will meet for 3 hours, 2 days/week and 8-credit courses will meet 5 days/week.
• Design Your Own Specialized Program : Choose one or two courses in a topic you are passionate about for a summer focused in one area of study.
• Explore a Career Pathway : Get a fresh perspective on a field of work you might want to pursue with these unique small courses.
• Take a Summer Seminar : Advance your researching and writing skills.
• Browse all 2024 Courses:   Search all 7-week SSP courses offered in 2023 to find what interests you.

Course Advising

Once you’re admitted, we can advise you on courses that will match your interests and goals. Reach out to us and we’ll advise you every step of the way.

Our office is open Monday – Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. EST. Contact us or email us to set up an advising appointment.

Join our email list to be the first to know when Summer 2025 applications open!

4-Week Courses

The 4-Week Secondary School Program is new for Summer 2024. View the full course catalog or browse by subject below.

Economics & Entrepreneurship View More

• Personal Finance & Financial Well-Being
• Introduction to Entrepreneurship
• Economics in Practice: Understanding Inequality
• Cultivating Authentic Leadership

Health & Medicine View More

• Neurodiversity
• Social Medicine and Social Change in Boston
• Introduction to Research in Psychopathology
• Race, Gender, and Medicine

Global Problems & Solutions View More

• Introduction to Environmental Problems and Solutions
• International Relations, Global Governance, and the UN
• Globalization and Global Justice

Culture & Society View More

• Anthropology of Food and Foodways
• Facing Evil and Suffering in the Modern World
• Popular Culture and Social Theory

Creativity & Design View More

• Beginning Fiction
• Character Design for Animation and Games
• Introduction to Film

Science, Technology, & Ethics View More

• The Molecules of Life, Nature, and Industry
• Philosophy, Ethics, and Technology
• Controversial Issues in Science, Technology and Religion

Focus on an Area of Study over 7-Weeks

Unlike the 4-Week Secondary School Program and 2-Week Pre-College Program, 7-Week Secondary School Program students have the choice of taking two courses instead of only one. 

Taking two courses within the same area of study can allow you to gain a deeper understanding of an academic discipline to solidify your college path or even discover a new one.

• Computer Science and Engineering: Have you always been fascinated by backend website development? Put your coding capabilities to the test this summer in a game development course, learn more about the future of augmented reality.
• Justice, Ethics, and Human Rights: Are you passionate about justice and human rights? This summer, explore your inner humanitarian in courses that cover global justice, human ethics, and environmental ethics.
• Economics, Finance, and Public Policy: Are you fascinated by the forces that shape our world and drive traditional public leadership? This summer, develop your financial and business savvy while honing your critical thinking and strategic planning skills.
• Medical Sciences and Ethics: This summer, take a deep dive into courses that introduce you to topics in the health sciences. You can study the ethics of emerging technologies or examine the roots and impact of past — and current — epidemics.
• Psychology and Neuroscience: Curious about what makes people tick? This summer, uncover the mysteries of the mind in these interdisciplinary courses on mind, brain, and behavior.

7-Week Summer Seminars

Summer Seminars, inspired by Harvard College’s renowned freshman seminars, are small classes for advanced high school students in the 7-Week Secondary School Program and undergraduate students to advance their researching and writing skills. Students can consult with and learn from instructors in a small-group or one-to-one format that lets them dig deep into a subject and build valuable expertise.

2024 7-Week Summer Seminars

• Human Evolution
• The Psychology of Cults
• A Short Tour of the Universe Guided by Einstein and Others

Explore a Career Pathway in 7 Weeks

Determining a career path can be a challenging, lengthy process and involves personal exploration as well as guidance from those with experience to share. That’s why we designed a special catalog of courses that allows students to study a topic of interest with the lens of how it might translate into future jobs.

In each Career Pathway course, students explore an academic topic in depth while working on projects that are mirrored in the real world. Guests in the classroom will both advise students and provide insights on their own career paths. Throughout the course students will reflect on what they have learned about their skills, interests, and future goals to come away energized about possible areas of study as well as potential career paths, and will have built valuable team-building and leadership skills.

Career Pathway courses are capped at between 15-25 students.

2024 7-Week Career Pathway Courses

• Becoming a Brain Scientist: Neuroscience and Psychology Research
• Basic Journalism in the Digital Age
• Problem Solving and Project Design
• Entrepreneurship from the Perspective of Business and IP Law
• Introduction to Immunology with Laboratory Techniques
• Beginning Screenwriting

Browse 7-Week Courses by Subject Field

Arts, Writing, and the Humanities View More

• Comparative Literature
• Creative Writing
• Dramatic Arts
• Expository Writing
• Film and Visual Arts
• History of Art and Architecture
• Linguistics

Computer Science, Math, and Engineering View More

• Applied Math
• Computer Science
• Digital Media
• Engineering Sciences

Foreign Languages and Literatures View More

Sciences View More

• Environmental Studies
• Mind, Brain, and Behavior

Study of Societies, Past and Present View More

• African and African American Studies
• Anthropology
• History of Science
• Legal Studies
• Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies

Harvard Division of Continuing Education

The Division of Continuing Education (DCE) at Harvard University is dedicated to bringing rigorous academics and innovative teaching capabilities to those seeking to improve their lives through education. We make Harvard education accessible to lifelong learners from high school to retirement.

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Secondary Education

Prerequisite/corequisite key, field experience for secondary.

1 credit hour

Candidates will enroll in a one-credit course prior to students teaching and observe classes in their major for two weeks. Field experience will take place at a high school selected by the Education Program. Arrangements will be made for licensed teachers pursuing subsequent licensure in secondary or candidates in their own classroom.

Principles and Practices of the Middle and Secondary School

3 credit hours

This course focuses on establishing a learning environment in the classroom. It examines methods of establishing objectives and developing learning experiences, the setting of limits on behavior, group dynamics, research-based instructional methods and the use of community resources. Study and application of classroom interaction models, use of applied research techniques and use of computer databases are included in this course. Strategies for educational leadership are also examined.

Secondary Education Practicum

3 to 6 credit hours

This practicum experience is designed for licensed teachers seeking a subsequent Secondary license. In lieu of a second student teaching experience, graduate students enroll in EDGSE 423, Practicum in Secondary Education. A faculty member from the Education Program will supervise the practicum.

K-12 General Music

This course teaches students how to plan, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive general music program. Students will acquire a varied pedagogical skill set; develop a working knowledge of practices in current use, as well as national and state standards; develop a working knowledge of educational materials; and be acquainted with the theoretical constructs on which music education is based. 15 field experience hours required.

Teaching Choral Music in the Senior High School

This course prepares students to teach in middle and high school choral programs. The course focuses on choral rehearsal techniques and pedagogies, choral program administration, and the completion of a job application portfolio and mock interview. Subject-specific content for the edTPA is also addressed. 15 field experience hours required.

Teaching Instrumental Music in the Senior High School

This course focuses on the skills necessary to successfully operate a secondary instrumental music program (including proper programming for and instruction of concert bands, jazz bands, marching bands, orchestras, chamber music, and other ensembles). Rehearsal technique, instrumental pedagogy, philosophies of teaching, and subject-specific content related to the edTPA are also addressed. 15 field experience hours required.

Directed Teaching - Middle and Secondary

6 credit hours

C: EDGSE-445

Must have completed a minimum of 100-clock hours of supervised field experiences in education; the required in sequence education courses. This directed teaching practice experience is a serious apprenticeship that requires teacher candidates to spend a full semester in a school setting working alongside veteran middle and/or secondary education schoolteachers. The experience is designed to provide opportunities for candidates to apply course concepts in an authentic classroom environment. This semester includes guided observation, active participation, as well as solo/co-teaching. Throughout this 16 week experience a university supervisor and a mentor teacher support the teacher candidate.

Seminar in Teaching and Learning

2 credit hours

C: EDGSE-444

This course provides a reflective analysis of the directed-teaching setting; analysis and evaluation of the candidate's classroom management, instructional planning, implementation and assessment strategies; instructional modifications to address diverse learners; analysis and evaluation of students' learning.

Methods of Teaching Art in the K-12 Schools

E: EDGSE-415

Level 2 Professional Education Course: Requires Admission to an Education Program. Formerly Methods of Teaching Art in the Middle and Secondary School. This course focuses on theoretical and applied investigation of practical and creative aspects of teaching art. Through classroom and field experiences, students will explore and discuss major visual art educational concepts and techniques including curriculum development and presentation of visual art lessons. Course also includes field trips to a variety of schools where different teaching modes can be examined. 30 field experience hours required. Offered fall.

Methods of Teaching Biology and Science in the Middle and Secondary School

*Level 2 Professional Education Course: Requires Admission to an Education Program. Formerly Methods of Teaching Biology in the Middle and Secondary School. This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching biology at the middle school and secondary level. Additionally, this course covers general science methods for middle level teaching.30 field experience hours required. Offered fall.

Methods of Teaching English in Middle and Secondary Schools

*Formerly Methods of Teaching English in Secondary School. *Level 2 education course: requires admission to an Education Program. This course builds on and expands the material covered in ENGL 356 and ENGL 371. This course covers the theories and practices of teaching English in secondary school English language arts classrooms, in addition to an emphasis on integrating reading, writing, speaking, listening and technology skills into effective lessons and units. 30 field experience hours required. Offered fall.

Methods of Teaching Foreign Language in K12 Schools

*Formerly Methods of Teaching Foreign Language in Secondary Schools. *Level 2 education course: requires admission to an Education Program. This course examines the trends in methodology of foreign language teaching in the United States. Course includes the development of ability in determining, stating and evaluating objectives. Emphasis on individualized instruction. Class demonstration of teaching techniques with the use of audio-visual equipment. 30 field experience hours required. Offered fall.

Methods of Teaching Math in Middle and Secondary Schools

1 to 3 credit hours

*Formerly Methods of Teaching Math in Secondary School. Level 2 Professional Education course: Requires admission to an Education Program. This course exposes both pre-service and in-service school teachers to principles, current issues, materials and methods of teaching mathematics in secondary school. Strong mathematical background expected. 30 field experience hours required. Offered Fall term.

Methods of Teaching History and Social Science in Middle and Secondary Schools

*Formerly Methods of Teaching History and Social Science in Secondary School. This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching history and social studies at the middle school and secondary level. 30 field experience hours required. Offered fall.

Literacy Instruction for Diverse Learners

This course addresses the responsibility and challenge secondary teachers must undertake as they strive to meet the needs of diverse learners in their content areas. Teacher candidates will explore teaching and learning strategies that support the development of a wide range of literacy skills in order to create challenging learning opportunities for all students. 10 field experience hours required.

Student Teaching K-12

Program of guided observation, participation and teaching of students in K-12 settings. Jointly supervised by an instructor from the University and a teacher from the host school. The student teacher spends 16 weeks in a 6-12 classroom setting.

Advanced Educational Psychology

This course examines the psychological theories and principles of learning as they apply to the teaching-learning process. A constructive analysis of the principle areas, theories, experimentation and conclusions in psychology with attention focused on such topics as motivation, intelligence, learning, cognition and emotions. Graduate students seeking licensure in Early Childhood or Elementary Education may not substitute this course with an undergraduate course. 10 field experience hours required.

Advanced Adolescent Development

This course will investigate the research concerning the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. It is designed to address decision making curriculum that would include the emotional, sexual, spiritual, physical, moral and intellectual development of the adolescent in special and regular educational settings. This course may not be substituted by an undergraduate course for licensure. 10 field experience hours required.

Secondary Classroom Environment: Supporting College Career Readiness

This course prepares candidates to support secondary students with preparing for college and career.

Methods of Teaching Mathematics in the Secondary School

This course exposes both candidates to the principles, methods and materials teaching mathematics in the secondary school.

Methods of Teaching English Language Arts in the Secondary School

This course covers the theories and practices of teaching English in secondary school English language arts secondary classrooms. Areas of focus are on integrating reading, writing, speaking, listening and technology skills into effective secondary education lessons and units.

Methods of Teaching History and Social Studies in the Secondary School

This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching social studies with a focus on history at the secondary level.

Methods of Teaching Biology in the Secondary School

This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching biology at the secondary level.

Methods of Teaching Chemistry in the Secondary School

This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching chemistry at the secondary level.

Methods of Teaching Physics in the Secondary School

This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching physics at the secondary level.

Methods of Teaching Political Science and Social Studies in the Secondary School

This course covers the principles, methods and materials of teaching social studies with a focus on political science at the secondary level.

Methods of Teaching Computer Science in the Secondary School

This course is designed to introduce students to the pedagogical approaches and practices associated with teaching computer science at the secondary level. Students will learn methods of teaching secondary CS. Topics include developing learning objectives, theories of learning in CS and computational thinking, instructional approaches, lesson design and implementation, and assessment.

Methods of Teaching Music in the Secondary School

This course teaches candidates the principles, methods and materials necessary for teaching in a general music program.

Visual Arts: Methods of Teaching

Formerly Methods of Teaching Visual Arts in the Secondary School. This course provides teachers with the major educational concepts, methods, techniques and materials of applicational, functional and expressional aspects of teaching art.

Methods of Teaching Foreign Language in the Secondary School

This course examines the principles, methods and materials necessary for teaching of foreign language teaching in the United States.

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Senior Education

• Find Senior Education Near Me

Are you retired and looking for opportunities to get out of the house, have fun, and continue learning? Well, you're in luck! Senior and adult education programs are available nationwide, offering a wide range of classes and programs specifically designed for learners over the age of 55.

From personal enrichment classes to career preparation, these programs cater to the diverse interests and needs of older adults. Whether you want to explore a new hobby, brush up on your computer skills, or delve into academic subjects, there are options available to suit your preferences.

Not only can senior and adult education programs stimulate your mind and expand your knowledge, but they also offer a chance to socialize with like-minded individuals and engage in a supportive community of learners.

So, if you're ready to embark on a new educational journey, consider exploring the senior and adult education programs in your area. It's never too late to learn something new!

Why Senior Education?

Types of senior education available to adults over 55, where to find senior education programs, read more about senior education, continued education improves cognitive functioning..

According to various studies , intellectual stimulation has been found to have a positive impact on memory and can potentially reduce the risk of developing conditions like Alzheimer's or dementia. Continued engagement in activities that challenge the mind, such as reading, problem-solving, and learning new skills, has been associated with improved cognitive function and memory retention. It is believed that intellectual stimulation promotes neural plasticity and strengthens connections in the brain, leading to better memory performance.

Intellectual stimulation can take various forms, including reading, engaging in puzzles and games, participating in social activities, and pursuing hobbies or interests. By regularly engaging in intellectually stimulating activities, seniors can potentially enhance their memory abilities and maintain cognitive health as they age.

Senior education helps you "stay with the times."

In today's rapidly evolving world, technology is advancing at an unprecedented pace. From smartphones and tablets to social media platforms and software applications, staying up-to-date with the latest tech trends can be a daunting task for anyone, especially seniors. However, taking continued education courses can provide a valuable opportunity for seniors to stay in the know and keep pace with new technologies.

Consider enrolling in an introductory course focused on technology and gain confidence in using modern devices and apps. These courses are specifically designed to cater to those who may not have grown up with technology as an integral part of their lives. They provide a supportive learning environment where seniors can explore and familiarize themselves with the latest tech tools and concepts. One of the key benefits of taking these types of courses is that they offer hands-on training and guidance. Seniors are able to learn at their own pace, asking questions and receiving personalized assistance from experienced instructors. This approach helps to alleviate any fears or uncertainties that seniors and retirees may have about technology!

The benefits of staying in the know with new technology extend far beyond simply being able to operate devices. It opens up a world of possibilities, allowing you to stay connected to loved ones through social media, access online resources and information, and even pursue online hobbies or entrepreneurial ventures.

Continued education is good for your emotional and mental health.

Continued education for seniors goes beyond acquiring new knowledge and skills. It also proves to have profound benefits in relation to social, emotional, and mental wellness. Research has shown that engaging in lifelong learning can boost your sense of purpose and self-worth. What's more, the social aspect of continued education provides opportunities to connect with others who share similar interests, fostering new relationships and combating feelings of depression and anxiety, leading to improved overall well-being.

Senior and adult education increases opportunities for socialization.

According to a report by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, nearly one-fourth of adults over the age of 65 are considered to be socially isolated. Senior adult education programs play a crucial role in fostering socialization. These programs and classes can provide valuable opportunities to connect, engage, and build meaningful relationships in supportive and inclusive environments where seniors and retirees can interact with like-minded peers, share experiences, and expand their social networks.

One of the key benefits of continued education programs is that they bring individuals together who have a common interest in learning. Whether it's attending a local community college, joining a book club, or participating in workshops or classes, these educational settings provide a platform for seniors to meet new people and form connections based on shared interests and passions. This sense of camaraderie can lead to the development of lasting friendships and support systems.

Also, these educational programs often involve group activities and collaborative learning experiences. Seniors have the opportunity to work together on projects, engage in discussions, and exchange ideas and perspectives. This all can encourage active participation and foster a sense of belonging.

Senior education programs may also include field trips, outings, or social events that provide additional opportunities for socialization. These activities allow students to engage in leisure activities, explore new environments, and bond over shared experiences. From museum visits to group hikes or cultural excursions, these outings encourage social interaction and create memorable moments that enrich the overall learning experience.

Continued education is fun!

Learning new skills and acquiring knowledge can be an incredibly enjoyable and fulfilling experience. Just imagine the excitement of attending college or taking courses on a subject that truly captures your interest, all without the pressure of grades hanging over your head. It's a unique opportunity to indulge in your passions and pursue learning purely for the joy of it.

Not to mention - the freedom to choose what you want to learn! Unlike formal education where the curriculum is predetermined, this learning journey allows you to explore areas that genuinely intrigue you. Whether it's art history, astronomy, culinary arts, or coding, you have the autonomy to delve into subjects that ignite your curiosity and bring you satisfaction.

So, embrace the joy of learning without grades. Take advantage of the opportunity to explore subjects that fascinate you, expand your knowledge, and cultivate new skills. Dive into the realm of lifelong learning, where education becomes a delightful pursuit driven by curiosity and personal growth. It's an incredible experience that allows you to continuously evolve, embrace new passions, and find fulfillment in the pursuit of knowledge.

Tuition-Free College Courses

Many colleges across the United States understand the value of lifelong learning and offer tuition-free courses specifically designed for seniors. These courses are typically offered as part of a senior citizen audit program, allowing older adults to attend classes without earning credits. While seniors may be responsible for purchasing their own textbooks and materials, some campuses even provide senior discounts to make the learning experience more accessible.

Continuing Education/Certificate Programs

If you’re still part of the workforce or want to gain new skills, check out your local trade schools or community colleges for continuing education/certificate programs. Many classes focus on granting participants CEUs (continued education units) or certificates of completion. Think refresher courses on providing childcare or certification in first aid and CPR.

Personal Enrichment

There are so many opportunities to learn new things, meet new people, and have lots of fun doing it all! If you’ve always wanted to learn how to make jewelry or make the perfect souffle, personal enrichment classes are a great, affordable way to do it!

Intergenerational Programs

Many senior and adult education programs also promote intergenerational interactions by incorporating younger students or volunteers, creating an environment where different age groups can learn from one another.

If you're looking for senior education programs, there are various resources you can explore. Here are a few places where you can find information on senior education programs:

Colleges and Universities

Many colleges and universities offer free or reduced-cost courses for seniors. Some universities have specific programs dedicated to senior education. You can check with local colleges in your area or visit their websites to find out about available programs.

Local Libraries

Public libraries often organize educational programs and workshops for seniors. These programs can cover a wide range of topics and provide opportunities for seniors to expand their skills.

There are numerous online platforms that offer free or affordable courses for seniors. Websites like Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy provide access to a vast range of educational content that can be accessed from the comfort of your own home.

Click here for the 5 best places to find adult education programs for seniors and retirees.

Can Seniors Get Financial Assistance for Higher Education?

Yes. Seniors are able to apply for the same financial assistance that any college student may be approved for. However, it may not be necessary. Many communities have senior adult education programs that offer free or discounted classes for those either 55 and over or 65 and over.

Is Education Free for Seniors in Canada?

Not everywhere. In Canada, there’s no universal policy that grants free university education specifically for seniors . However, some provinces and territories may offer programs or initiatives that provide seniors with reduced tuition fees or opportunities to audit courses for free.

Where Can Seniors Find Free Classes?

Free senior education classes can be found in several places. Your local community college or library is a good place to start searching. Also, many online resources are available like Udemy, or even YouTube.

Suggest a Senior Education Facility or Program

Do you know of any Senior Education Facilities that are not in our database and should be? If so, please add a listing.

Find Senior Education Near Me:

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Welcome to NBSSE

(national board of secondary and senior secondary education).

At the Secondary and Senior Secondary levels, NBSSE provides flexibility in the choice of subjects/courses, pace of learning and quality education to all aspiring students to enable over-aged dropouts complete their schooling and in view of the need to accelerate the pace and progress of secondary education.

Acknowledging the fact that the "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world", NBSSE provides secondary and senior secondary education those belonging to deprived groups (e.g. the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, Socially and Educationally disadvantaged classes and other socially, culturally, economically, geographically sections of the society, or such other aspects as may be notified by the appropriate Government) and people fitting to weaker sectors who are not able to get secondary and senior secondary education in the usual course of life. To provide professional services to the government and other agencies in the field of education, in general, and school education, in particular, for the development and growth of distance and open school system and develop appropriate curriculum for vocational and continuing education to prepare student population for the world of work.

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• Senior Secondary Course equivalent to class XII

Senior Secondary Course Equivalent to Class XII

Secondary course.

This Course is equivalent to the 10 th standard. You can choose subjects from the Scheme of Studies given in Table-. However, you will be required to successfully complete a minimum of five subjects with at least one language or at most two languages, which is compulsory for certification.

Senior Secondary Course

This Course is designed for those who have passed the 10 th standard or equivalent examination from a recognised Board and would like to continue their education towards a Senior Secondary Certification, equivalent to XII standard.

Your can choose subjects from the Scheme of Studies given in Table. However, you will be required to successfully complete a minimum of five subjects with atleast one language or at most two languages, which is compulsory for Certification.

Scheme of Studies

The Scheme of Studies for Secondary and Senior Secondary Courses is shown in Table-1. For obtaining a pass certificate, you are required to pass in a minimum of five subjects including one or maximum of two languages from Group 'A' and other three or four subjects from other Group. However, you are free to take upto two additional subjects. Thus, in all you can choose a maximum of seven subjects. 

• Subjects with * have theory as well as practical works.
• # In the Certificate, mention of "Indian Knowledge Tradition" will be made on successful completion of above four subjects alongwith Sanskrit Language subject at Secondary/Senior Secondary level. These subjects are available in Sanskrit medium only.

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MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal

Description of MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal

• Location: Elektrostal, Russia
• Students age: from 7 to 18 years old
• School uniform
• Full-time education
• Stages of education: primary, basic and secondary.

Gymnasium No. 21 is located in the town of Elektrostal, Moscow Region. The beginning of the history of this educational institution is considered 1971 - then a secondary school was opened in the building of the gymnasium. Since 2014, gymnasium No. 21 has been included in the list of the best schools in the Moscow Region, has the title of "Smart School", and is the winner of many competitions in the field of education.

Programs and prices, tuition fees in MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal

Primary general education (7 - 10 years): study of basic subjects, versatile personality education. In free time, the program includes excursions, festivals and project activities.

Basic general education (11 - 16 years old): a program consisting of basic subjects and preparation for passing the OGE. The program includes the study of two foreign languages - English and German.

Secondary general education (16 - 18 years old): a program includes basic subjects (as an additional one - astronomy) and in-depth study of the disciplines selected for passing the exam.

Grades 10 in the gymnasium are divided into profiles of in-depth study of subjects:

• Socio-economic - learning English, mathematics and economics
• Social and humanitarian - English and Russian languages, social studies.

Accommodation, meals, prices

The gymnasium organizes paid and reduced-price meals.

Reduced price meals (lunch) are received by:

• Students with disabilities
• Students who are under guardianship and not receiving benefits from the guardianship authorities
• Disabled children
• Pupils from large families
• Students with tuberculous intoxication
• Students receiving survivor's pension
• Students with diseases of the digestive organs (Hirschsprung's disease, gastric and duodenal ulcers, cholelithiasis, chronic hepatitis, Crohn's disease), chronic kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis), blood diseases and disorders caused by chemical prophylaxis, respiratory diseases (bronchial asthma), diseases of the endocrine system (diabetes mellitus)
• Students from low-income families
• Students from disadvantaged families
• Children in difficult life situations
• Children of participants in the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant.

Reduced meals (breakfast) are received by:

• Students in grades 1-4
• Students from large families
• Students receiving a survivor's pension.

To obtain the right to receive preferential meals from the parents / legal representatives of the child, you will need to provide an application completed in the name of the director and documents confirming belonging to one of the categories.

Activities MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal

Circles and sections of gymnasium number 21:.

• General physical preparation
• Librarianship.

High school students also participate in:

• Subject Olympiads, including the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren
• Career guidance before leaving school
• Delivery of TRP standards
• Sports and creative activities.
• Qualified teachers (holders of the title "Honored Teacher of the Russian Federation", medals and certificates of honor)
• Additional education in various fields
• Participation in olympiads and competitions
• Career guidance for applicants to universities and colleges.

Facilities and equipment at MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal

Studying takes place in a four-story building built in 1970. The school is equipped with:

• Classrooms equipped with everything you need to learn
• Assembly, choreographic and sports halls
• Dining room
• Medical office
• Library with reading room
• Utility and technical rooms
• Sports ground on site.

The entrance is equipped with equipment for visiting the school by persons with disabilities.

Admission dates and extra charges

The academic year begins on September 1, and is divided into quarters.

Holidays between quarters:

• October 30-November 8
• December 28-January 8
• February 22-28 (only for 1 grade)
• March 26-April 2
• May 26/29 - August 31 (depending on the class).

Gymnasium №21 teaches on a five-day basis - from Monday to Friday. Lesson time:

• For 1, 4, 5, 7, 8a, 11 classes - 8: 30-15: 45 (max. 8 lessons)
• For grades 2, 3, 6, 8b, 9, 10 - 8: 15-15: 30 (max. 8 lessons).

Entry requirements, how to apply, what is required to enrol

To enroll in the gymnasium you will need to provide:

• Completed application in electronic or written form
• Parent's / legal representative's passport
• Child's birth certificate
• Certificate of registration of the child at the place of residence or at the place of stay in the assigned territory
• The conclusion and recommendations of the psychological, medical and pedagogical commission and the consent of parents / legal representatives to study according to the adaptive basic general education program (for children with disabilities).

Upon admission to grade 10, additional documents + profile testing may be required.

Institution on the map

Residence permits, citizenship and other services.

• Guardianship services during the studies
• Student supervision

Review about MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal

Recommendations on when to apply, similar educational institutions.

Interested in studying in MOU Gymnasium No. 21 Elektrostal?

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An Open Comparative Study of the Effectiveness and Incomparable Study of the Immunogenicity and Safety of the Vaccine (CoviVac) for Adults Aged 60 Years and Older

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Inclusion Criteria:

Volunteers must meet the following inclusion criteria:

Type of participants

• Healthy volunteers or volunteers with a history of stable diseases that do not meet any of the criteria for non-inclusion in the study.

Other inclusion criteria

• Written informed consent of volunteers to participate in a clinical trial
• Volunteers who are able to fulfill the Protocol requirements (i.e., fill out a self-observation Diary, come to control visits).

Exclusion Criteria:

SARS-CoV-2 infection • A case of established COVID-19 disease confirmed by PCR and/or ELISA in the last 6 months.

Diseases or medical conditions

• Serious post-vaccination reaction (temperature above 40 C, hyperemia or edema more than 8 cm in diameter) or complication (collapse or shock-like condition that developed within 48 hours after vaccination; convulsions, accompanied or not accompanied by a feverish state) to any previous vaccination.
• Burdened allergic history (anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema, polymorphic exudative eczema, serum sickness in the anamnesis, hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to the introduction of any vaccines in the anamnesis, known allergic reactions to vaccine components, etc.).
• Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute polyradiculitis) in the anamnesis.
• The axillary temperature at the time of vaccination is more than 37.0 ° C.
• Acute infectious diseases (recovery earlier than 4 weeks before vaccination) according to anamnesis.
• Donation of blood or plasma (in the amount of 450 ml or more) less than 2 months before inclusion in the study.
• Severe and/or uncontrolled diseases of the cardiovascular, bronchopulmonary, neuroendocrine systems, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, hematopoietic, immune systems.
• Is registered at the dispensary for tuberculosis, leukemia, oncological diseases, autoimmune diseases.
• Any confirmed or suspected immunosuppressive or immunodeficiency condition in the anamnesis.
• Splenectomy in the anamnesis.
• Neutropenia (decrease in the absolute number of neutrophils less than 1000/mm3), agranulocytosis, significant blood loss, severe anemia (hemoglobin less than 80 g/l) according to anamnesis.
• Anorexia according to anamnesis.

Prior or concomitant therapy

• Vaccination with any vaccine carried out within 30 days before vaccination / the first dose of the studied vaccine or planned administration within 30 days after vaccination / the last dose of the studied vaccine.
• Prior vaccination with an experimental or registered vaccine that may affect the interpretation of the study data (any coronavirus or SARS vaccines).
• Long-term use (more than 14 days) of immunosuppressants or other immunomodulatory drugs (immunoregulatory peptides, cytokines, interferons, immune system effector proteins (immunoglobulins), interferon inducers (cycloferon) during the six months preceding the study, according to anamnesis.
• Treatment with systemic glucocorticosteroids (≥ 20 mg of prednisone, or an analog, for more than 15 days during the last month).
• Volunteers who received immunoglobulin preparations or blood transfusion during the last 3 months prior to the start of the study according to anamnesis.

Other non-inclusion criteria

• Participation in any other clinical trial within the last 3 months.

Exclusion criteria:

• Withdrawal of Informed consent by a volunteer;
• The volunteer was included in violation of the inclusion/non-inclusion criteria of the Protocol;
• Any condition of a volunteer that requires, in the reasoned opinion of a medical researcher, the withdrawal of a volunteer from the study;
• Taking unauthorized medications (see section 6.2);
• The volunteer refuses to cooperate or is undisciplined (for example, failure to attend a scheduled visit without warning the researcher and/or loss of communication with the volunteer), or dropped out of observation;
• For administrative reasons (termination of the study by the Sponsor or regulatory authorities), as well as in case of gross violations of the Protocol that may affect the results of the study.
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RN/LPN Role & Scope

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• Role and Scope for RNs and LPNs

LPN Functions

Lpn supervisory course, expanded intravenous therapy course for the lpn, abandonment and unethical conduct.

Scope of practice is based on the nurse's education, experience, competency, and the rules governing nursing. Practice must be consistent with current nursing standards. Nurses practicing in Iowa are responsible for understanding the rules and regulations. These regulations are in Iowa Code, Chapter 152 and Iowa Administrative Code, Chapter 6 for RN/LPN.

A registered nurse (RN) must perform the initial assessment. The initial assessment determines a patient’s baseline. From the data, the RN develops an initial nursing plan of care.

A licensed practical nurse (LPN) may not perform an initial assessment. Once the initial assessment and nursing plan of care is complete, LPNs may assist in the plan of care. The LPN can perform a patient history without RN supervision. The LPN is to communicate any change of a patient's status to the RN.

Individual facilities may require additional education and training. Regulation and facility policies and procedures will guide nurses in these practices. There must be documentation of competency kept in the nurse's personnel file. A LPN’s scope of practice and expansion of that scope is defined in Iowa Administrative Code, Chapter 6 .

Examples of LPN Tasks and Skills

The following list is a guideline. the licensed practical nurse (lpn) may:.

• Insert NG tubes and feeding tubes which do not need guide wires for insertion
• Reinsert a gastrostomy tube in an established tract.
• Remove sutures and staples.
• Perform sterile CVP dressing changes.
• Irrigate a urethral catheter. May not irrigate a nephrostomy tube.
• Perform continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis exchanges with RN assessment of client at least every 24 hours. LPN may add medication to the dialysate.
• Draw blood samples for routine testing, including glucometer readings.
• Perform cardiac monitoring on a telemetry unit.
• Monitor clients receiving mechanical ventilation with assessments verified by an RN.
• Perform nasal and/or tracheal suctioning.
• Receive telephone, verbal, and written physician orders. Process orders according to institution policy.
• Reduce a prolapsed rectum or uterus.
• Monitor the patient receiving total parenteral nutrition.
• Irrigate and remove a suprapubic catheter. LPNs may also reinsert a suprapubic catheter in a well-established tract.
• Reconstitute Rocephin with diluent containing Lidocaine.
• Assist a physician in an E.R.C.P. examination.
• Under the supervision of a physician, perform facial exfoliation and therapeutic acne treatments.
• Administer newborn hearing screening test.
• Administer and evaluate tuberculosis skin tests.
• Monitor continuous subcutaneous infusions with an RN assessment every 24 hours.

Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) supervising in a facility may work under the supervision of the registered nurse. LPNs hired in long-term care to supervise must complete the supervisory course within 90 days of employment.

The Iowa Board of Nursing approved the supervisory course on 2/1/2017, which is online and accessible 24/7. The course is available at the  National Healthcare Institute's Supervisory Course for Iowa's LPNs website. The licensee maintains their certificate documenting completion of the course. The following are not required to complete the supervisory course:

• LPN's working in a supervisory role on or before October 6, 1982.
• LPN's enrolled as a full-time student in a RN program scheduled to graduate within one year. The LPN is responsible to communicate to their educational status to their employer. The employer must track the completion of the RN coursework and RN licensure.

If the individual does not graduate from the RN program or who are not successful on RN-NCLEX they must take the supervisory course within 90 days. More information can be found on the  NHI Online Supervisory Course  page. 

Iowa Law and Administrative Rules allows the Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) to perform IV therapy functions. The IV therapy course is currently offered by some Iowa Community College Continuing Education (CE) Departments and other Board approved CE providers. The IV Therapy course content is based on the latest standards of practice. The course is an application of both theory and practice related to IV therapy functions. Contact the individual CE providers for the availability and scheduling of the courses. The course must be offered by an approved Iowa Board of Nursing provider of nursing CE. Those providers who have access to the curriculum as of September 2021 are as follows:

• Des Moines Area Community College, Des Moines - Provider #22
• Hawkeye Community College, Cedar Falls - Provider #5
• Health Education Center, Fort Dodge - Provider #10
• Indian Hills Community College, Ottumwa - Provider #12
• Iowa Health Care Association, West Des Moines - Provider #166
• Iowa Lakes Community College, Emmetsburg - Provider #19
• Iowa Western Community College, Council Bluffs - Provider #6
• Kirkwood Community College, Cedar Rapids - Provider #30
• North Iowa Area Community College, Mason City - Provider #3
• Northeast Iowa Community College, Calmar - Provider #7
• Southeastern Community College, West Burlington - Provider #24
• Southwestern Community College, Creston - Provider #9
• Western Iowa Tech Community College, Sioux City - Provider #21
• Specialty Infusion Services, Omaha, NE - Provider #364

Telehealth is the use of telecommunications and health technologies for providing healthcare. This may include telephonic, audio, video, remote monitoring, or mobile health devices. Nurses practicing telehealth are delivering services by electronic means. This is to gather information from a client and give advice based on assessment of the client. This is the practice of nursing and is the provision of patient care. The standard of care is the same as an in person setting. Nurses delivering care via telehealth must hold an active nursing license or multi-state license, in the state where the patient is located at the time of care. 

Telehealth License Requirements

Nurses providing telehealth services to a patient located in Iowa must hold an active license in Iowa or have a multi-state license. This care must follow Iowa nursing practice guidelines. This is not dependent on the employer's location nor whether there is compensation. Patients in transit may receive care via telephone as long as the patient is in transit and not residing in another state. You can view the list of compact states at the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. website . 

The Board rules do not define the term “abandonment.” The Board investigates unethical conduct as it relates to the nurse’s duty to the patient. Your conduct must ensure the safety and welfare of the patient or client.

Unethical conduct may include the following:

• Failure to meet the minimum standards of nursing care and maintain professional decorum.
• A licensee performing nursing services beyond their scope of practice.
• Allowing another person to use your nursing license for any purpose.
• Failing to follow board rules and regulations.
• Improper delegation of nursing services, functions, or responsibilities.
• Committing an act or omission which adversely affects the client or patient. This can include physical, psychosocial, emotional, or financial injury.
• Engaging in sexual misconduct with patients or clients.
• Failing to report to, or leaving, a nursing assignment without notifying a supervisor. This may qualify as abandonment.
• Violating the confidentiality or privacy rights of the patient or client.
• Discriminating against a patient or client because of age, sex, race, creed, illness, or economic or social status.
• Failing to assess, accurately document, or report the status of a patient or client.
• Inappropriate use of prescription blanks.
• Obtaining prescription medications under false pretenses.
• illicit drugs
• impairment from the use of prescribed medications
• Involvement in the unauthorized manufacture, possession, distribution, or use of a controlled substance.
• Pleading guilty to or being convicted of a misdemeanor or felony in any jurisdiction related to the practice of nursing.
• Failing to report suspected wrongful acts or omissions committed by another licensee.
• Failing to follow board order.

The delegation process must match the patients needs and circumstances. The delegatee's qualifications, resources and appropriate supervision must guide the task. The delegator must follow up on the delegated task.

Delegation Rules may be found in Iowa code under IAC 6.2(5)"c" . 

For more information, visit the National Council of State Board of Nursing (NCSBN) page on delegation.