essay topics medieval history

Medieval History Research Paper Topics

In this page dedicated to medieval history research paper topics , students are presented with a wide-ranging list of captivating subjects that delve into the intricacies of the medieval era. Divided into ten categories, each containing ten unique topics, this comprehensive collection explores various aspects of political, cultural, religious, and military life during this fascinating period. From analyzing influential events to examining societal transformations, these research paper topics provide students with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the rich tapestry of medieval history and develop engaging academic papers.

100 Medieval History Research Paper Topics

The study of medieval history opens a doorway to a captivating era filled with knights, castles, and profound societal changes. Exploring the medieval period through research papers allows students to dive deep into various aspects of this time, uncovering fascinating stories and shedding light on significant historical events. In this comprehensive list, we present ten captivating research paper topics in each of the ten categories, offering students a plethora of options to explore and delve into the rich tapestry of medieval history.

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Political History

• The Role of Monarchy in Medieval Europe: Power, Succession, and Dynasties
• Feudalism and Its Influence on Medieval Society
• The Magna Carta and the Evolution of Constitutionalism
• The Crusades: A Political and Religious Endeavor
• The Hundred Years’ War: Causes, Key Battles, and Consequences
• The Byzantine Empire: Politics and Influence on Medieval Europe
• Papal Power and the Medieval Church-State Relationship
• The Black Death and Its Political Impact
• The Norman Conquest of England: William the Conqueror and Its Aftermath
• The Golden Age of Charlemagne: The Carolingian Empire and Its Legacy

Cultural History

• Chivalry and Knighthood: Codes of Conduct and Idealized Behavior
• The Role of Women in Medieval Society: From Noble Ladies to Peasant Women
• Medieval Art and Architecture: Cathedrals, Illuminated Manuscripts, and Iconography
• Courtly Love: Romance and Relationships in Medieval Literature
• Education and Intellectual Life in Medieval Monasteries
• Folklore and Legends: Robin Hood, King Arthur, and the Arthurian Legends
• Music and Dance in Medieval Society: Troubadours and Minstrels
• Medieval Festivals and Celebrations: Feast Days, Carnivals, and Jousting Tournaments
• The Influence of Islamic Culture on Medieval Europe
• The Role of Guilds in Medieval Trade and Craftsmanship

Religious History

• The Crusades: Motivations, Impact, and Legacy
• Heresy and Inquisition: Religious Dissent and Its Suppression
• The Great Schism: East-West Division in the Christian Church
• Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe: Meaning, Routes, and Shrines
• Saints and Relics: Veneration and the Cult of the Holy
• Monasticism and Monastic Orders: Benedictines, Franciscans, and Dominicans
• The Mendicant Movement: Poverty, Preaching, and Social Engagement
• The Medieval Inquisition: Origins, Methods, and Consequences
• The Witch Hunts of the Medieval Period: Beliefs and Persecution
• The Impact of the Printing Press on Religious Change in the Late Medieval Era

Military History

• The Battle of Hastings: William the Conqueror’s Triumph
• Knights and Armor: Technology and Tactics in Medieval Warfare
• The Siege of Constantinople: The Fall of the Byzantine Empire
• The Teutonic Knights and the Northern Crusades
• The Reconquista: Christian Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula
• The Battle of Agincourt: Henry V’s Victory against the French
• The Mongol Invasions: Genghis Khan and the Conquest of Asia
• The Wars of the Roses: Noble Rivalry for the English Throne
• The Spanish Inquisition: Religion and Warfare
• The Battle of Tours: Charles Martel and the Defense against the Moors

Economic History

• The Hanseatic League: Trade and Economic Power in Medieval Northern Europe
• The Rise of Italian City-States: Florence, Venice, and Genoa
• The Silk Road: Trade and Cultural Exchange between East and West
• The Medieval Merchant Guilds: Economic Influence and Regulation
• The Black Death and its Economic Impact on European Society
• The Agricultural Revolution: Technological Advances in Medieval Farming
• The Commercial Revolution: Growth of Urban Centers and Market Economy
• Medieval Coinage and Currency: Monetary Systems and Economic Stability
• The Role of Fairs and Trade Routes in Medieval Commerce
• The Rise of Banking and Financial Institutions in Medieval Europe

Intellectual History

• Scholasticism and the Rise of Medieval Universities
• The Influence of Aristotle on Medieval Thought
• The Works of Thomas Aquinas: Theology and Philosophy
• The Development of Vernacular Literature in Medieval Europe
• The Influence of Arabic and Islamic Scholarship on Western Intellectual Tradition
• Mysticism and Spiritual Movements in Medieval Christianity
• Humanism and the Renaissance in Medieval Italy
• The Role of Medieval Monastic Libraries in Preserving Knowledge
• Astrology and Alchemy: Esoteric Knowledge in Medieval Society
• Medieval Science and the Pursuit of Natural Philosophy

Social History

• Feudal Society: Hierarchy, Classes, and Social Mobility
• Women’s Role in Medieval Society: Power, Influence, and Restrictions
• Peasant Life: Agriculture, Serfdom, and Rural Communities
• Medieval Crime and Punishment: Justice, Law, and Order
• The Black Death: Social Disruption and Demographic Changes
• Marriage and Family Life in the Middle Ages
• Slavery and Servitude in Medieval Europe
• Medieval Medicine: Healing Practices, Medical Knowledge, and Remedies
• The Role of Medieval Guilds in Urban Life
• The Impact of the Crusades on Social Structures and Cultural Exchange

Art and Architecture

• Gothic Architecture: Cathedrals, Flying Buttresses, and Stained Glass
• Romanesque Architecture: Churches, Monasteries, and Fortifications
• Illuminated Manuscripts: Book Production and Miniature Art
• Medieval Sculpture and Woodcarving: From Reliefs to Free-Standing Statues
• Mosaic Art: Byzantine Influence and Iconographic Representation
• The Bayeux Tapestry: A Visual Chronicle of the Norman Conquest
• Metalwork and Jewelry: Craftsmanship and Decorative Arts
• Medieval Painting: From Icons to Altarpieces
• Castle Architecture and Military Engineering
• The Art of Heraldry: Coats of Arms and Symbolism

Scientific and Technological Advances

• Medieval Astronomy and Astrology: Understanding the Universe
• The Development of the Compass and Its Impact on Navigation
• The Invention of the Mechanical Clock and Timekeeping
• Advances in Agriculture: Crop Rotation and Improved Farming Techniques
• Medieval Engineering: Bridges, Aqueducts, and Cathedrals
• The Use of Gunpowder in Medieval Warfare
• The Printing Press: Gutenberg’s Revolutionary Invention
• Medieval Alchemy: From Transmutation to Experimental Science
• The Impact of Islamic Scientific Knowledge on Medieval Europe
• The Evolution of Medieval Medicine: From Herbal Remedies to Surgical Techniques

Regional Studies

• The Kingdom of England: Political, Social, and Cultural Transformations
• The Byzantine Empire: Politics, Religion, and Artistic Legacy
• The Kingdom of France: Monarchy, Conflict, and Cultural Flourishing
• The Holy Roman Empire: Structure, Dissolution, and Legacy
• The Iberian Peninsula: Reconquista, Kingdoms, and Cultural Exchange
• The Italian City-States: Artistic Renaissance and Political Dynamics
• The Kingdom of Scotland: Independence, Wars, and Cultural Identity
• The Nordic Countries: Viking Age, Norse Mythology, and Scandinavian Influence
• The Crusader States: Kingdoms in the Levant and Interactions with the Muslim World
• The Papal States: Power, Influence, and Religious Authority

This comprehensive list of medieval history research paper topics covers various aspects of political, cultural, religious, military, economic, intellectual, social, artistic, scientific, and regional history. Students are presented with a wide range of intriguing subjects to choose from, allowing them to explore and analyze different facets of the medieval era. Whether delving into the intricacies of political power, examining the influence of chivalry and knighthood, or unraveling the mysteries of medieval art and architecture, these topics offer a wealth of opportunities for engaging and enlightening research papers.

Medieval History: Exploring the Time of Knights, Castles, and Crusades

The medieval period, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, holds a special place in history as a time of profound societal change, cultural transformation, and iconic imagery. It was an era marked by the rise and fall of empires, the flourishing of art and architecture, the clash of religions, and the advent of chivalry and knighthood. Understanding medieval history provides a fascinating glimpse into a world of castles and cathedrals, knights and peasants, and epic quests for power and glory.

One of the remarkable aspects of medieval history is the sheer diversity of topics it encompasses. From political intrigues and military campaigns to religious upheavals and economic transformations, there is a vast array of research paper topics that offer students the opportunity to delve into this captivating period. Exploring medieval history allows us to unravel the stories of kings and queens, explore the everyday lives of ordinary people, and examine the intellectual and cultural developments that shaped the course of history.

One of the key areas of interest in medieval history is political history. The medieval world was characterized by a complex web of political structures, including feudalism, monarchy, and the rise of city-states. Research papers in this area could delve into topics such as the power struggles between monarchs and nobles, the impact of the Magna Carta on the concept of constitutionalism, or the influence of the Crusades on European politics and diplomacy.

Cultural history is another fascinating aspect of the medieval period. From the awe-inspiring cathedrals of Gothic architecture to the illuminations of medieval manuscripts, the cultural achievements of this era continue to captivate scholars and enthusiasts alike. Exploring topics such as the role of women in medieval society, the development of courtly love in literature, or the influence of Islamic culture on European art provides a deeper understanding of the rich cultural tapestry of the time.

Religion played a central role in medieval society, and the interplay between different religious beliefs and institutions shaped the course of history. Research papers on religious history could explore topics such as the impact of the Crusades on Christian-Muslim relations, the rise of heretical movements and the Inquisition, or the role of monasticism in preserving knowledge and scholarship.

Military history is another prominent area of study within medieval history. The image of knights in shining armor, jousting tournaments, and epic battles captures the imagination. Research papers could focus on topics such as the strategies and tactics employed during key battles, the influence of castles and fortifications on warfare, or the impact of the Mongol invasions on European military practices.

Economic history offers insight into the economic systems and developments of the medieval period. Research papers could delve into topics such as the growth of trade and commerce, the role of guilds in regulating and advancing specific industries, or the impact of the Black Death on the economic landscape.

Intellectual history in the medieval period witnessed the rise of scholasticism, the pursuit of knowledge, and the development of universities. Research papers could explore topics such as the influence of medieval philosophy on later intellectual movements, the role of monastic libraries in preserving and disseminating knowledge, or the emergence of vernacular literature and its impact on cultural identity.

The social history of the medieval period provides a lens through which to examine the lives of ordinary people. Research papers could focus on topics such as the role of women, the lives of peasants, or the impact of epidemics such as the Black Death on society and demographics.

Art and architecture flourished during the medieval period, leaving behind magnificent cathedrals, sculptures, and illuminated manuscripts. Research papers in this area could explore topics such as the architectural innovations of Gothic cathedrals, the symbolism in medieval art, or the techniques and materials used in manuscript illumination.

The scientific and technological advances of the medieval period also deserve attention. Research papers could delve into topics such as the developments in astronomy and astrology, the impact of the printing press on the dissemination of knowledge, or the contributions of medieval scholars to the fields of medicine and alchemy.

Finally, regional studies provide a unique perspective on the medieval period, showcasing the distinct characteristics and events of specific regions. Research papers could focus on topics such as the Norman Conquest of England, the Byzantine Empire, or the Kingdom of Scotland.

In conclusion, the medieval period offers a captivating journey into a world of knights, castles, and crusades. The wide range of research paper topics available allows students to explore different aspects of medieval history, shedding light on the political, cultural, religious, military, economic, intellectual, social, artistic, scientific, and regional dynamics of the time. By engaging with these topics, students can develop a deeper understanding of this transformative period in human history and appreciate its lasting impact on the world we live in today.

How to Choose Medieval History Research Paper Topics

Choosing a research paper topic in medieval history can be an exciting yet challenging task. With such a vast and diverse range of subjects to explore, it’s essential to narrow down your focus and select a topic that aligns with your interests and academic goals. Here are ten tips to help you choose a compelling and engaging medieval history research paper topic:

• Identify Your Interests : Start by reflecting on your personal interests within medieval history. Are you drawn to a specific time period, region, or theme? Consider the aspects that intrigue you the most and use them as a starting point for your topic selection.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Begin your journey by conducting preliminary research on broad topics or themes in medieval history. Read books, scholarly articles, and reputable online resources to gain a general understanding of the subject matter and identify potential areas of further exploration.
• Consult Reference Works : Consult reference works such as encyclopedias, handbooks, and historiographies dedicated to medieval history. These resources can provide valuable insights, highlight key topics, and guide you towards specialized areas within the field.
• Engage with Recent Scholarship : Familiarize yourself with the latest research and scholarly debates in medieval history. Stay up-to-date with academic journals, conferences, and reputable websites to identify emerging topics and gaps in the existing scholarship that you can contribute to through your research.
• Consider Chronological and Geographic Factors : The medieval period spans over a thousand years and encompasses a wide range of regions. Narrow down your focus by selecting a specific time period or geographic area that interests you. For example, you could explore the High Middle Ages in Western Europe or the Islamic Golden Age in the Middle East.
• Explore Different Themes and Perspectives : Medieval history offers a rich tapestry of themes and perspectives to explore. Consider topics related to politics, religion, culture, art, society, economy, intellectual developments, or military conflicts. Think about how these themes intersect and influence each other.
• Examine Primary and Secondary Sources : Before finalizing your topic, evaluate the availability of primary and secondary sources. Assess the accessibility of relevant manuscripts, chronicles, letters, legal documents, archaeological artifacts, and other primary materials that can support your research.
• Consult with Your Advisor : Seek guidance from your academic advisor or professor. They can provide valuable insights, suggest potential topics based on their expertise, and help you refine your research question to ensure it aligns with the requirements of your assignment.
• Consider Comparative Studies : Explore the possibility of conducting comparative studies within medieval history. By comparing different regions, cultures, or time periods, you can analyze similarities, differences, and patterns that shed light on broader historical phenomena.
• Brainstorm and Refine : Take time to brainstorm ideas, create mind maps, or engage in discussions with peers and professors. Refine your topic by narrowing it down to a specific research question or thesis statement that is manageable within the scope of your research paper.

In conclusion, choosing a medieval history research paper topic requires careful consideration and exploration of your interests, available sources, and scholarly discourse. By following these ten tips, you can find a topic that ignites your passion, offers academic value, and allows you to make a unique contribution to the field of medieval history. Remember to select a topic that challenges you intellectually and aligns with the guidelines and objectives of your research paper assignment.

How to Write a Medieval History Research Paper

Writing a research paper on medieval history can be a rewarding and enlightening experience. It allows you to delve into the rich tapestry of the past, explore fascinating events and figures, and contribute to the scholarly understanding of the medieval period. To help you navigate the writing process, here are ten tips for crafting an engaging and well-researched medieval history research paper:

• Understand the Assignment : Familiarize yourself with the assignment guidelines, requirements, and expectations. Clarify any questions you have with your professor to ensure that you meet all the necessary criteria.
• Develop a Clear Thesis Statement : Formulate a clear and concise thesis statement that articulates the main argument or research question of your paper. Your thesis will provide a guiding framework for your research and analysis.
• Conduct In-Depth Research : Engage in thorough research to gather relevant and reliable sources. Explore primary sources such as manuscripts, chronicles, letters, and secondary sources such as books, articles, and scholarly journals. Evaluate the credibility and scholarly reputation of the sources you use.
• Organize Your Thoughts : Create an outline or a structured plan that outlines the main sections and subtopics of your research paper. This will help you maintain a logical flow of ideas and ensure that your arguments are well-organized.
• Analyze and Interpret Sources : When analyzing primary and secondary sources, critically evaluate their content, context, and bias. Look for patterns, themes, and arguments that emerge from your research and use them to support your thesis statement.
• Provide Historical Context : Situate your research within its historical context by providing background information on the time period, events, and individuals you are studying. Help your readers understand the significance of your topic in relation to the broader historical narrative.
• Incorporate Multiple Perspectives : Explore diverse perspectives and interpretations of the medieval period. Engage with different schools of thought, scholarly debates, and varying viewpoints to present a comprehensive and nuanced analysis of your topic.
• Use Proper Citation and Referencing : Ensure that you properly cite and reference all sources used in your research paper. Follow the citation style guidelines specified by your professor, whether it’s APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, or another format.
• Craft Engaging and Coherent Writing : Write clearly and concisely, using academic language appropriate for your discipline. Develop well-structured paragraphs that flow logically from one idea to the next. Use transitions to connect different sections of your paper.
• Revise and Edit : Set aside time for thorough revision and editing of your research paper. Review your work for clarity, coherence, grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. Ensure that your arguments are well-supported and that your paper adheres to the required formatting guidelines.

In conclusion, writing a medieval history research paper requires careful planning, extensive research, and effective communication of your findings. By following these ten tips, you can craft a well-written and compelling paper that demonstrates your knowledge of the subject matter and contributes to the field of medieval history. Remember to allow yourself enough time for research, writing, and revision, and seek feedback from professors or peers to enhance the quality of your work.

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Open Yale Courses

You are here, the early middle ages, 284–1000.

Major developments in the political, social, and religious history of Western Europe from the accession of Diocletian to the feudal transformation. Topics include the conversion of Europe to Christianity, the fall of the Roman Empire, the rise of Islam and the Arabs, the “Dark Ages,” Charlemagne and the Carolingian renaissance, and the Viking and Hungarian invasions.

This Yale College course, taught on campus two times per week for 50 minutes, was recorded for Open Yale Courses in Fall 2011.

Central Texts

Charlemagne’s Courtier: The Complete Einhard . ed. Paul Edward Dutton, Broadview Press, 1998.

Gregory of Tours: The Merovingians . ed. Alexander Callander Murray, Broadview Press, 2006.

Procopius, The Secret History . ed. Richard Atwater, University of Michigan Press, 1961.

Wickham, Chris, The Inheritance of Rome: A History of Europe from 400 to 1000 . Viking, 2009.

Richards, Julian, The Vikings: A Very Short History. Oxford University Press, 2005.

Course Packet

Augustine, Confessions , ed. James Joseph O’Donnell. Oxford University Press, 1992.

Berkey, Jonathan Porter, The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Brown, Peter, The World of Late Antiquity: AD 150-750 . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

The Burgundian Code: Book of Constitutions or Law of Gundobad , ed. Katherine Fischer Drew. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.

Fichtenau, Heinrich, The Carolingian Empire. Blackwelll, 1957.

Jones, A.H.M., Constantine and the Conversion of Europe . English Universities Press, 1948.

Rule of St. Benedict, ed. Ruth J. Dean. Blackwell, 1964.

Short paper, mid-term exam, and long research paper.

Short paper: 20% Mid-term exam: 30% Long research paper: 40%

This Open Yale Course is accompanied by a book published by Yale University Press.

Introduction to the Middle Ages

The Lindisfarne Gospels , left: Saint Matthew, portrait page (25v); right: Saint Matthew, cross-carpet page (26v), c. 700 (Northumbria), 340 x 250 mm ( British Library , Cotton MS Nero D IV)

The dark ages?

So much of what the average person knows, or thinks they know, about the Middle Ages comes from film and tv. When I polled a group of well-educated friends on Facebook, they told me that the word “medieval” called to mind Monty Python and the Holy Grail, Blackadder, The Sword in the Stone, lusty wenches, feasting, courtly love, the plague, jousting and chain mail.

Perhaps someone who had seen (or better yet read) The Name of the Rose or Pillars of the Earth would add cathedrals, manuscripts, monasteries, feudalism, monks and friars.

Petrarch, an Italian poet and scholar of the fourteenth century, famously referred to the period of time between the fall of the Roman Empire (c. 476) and his own day (c. 1330s) as the Dark Ages. Petrarch believed that the Dark Ages was a period of intellectual darkness due to the loss of the classical learning, which he saw as light. Later historians picked up on this idea and ultimately the term Dark Ages was transformed into Middle Ages. Broadly speaking, the Middle Ages is the period of time in Europe between the end of antiquity in the fifth century and the Renaissance , or rebirth of classical learning, in the fifteenth century and sixteenth centuries.

North Transept Rose Window, c. 1235, Chartres Cathedral , France (photo: Dr. Steven Zucker , CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

Not so dark after all

Characterizing the Middle Ages as a period of darkness falling between two greater, more intellectually significant periods in history is misleading. The Middle Ages was not a time of ignorance and backwardness, but rather a period during which Christianity flourished in Europe. Christianity, and specifically Catholicism in the Latin West, brought with it new views of life and the world that rejected the traditions and learning of the ancient world.

During this time, the Roman Empire slowly fragmented into many smaller political entities. The geographical boundaries for European countries today were established during the Middle Ages. This was a period that heralded the formation and rise of universities, the establishment of the rule of law, numerous periods of ecclesiastical reform and the birth of the tourism industry. Many works of medieval literature, such as the Canterbury Tales, the Divine Comedy, and The Song of Roland, are widely read and studied today.

The visual arts prospered during Middles Ages, which created its own aesthetic values. The wealthiest and most influential members of society commissioned cathedrals, churches, sculpture, painting, textiles, manuscripts, jewelry and ritual items from artists. Many of these commissions were religious in nature but medieval artists also produced secular art. Few names of artists survive and fewer documents record their business dealings, but they left behind an impressive legacy of art and culture.

When I polled the same group of friends about the word “Byzantine,” many struggled to come up with answers. Among the better ones were the song “Istanbul (Not Constantinople)” sung by They Might Be Giants, crusades, things that are too complex (like the tax code or medical billing), Hagia Sophia, the poet Yeats, mosaics, monks, and icons. Unlike Western Europe in the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire is not romanticized in television and film.

Approximate boundaries of the Byzantine Empire, mid-6th century (underlying map © Google)

In the medieval West, the Roman Empire fragmented, but in the Byzantine East, it remained a strong, centrally-focused political entity. Byzantine emperors ruled from Constantinople, which they thought of as the New Rome. Constantinople housed Hagia Sophia , one of the world’s largest churches, and was a major center of artistic production.

Isidore of Miletus & Anthemius of Tralles for Emperor Justinian, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, 532–37 (photo: Steven Zucker , CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

The Byzantine Empire experienced two periods of Iconoclasm (730–787 and 814–842), when images and image-making were problematic. Iconoclasm left a visible legacy on Byzantine art because it created limits on what artists could represent and how those subjects could be represented. Byzantine Art is broken into three periods. Early Byzantine or Early Christian art begins with the earliest extant Christian works of art c. 250 and ends with the end of Iconoclasm in 842. Middle Byzantine art picks up at the end of Iconoclasm and extends to the sack of Constantinople by Latin Crusaders in 1204. Late Byzantine art was made between the sack of Constantinople and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

In the European West, Medieval art is often broken into smaller periods. These date ranges vary by location.

Additional resources:

Smarthistory’s free Guide to Byzantine Art e-book

Art and Death in the Middle Ages on The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History)

Byzantium from The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Icons and Iconoclasm on The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Classical Antiquity in the Middle Ages, The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Hagia Sophia on The Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:

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Professor Whalen’s Medieval Research Page

At the start of a research paper, rather than “forming a thesis” or an argument, really what you’re doing is “asking a question.” After all, how can you form a proper argument  before  you’ve read the materials?

Let’s say that you’re interested in the First Crusade and Christian attitudes toward Muslims. What you are essentially asking is a basic research question: What was the importance of the First Crusade for Christian attitudes toward Muslims? How did the crusade change (or not) Christian views of Islam? From here, you might develop an entire set of related questions: How did Christians view Islam before the First Crusade? Did the clergy on the crusade view Muslims in a different way from the laity? Did crusader views of Muslims inform their perceptions of other non-Christians, such as Jews?

To find some answers, you might investigate some Christian chronicles of the First Crusade. Unless you know Latin, you’ll need to read them in translation. Thus the search begins.

Reference Works(Davis Library Reference Section)

Dictionary of the Middle Ages.  Ed. Strayer. 13 vols. 1982–1988. D114 .D5 1982

Encyclopedia of Early Christianity.  Ed. Ferguson. 2 vols. 1997. BR162.2 .E53 1997

Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages.  Ed. Vauchez. 2 vols. 2000. CB351 .E53 2000

Women in the Middle Ages.  Ed. Wilson and Margolis. 2004. HQ1143 .W643 2004

You might also start out by looking at a survey of your topic. In this case, for example, you could find a lot of basic information in Jonathan-Riley Smith,  The Crusades:A Short History  (New Haven, 1987).

Medieval Sources in Translation (Davis Library Stacks)

• Author’s name (Guibert of Nogent / Fulcher of Chartres / etc.)
• Genre (e.g. sermons / chronicles / theology / apologetics / polemics / etc.)
• Subject (e.g. crusades / predestination / resurrection / marriage / etc.)
• Series titles (Medieval Texts and Studies / Medieval Texts in Translation / Oxford Medieval Texts / Crusade Texts in Translation / etc.)
• Some helpful tags: early works to 1800 / sources / translated / translation / English

If you’re searching for primary sources, you might also try the following site at Fordham, the Medieval Sources Bibliography .

After clicking on “Search the Site,” pay special attention to the search parameters: If you already know the name of your author (e.g. Guibert of Nogent), you can search that way. Be sure to click on the box “Translated into English.” There is an option to limit your dates (for example, onoy primary sources written between the years 1000–1200); and a menu for Subject Headings (which includes the Crusades).

Finally, there are two somewhat dated bibliographies of English sources in translation, both available in the David stacks:

Farrar, Clarissa Palmer. Bibliography of English translations from medieval sources. New York, Columbia university press, 1946. Z6517.F3 c. 2 Ferguson, Mary Anne. Bibliography of English translations from medieval sources, 1943–1967. Series: Records of civilization, sources and studies ; no. 88. New York, Columbia University Press, 1974. Z6517.F47. Finally, one can get started searching for sources consulting the Medieval Internet Sourcebook, which includes citations to print versions of the primary sources on the website (typically, in my assignments, students cannot rely exclusively on the Medieval Internet Sourcebook, but it might get you started in your hunt).

Search Engines for Scholarly Articles

The International Medieval Bibliography (IMB): a top-notch search engine for secondary literature, updated to include all but the most recent articles. NOTE: unlike JSTOR, the site does not include actual articles, but provides citations that will need to be tracked down in Davis Library. In terms of content, this site is far superior to JSTOR. Access the IMB via the Electronic Resources section on the Davis Library homepage.

Bibliography of the History of Art: similar to the IMB, but for art history. Also accessed through the Electronic Resources section on the Davis Library homepage.

Feminae – Medieval Women’s and Gender Index: search engine and resources with an emphasis on women’s and gender history.

L’Année philologique: search engine for secondary literature dealing with the patristic era and early Christianity, materials too early for the IMB. Also accessed through the Electronic Resources section on the Davis Library homepage. When using, start with the “full text” search mode (essential a k-word search option).

Again, be patient! If you search for “Guibert of Nogent” on the IMB in the “all index terms” line, you get zero hits. If you type “Nogent,” you get 134 hits. If you type “Nogent” and “crusade” in the subject line, you get 12 hits. If you look closely at the entries for those citations, you’ll see that the IMB generally lists his name as “Guibert de Nogent.” Now try that search in the “all index terms.” While “Guibert of Nogent” results in zero hits, “Guibert de Nogent” yields 105.

Please note: these sites do not include articles, just citations. Sometimes there is a link to the digital version of the text, sometimes not. If not, you need to find the volume or journal in the Davis library by searching the Davis catalog. JSTOR, of course, can be helpful and includes actual Pdf files of the articles, but JSTOR only offers a limited selection of the possible scholarship. Trust me—JSTOR does not cover all of your bases for a research paper.

Online Resources

The Internet simply has not supplanted the library as a source for research projects, not yet anyway. That’s why I generally forbid my students from using Internet resources for their research papers. However, it would be foolish not to admit that the Internet provides a possible starting point and source of inspiration for formulating research questions and finding materials. Not to mention, it’s convenient. Some helpful sites:

UNC Libraries Guide to Medieval & Early Modern Studies Online: If you want to explore resources beyond this homepage, this would be a good starting point.

The Labyrinth : A vast online resource at Georgetown with links to numerous other websites, including secondary literature and sources in translation.

Internet Medieval Sourcebook: An extensive site of sources in translation, often from older (frankly outdated) collections (with links to online Ancient History, Women’s History, Saints Lives Sourcebooks and more). Offers a starting point for research but NOT appropriate for your average research paper.

The Douay-Rheims Bible : If you’re using a Bible for a medieval paper, use this one, which includes both English and the Vulgate Latin text.

Christian Classics Ethereal Library : Collection of sources in translation for early Christian history, many from the Ante-Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (see above under Early Christian Sources in Translation).

This style sheet provides simplified examples of the format used for annotation and bibliographies in the Chicago Manual of Style.

Annotation Format

Book (Primary Source)

Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. E. H. McNeal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936).

Book (Secondary Source)

Peter Brown, The Cult of Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

Article, Journal

Peter Brown, “A Dark-Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy,” English Historical Review 88 (1973): 1–34.

Article, Edited Volume

Robert Lerner, “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath,” in The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, ed. Bernard McGinn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 234–55.

Note: Please use the “article, edited volume” format for a primary source that is translated and excerpted in a source-book or collection of primary source documents, including the medieval author and the title of their work, along with the title of the source collection, the modern editor and/or translator, publisher, date, etc. If your medieval work does not have an author, list the author as “anonymous,” and be sure to include the editor and/or translator of the text.

Citations should be in footnotes (not endnotes or internal citation). Footnotes should be consecutively numbered. Insert footnotes at the end of the sentence in question (using the “reference” option on the menu for Word documents). Cite a work the first time that you make any reference to it (including but not limited to direct quotations), providing a full citation of the work. Subsequent references to that work such use an abbreviated form of citation. Provide page numbers when quoting a source, or even when summarizing an important point from the text (play it safe and cite more rather than less).

AVOID multiple notes per sentence, and place notes at the end of the sentence.

For example:

Bibliography Format

When applicable, divide your bibliography into two sections, one for primary sources and one for secondary sources. PLEASE PAY ATTENTION TO THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FORMAT FOR ANNOTATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES.

Follow this example:

Primary Sources

Robert of Clari. The Conquest of Constantinople. Trans. E. H. McNeal. New York: Columbia University Press, 1936.

Secondary Sources

Brown, Peter. The Cult of Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

Brown, Peter. “A Dark-Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy.” English Historical Review 88 (1973): 1–34.

Lerner, Robert. “The Medieval Return to the Thousand-Year Sabbath.” In The Apocalypse in the Middle Ages, ed. Bernard McGinn, 234–55. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.

NOTE: As a rule of thumb, provide your reader with more and not less information: Include volume numbers, edition numbers, editors and translators etc. Precise formats for more complicated works can be found in the Chicago Manual of Style.

The Bible does not have to be included in your Bibliography. In your text, you can use standard biblical abbreviations and internal citation (2 Thess. 4:3; Gen. 14:13–25, etc.).

If you use JSTOR, please don’t include the link in your citation or bibliography: this is simply not necessary. The original journal is the “real” citation.

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Middle Ages

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 6, 2023 | Original: April 22, 2010

People use the phrase “Middle Ages” to describe Europe between the fall of Rome in 476 CE and the beginning of the Renaissance in the 14th century. Many scholars call the era the “medieval period” instead; “Middle Ages,” they say, incorrectly implies that the period is an insignificant blip sandwiched between two much more important epochs.

The Middle Ages: Birth of an Idea

The phrase “Middle Ages” tells us more about the Renaissance that followed it than it does about the era itself. Starting around the 14th century, European thinkers, writers and artists began to look back and celebrate the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome . Accordingly, they dismissed the period after the fall of Rome as a “Middle” or even “Dark” age in which no scientific accomplishments had been made, no great art produced, no great leaders born. The people of the Middle Ages had squandered the advancements of their predecessors, this argument went, and mired themselves instead in what 18th-century English historian Edward Gibbon called “barbarism and religion.”

Did you know? Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as the "Black Death" (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent’s population. It was especially deadly in cities, where it was impossible to prevent the transmission of the disease from one person to another.

This way of thinking about the era in the “middle” of the fall of Rome and the rise of the Renaissance prevailed until relatively recently. However, today’s scholars note that the era was as complex and vibrant as any other.

The Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

After the fall of Rome, no single state or government united the people who lived on the European continent. Instead, the Catholic Church became the most powerful institution of the medieval period. Kings, queens and other leaders derived much of their power from their alliances with and protection of the Church.

In 800 CE, for example, Pope Leo III named the Frankish king Charlemagne the “Emperor of the Romans”–the first since that empire’s fall more than 300 years before. Over time, Charlemagne’s realm became the Holy Roman Empire, one of several political entities in Europe whose interests tended to align with those of the Church.

Ordinary people across Europe had to “tithe” 10 percent of their earnings each year to the Church; at the same time, the Church was mostly exempt from taxation. These policies helped it to amass a great deal of money and power.

The Middle Ages: The Rise of Islam

Meanwhile, the Islamic world was growing larger and more powerful. After the prophet Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Muslim armies conquered large parts of the Middle East, uniting them under the rule of a single caliph. At its height, the medieval Islamic world was more than three times bigger than all of Christendom.

Under the caliphs, great cities such as Cairo, Baghdad and Damascus fostered a vibrant intellectual and cultural life. Poets, scientists and philosophers wrote thousands of books (on paper, a Chinese invention that had made its way into the Islamic world by the 8th century). Scholars translated Greek, Iranian and Indian texts into Arabic. Inventors devised technologies like the pinhole camera, soap, windmills, surgical instruments, and an early flying machine. And religious scholars and mystics translated, interpreted and taught the Quran and other scriptural texts to people across the Middle East.

The Crusades

Toward the end of the 11th century, the Catholic Church began to authorize military expeditions, or Crusades , to expel Muslim “infidels” from the Holy Land. Crusaders, who wore red crosses on their coats to advertise their status, believed that their service would guarantee the remission of their sins and ensure that they could spend all eternity in Heaven. (They also received more worldly rewards, such as papal protection of their property and forgiveness of some kinds of loan payments.)

The Crusades began in 1095, when Pope Urban summoned a Christian army to fight its way to Jerusalem , and continued on and off until the end of the 15th century. In 1099, Christian armies captured Jerusalem from Muslim control, and groups of pilgrims from across Western Europe started visiting the Holy Land. Many of them, however, were robbed and killed as they crossed through Muslim-controlled territories during their journey.

Around 1118, a French knight named Hugues de Payens created a military order along with eight relatives and acquaintances that became the Knights Templar , and they won the eventual support of the pope and a reputation for being fearsome fighters. The Fall of Acre in 1291 marked the destruction of the last remaining Crusader refuge in the Holy Land, and Pope Clement V dissolved the Knights Templar in 1312.

No one “won” the Crusades; in fact, many thousands of people from both sides lost their lives. They did make ordinary Catholics across Christendom feel like they had a common purpose, and they inspired waves of religious enthusiasm among people who might otherwise have felt alienated from the official Church. They also exposed Crusaders to Islamic literature, science and technology–exposure that would have a lasting effect on European intellectual life.

The Middle Ages: Art and Architecture

Another way to show devotion to the Church was to build grand cathedrals and other ecclesiastical structures such as monasteries. Cathedrals were the largest buildings in medieval Europe, and they could be found at the center of towns and cities across the continent.

Between the 10th and 13th centuries, most European cathedrals were built in the Romanesque style. Romanesque cathedrals are solid and substantial: They have rounded masonry arches and barrel vaults supporting the roof, thick stone walls and few windows. (Examples of Romanesque architecture include the Porto Cathedral in Portugal and the Speyer Cathedral in present-day Germany.)

Around 1200, church builders began to embrace a new architectural style, known as the Gothic. Gothic structures, such as the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis in France and the rebuilt Canterbury Cathedral in England, have huge stained-glass windows, pointed vaults and pointed arches (a technology perfected in in the Islamic world), and spires and flying buttresses. In contrast to heavy Romanesque buildings, Gothic architecture seems to be almost weightless. Medieval religious art took other forms as well. Frescoes and mosaics decorated church interiors, and artists painted devotional images of the Virgin Mary, Jesus and the saints.

Also, before the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, even books were works of art. Craftsmen in monasteries (and later in universities) created illuminated manuscripts: handmade sacred and secular books with colored illustrations, gold and silver lettering and other adornments. Convents were one of the few places women could receive a higher education , and nuns wrote, translated, and illuminated manuscripts as well. In the 12th century, urban booksellers began to market smaller illuminated manuscripts, like books of hours, psalters and other prayer books, to wealthy individuals.

Did You Know? Juliana Morell, a 17th-century Spanish Dominican nun, is believed to be the first woman in the Western world to earn a university degree.

Chivalry and courtly love were celebrated in stories and songs spread by troubadours. Some of medieval literature’s most famous stories include “The Song of Roland” and “The Song of Hildebrand.” 

The Black Death

Between 1347 and 1350, a mysterious disease known as the " Black Death " (the bubonic plague) killed some 20 million people in Europe—30 percent of the continent’s population. It was especially deadly in cities, where it was impossible to prevent the transmission of the disease from one person to another.

The plague started in Europe in October 1347, when 12 ships from the Black Sea docked at the Sicilian port of Messina. Most sailors aboard the ships were dead, and those who were alive were covered in black boils that oozed blood and pus. Symptoms of the Black Death included fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, terrible aches and pains – and then death. Victims could go to bed feeling healthy and be dead by morning.

The plague killed cows, pigs, goats, chickens and even sheep, leading to a wool shortage in Europe. Understandably terrified about the mysterious disease, some people of the Middle Ages believed the plague was a divine punishment for sin. To obtain forgiveness, some people became “flagellants,” traveling Europe to put on public displays of penance that could include whipping and beating one another. Others turned on their neighbors, purging people they believed to be heretics. Thousands of Jews were murdered between 1348 and 1349, while others fled to less populated areas of Eastern Europe.

Today, scientists know the plague was caused by a bacillus called Yersina pestis , which travels through the air and can also be contracted through the bite of an infected flea . 

The Middle Ages: Economics and Society

In medieval Europe, rural life was governed by a system scholars call “feudalism.” In a feudal society, the king granted large pieces of land called fiefs to noblemen and bishops. Landless peasants known as serfs did most of the work on the fiefs: They planted and harvested crops and gave most of the produce to the landowner. In exchange for their labor, they were allowed to live on the land. They were also promised protection in case of enemy invasion.

During the 11th century, however, feudal life began to change. Agricultural innovations such as the heavy plow and three-field crop rotation made farming more efficient and productive, so fewer farm workers were needed–but thanks to the expanded and improved food supply, the population grew. As a result, more and more people were drawn to towns and cities. Meanwhile, the Crusades had expanded trade routes to the East and given Europeans a taste for imported goods such as wine, olive oil and luxurious textiles. As the commercial economy developed, port cities in particular thrived. By 1300, there were some 15 cities in Europe with a population of more than 50,000.

In these cities, a new era was born: the Renaissance. The Renaissance was a time of great intellectual and economic change, but it was not a complete “rebirth”: It had its roots in the world of the Middle Ages.

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The Middle Ages - Medieval History 7: Research Topics

• Research Topics

1. Children's Crusade

Your name is Daniel of Cloyes. In 1212 AD you embarked on the fifth crusade to“capture” Jerusalem but ended up in Egypt. It was also known as the Children’s Crusade. Out of 30,000 crusading children, you were one of the few who returned home. All of your relatives and neighbors have gathered to hear your adventures. You must tell them the truth as you witnessed it. Describe your reasons for joining the Crusade, your observations and experiences on the crusade, and the results of the crusade.      

• Medieval Sourcebook: The Children's Crusade
• Medieval Sourcebook; The Crusades
• The Children's Crusades

2. Anna Comnena

Most histories of the Crusades tend to focus on the Crusaders themselves without thought of the people whose lands were invaded and cities destroyed. Anna Comnena (also called Anna Komnene) was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor and was living in Constantinople when the First Crusade came through the city. She wrote a book entitled The Alexiad , which described her father’s reign that detailed her reactions to the Crusaders. Describe Anna to your classmates based on her opinions and writings, focusing on her thoughts and observations of the Crusades and the crusaders. 

• Women in World History: Anna Comnena
• Dangerous Women: Anna Komnene
• Ancient History Encyclopedia: Anna Komnene

4. Apprenticeship

The son of a very progressive man, you have been given a choice that many medieval youth do not receive. You have been allowed to decide which trade you would like to pursue and must decide to whom you will apprentice. You narrowed your options down to becoming a mason, a fuller, a shoemaker, or a baker. Investigate the process of medieval apprenticeship, the life and duties of an apprentice, and the role of guilds in medieval society.  Research the trades you are considering and chose which one you wish to pursue.

Present your findings and your final decision to your father (and the class). 

• Medieval England: Daily Life in Medieval Towns
• Medieval Guilds
• The Rise of Commerce and Towns
• Medieval Trades
• The Middle Ages: Tradesmen

5. Universities

Your Uncle Bartholomew has offered to pay for you to attend a university. Write your kind uncle four or more letters that keep him informed about the following topics: 

• The culture and reputation of your university.  Have there been any riots? Is it considered “party school”?
• The subject/curriculum you are studying
• Your typical day as a student
• Some of the more famous scholars and their publications in law, medicine, mathematics and philosophy that you are studying. Be sure to include some Muslim and Jewish scholars like Avicenna, Averroes, and Maimonides.
• Medieval Science, the Church, and Universities
• University of Cambridge: The Medieval University
• Medieval University - The Medievalists The video at the top of this article offers a nice overview.
• The Rise of Universities

6. Medicine and the Humors

As a child you were fascinated by the art of medicine because it combined elements of faith and the physical aspects of healing. You have decided to attend medical school in Salerno, Italy because they practice the latest advances in Arab medicine. After your first semester, you pay a visit to your family. Everyone is interested to know about the latest developments for healing people. In your conversations with your parents, be sure to tell them about the following:

• the theory of the humors
• the importance of Muslim scholarship and medical advances
• examples of treatments for a few diseases
• Middle Ages Health Click 'Enter' and then click 'Health' from the topics menu along the right side of the screen.
• Medicine, Diagnosis, and Treatment in the Middle Ages
• Medieval Medicine
• The Science Museum: Humours
• Arab Roots of European Medicine
• The Islamic World in the Middle Ages This quick overview includes examples of Muslim advances in medicines and their influence on European medicine at the time -- scroll down a bit to find it!

7. The Black Death

During the years of the Black Death, one quarter to one third of the entire European population perished.  Villages turned into ghost towns.  The whole fabric of society was altered.  Create a documentary film about the impact of the plague on Medieval society.  In your film, you should explore: the cause and spread of the plague, the disease's major symptoms and any possible treatments or preventative measures used, and the wider effects of the plague on society. 

• Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe
• The Black Death: Bubonic Plague
• Eyewitness to History: Plague
• The Black Death and Early Public Health Measures

8. Medieval English Fashion

You have been hired to design costumes for the new movie Quest set in the England of 1250. Your job is to create original, accurate costumes for the main characters including: Eleanor, the young and beautiful noblewoman; William, the nobleman to whom she is betrothed; Stephen, the crusader secretly in love with Eleanor; Hilda, the middle class gossip; and Rufus, the elderly serf. You must then present sketches of your designs to the producers (your classmates), offering background information on clothing in the Middle Ages and explanations defending the historical accuracy of your costumes. Your costume plans should include hairstyles and hats or headpieces for each character. 

• Costumes and courtiers: garments and fashion ideas in late medieval Western Europe
• Medieval Clothing and Fabrics
• Middle Ages Clothing Click 'Enter" and then click on 'Clothing' from the menu along the right side of the page.
• Clothes in Medieval England

9. Falconry

After many years as Lord Falconer, the King has given you an assistant to help you prepare for an upcoming hawking festival. Unfortunately, your assistant is unacquainted with falconry. Explain the process, equipment, and skills involved in training a falcon to hunt and the historical significance of falconry.    

• Ancient & Medieval Falconry: Origins & Functions in Medieval England
• Medieval Hunting History
• Medieval Falconry: Birds and Lovebirds
• Leisure in an English Medieval Castle

You’re a wandering minstrel from the 13 th century who has been traveled through time to modern-day England.  Even though the world is now a strange and confusing place, you just can’t give up your minstrel ways.  But new advances in technology now allow your music to reach a large audience without having to hike all across the country by foot.  You’re going to create a podcast  to share your music. In your broadcast, you want to be sure to include samples of all the different kinds of music ( plainchant, polyphonic and monophonic) from the Middle Ages.

You might also discuss:

• the importance of this music to your former culture.
• the difference between music heard in churches and the type of music you sing
• the difference between a jongleur, a minstrel, a bard and a troubadour like yourself?
• the difference between your music and the music of today
• Medieval and Renaissance Music
• A Guide to Medieval and Renaissance Musical Instruments
• The Middle Ages Arts and Entertainment
• A Short History of Medieval Music

11. Gardening

In your role of head gardener, you have been told to plan a new garden for the lord of the manor’s house. The lord has asked that you include some medicinal plants to help with his aches and pains and his wife wishes you to include culinary herbs. Draw up a design to present to the lord and explain why you have chosen the plants you did. Include images of at least two plants you have chosen to grow in the lord’s new garden in your presentation.

• The Bonnefort Cloister Herb Garden
• Design: The Medieval Garden Style
• Medieval gardens: Middle Ages to 1500
• What to Grow in a Medieval Herb Garden

Feasts in the Middle Ages were a celebratory time for all, but they could also prove to be a lot of work! As the Chief Cook of the castle, you are responsible for preparing feasts for various holidays. Choose one of these important feast days: Twelfth Night, St. Valentines Day, or St. John’s Day, often called Mid-Summer’s Eve. Give a brief background of the holiday and create an annotated menu for a party. Present your feast proposal along with a taste of one of the dishes for the class.

• Medieval and Renaissance Food
• Dining in State: A High Cuisine Guide
• Medieval Feast
• Medieval Food

13. Illuminated Manuscripts

 You are a curator at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.  You are preparing a new exhibit focused on illuminated book and manuscript production from different cultures during the Middle Ages.    Investigate the calligraphy and the book/manuscript production processes during the Middle Ages in Western Europe, the Muslim world, and Chinese civilization. Prepare a presentation to introduce your peers to your exhibit and include visual examples of illuminated books and manuscripts from each culture.  

• Illuminated Islamic Manuscript
• Calligraphy in Islamic Art
• Western European Illuminated Manuscripts
• Making Illuminated Manuscripts: Video
• Illuminated Manuscripts
• Manuscript Illumination in Northern Europe
• Chinese Calligraphy
• Center for Global Education: Chinese Calligraphy
• Chinese Calligraphy History

14. Marco Polo

Your name is Marco Polo and you have just returned to Venice after 24 years traveling to distant parts of the world. Your book, The Travels  of Marco Polo has become a best seller and you have been asked to go on a book tour to various Italian towns.    Share highlights and things that were especially wonderful or strange to you, such as a  postal system, coal,   and   paper money.  Be sure to describe your visits with the great Kublai Khan.      

• Excerpts of Marco Polo's Travels
• Marco Polo and His Travels
• Mariners' Museum: Marco Polo

15. The Silk Road

The ancient Silk Road was a vast network of trade routes whose flow of ideas, culture, music and art crossed the mountains and deserts of Central Asia to connect East Asia and the Mediterranean. Your boss is a Chinese silk merchant who has left the business to his son. Before he officially retires, he has hired you to take his son on one trip to experience the wonders, risks, trade, religions, and hardships of the Silk Road.  You decide to give him a guidebook that will provide him with information ahead of time.

Your guidebook should include the following:

• A map of the route that you are to travel.
• Examples of the goods that will be traded along the route.
• Brief descriptions of the different religions that he will encounter.
• Descriptions of some of the sounds, sights, and tastes that he might experience.
• Explanations of dangers that he must avoid such as bandits, extreme weather conditions, and geographic challenges.
• The Secrets of the Silk Road
• The Silk Road
• UNESCO: About the Silk Roads

16. Zheng He

You are are eager recreate the voyages of the infamous Zheng He (San Bao), one of the most successful and admired admirals in the Chinese fleet as it reached the height in 1421.   Investigate Zheng He’s career and travels as well as the events that led to a shift in China’s approach to exploration and contact with the rest of the world. Create a “virtual field trip” that highlights all the important places Zheng He traveled and the key places in China that are significant to Zheng He’s life.  

 Please note: his name is  also spelled as Cheng Ho  in many books and web sites.

• Admiral Zhen He
• Zheng He's Voyages of Discover
• The Ages of Exploration: Zheng He
• The Seven Voyages of Zheng He

17. Tale of Genji

While the people of Europe were warring amongst themselves, literature’s first novel The Tale of Genji, was being written by Murasaki Shikibu, a woman of Japan’s Heian period. Murasaki’s was not the only prominent work written by a female in Japan during this period. Courtly women also wrote “Pillow Books,” similar to diaries, some of which have survived to this day. Imagine you are the famed Murasaki writing an entry in your own “Pillow Book,” discussing the following topics:

• court life for women in the Heian period, including the clothing, music, activities, manner, and living spaces
• the general plot and topics of  The Tale of Genji
• the reasons for  The Tale of Genji' s   popularity
• The Heian Period
• Heian Period Court and Clan
• The Tale of Genji

18. Timbuktu

You are living in the city of Timbuktu during the reign of Mansa Musa (1312 –1337). Write a persuasive letter to your family to convince them to travel across the Sahara Desert to live with you in Timbuktu. In your letter, you might discuss:

• Timbuktu's fame and reputation
• the trade routes passing through Timbuktu and the major waterway nearby
• Timbuktu's major industries
• the major structures and landmarks of the city  
• Exploring Mali
• The Empire of Mali
• Sankore Mosque
• Timbuktu: The El Dorado of Africa

19. Ibn Battuta

You are an established author of historical fiction writing your next novel about Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan explorer and scholar who lived and traveled in the 1300s.  But before you can begin developing plot and character ideas, you need to do more research on your subject.  Investigate:

• Battuta’s reasons for initially leaving his home  
• M ajor cities and landmarks he visited on his journeys  
• C hallenges and  dangers  he faced  
• His methods for funding his travels and gaining access to important people   
• Medieval Sourcebook: Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354
• The Travels of Ibn Battuta
• Ibn Battuta

20. Saladin

One of the greatest known figures in the Middle Ages is Saladin, the  Muslim  warrior who recaptured Jerusalem from the European Crusader Kingdom, effectively ending the 3 rd  great Crusade.  Saladin was a greatly respected figure, not only in the  Muslim  world, but also throughout Europe. He was recognized as a great and honorable enemy by Richard the Lionheart.  Create a video about his life and legacy.    

• Richard and Saladin: Warriors of the Third Crusade

21. Eleanor of Acquitaine

You are auditioning to play Eleanor of Aquitaine in a new miniseries based on her long and fascinating life.  To convince the producers of your commitment and passion for the role, you have decided to research Eleanor’s life and create a special monologue based on your research.  Investigate the major events of Eleanor’s life and gain a sense of her personality. 

Use the results of your research to write a monologue (approximately 500 words in length) from Eleanor’s perspective, reflecting back on her life and sharing with the audience her greatest successes and her failures or regrets.  

• Eleanor of Acquitaine
• The Use of Power and Influence by a Medieval Woman

22. Heloise and Abelard

You are Heloise, one half of the world’s most tragic couples. Many years have passed since you and your beloved Peter Abelard have seen one another, but recently you have gotten your hands on a letter written by Abelard to one of his friends.  You’ve decided to write to Abelard, reflecting on your past together and your current situation as the abbess of a convent.

• Peter Abelard's Historia Calamitatum
• The Letters of Heloise and Abelard (Project Gutenberg)
• Heloise (video by Professor Sara McDougall)
• Epistolae: Heloise Brief bio of Heloise and translations of many of her letters, to Abelard and others.

Databases To Use

To access this database from home, you will need to log in using the following username and password:

Username : ncsstudent Password : student

See the video below for some tips and help from Ms. Dickinson on how to use this database effectively.

• << Previous: Home
• Last Updated: Jan 12, 2024 3:39 PM
• URL: https://ncs-cathedral.libguides.com/middleages

110 Original History Essay Questions: Examples and Topics

When looking for history essay topics, people often think about the world-famous military and political events. However, there is so much more to history than battles and international affairs. Plenty of small but engaging incidents are hiding in plain sight, and yet, people usually miss them.

What are those intriguing aspects?

In this article, our team has prepared a list of interesting history essay questions with examples. They are all about unusual events and historical viewpoints. To help with your academic writing, we divided the article into subheadings. Here, you’ll find topics according to your essay type.

• Top History Topics
• 🔍 Extended Essay
• ✒️ Historiographical Essay
• 📌 Persuasive Essay
• ⚙️ Technology Topics
• 🎶 Music Topics
• 🌄 American History
• 🏰 European History
• 🔥 5 In-Class Essay Tips

🤩 Top 15 History Essay Topics

• Julius Caesar.
• Middle Ages.
• World Wars.
• Holy Inquisition.
• US Independence.
• 20 th Century.
• Bronze Age.
• Thomas Edison.
• Slave Trade.
• Russian Revolution.

💁 Topics for Various Essay Types

There are many types of essays for an academic assignment. It may be a simple short essay or a long structured essay. Each one has its format and rules. Here, we are going to talk about essays that you might have questions about.

🔎 History Extended Essay Topics

An extended essay (EE) is an obligatory part of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP). For an IB diploma, a student should do extensive research. It should be finished with a 4000-word paper.

The extended essay provides practice for undergraduate research. Besides, it gives a chance to explore a topic of personal interest. You may check out some examples in a free essays database to get a reference of how they actually look like. Here, we dive into history EE topics.

• Oldest human settlements according to archeological sources.
• The suffrage movement in the United States of the early XXth century.
• How Dior’s bar suit revolutionized women’s fashion.
• History of Chemistry in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.
• Psychology essay: evolution of treatment for various mental disorders. Psychological methods and medicine.
• Development of black rights following the US Civil War.

• History of physics: from Antiquity to modern times.
• Principles of medieval economics: a historical analysis. Analyze the financial structure in medieval Europe and the Middle East.
• How did industrialization affect global climate change?
• Expansion of traffic jams in China. The root of a problem and China’s solution.
• The effects of capitalism on Caribbean republics. Study the history of capitalism in the Caribbean. What were the effects of plantation produce on their economy?
• The use of sun reflection in the military. A historical analysis of the utilization.
• Analysis of Victorian literature and culture by Carolyn Williams.
• Biology in warfare. The use of biological weapons from Antiquity to modern times.
• A study of malnourishment in African societies. Explore the historical roots of malnutrition in Africa. How did it affect their societies?
• Research question: why Western countries have dominated the world in modern history?
• Otto Skorzeny. How did Nazi Germany’s most effective agent become Mossad’s advisor? Dive in the biography of Otto Skorzeny. Analyze his character and post-war activity.
• The history of visual arts in Christianity. How did religion shape the art of Western civilization?
• Six-Day War of 1967. Examine the strategies of Israel and The United Arab States.
• Imperial Japan in the late period of WWII. Its non-standard means of warfare.

📝 Historiographical Essay Topics

Now, let’s look into another type of essay—a historiographical essay. It analyzes and evaluates how scholars interpret a historical topic. Usually, the essay is problem-centered. So, compare the viewpoints of two or more historians on the same event.

Here you will find good topics for historiographical essays:

• The Soviet internment camps of the Stalin Era.
• What is the classification of a “historical fact?”
• The fate of Japanese Americans during WWII.
• Mongolian aid to the Soviet Union during World War II.
• An analysis of the main areas of historical research.
• What defined a nation’s sovereignty in the XIXth century?
• The activity of Pamela Parsons in the 70s.
• “The Life of the Prophet” by Ibn Hisham.
• The history of Earth: from its formation to modern times. Make detailed research on the history of Earth. Talk about major geophysical and chemical processes. What did impact the Earth’s formation and evolution?
• An argumentative essay. How substantial was the Allies’ aid of “Land Lease” to the USSR in WWII?
• Things to know when studying cultural heritage.
• Processes of detecting historical excavation sites.

📌 History Persuasive Essay Topics

A persuasive essay is a piece of academic writing where you list two or more points of view on a subject. In such a paper, you use facts and logic to support your perspective.

• An argumentative essay on American involvement in WWI. How crucial was it in defeating the German Empire and its allies? Analyze the impact of America’s contribution to WWI.

• Slavery played one of the key roles in Ancient Rome’s rise to power. Discuss the structure of slavery in Ancient Rome. Provide evidence for/against this argument.
• Festivals in India are an essential part of the nation’s identity. Analyze the role of local and national Indian festivals. Did they form identities of different cultural groups?
• Why did the Soviet Union lose the Cold War? Could it be because of its involvement in Afghanistan? Explore the impact of the Soviet-Afghan War on countries of the Warsaw Pact.
• Psychedelic substances allow people to think more creatively. Discuss the effects of different drugs on the human mind. Examine notable cases and experiments with drug testing.
• The presentation of the American Revolution in movies. Research a few pieces of cinematography about the American Revolution. Analyze their historical accuracy.
• Bipolar disorder essay and Vincent Van Gogh. Analyze activity and medical records of Vincent Van Gogh. Give arguments for/against the aforementioned idea.

• Florentine art history. How did the noble patronage of artists contribute to Florentine art? To prove your perspective, examine several famous art patrons of Florence.

⚙ History of Technology Essay Topics

Technology has been the cornerstone of powerful civilizations that moved the world forward. Advancement of technology is a curious phenomenon. It moved at a faster pace with every century of the last millennium.

Here, we will take a look at thought-provoking topics on the history of technology. Besides, you’ll see a few history essay questions on technology.

• Advancement of farming technology in the Bronze Age.
• Technological advancements of Ancient Rome. Discuss Roman technological inventions. How did they impact the world for many centuries?
• Structure of a Roman road. Explain the structure of a Roman road. Discuss how the road system connected the Empire. Did it help to spread Christianity?
• The history of genetically modified food: corporation profits and risks.
• The history of sanitation in Paris. A tale of revolutionary engineering solutions.
• Evolution of heart surgeries.
• The scientific contribution of Dr. Ivan Pavlov to physiology.
• Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and the history of medieval medicine. Talk about Avicenna’s contribution to medicine. How accurate were his thoughts on it?

• The trebuchet: the deadliest siege weapon of Medieval Europe.
• The history of limb surgery: from pirates to modern medicine.
• Japanese experiments on humans during WWII. Did they provide humanity with valuable data on the human organism?
• Naval technology throughout human history. Research military and civic solutions of naval engineering during various periods. Consider Antiquity, Middle Ages, Age of Discovery, Age of Enlightenment, etc.
• Rapid European scientific advancement of the Age of Enlightenment. Why did the advancement of science and technology in Europe increase in the 18-19th centuries?
• History of blimps: strengths and weaknesses.
• First computers of WWII. Study the first computer systems of WWII. Explain their technical capabilities and flaws.
• How did the new technology make WWI so high with casualties?
• The science of an atomic bomb: a case study.
• How online social media impacted global society in the 2010s?
• How China introduced new types of censorship with the creation of the Internet.
• Compare college education of the XIXth century and modern times.
• The city of Tenochtitlan. The technological marvel of the Aztecs.

🎶 Music History Essay Topics

Music is one of the most effective examples of human genius. People have made music to express their emotions to each other. Thus, the history of music is extensive and rich in detail. Exploring it can be just as fascinating as listening to music.

Below, you’ll find the best ideas on the history of music to talk about:

• Jazz, New Orleans, and the Roaring Twenties: a musical phenomenon. Discuss the genre’s origins and technical aspects.
• The music of the Antiquity of the Mediterranean region. From Egypt and Greece to Rome.
• The use of music in Ancient Rome.

• Techniques a style of Mozart and Beethoven. A critical analysis.
• Studio 54 – a story of disco, glamour, and exclusivity.
• The history of organum and organ music.
• Advancement of music technology in the early XXth century.
• Baroque music and its famous composers. Analyze the technical details behind baroque music. Give examples of its notable composers.
• Music theater as the main source of musical innovation of the late classical era.
• Detailed analysis of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. Examine the composer’s final symphony. Explore Beethoven’s health complications during the last years of his life.
• Religion and music: how Christianity employed the vocal skills of monks. Research the history and characteristics of the Gregorian chant.
• The golden era of classical music of the XVIIth-XIXth centuries in Germany and Austria.
• The musical experiments by Andy Warhol.
• The musical instruments of the Renaissance and modern times. What are the similarities and differences?
• Musical instruments and chants of Bronze Age Mesopotamia.
• Bohemian Rhapsody: a musical analysis. Discuss the story behind the creation of Queen’s famous song.
• Lively music and deadly drugs. How did narcotics become a part of the music industry in the 60s and 70s?
• The history of the club culture of New York. Discuss the history of clubs in New York. How did the advocates for gay rights start the new idea of clubbing?
• The emergence of hip-hop and rap in Uptown Brooklyn and the Bronx. Analyze how the new genre started commenting on the reality of streets and black rights.
• The history of Woodstock – America’s most iconic music festival.

👍 Good History Essay Questions

Writing an essay about countries should be divided into European and American theaters. Each region has a history rich in events and personalities.

Below, there are great European and US history essay questions for your paper:

🌄 American History Essay Questions

• How did medics deal with casualties during the US Civil War? Talk about the organization of medical staff on both sides of the war. Analyze the treatment methods applied to wounded soldiers.
• What factors contributed to the victory in the American Revolution?
• US economy and culture of the 1920s. How did it develop?
• How did civil rights develop during the Reconstruction era?

• Why was slavery so popular in the southern states? Analyze the economy of the southern states in America. Explain why slavery has such deep roots there.
• Why did the United States emerge as a superpower after WWII?
• Who were the main benefactors of the US economy in the early 20th century?

🏘 European History Essay Questions

• The Renaissance essay. Why and how did naturalistic beauty become the main element of art?
• What are the key ideas in Robin Briggs’s historical research on witchcraft?
• The Modern European history question. How did the Mafia operate in Italy? Analyze the roots of Italian Mafia, its organizational structure. What were its spheres of influence?
• Which scientific innovations were discovered in the late XIXth and early XXth century Europe?
• Tudor history: what caused the English Reformation?
• How did colonization transform the economies of European empires?
• Which economic and political benefits were introduced at the creation of the European Union? Elaborate on the history of the EU. Analyze its economic and political aspects.

🔥 5 Tips for Writing an Essay in Class

For whatever reason, you need to write an in-class essay. It could be an exam or an ordinary assignment. It doesn’t matter as the goal remains the same. You have to compose a coherent paper in a short amount of time under supervision.

What is the best way to handle working under such pressure? By following our tips:

1. Practice beforehand

Any sort of training makes a person comfortable with the upcoming task. Practice writing an essay so that you memorize the format. Keep in mind how to outline the paper and some useful words for transitions. Even when you’re unfamiliar with the topic, you’ll still know where to begin without thinking.

2. Forget to panic

Students can lose time by bracing themselves. By staring on the blank page with the essay question can help no one. The sooner you start the task, the better. Don’t let your brain panic!

3. Plan before you write

Starting the essay right away may be tempting and promising, but that’s how you make mistakes. Reread and analyze the given question, notice the keywords. Make sure you’re answering what’s asked, not more or less. Come up with a thesis statement and make an outline.

Properly organizing your paper saves your time and reduces stress. It ensures that you addressed every issue. Plus, it shows whether you connected every argument to the thesis statement. Besides, putting topic sentences and transitions in the outline makes them less repetitive in the essay.

4. Keep in mind your writing speed

Remember the first tip? This one comes naturally from practicing. The more you write, the better you understand your pace. Learn how much time you need to complete each part of the essay writing. Try not to exceed the estimated time for an outline, an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

5. Proofread

Writing in a rush, you may forget about your spelling and punctuation. Save some time for rereading your paper thoroughly. Pay attention to logical reasoning and grammar errors. Add sentences if necessary. Your paper may look messy as long as you do so to improve your writing and ensure the perfect flow.

Thank you for taking some time to read this article. We hope that it will help you in your academic studies. If this article proved to be informative to you, leave a comment below. Share it with others who might need some guidance in their studies.

🔗 References

• How To Write a Good History Essay: Robert Pearce for History Today
• Elements of an Effective History Exam Essay: Mark Brilliant, Department of History, Program in American Studies, University of California, Berkeley
• UChicago Supplemental Essay Questions: College Admissions, University of Chicago
• Tips for Writing Essay Exams: Writing Center, University of Washington
• Popular Application Essay Topics: The Princeton Review
• Historiographical Essays: Center for Writing and Speaking, Campbell Hall
• Persuasion Essays: Sheldon Smith for Eapfoundation.com
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Medieval History Essay Topics : Unlocking the Secrets of the Past

Table of Contents

The medieval period, spanning from the 5th to the 15th century, was a time of great change and upheaval in Europe. With its rich tapestry of events, people, and cultures, the medieval era provides a wealth of fascinating topics for historical exploration and analysis. Whether you’re a student or a history enthusiast, delving into the following essay topics can be an enlightening and rewarding experience.

1. The Rise and Fall of Feudalism

Feudalism was a dominant social and economic system in medieval Europe. Explore the origins of feudalism, its structure, and the roles of kings, lords, vassals, and serfs. Discuss the factors that contributed to the decline of feudalism and its eventual demise.

2. The Crusades: Clash of Civilizations

Delve into the religious, economic, and political motivations behind the Crusades. Analyze the impact of these military expeditions on the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish communities. Examine the legacy of the Crusades and their lasting influence on medieval and modern societies.

3. The Magna Carta: Shaping Democracy

Investigate the historical context and significance of the Magna Carta, the 13th-century document that laid the foundation for constitutional and legal principles. Discuss how the Magna Carta influenced the development of democracy and the rule of law in England and beyond.

4. Plague, War, and Famine: Life in Medieval Europe

Examine the everyday life of medieval Europeans, focusing on the challenges and hardships brought about by widespread illnesses, warfare, and food shortages. Discuss the social, economic, and psychological impacts of these adversities on individuals and communities.

Credit: www.ancient-origins.net

5. Women in Medieval Society

Explore the roles and status of women in medieval society. Discuss the challenges faced by women in areas such as marriage, education, religion, and politics. Highlight the stories of remarkable medieval women who defied traditional gender norms and made significant contributions to their societies.

6. The Black Death: Unraveling a Pandemic

Analyze the causes, spread, and consequences of the Black Death, one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Investigate the societal, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the aftermath of the plague, and evaluate its long-term effects on medieval Europe.

7. Castles and Cathedrals: Architecture and Symbolism

Examine the architectural innovations and symbolic meanings of medieval castles and cathedrals. Discuss the technological advancements that enabled the construction of these structures and explore their roles in shaping medieval power dynamics and religious beliefs.

8. The Hundred Years’ War: A Pivotal Conflict

Explore the causes, key battles, and outcomes of the Hundred Years’ War, a protracted struggle between the kingdoms of England and France. Analyze the military strategies, diplomatic maneuvers, and the impact of the war on the societies and economies of the warring nations.

Credit: in.pinterest.com

9. Medieval Literature and Culture

Examine the themes, styles, and cultural significance of medieval literature, including epic poems, chivalric romances, and allegorical works. Discuss the ways in which literature reflected and shaped the values, beliefs, and aspirations of medieval communities.

10. The Legacy of Charlemagne

Investigate the reign and achievements of Charlemagne, the medieval ruler who established the Carolingian Empire. Evaluate Charlemagne’s impact on politics, religion, education, and the arts, and assess the enduring legacy of his rule in shaping the course of European history.

In conclusion, the medieval period offers a treasure trove of captivating essay topics that allow for a deep dive into the complexities and nuances of the era. By unraveling these compelling historical themes, students and history enthusiasts can gain valuable insights into the enduring legacy of medieval Europe and its profound impact on the modern world.

Frequently Asked Questions Of Medieval History Essay Topics : Unlocking The Secrets Of The Past

What were the major events in medieval history.

The major events in medieval history include the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Crusades, the Black Death, and the Hundred Years’ War.

Who Were The Important Figures In Medieval History?

Important figures in medieval history include Charlemagne, William the Conqueror, Joan of Arc, and Marco Polo.

What Were The Social Classes In Medieval Europe?

Medieval Europe had three main social classes: the nobility, the clergy, and the peasantry.

How Did Religion Influence Medieval Society?

Religion played a central role in medieval society, with the Catholic Church having significant influence over daily life, education, and political affairs.

Guest Author Sakhawat-Shuvo wrote and edited this Article based on his best knowledge and understanding. These opinions and remarks are not endorsed or guaranteed by epichistoria.com or EpicHistoria. The Epic Historia  does not guarantee this article’s content. Readers should verify and use their judgment before trusting the content. Also, the Images used in this Article are the copyright of their Respective Owners. Please use our Comment Box or Contact Us form to report this content. This information is not accountable for losses, injuries, or damages.

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Navigating Historical Debates: History Argumentative Essay Topics

Dipping your toes into the vast ocean of history is an adventure. Each dive deep into its depths brings a new perspective, a fresh understanding, or a challenging contradiction. As a student of history, you don’t just learn about the past; you argue, debate, and discuss it. That’s where “history argumentative essay topics” come in, giving you the perfect platform to exhibit your persuasive skills while furthering your historical understanding.

Table of content

The Importance of Studying History

History isn’t just a record of ancient days; it’s a vibrant tapestry woven with countless threads, each representing a story, an era, a civilization, or an individual. Understanding history empowers us to make sense of our present, forecast future patterns, and appreciate humanity’s collective journey. Delving into argumentative essays adds depth to this exploration, honing your critical thinking, research understanding, and writing prowess.

The Art of Writing an Argumentative History Essay

In a history argumentative essay, your task goes beyond presenting facts. It would help to form an opinion, defend it with strong evidence, and persuade your reader to view history through your lens. Such essays often explore controversial issues, diverse interpretations, or underrepresented perspectives, making them thrilling.

Remember, an effective argumentative essay balances rigor with creativity. Your arguments should be based on solid research, but your writing style should maintain the reader’s interest. Short sentences, active voice, and transitional words will help ensure your essay is clear, concise, and captivating.

History Argumentative Essay Topics: Your Guide to an Engaging Argument

Picking the right history argumentative essay topics is crucial. Your topic should spark your curiosity, offer ample sources for research, and pose a challenge that motivates you to explore, argue, and persuade. The past is brimming with potential argumentative essay topics, from historical events and famous figures to social movements and cultural trends.

Here are a collection of history argumentative essay topics spanning different eras, regions, and themes to get you started. Use them as they are, or let them inspire you to develop your own.

• The Crusades: Religious Devotion or Political Expediency?
• Was the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Justifiable?
• The Impact of Colonialism: Development or Exploitation?
• The Role of Women in World War II: Homefront or Battlefield?
• The American Civil War: Slavery or States’ Rights?
• The French Revolution: Fight for Liberty or Reign of Terror?
• The Renaissance: A Cultural Rebirth or a Period of Conflict?
• Martin Luther King Jr. vs. Malcolm X: Who Had a Greater Impact on the Civil Rights Movement?
• The Age of Exploration: Discovery or Destruction?
• The Industrial Revolution: Progress or Plight?
• The Fall of the Roman Empire: Invaders or Internal Decay?
• Was the Cold War Inevitable Post-World War II?
• Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain?
• The Impact of the Protestant Reformation: Unity or Division?
• The Age of Imperialism: Prosperity or Oppression?
• The Vietnam War: A Necessary Stand or a Futile Endeavor?
• The American Revolution: Liberty or Economic Motives?
• The Russian Revolution: People’s Uprising or Bolshevik Coup?
• The Enlightenment: Philosophical Breakthrough or Social Disruption?
• The Emancipation Proclamation: Sincere or Strategic?
• The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Germany
• Was Alexander the Great Really Great?
• The Partition of India: Religious Freedom or Colonial Divide-and-Rule?
• Did the Suffragette Movement Achieve Its Goals?
• The Cuban Missile Crisis: Near-Apocalypse or Diplomatic Triumph?
• The Influence of the Printing Press: Information Revolution or Religious Turmoil?
• The Crusades: A Pathway to Enlightenment or a Dark Age Misstep?
• The Atomic Age: A New Era or a Dangerous Precedent?
• The Impact of the Ming Dynasty on China’s Global Presence
• The American Westward Expansion: Manifest Destiny or Brutal Displacement?
• The British Raj in India: Beneficial or Destructive?
• The War of 1812: Forgotten War or Critical Conflict?
• The Cultural Revolution in China: Necessary Purge or Disastrous Policy?
• Slavery: The True Cause of the American Civil War?
• The Role of Espionage in the Cold War
• The Contributions of Nikola Tesla: Overlooked or Overrated?
• The Great Depression: Natural Economic Cycle or Result of Poor Policy?
• Was the League of Nations Doomed to Fail?
• The Impact of Napoleon’s Reign on Europe
• The Salem Witch Trials: Mass Hysteria or Religious Extremism?
• The Influence of the Ottoman Empire on Modern Middle East
• Did the Treaty of Versailles Cause World War II?
• The Role of the Catholic Church in Medieval Europe
• Manifest Destiny: Expansionism or Cultural Imperialism?
• The Impact of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire
• The Spanish Inquisition: Religious Persecution or Political Power Play?
• The Influence of the Harlem Renaissance on African American Culture
• The Ethics of Using Atomic Bombs in WWII
• The Role of Britain in the Creation of Israel
• The Egyptian Revolution of 2011: A Springboard for Democracy?
• The Effect of the Gold Rush on California’s Development
• The Role of Social Media in the Arab Spring
• The Implications of the Scramble for Africa
• The Battle of Stalingrad: Turning Point in World War II?
• The Meiji Restoration: Western Influence or Japanese Initiative?
• The Role of Women in the French Revolution
• The Impact of the Black Death on European Society
• The Effect of the Viking Raids on European History
• The Fall of the Berlin Wall: Inevitable or Surprising?
• The Contributions of the Ancient Greeks to Modern Society
• The Influence of the Catholic Church on the European Age of Discovery
• The Impact of Gunpowder on Medieval Warfare
• The Influence of the Spanish Civil War on WWII
• The Causes and Consequences of the Thirty Years’ War
• The Role of the Railroad in the Expansion of the United States
• The Significance of the Magna Carta in the Modern Legal System
• The Impact of the Silk Road on the Exchange of Cultures
• The Role of the Mafia in Prohibition
• The Effect of Charlemagne’s Reign on Europe
• The Implications of the Columbian Exchange
• The Influence of the Persian Empire on the Modern Middle East
• The Impact of Marco Polo’s Travels on Europe
• The Effect of the French Revolution on European Politics
• The Influence of the Great Schism on Christianity
• The Impact of the Space Race on the Cold War
• The Legacy of the Aztec Empire
• The Effect of the Transatlantic Slave Trade on Africa
• The Role of the Knights Templar in the Crusades
• The Influence of Gutenberg’s Printing Press on the Reformation
• The Impact of the Han Dynasty on China
• The Causes and Effects of the Boxer Rebellion
• The Significance of the Pax Romana
• The Influence of Confucianism on East Asian Cultures
• The Impact of the Opium Wars on China
• The Role of the French Foreign Legion in Colonial France
• The Effect of the Suez Crisis on the Middle East
• The Influence of the Renaissance on Modern Art
• The Impact of the Zulu Nation on South Africa
• The Causes and Consequences of the Irish Potato Famine
• The Role of the Samurai in Feudal Japan
• The Effect of the Hundred Years’ War on England and France
• The Influence of the Roman Republic on Modern Democracies
• The Impact of the US Constitution on the French Revolution
• The Role of the Huns in the Fall of the Roman Empire
• The Causes and Effects of the Haitian Revolution
• The Influence of the Enlightenment on the US Constitution
• The Impact of the Homestead Act on the American West
• The Effect of the Plague of Justinian on the Byzantine Empire
• The Role of the Medici Family in the Italian Renaissance

Remember, the goal is not just to recount history but to form an argument and defend it persuasively. Use reliable sources like scholarly articles, credible news outlets, and respected history websites for your research ( History.com , JSTOR , Fordham University’s Internet History Sourcebooks Project , etc.).

Conclusion: Your Historical Argument Awaits

Choosing from these argumentative history essay topics is just the beginning. You can turn your chosen topic into a compelling essay with thorough research, careful planning, and passionate writing. As you debate the past, you’re not just learning history but contributing to its discussion. Let these argumentative essay topics be your first step toward a thrilling historical discourse.

📎 Related Articles

1. Hot Topic History: A Journey Through Pivotal Moments 2. Engaging 8th Grade Research Paper Topics for Budding Historians 3. Dive Deep into Western Civilization Research Paper Topics 4. Navigating Through the Labyrinth of Ancient History Topics 5. Stirring the Pot: Controversial Topics in History for Research Paper

512 History Essay Topics & Good Ideas

18 January 2024

last updated

History essay topics provide a wide range of subjects that cover different eras, cultures, and historical events. Some themes offer numerous opportunities for detailed exploration and robust discussions. These topics cover narratives from ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians and Romans, to modern-day conflicts and revolutions. Moreover, students can engage with topics, like the fall of the Roman Empire or the intricate dynamics of the French Revolution. Another area of focus can be the Industrial Revolution and its monumental impact on societal structures. More recent events, such as the World Wars, the Cold War, and the decolonization movement, also offer rich materials. Topics on non-Western history, including the dynastic periods in China, the Mughal era in India, and pre-colonial African societies, provide alternative viewpoints. Examining history through the lenses of gender, race, and culture can lead to a reevaluation of conventional narratives. In essence, history essay topics act as windows to the past, bridging it to the present, shedding light on patterns, errors, victories, and transformations that deepen the comprehension of the collective human experience.

Best History Essay Topics

• The Impact of the Printing Press on Renaissance Europe
• Unraveling the Mystery of the Bermuda Triangle
• Life and Legacy of Alexander the Great: An Exploration
• Hidden Meanings: The Symbolism in Egyptian Hieroglyphics
• Salem Witch Trials: Fear and Paranoia in 17th Century America
• Exploration and Impact of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Mysteries Surrounding the Construction of the Pyramids
• Understanding the Japanese Feudal System: A Comprehensive Study
• Viking Culture: Examining Myths and Reality
• Indian Independence: Non-Violence and the Role of Mahatma Gandhi
• Decoding the Dead Sea Scrolls: A Historical Investigation
• Origins and Influence of the Magna Carta in Modern Democracies
• Social Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Victorian Britain
• Effects of Marco Polo’s Travels on Europe’s Perception of Asia
• Sparta vs. Athens: Differing Approaches to Greek City-States
• Human Sacrifices in Aztec Culture: Rituals and Beliefs
• The Formation of the Silk Road: Trade and Cultural Exchange
• World War I: The Aftermath and the Road to World War II
• The Enigma of the Roanoke Colony: America’s Lost Settlement
• Transformative Power of the American Civil Rights Movement
• Napoleon Bonaparte: Military Genius or the Tyrant of Europe?
• The Significance of the Ottoman Empire in World History

Easy History Essay Topics

• Mysteries of the Mayan Civilization: An Archaeological Perspective
• Hidden Treasures: Unearthing the Secrets of the Terracotta Army
• The Bubonic Plague: How Did It Shape Medieval Europe?
• The Mystery and History of Stonehenge: A Druidical Design?
• The Partition of India and Pakistan: A Human Tragedy
• The Influence of Roman Law on Modern Legal Systems
• Confucianism’s Impact on Chinese Society and Governance
• Russian Revolution: Causes and Consequences
• Joan of Arc: Heroine, Saint, or Heretic?
• The Birth of Democracy in Ancient Greece: A Critical Analysis
• Zulu Kingdom: The Rise and Fall
• The Role of Religion in the Crusades
• Uncovering the Origins of the Renaissance: A Thorough Analysis
• Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Dark Chapter in Human History
• The Mongol Empire: Influence and Expansion Under Genghis Khan
• Analyzing the Social Effects of Prohibition in the 1920s America
• Age of Discovery: Columbus and the New World
• Understanding the Holocaust: The Systematic Annihilation of Jews
• The Evolution of Samurai Culture in Feudal Japan
• The Cultural Revolution in China: Causes and Impact

Interesting History Essay Topics

• The Birth of Jazz in African American Communities
• The Berlin Wall: Symbol of Division and Its Fall
• Women’s Suffrage Movement: Struggle and Triumph
• Influence of the Byzantine Empire on Early Christianity
• The Legacy of Cleopatra: Egypt’s Last Pharaoh
• Fall of Constantinople: The End of the Byzantine Empire
• The Cultural Impact of the Harlem Renaissance
• Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia: A Military Disaster
• The Influence of Ancient Greek Philosophy on Western Thought
• The Spanish Inquisition: Its Impact on Religious Freedom
• Colonialism in Africa: Long-Term Effects and Consequences
• Humanism in the Renaissance: Its Influence and Importance
• The French Resistance in World War II: An Undercover War
• The Apollo Moon Landing: A Leap for Mankind
• The Role of Propaganda in Nazi Germany
• Migration and Settlement of the Vikings: A Historical Overview
• Rise of Fascism: Italy under Mussolini
• The Opium Wars: The Clash between the British Empire and China
• The Code of Hammurabi: An Examination of Ancient Babylonian Law

History Essay Topics for High School

• Significance of the Magna Carta in British History
• The Cultural Revolution: China’s Sociopolitical Shifts
• Spanish Armada: Triumphs, Tragedies, and Implications
• The Black Death: Disease, Destruction, and Aftermath in Medieval Europe
• Harriet Tubman: Freedom, Courage, and the Underground Railroad
• Trail of Tears: Native American Displacement and Resilience
• The Scientific Revolution: Unraveling Truths and Transforming Perspectives
• African Kingdoms: Wealth, Power, and Innovation
• Democracy’s Birth: Athenian Politics and Philosophy
• Samurai and Shoguns: Feudal Japan’s Hierarchy
• Roman Gladiators: Heroes, Horrors, and Historical Impacts
• Napoleon Bonaparte: Conquests, Reforms, and Downfall
• Slavery’s Legacy: The United States’ Struggle for Civil Rights
• Apartheid’s Shadows: South Africa’s Road to Reconciliation
• Women’s Suffrage Movement: Progress and Paradoxes
• Cuban Missile Crisis: Brinkmanship, Resolution, and Legacy
• Martin Luther’s Theses: Catalysts for the Protestant Reformation
• Aztec Civilization: Achievements, Fall, and Spanish Conquest
• Holocaust’s Horror: Unveiling the Shoah’s Realities
• Mughal Empire’s Magnificence: Culture, Conquests, and Contributions
• The Crusades: Religion, Conflict, and Historical Perspectives

History Essay Topics for Middle School

• The Renaissance: Catalyst for the Modern World
• Vikings’ Voyage: Discoveries, Culture, and Scandinavian Influence
• The Great Depression: Causes, Consequences, and Recovery
• The French Revolution: Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity’s Fight
• Stalin’s Reign: Policies, Purges, and WWII.
• Revolutionary War’s Effect on the American Identity
• Byzantine Empire: Crossroads of Culture and Trade
• Decolonization of Africa: Struggles, Triumphs, and Aftermath
• Incas’ Ingenuity: Empire Building in the Andes
• World War I: Catalysts, Combat, and Consequences
• Cold War’s Effects on Global Politics
• Mayans’ Mysteries: Understanding the Mesoamerican Civilization
• The Atomic Age: Nuclear Power’s Promise and Peril
• Egyptian Pharaohs: Dynasties, Deities, and Discoveries
• Revolutionary France’s Impacts on the Modern State
• War of 1812: Interpretations and Implications
• Babylonian Empire: Hammurabi, His Code, and Ancient Justice
• Formation and Fall of the Soviet Union
• Ming Dynasty’s Contributions to Chinese Culture and Exploration
• Prohibition Era: The Roaring Twenties and American Society

History Essay Topics for College Students

• The Evolution of Democracy: Ancient Greece to Modern Times
• Colonialism and its Impact on Modern African Nations
• Revolutionary Implications of the Magna Carta
• Evolution of Roman Military Tactics
• Cultural Shifts: Harlem Renaissance and African American Identity
• Impacts of the Industrial Revolution on Victorian Society
• Decolonization and Its Effects on Southeast Asia
• Medieval Chivalry: Ideals and Reality
• Witch Trials: Superstition and Society in Early Modern Europe
• Napoleon Bonaparte’s Strategies and Their Effect on Europe
• Apartheid in South Africa: Causes and Consequences
• American Prohibition: Intentions and Unforeseen Repercussions
• Influences of Renaissance Art on European Culture
• Silk Road: Trade, Culture, and Consequences
• The Great Depression: Causes, Impacts, and Recovery
• Influences of the Ottoman Empire on the Modern Middle East
• Tracing Communism: Russian Revolution to Cold War
• Unveiling Ancient Egypt: Myth, Culture, and Civilization
• Viking Age: Exploration, Expansion, and Culture
• The Enlightenment: Philosophers and Their Influences on Western Thought

History Essay Topics for University

• Holocaust: Tragedy, Human Rights, and Aftermath
• Atomic Age: Nuclear Power and Its Global Impact
• Civil War: Divisions and Reunions in the United States
• Reformation: Martin Luther’s Theses and Their Impact on Christianity
• Expansion of the Mongol Empire: Tactics and Influence
• French Revolution: Causes, Course, and Consequences
• The Crusades: Motives, Methods, and Historical Impact
• Native American Tribes: Cultures and Contributions Pre-Columbus
• Slavery Abolition: Global Perspectives and Implications
• The Space Race: Politics, Technology, and Achievements
• Holocaust Survivors: Stories, Memories, and Historical Importance
• Byzantine Empire: Rise, Fall, and Legacy
• Manifest Destiny and the American Westward Expansion
• Cold War Espionage: Tactics, Technology, and Impact
• European Exploration: Columbus, Magellan, and the Age of Discovery
• Women’s Suffrage: Struggles, Successes, and Effects
• Samurai Culture in Feudal Japan: Honor, Warfare, and Legacy
• Berlin Wall: Symbol of Division and Its Fall
• Partition of India: Causes, Violence, and Post-Colonial Impact
• The Influence of Religion on Medieval Europe
• Nineteenth-Century Imperialism: Justification, Exploitation, and Resistance

African History Topics

• Kingdoms of Ancient Africa: Egypt, Carthage, and Aksum
• Ethiopia’s Roles in the Early Christian Movement
• Mansa Musa and the Prosperity of the Mali Empire
• African Influence on Greek and Roman Civilizations
• Nubian Dynasties: Power Shifts Along the Nile
• Trade Networks: Trans-Saharan Routes’ Impact
• Zulu Nation’s Military Innovation and Imperial Expansion
• Slavery’s Devastating Effects on West Africa
• Pan-Africanism: Ideology, Impact, and Influential Figures
• Resistance Movements Against Colonial Rule in the 20th Century
• African Diaspora: Cultural Retentions and Transformations
• Maafa’s Legacy: Understanding the Atlantic Slave Trade
• Independence Movements: Ghana Leads the Way
• Genocide in Rwanda: Causes and Aftermath
• Cultural Practices: Ancient African Art and Architecture
• Kingdom of Zimbabwe: Origins of the Shona Civilization
• Women’s Roles in Pre-Colonial African Societies
• Berber Kingdoms and Their Impact on the Maghreb
• European Colonialism: Its Effects on the African Continent
• Ashanti Empire: Military Prowess and Cultural Contributions

Ancient History Topics

• Origins of the Mesopotamian Civilization: Sumerians and Cuneiform
• Advanced Engineering in the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids
• Roman Innovations in Law and Government
• Development of the Greek Polis: Athens and Sparta
• Mythologies’ Impacts on Ancient Greek Culture
• Influences of the Ancient Persians on Modern Culture
• Hebrews and the Formation of Early Monotheistic Religions
• Buddha’s Teachings and Their Transformation of Ancient India
• Inca Achievements in Agriculture and Infrastructure
• Aztec Rituals, Sacrifices, and Cultural Traditions
• Maya Scientific Discoveries: Astronomy and Mathematics
• Han Dynasty’s Contributions to Art and Literature
• Construction Techniques in the Ancient Roman Architecture
• Empires in the Fertile Crescent: The Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians
• Pharaohs Rule in the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms of Egypt
• Bronze Age Aegean Civilizations: Minoans and Mycenaeans
• Democracy Evolution in Ancient Athens
• Trade Routes in the Ancient Mediterranean: Silk Road and Amber Road
• Carthaginian Power and the Punic Wars
• Transformative Ideas of Confucius and Ancient Chinese Philosophy
• Nomadic Invasions and Their Impact on Ancient Civilizations

Asian History Topics

• Evolution of Confucianism in Imperial China
• Impacts of Colonialism on Southeast Asia’s Socioeconomic Structure
• Samurai Culture and Feudal Japan
• Ming Dynasty’s Maritime Expeditions
• Roles of Buddhism in the Khmer Empire
• Mongol Empire’s Influence on Eurasian Trade
• Korean Peninsula’s Struggle for Independence Post World War II
• Silk Road: Trade and Cultural Exchange
• Roles of Islam in Shaping Mughal India
• Sukarno Era’s Impacts on Indonesia’s Political Landscape
• Rise and Fall of the Maurya Empire in Ancient India
• Comparative Study: Chinese Tang and Song Dynasties
• Development of Writing Systems in Ancient China
• Indus Valley Civilization: Society, Economy, and Religion
• Meiji Restoration’s Contributions to Japan’s Modernization
• Siam Kingdom’s Resistance to Colonial Rule
• Roles of Women in Ancient and Medieval Asian Societies
• Ottoman Influence on Southeast European and Middle Eastern History
• Influence of Persian Culture on Ancient Indian Civilizations
• Terracotta Warriors: Art, Craftsmanship, and Legacy in Ancient China

Cultural History Essay Topics

• Influence of Shakespearean Drama on Elizabethan Society
• The Harlem Renaissance: Catalyst for African American Cultural Identity
• Evolution of Japanese Tea Ceremonies: Beyond Aesthetics
• Impressionism’s Impact on French Society During the 19th Century
• Cultural Shifts Encouraged by the American Beat Generation
• Byzantine Art: Reflection of Spiritual and Political Power
• Mayan Hieroglyphics: Decoding Cultural Narratives
• Industrial Revolution’s Effect on Victorian-Era Fashion
• Silent Cinema: A Catalyst for 1920s American Pop Culture
• Renaissance Humanism: Transformation of European Intellect
• Cultural Syncretism: Fusion in Afro-Caribbean Music
• Flamenco’s Role in Forming Andalusian Identity
• Expression of Greek Ideals in Classical Architecture
• Modernism’s Influence on Post-World War I Literature
• Indigenous Mythologies: Shaping of Pre-colonial Australian Culture
• The Enlightenment: Precursor to French Revolutionary Ideals
• Turkish Coffee: Symbol of National Identity and Hospitality
• The Ming Dynasty: Patronage of Chinese Porcelain Artistry
• Irish Folklore: Fabric of Societal Beliefs and Customs
• Migration Stories Depicted in Mexican Muralism
• The American Civil Rights Movement: Catalyst for Cultural Change

Economic History Essay Topics

• Industrial Revolution: Determinants and Impact on Modern Economics
• Adam Smith and the Influence of The Wealth of Nations on Modern Economic Thought
• Colonialism: Exploitation and Economic Growth in European Empires
• Japanese Economic Miracle: Post-World War II Recovery and Lessons Learned
• Keynesian Economics: Roots and Role in Shaping the Post-Depression Era
• Free Market Economy: Milton Friedman’s Contributions and Influences
• Bretton Woods System: Its Role in Shaping the International Monetary Order
• China’s Transition From a Centrally Planned Economy to a Market Economy: Steps and Challenges
• Mercantilism: Understanding its Principles and Effects on European Economic Growth
• Gold Standard: Its Rise, Fall, and Effects on Global Economies
• Silicon Valley: The Evolution and Economic Impact of the Tech Industry
• Slave Trade: Its Role in the Evolution of Global Economics
• Eurozone Crisis: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions
• OPEC and the Global Oil Economy: Formation, Influence, and Impact
• Global Financial Crisis of 2008: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Strategies
• Russian Transition: Post-Soviet Economic Reforms and Outcomes
• The Marshall Plan: Significance and Impact on European Post-War Recovery
• American Great Depression: Causes, Impact, and Government Response
• Globalization: Its Historical Evolution and Economic Implications
• Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications

European History Topics

• Rise of Feudalism in Medieval Europe
• Black Death’s Impact on the 14th-Century Society
• Enlightenment’s Influence on Political Thought
• French Revolution’s Effect on European Politics
• Italian Renaissance: A Cultural and Artistic Shift
• Reformation’s Roles in Shaping Modern Christianity
• Napoleon Bonaparte’s Conquest and the French Empire
• Industrial Revolution’s Transformation of European Economies
• Formation and Impact of the European Union
• Two World Wars: Causes and Consequences
• Emergence of Modern Democracy: The Magna Carta
• Cold War: Europe’s Role and Responses
• Ottoman Empire’s Interactions With European Powers
• Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Age of Exploration: Europe’s Global Influence
• Holocaust: A Dark Chapter in 20th-Century Europe
• Byzantine Empire: Constantinople’s Flourishing Culture
• Spanish Inquisition’s Impact on Religion and Society
• Viking Raids: Exploring Their Influence on Europe
• Hundred Years’ War: English and French Power Struggles
• Transition From Monarchies to Democracies in Europe

Historiographical Topics

• Influence of Marxism in Modern Historiography: An Exploration
• Decolonial Approaches: Reshaping Historical Interpretations
• Postmodernist Perspectives: Challenges to Traditional History
• Women’s Voices in History: The Evolution of Gender Studies
• Oral Traditions: Advancements in Indigenous Historiography
• Subjective Reality: The Role of Memory in Constructing History
• Imperial Power: European Colonial Histories Revisited
• Interdisciplinary Approaches: Melding History With Sociology
• Comparative History: The Synthesis of Regional Perspectives
• Counterfactual Thinking: Exploring Alternate Historical Pathways
• Textual Analysis: Unveiling Sociocultural Dimensions in Historical Studies
• Evolution of Diplomatic Historiography: Power, Politics, and Peace
• Material Culture: The Archaeological Method in Historiography
• Holocaust Studies: Examining Methodologies and Debates
• Military History: Strategy, Tactics, and Societal Impact
• Biographical Approach: Unpacking Individual Influence on History
• Microhistory: Magnifying Minute Historical Details
• Economic History: Capitalism and Its Historical Context
• Nationalist Narratives: Critiques and Reinterpretations
• Cultural History: Unraveling the Fabric of Societies
• Global History: Understanding Interconnected Histories and Cultures

History Essay Topics in Science & Medicine

• Revolutionary Impacts of the Discovery of Penicillin
• Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Its Influences on Modern Science
• Vaccination Development: Polio Vaccine and Its Effect on Global Health
• Contributions of Marie Curie to Radioactivity
• Influence of the Manhattan Project on 20th-Century Scientific Developments
• Advancements in DNA Sequencing: A Historical Perspective
• Medical Ethics: Case Study of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
• Human Genome Project: Its Repercussions on Modern Medicine
• Apollo Moon Landing: Significance in Technological Advancements
• Era of AI: Turing’s Test and the Dawn of Machine Learning
• Technological Innovations During World War II: Radar and Cryptography
• Advances in Cardiac Surgery: The First Heart Transplant
• Public Health Initiatives: The Elimination of Smallpox
• Telecommunications Evolution: From Morse Code to 5G Networks
• Nikola Tesla’s Contributions to Electrical Engineering
• Nanotechnology Developments: Feynman’s Concept to Current Applications
• Progression of Neurosurgery: Harvey Cushing’s Legacy
• Probing Into Atomic Theory: Niels Bohr’s Quantum Model
• Impacts of Cybernetics on Modern Science and Medicine
• Exploration of Black Holes: Hawking’s Theoretical Contributions

History Topics in Technology

• Revolutionizing Medicine: The Impact of Biotechnology
• The Journey of Mobile Phones: From Luxuries to Necessities
• The Emergence of Cryptocurrencies: Understanding Blockchain Technology
• Computing Power: Decoding the Rise of Quantum Computers
• Reshaping Communication: A Study of Social Media Platforms
• Transportation Transformed: The Advent of Electric Vehicles
• Photographic Pioneers: A History of Digital Cameras
• Software Evolution: The Shift From Proprietary to Open Source
• Rise of Robotics: Unfolding the Age of Automation
• Space Exploration: Innovations in Satellite Technology
• Unraveling E-Commerce: A Chronicle of Digital Marketplaces
• Cybersecurity Developments: Safeguarding the Digital World
• Advancements in Renewable Energy: The Legacy of Solar Panels
• Augmented Reality: Tracing Its Developmental Path
• History of Video Games: From Arcades to Virtual Reality
• Human Genome Project: A Leap in Biomedical Tech
• From Typewriters to Word Processors: A Digital Revolution
• Computer Graphics: An Evolutionary Perspective
• Fiber Optics: Unveiling Its Journey of Innovation
• 3D Printing: Understanding Its Historical Developments
• Nanotechnology Advances: Revolutionizing Material Science

Medieval History Essay Topics

• Chivalry’s Impact on Medieval Social Structures
• The Black Death’s Effect on European Economic Systems
• Monastic Life’s Role in Preserving Knowledge During the Middle Ages
• Architectural Evolution: From Romanesque to Gothic Styles
• Feudalism’s Influence on Medieval Political Landscapes
• Women’s Status and Roles in Medieval Society
• Medieval Education: The Rise of Universities in Europe
• Crusades’ Effect on East-West Relations and Trade
• The Power of the Catholic Church in Medieval Europe
• Knights and Their Code of Honor: An In-Depth Analysis
• Medieval Literature: Exploring Themes and Moral Messages
• Advances in Medical Practice During the Middle Ages
• Castles as a Reflection of Medieval Defensive Techniques
• Daily Life of Peasants in the Medieval Period
• Analysis of the Magna Carta’s Influence on English Law
• Medieval Art: Illuminated Manuscripts and Their Cultural Significance
• Exploration of Courtly Love in Medieval Poetry
• Monarchs’ Authority: The Divine Right of Kings During the Middle Ages
• Impacts of the Hundred Years War on France and England
• Roles of the Inquisition in Maintaining Church Power

Middle Eastern History Topics

• Rise of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula
• Impacts of the Crusades on Muslim-Christian Relations
• Persian Empire’s Influence on Modern Iran
• Creation and Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
• Evolution of Arabic Literature and Poetry
• Cairo’s Transformation Into an Islamic Cultural Center
• Establishment and Development of the Silk Road
• Ottoman Empire’s Collapse and the Birth of Modern Turkey
• Influence of the Abbasid Caliphate on the Islamic Golden Age
• Evolution and Impact of the Zionist Movement
• Historical Analysis of the Israel-Palestine Conflict
• Sassanid Empire’s Contribution to Persian Art and Culture
• Impacts of the Petroleum Industry on Gulf Countries
• Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Religion and Mythology
• Byzantine Empire’s Legacy in the Middle East
• Scientific Advancements During the Islamic Golden Age
• Arabian Peninsula’s Roles in Spice Trade Routes
• Transition From Ottoman Rule to French Mandate in Syria
• Examination of the Iranian Islamic Revolution
• Life and Rule of Saladin During the Ayyubid Dynasty
• Migration Patterns of Ancient Semitic Peoples

Military History Essay Topics

• Analyzing Leadership Strategies in The Battle of Waterloo
• Causes and Consequences of the Napoleonic Wars
• Lessons From the Vietnam War: Guerilla Tactics and Counterinsurgency
• Transformation of Battlefield Medicine From the American Civil War to Today
• Intelligence Operations and Their Role in the Cold War
• The Siege of Leningrad: Civilians in the Crossfire
• Revolutionary Tactics: The Military Innovations of Alexander the Great
• Ethical Implications of Atomic Bombings in World War II
• Combat Psychology: Understanding PTSD in Veterans of the Iraq War
• The French Resistance: Unconventional Warfare in World War II
• Evolution of Military Strategy: Sun Tzu to Modern Warfare
• The Korean War: Impact of International Intervention
• Women in the Military: Roles and Challenges from World War II Onwards
• Spartan Warriors: The Role of Discipline and Training in Ancient Warfare
• Codebreakers: Cryptography’s Influence on World War II Outcomes
• Military Implications of Space Exploration During the Cold War
• Amphibious Warfare: An Analysis of D-Day Invasion
• Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: Lessons From the Afghan War
• Defense Policies and Their Role in the Cold War Détente
• The Art of Siege Warfare: A Study of the Crusades

Modern History Topics

• Evolution of Democratic Institutions in Europe Post WWII
• Rise of Feminism: The Second Wave Movement
• Emergence of Neo-Liberalism: A Global Perspective
• Nuclear Weapons Development: Ethical Considerations
• End of Apartheid: Mandela’s Legacy in South Africa
• Consequences of Decolonization in Africa
• Confluence of Technological Advancements and Warfare
• Indian Independence: The Non-Violence Path
• Impacts of the Internet Revolution on Global Communication
• Formation and Dissolution of Yugoslavia
• Legacy of Nelson Mandela: South African Democracy
• Deciphering the Arab-Israeli Conflict
• Unveiling the Causes of the Rwandan Genocide
• Collapse of Soviet Union: Global Consequences
• Chornobyl Disaster: Ecological and Societal Aftermath
• Examination of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Effects of Globalization on National Identities
• Rise of China: Economic and Political Implications
• Birth of European Union: A Journey Toward Integration
• Changing Landscapes: Post-Industrial Revolution Transformations
• Decoding the Iran-Contra Affair: International Ramifications

History Essay Topics in Music

• Evolution of Jazz: A Century’s Journey
• Pivotal Roles of Beethoven in Classical Music’s Transformation
• Impacts of Social Issues on the Songs of the 1960s
• Bach’s Influence: Baroque Music and Beyond
• The Beatles: Revolutionizing the Pop Music Scene
• Music in Ancient Civilizations: A Comparative Study
• Indigenous Music: Richness and Diversity in Native Cultures
• Punk Rock: An Anthem for Discontented Youth
• Hip-Hop: A Medium for Sociopolitical Discourse
• Opera’s Development: Dramatic Shifts From 17th Century Onwards
• Country Music: An Echo of Rural America
• Reggae: Bob Marley’s Legacy and Influence
• Wagner’s Operas: Romanticism, Nationalism, and Beyond
• Electronic Music’s Rise: A Technological Marvel
• Development of the Symphony: Haydn to Mahler
• Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring: Shattering Musical Conventions
• Motown Records: Shaping the Sound of Soul
• Flamenco’s History: From Gypsy Songs to Global Phenomenon
• Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: Reshaping Qawwali Music
• Blues Transition: From Delta to Chicago

History Topics for Persuasive Essays

• Influence of Queen Elizabeth I on English Renaissance
• Substantial Impacts of the Black Death on European Society
• Roles of Harriet Tubman in the Underground Railroad
• Byzantine Empire’s Contributions to Modern Architecture
• Atomic Bombing Decisions: Justified or Inhumane?
• Cultural Exchange during Marco Polo’s Journey to the East
• Revolutionary Effects of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses
• Necessity of Crusades: Religious Devotion or Power Struggle?
• Renaissance Humanism and Its Role in Modern Education
• Mongolian Empire’s Influence on Eurasian Trade
• Success of Non-Violent Movements: Mahatma Gandhi’s Approach
• French Revolution: Catalyst for Global Democracy?
• Feminism’s Evolution and Impact Throughout History
• Contributions of the Islamic Golden Age to Modern Science
• Impacts of Napoleon Bonaparte’s Rule on France
• African Civilizations: Misconceptions and Undervalued Contributions
• American Civil Rights Movement: Effect on Current Race Relations
• Discoveries and Controversies Surrounding Christopher Columbus
• Significant Cultural Developments During the Meiji Restoration
• Aztec Civilization: Mesoamerican Contributions to Modern Society

History Topics in Social Studies

• Rise of Industrialization in Europe
• Exploration of the New World: The Columbus Voyage
• Impacts of the Great Depression on the Global Economy
• Ancient Greece: Origin of Democracy
• Egyptian Civilization: Contributions to Society and Culture
• Influence of Roman Law on Modern Legal Systems
• American Civil Rights Movement: Changes and Consequences
• Evolution of the European Union: A Historical Perspective
• Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: Cultures and Conflicts
• Migration Patterns during the Dust Bowl
• Chinese Cultural Revolution: Causes and Effects
• French Revolution: Seeds of Change
• Ottoman Empire’s Expansion: Impact on Europe
• Enlightenment Era: Shift in Human Thought
• Indian Independence Movement: Struggle and Success
• African Empires: Wealth, Power, and Trade
• World War I: Unforeseen Consequences
• Samurai and Shogun: Power Dynamics in Feudal Japan
• The Crusades: Religion and Politics Intertwined
• Viking Raids: Influence on Europe

Women’s History Topics

• Transformation of Gender Roles during the Industrial Revolution
• Suffragette Movement’s Influence on Modern Feminism
• Women in Ancient Civilizations: Greece and Rome
• The Role of Queens in Medieval Europe
• Madame Curie’s Contributions to Science
• Advancement of Women’s Rights in the 21st Century
• Rosa Parks: An Icon of Civil Rights
• Hidden Figures: African American Women in NASA
• Contributions of Women to the Impressionist Art Movement
• The Second Wave: Feminism in the 1960s
• Pioneering Women in American Politics
• Eleanor Roosevelt’s Influence on Social Policy
• Changing Perceptions of Women in Advertising
• Emily Dickinson: Recluse Poet, Revolutionary Thinker
• Women’s Labor Movement in the Late 19th Century
• Challenges Faced by Women in STEM Fields
• Billie Jean King: Breaking Barriers in Tennis
• Coco Chanel: Revolutionizing Women’s Fashion
• Contributions of Women to the Harlem Renaissance
• Historical Milestones in Women’s Sports

World History Essay Topics

• Revolution’s Role: How Did the French Revolution Shape Modern Europe?
• Renaissance Ripples: Impact of the Italian Renaissance on European Art and Culture
• Eastern Influence: Spread and Impact of Buddhism Across Asia
• African Awakening: The Decolonization and Independence Movements in 20th-Century Africa
• Rome’s Reach: The Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Crusades’ Consequences: Long-Term Effects of the Medieval Crusades on the Middle East
• Genghis Khan’s Legacy: The Mongolian Empire’s Influence on Eurasia
• Globalization’s Genesis: The Age of Exploration’s Effect on World Trade
• American Ideals: The Influences Behind the US Constitution
• Hitler’s Reign: A Study of the Holocaust and World War II
• Colonization’s Toll: The Long-Lasting Effects of British Imperialism in India
• Technological Triumph: Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Society
• Marxism’s Manifestation: The Russian Revolution and the Rise of Soviet Communism
• Atomic Anxiety: The Cold War and the Threat of Nuclear Annihilation
• Byzantium’s Brilliance: The Cultural and Political Impact of the Byzantine Empire
• Arab Advances: The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization and Its Contributions to Science
• Samurai Significance: The Influence of the Samurai Code on Feudal Japan
• Slavery’s Scars: The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Its Impacts on Africa and Americas
• Ottoman Order: The Establishment and Influence of the Ottoman Empire
• Spartan Strategy: Military Tactics and Society in Ancient Sparta
• Colonial Contest: French and English Rivalry in the New World

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75 Interesting History Essay Topics

Do you wonder how ancient civilizations functioned and evolved through the years of inventions and innovation? History indeed teaches us so much about the people and communities that created an impact back then. While literary essay topics help you explore the nuanced writing forms, history essay topics are meant to nurture your research skills. The thirst to discover stories of war, victories of freedom fighters, and the smuggling of arms can be quenched by engaging in essay writing. 

History is vast, ranging from states to nations, from forts to ports and so much more. In such a case, you simply cannot be studying it all or exploring topics all of a sudden. Hence, it is important to know that history can be categorized into different types wherein you can choose the one that interests you the most. Writing history essays empowers critical thinking skills and builds a problem-solving mindset in everyday life. This article will take you through different history essay topics motivating you to discover varied perspectives, ideas, and ideologies of the past.

Engaging History Essay Topics 

Various creative writing topics for high schoolers tap into building their imagination skills and enhancing their thinking abilities. However, along with history websites , interesting history essay Topics enable students to dive deeper into the ancient world and discover evolution. It is important to provide students with the right topic that interests them thereby inspiring them to research and find facts. The below-mentioned topics are a combination of various parts of history that help teachers offer a comprehensive learning environment. 

1. General History Essay Topics

• The reasons behind the fall of the Roman Empire and its effects.
• The effects of the printing press on the Renaissance’s dissemination of knowledge.
• Propaganda’s function in World War II and its impact on public opinion.
• The historical contributions of ancient African civilizations.
• The Silk Road’s importance in promoting trade and cultural exchange between East and West.
• The elements that led to the Byzantine Empire’s rise and demise.
• How the Scientific Revolution affected the growth of modern science.
• Analyzing the social and cultural backdrop of the frenzy during the Salem Witch Trials.
• The Louisiana Purchase’s importance in influencing American expansion.
• The effects of the Spanish Inquisition on freedom and toleration of religion.
• The impact of Enlightenment thought on the French and American Revolutions.
• How the Mongol invasions affected the economies and societies of Eurasian countries.
• The consequences of the Protestant Reformation on politics and society in Europe.
• The artistic and governmental achievements of the ancient Persian Empire.
• The reasons for and effects of the Chinese and British opium wars.

2. Essay Topics on Ancient History 

• The pharaohs’ achievements offer a glimpse into the growth and fall of Egyptian civilization.
• The legacy of ancient Mesopotamia is the contributions it made to early human cultures and culture.
• What can we infer about the Indus Valley Civilization, a prehistoric culture, and its significance?
• The causes behind the rise, expansion, and ultimate destruction of the Roman Empire.
• The construction of China’s Great Wall and its significance.
• Ancient Rome’s aqueducts, roadways, and structures are feats of engineering.
• The development and significance of early scripts like cuneiform and hieroglyphics.
• Symbolism and purpose in the art and architecture of ancient civilizations.
• The impact of mummification methods on ancient Egyptian ideas about the afterlife.
• Beginnings and religious practices of ancient civilizations: A comparison.
• The importance of the ancient Olympic Games in promoting peace and harmony between city-states.
• Legendary stories’ cultural value to ancient cultures.
• Influence of the Persian Empire on regional trade and cultural exchange.
• Investigating the Mayan civilization’s triumphs and demise.
• Early Indian mathematicians’ contributions to mathematics.

3. Essay Topics on World History 

• How Europe’s intellectual and cultural development was fueled by the Renaissance.
• The effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis on the Cold War and world politics.
• The effect of the Mongol invasions on how medieval Eurasia developed.
• The legacy of ancient civilizations: Contrasting and comparing the contributions of the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley.
• Gender rights and the position of women during the French Revolution.
• The causes of the Roman Empire’s collapse during its ascent and fall.
• The reasons for and effects of the 1917 Russian Revolution.
• The importance of the Silk Road in fostering commercial exchange.
• The contribution of the Enlightenment to world upheavals and reformations.
• China’s connections with the West after the Opium Wars.
• The effect of the Spanish Conquistadors on the Americas’ indigenous cultures.
• The causes of the Byzantine Empire’s collapse and its historical repercussions throughout Europe.
• Political and religious changes in Europe as a result of the Protestant Reformation.
• The emergence of empires in prehistoric Mesopotamia and their historical consequences.
• The Declaration of Independence’s importance in molding American history.

4. Essay Topics on Black History 

• The influence of the Harlem Renaissance on African-American culture.
• The importance of the Underground Railroad in aiding slaves’ freedom-related escapes.
• African-American participation in the Civil War and their struggle for freedom.
• The racial equality campaigns carried out by the Black Panthers.
• African-American aviators in World War II as the Tuskegee Airmen.
• The integration process of the first African American pupils into previously all-white schools.
• The history of Black History Month and its importance.
• The Civil Rights Act of 1964’s legacy and ongoing effects.
• The battle for desegregation by the Little Rock Nine.
• Black Lives Matter: Its Background and Importance
• The fight for voting rights and electoral participation by African Americans.
• Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs’): Background and Influence.
• Importance of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
• The Black Arts Movement’s influence on culture during the 1960s and 1970s.
• The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People’s (NAACP): Background and Significance.

5. Argumentative Essay Topics on History

• Was the American Revolution a true revolution or was it merely a fight for independence?
• Social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution on the working class.
• Women’s participation and contributions to the war effort during World War II.
• The Mongol Empire’s legacy: Did it make a positive or detrimental impact on world history?
• The Declaration of Independence’s importance in influencing American values and administration.
• The benefits and drawbacks of imperialism.
• The effects of the Treaty of Versailles on post-World War I stability in Europe.
• The Black Death’s consequences on medieval society and how they affected Europe in the long run.
• The reasons behind the French Revolution and its effects.
• The reasons behind and effects of the Cold War’s Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Analyzing the civil rights movement’s effects on society and determining its effectiveness.
• The importance of ancient Greek and Roman culture in forming contemporary Western culture.
• The discussion around the use of atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• The function of propaganda in World Wars I and II.
• Nelson Mandela’s contribution to the end of apartheid in South Africa.

Final Words

Drafting your thoughts about different history topics helps you explore a world of possibilities. Essay writing helps develop control grammar and language skills thereby strengthening communication.

With the above-mentioned history essay topics, you can choose the one that interests you the most. Ensure to pen down your thoughts and add new perspectives to the stories of the past. Students can also explore and play online history games to learn more about history and practice the same.

Sananda Bhattacharya, Chief Editor of TheHighSchooler, is dedicated to enhancing operations and growth. With degrees in Literature and Asian Studies from Presidency University, Kolkata, she leverages her educational and innovative background to shape TheHighSchooler into a pivotal resource hub. Providing valuable insights, practical activities, and guidance on school life, graduation, scholarships, and more, Sananda’s leadership enriches the journey of high school students.

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Free Medieval History Essay Example

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Students , Life , University , Law , Paris , Authority , Society , City

Words: 1300

Published: 01/03/2022

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Medieval life

Life in medieval colleges represents what still prevails in the modern world now. There were several players who included the students, clergy, town leadership and the lecturers. All these influenced life in medieval times. The student life during this time varied according to country and the climatic conditions. University life also made great appeal to the life in Europe. The church and state equally had a strong influence on life in this period. Bologna was of great significance in medieval times. At Bologna, lived a great teacher in civil law and another great writer in Canon law. By this, many students flocked there. Many were not law students. Most of the students there did philosophy and theology. Furthermore, most students at Bologna were from England. Often times there would arise several tussles between students of different countries as most of them had deep seated stereotypes about others from different countries. It is from such disputes that the King outlawed the clergy from England. This led to the rise of a new school in Cambridge. Many other institutions sprung up in towns such as Reggio, Palencia, Orleans, Lyons etc. this brewed greater rivalry between the new ones and their older contemporaries. This rivalry was quite inevitable. The Pope played a great role in the foundation of several schools. For instance, he could give several privileges to students as well as masters. The emperor also had such powers. As some schools were accorded privileges by the Pope, others would be accorded by the emperor. Most of the institutions which got such recognition assumed universal recognition. The great seats of learning were at Bologna and Paris. The two were Studia Generalia. Bologna comprised student guilds while that of Paris was a guild of masters. During these medieval periods, great institutions of learning were either universities of students or universities of masters. In some universities, students legislated for themselves. In such situations, their rules were not many. In fact most of their rules lacked in detail, thus, life in the student universities had its own trajectory. Even in Italy many students were foreign. These foreign students suffered many afflictions. Firstly, they did not have any rights; both civil and political. However, the state had some other provisions for them. For instance, they could form a union, if their numbers permitted. It is from such unions that many could articulate their issues. Most of the people who came to study law at Bologna were mature enough. There was the provision for students to create communities. Perhaps this practice has prevailed up to the present time. Students thus would be distinguished into “nations” as is still done in the modern renowned universities. The members of such communities had common interests, beliefs and were safe-guarded by their solemn oaths. Terms used in the university had several denotations. For example the terms “master” and “student” meant “teacher” and “the taught” respectively. So, the masters were the teachers while the “students” were the taught. These two groups also formed their guilds. One could only teach if they had been admitted to the guild of masters. However, this privilege became theoretical at Bologna as teachers merely became a close community of professors. So the universities had to contend with two other challenges. For example there was the guild of masters and the city authorities. The city authorities had a bigger say in the affairs of the universities. At first the masters depended on fees for their living expenses. However, by and by, the masters started earning a salary. They moved from this level to being paid by the city. By this the city authorities had an intension of curbing migrations. However, the students, under the support of the papacy, managed to overcome this onslaught. The student organization rights were further strengthened. Life in medieval college had its path. In Paris, students used to live in private houses. However, after an incident in 1336, college halls were constructed. Hence students were expected to abide by the several stringent rules set by the university authority. Students were supposed to wear certain clothes. The burial of their fellow was equally captured in the rules. In such a case, the rest were supposed attend. The Bishop of Paris could chastise most of the excesses on the precincts of the university. In most cases, no evil would go unpunished. The bishop had powers to even detain any criminal offender in the university. All the same, students were held in high esteem. For instance no student was to be punished for indebtedness.

Life in the medieval period versus the modern student life

Both universities that existed in the medieval period and the modern ones comprise the institutions of highest learning. Medieval universities existed long time ago, but one does not fail to notice that both institutions are still firmly grounded on their basis of their foundation and purposes. The major purpose is endeavoring to instill knowledge and skills with a view of bringing up a well rounded individual useful to the society. This is despite the modern university having introduced more disciplines. However, the modern institutions still offer the traditional courses that were offered in the medieval period. Just like the universities in the medieval period, the modern universities not only teach different subjects but also spend a lot of their resources in research. That is why many come up with several innovations in almost all areas of society, this is true since cures to diseases have been developed, and cutting edge technologies have been discovered as well etc. to improve life. All these achievements would not have come to fruition, had it not been for the research conducted at the universities. Admission into university in the medieval times was not for everybody. Only the best students could be given a chance to join such institutions. The same is replicated in the modern universities. The modern student admission still advocates for the top performers who get the necessary skills to come and improve society. The students eventually emerge as leaders in their society, thereby improving the quality of life of many. Just like in medieval times when people flocked into the universities to listen to great lectures by renowned lecturers such as Anselm of León and Peter Aberlad, the present universities have bequeathed the teaching responsibility to professors of very high ability. They profess knowledge and wisdom to all and sundry. Finally it can be noted that student discipline was not something that was compromised in medieval times. Students had to follow rules and regulations set the university authority. Presently, the same high standards are still expected of students. Students who behave in the contrary are summoned by the senate and corresponding punishment meted on them. In conclusion, the life of a student in medieval times and that in the modern times do not differ much. The high standards of practice expected then are still in place today. This shows that life in medieval university and that in modern life is had great similarities. The universities have still maintained their core practice of imparting knowledge and conducting research.

Alan B. Cobban, the Medieval Universities: Their Development and Organization (London: Methuen & Company, 1975), p. 21- 30 Gray Cowan Boyce, The English-German Nation in the University of Paris in the Middle Ages (Bruges: Saint Catherine Press, 1927) Marcia L. Colish, Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition 400 - 1400 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998) Pearl, Kibre, “Scholarly Privileges: Their Roman Origins and Medieval Expansion,” American Historical Review 59, no. 3 (1954): 543–67.

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