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The Complete IB Extended Essay Guide: Examples, Topics, and Ideas

International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

• A title page
• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

• A check on plagiarism and malpractice
• Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
• Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!  

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

• Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
• Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
• English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
• Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
• Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
• Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

• January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
• February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
• April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
• Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
• August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
• September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
• November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

• Business Management 1
• Chemistry 1
• Chemistry 2
• Chemistry 3
• Chemistry 4
• Chemistry 5
• Chemistry 6
• Chemistry 7
• Computer Science 1
• Economics 1
• Design Technology 1
• Design Technology 2
• Environmental Systems and Societies 1
• Geography 1
• Geography 2
• Geography 3
• Geography 4
• Geography 5
• Geography 6
• Literature and Performance 1
• Mathematics 1
• Mathematics 2
• Mathematics 3
• Mathematics 4
• Mathematics 5
• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Philosophy 5
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3
• Psychology 4
• Psychology 5
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 2
• Visual Arts 3
• Visual Arts 4
• Visual Arts 5
• World Religion 1
• World Religion 2
• World Religion 3

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How To Write The Extended Essay (With Topics and Examples)

This comprehensive guide navigates through every aspect of the EE, from selecting a topic and developing a research question to conducting in-depth research and writing a compelling essay. It offers practical strategies, insights, and tips to help students craft a piece of work that not only meets the rigorous standards of the IB but also reflects their academic passion and curiosity. Join us as we explore the keys to success in the Extended Essay, preparing you for an intellectually rewarding experience.

Posted: 13th February 2024

Section jump links:

Section 1: Understanding the IB Extended Essay

Section 2: the importance of the extended essay, section 3: selecting a topic, section 4: developing your research question, section 5: research methodology and theoretical frameworks, section 6: evaluating sources and data, section 7: integrating evidence and analysis, section 8: writing and structuring the extended essay, section 9: reflection and the rppf, section 10: the significance of academic discipline in the ee, section 11: good practice in extended essay writing, section 12: managing the extended essay process, section 13: collaboration and feedback, section 14: avoiding plagiarism, section 15: emphasising original thought, section 16: final presentation and viva voce, section 17: beyond the extended essay, what is the ib extended essay.

The International Baccalaureate (IB) Extended Essay (EE) is a cornerstone of the IB Diploma Programme . It’s an independent, self-directed piece of research, culminating in a 4,000-word paper. This project offers students an opportunity to investigate a topic of their own choice, bridging the gap between classwork and the kind of research required at the university level.

Key Objectives and the Role of the EE in the IB Curriculum

The Extended Essay has several key objectives:

• To provide students with the chance to engage in an in-depth study of a question of interest within a chosen subject.
• To develop research, thinking, self-management, and communication skills.
• To introduce students to the excitement and challenges of academic research.

The EE plays a critical role in the IB curriculum by:

• Encouraging intellectual discovery and creativity.
• Facilitating academic growth and personal development through research and writing.
• Preparing students for the rigours of higher education.

Extended Essay Word Count and Requirements

The EE has a maximum word count of 4,000 words. This does not include the abstract, contents page, bibliography, or footnotes (which must be used sparingly). Here are some essential requirements:

• Research Question: Your essay must be focused on a clear, concise research question. You should aim to provide a comprehensive answer to this question through your research and writing.
• Subject : The EE can be written in one of the student’s six chosen subjects for the IB diploma or in a subject recognized by the IB.
• Supervision : Each student is assigned a supervisor (usually a teacher in their school) who provides guidance and support throughout the research and writing process.
• Assessment: The essay is externally assessed by the IB, contributing up to three points towards the total score for the IB diploma, depending on the grade achieved and the performance in the Theory of Knowledge course.

The Extended Essay is not just an academic requirement but a unique opportunity to explore a topic of personal interest in depth. This can be an incredibly rewarding experience, providing valuable skills and insights that will serve you well in your future academic and professional endeavours.

The EE is more than just a requirement for the IB Diploma. It’s an essential part of the IB experience , offering profound benefits for students. Let’s explore why the EE holds such significance.

Academic and Personal Development Benefits

Skill enhancement:.

The EE fosters a range of academic skills crucial for success in higher education and beyond. It teaches students how to:

• Conduct comprehensive research
• Develop a coherent argument
• Write extensively on a subject
• Manage time effectively

Personal Growth:

Beyond academic prowess, the EE encourages personal development. Students learn to:

• Pursue their interests deeply
• Overcome challenges independently
• Reflect on their learning process
• Enhance their curiosity and creativity

Contribution to University Admissions

Standout applications:.

The EE can be a significant advantage in university applications . It demonstrates a student’s ability to undertake serious research projects and commit to an intensive academic task. Universities value this dedication, seeing it as indicative of a student’s readiness for undergraduate studies.

Showcase of Skills:

The EE allows students to showcase their research, writing, and analytical skills. It provides concrete evidence of their academic abilities and their capacity to engage deeply with a topic of interest.

Skill Development: Research, Writing, and Critical Thinking

Research Skills:

Students learn to navigate academic literature, evaluate sources, and gather relevant data. This process sharpens their research skills, laying a solid foundation for future academic endeavours.

Writing Skills:

Crafting a 4,000-word essay challenges students to express their ideas clearly and persuasively. It hones their writing skills, teaching them the art of structured and focused academic writing.

Critical Thinking:

The EE encourages students to analyse information critically, assess arguments, and develop their viewpoints. This critical engagement fosters a sophisticated level of thought, beneficial in both academic and real-world contexts.

In conclusion, the Extended Essay is a pivotal element of the IB Diploma Programme. It’s an invaluable opportunity for intellectual and personal growth, preparing students for the challenges of higher education and beyond. With its emphasis on independent research and writing, the EE equips students with the skills and confidence to navigate their future academic journeys successfully.

Choosing a topic for your Extended Essay is the first step in a journey towards developing a deep understanding of a specific area of interest. It’s crucial to select a topic that is not only academically viable but also personally engaging. Here’s how to navigate this critical phase.

Factors to Consider When Choosing Your EE Topic

Interest and passion:.

Select a topic that fascinates you. Your interest will sustain motivation over the months of research and writing.

Availability of Resources:

Ensure there are enough resources available on your chosen topic. Access to libraries, databases, and experts in the field is essential for comprehensive research.

Scope and Focus:

The topic should be narrow enough to allow for in-depth study yet broad enough to find sufficient research material. Balancing specificity with resource availability is key.

IB Subject Areas:

Your topic must align with one of the subjects you are studying in the IB Diploma Programme or an approved subject area. Familiarity with the subject’s methodology and criteria is crucial for success.

How to Align Your Interests with the IB Subjects

Explore the syllabus:.

Review the syllabus of your IB subjects to identify topics that interest you. This can provide a framework for your EE.

Consult with Teachers:

Teachers can offer insights into feasible topics that align with the IB criteria and offer guidance on how to approach them.

Consider Interdisciplinary Topics:

Some of the most engaging EEs explore the intersection between different subjects. If this interests you, ensure your approach meets the criteria for an interdisciplinary essay under the IB’s World Studies EE option.

Extended Essay Topics: Examples Across Various Disciplines

• Sciences: How does the introduction of non-native plant species affect biodiversity in your local ecosystem?
• History : What was the impact of Winston Churchill’s leadership on Britain’s role in World War II?
• English: How does the use of unreliable narrators influence the reader’s perception in Ian McEwan’s novels?
• Mathematics: Investigating the application of the Fibonacci sequence in predicting stock market movements.
• Visual Arts: Exploring the influence of Japanese art on Claude Monet’s painting style.

Selecting the right topic is foundational to your EE journey. It shapes your research direction, influences your engagement with the essay, and ultimately contributes to the satisfaction and success of your EE experience. Take your time, consult widely, and choose a topic that you are eager to explore in depth.

Crafting a focused and clear research question is a pivotal element of your Extended Essay. This question not only guides your research but also frames your essay’s entire structure. It’s the question to which your essay will provide an answer, and as such, it requires thoughtful consideration and precision.

A well-developed research question should be specific, relevant, and challenging. It should invite analysis, discussion, and the exploration of significant academic literature. Here’s a deeper look into formulating a robust research question for your EE.

Characteristics of a Strong Research Question

The hallmark of a strong research question is its specificity. It shouldn’t be too broad, as this could lead to a superficial treatment of the topic. 

Conversely, a question that’s too narrow might not allow for comprehensive exploration or significant discussion. Finding a balance is key. The question should also be focused on a particular aspect of a subject area, enabling in-depth analysis within the word count limit.

Another important characteristic is the question’s alignment with available resources. Before finalising your question, ensure that you have access to sufficient data and scholarly research to support your investigation. This might involve preliminary searches in academic databases, libraries, or consultation with your supervisor.

Tips for Refining Your Research Question

Start by brainstorming broad topic areas that interest you. Once you’ve identified a general area of interest, begin narrowing down by asking yourself specific questions about the topic. What aspects of this topic are unexplored or underexplored? What specific angle can I take that will make my research unique?

It’s also beneficial to review past EEs or academic journals for inspiration. Seeing how others have structured their research questions can provide valuable insight into crafting your own. However, ensure your question remains original and tailored to your interests.

Examples of Effective Research Questions

To give you an idea of what a well-formulated research question looks like, here are a few examples:

• Biology: How does the concentration of a specific nutrient affect the growth rate of plant species X in a hydroponic setup compared to soil-based growth?
• History: To what extent did the public speeches of Martin Luther King Jr. influence the public’s perception of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States between 1963 and 1968?
• Economics: How significant is the impact of recent economic policies on small businesses in [specific location] during the COVID-19 pandemic?
• English Literature: How does the use of magical realism in Gabriel García Márquez’s ‘One Hundred Years of Solitude’ reflect the political and social issues of post-colonial Latin America?

Developing your research question is an iterative process. It may evolve as you delve deeper into your research. Be open to refining your question based on the information you discover and discussions with your supervisor. A well-crafted research question will not only guide your research effectively but also engage your interest throughout the writing process, leading to a more meaningful and insightful Extended Essay.

A critical component of your Extended Essay is selecting an appropriate research methodology and theoretical framework. These elements are foundational to conducting your research and crafting your argument, influencing how you collect, analyse, and interpret data.

Understanding Research Methodologies

Research methodology refers to the systematic approach you take to investigate your research question. It encompasses the methods and procedures you use to collect and analyse data. Your chosen methodology should align with the nature of your research question and the objectives of your essay.

In the sciences, for example, your methodology might involve experiments, observations, or simulations to gather empirical data. In the humanities, you may lean towards content analysis, comparative analysis, or historical investigation, relying on textual or archival sources.

Selecting the right methodology is crucial. It should provide a clear path to answering your research question, considering the resources available and the scope of your essay. It’s also important to justify your choice of methodology in your essay, explaining why it’s appropriate for your research question and how it will help you achieve your objectives.

Applying Theoretical Frameworks

Theoretical frameworks provide a lens through which your research is conducted and interpreted. They offer a structured way to understand and analyse your findings, grounding your study in existing knowledge and theories.

Choosing a theoretical framework involves identifying relevant theories, models, or concepts that apply to your topic. For instance, if you’re exploring media representation of gender, you might utilise feminist theory as a framework to analyse your findings. In economics, you might apply game theory to understand competitive behaviours in a market.

The framework should guide your analysis, providing a coherent basis for interpreting your data. It helps to structure your argument, offering a deeper insight into the significance of your findings within the broader academic discourse.

Integrating Methodology and Frameworks into Your Research

Successfully integrating your chosen methodology and theoretical framework involves a few key steps:

• Clarify the Scope: Ensure your research question, methodology, and theoretical framework align in scope and focus. They should work together seamlessly to guide your research.
• Justify Your Choices: Explain the rationale behind your chosen methodology and framework. Discuss why they are suitable for your research question and how they will support your investigation.
• Apply Consistently: Use your methodology and framework consistently throughout your research and analysis. This consistency strengthens the coherence and academic rigour of your essay.

Reflecting on these components during the planning stage can enhance the quality of your research and the clarity of your argument. Your methodology and theoretical framework are not just academic requirements; they’re tools that shape the direction and depth of your inquiry, enabling a more structured and insightful exploration of your topic.

In the journey of crafting an Extended Essay (EE), the ability to critically evaluate sources and data stands as a fundamental skill. This evaluation is crucial in establishing the credibility and reliability of the information that forms the backbone of your research. Understanding how to discern the quality and relevance of your sources ensures that your EE is built on a solid foundation of trustworthy information.

Criteria for Selecting Credible and Relevant Sources

Authority: Consider the source’s authorship. Look for works by experts in the field, academic institutions, or reputable organisations. The author’s qualifications and affiliations can significantly impact the reliability of the information.

Accuracy: The information should be supported by evidence, referenced appropriately, and free from factual errors. Reliable sources often undergo a peer-review process, ensuring that the content is scrutinised and validated by other experts in the field.

Currency: The relevance of information can diminish over time, especially in fields that evolve rapidly, such as science and technology. Ensure that the sources you use are up-to-date, reflecting the latest research and developments.

Purpose: Understand the purpose behind the information. Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or sell? Recognising the intent can help you assess potential biases, which is particularly important when dealing with controversial topics.

Techniques for Evaluating the Reliability and Validity of Data

Cross-Verification: Cross-check information across multiple sources to verify its accuracy and reliability. Consistency among various sources can be a good indicator of the information’s validity.

Statistical Analysis: When dealing with numerical data, consider its statistical significance and the methodology used in its collection. Reliable data should be gathered using sound scientific methods and accurately represent the population or phenomena studied.

Source Evaluation Tools: Utilise tools and checklists designed to evaluate the credibility of sources. These can provide a structured approach to assessing the quality of your research materials.

Incorporating Primary vs. Secondary Sources Effectively

Primary Sources: These are firsthand accounts or direct evidence concerning the topic you’re researching. They include interviews, surveys, experiments, and historical documents. Primary sources offer original insights and data, allowing for a deeper and more personal engagement with your subject.

Secondary Sources: These sources analyse, interpret, or summarise information from primary sources. They include textbooks, articles, and reviews. Secondary sources can provide context, background, and a broader perspective on your topic.

Balancing primary and secondary sources enriches your research, providing both the raw data and the interpretations that help frame your analysis. By rigorously evaluating sources and data, you ensure that your Extended Essay rests on a foundation of credible and relevant information, enhancing the depth and rigour of your investigation.

The heart of a compelling Extended Essay (EE) lies in the seamless integration of evidence and analysis. This integration not only supports and substantiates your arguments but also demonstrates your ability to critically engage with your research topic. Here’s how to weave evidence and analysis together in a way that enhances the strength and persuasiveness of your EE.

Strategies for Integrating Evidence Seamlessly into Your Argument

Directly Link Evidence to Your Thesis: Every piece of evidence you include should directly support or relate to your thesis statement. This ensures that all the information contributes to building your argument coherently.

Use Evidence to Illustrate Points: Utilise examples, data, quotes, and case studies as concrete evidence to illustrate your points. This makes abstract concepts more tangible and convincing to the reader.

Analyse, Don’t Just Present: For every piece of evidence, provide analysis and interpretation. Explain how it supports your argument, what it demonstrates, and its implications for your research question.

Balancing Descriptive and Analytical Writing

Avoid Over-Description: While some description is necessary to set the context, avoid dedicating too much space to merely describing your evidence. The focus should be on analysis.

Develop a Critical Voice: Cultivate a critical approach to your evidence. This means evaluating its reliability, considering its limitations, and discussing its relevance to your argument.

Synthesise Information: Aim to synthesise evidence from multiple sources to support your points. This demonstrates comprehensive understanding and the ability to draw connections across your research.

How to Critically Analyse Sources and Data Within Your Essay

Question the Source: Consider the source’s origin, purpose, and potential bias. How might these factors influence the information presented?

Evaluate Methodology: If the evidence comes from a study or experiment, evaluate the methodology used. Is it sound and appropriate for the research question?

Consider the Broader Context: Place your evidence within the broader scholarly conversation on your topic. How does it fit with, challenge, or expand existing knowledge?

By thoughtfully integrating evidence and providing in-depth analysis, you can create a nuanced and compelling EE that goes beyond mere description to offer original insights into your topic. This approach not only strengthens your argument but also showcases your critical thinking and analytical skills, essential qualities for success in the IB Diploma Programme and beyond.

The Extended Essay presents an opportunity for IB students to engage deeply with a topic of their choice. However, to effectively communicate your research and insights, your essay must be well-structured and clearly written. 

This section provides guidance on how to write and structure your EE, ensuring your work is coherent, persuasive, and academically rigorous.

Outline of the Extended Essay Structure

A well-organised structure is crucial for the readability and coherence of your EE. Typically, an Extended Essay includes the following components:

• Title Page: Displays the essay title, research question, subject the essay is registered in, and word count.
• Abstract: A concise summary of the essay, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusion (Note: For essays submitted in 2018 and forward, the IB no longer requires an abstract, so check the most current guidelines).
• Contents Page: Lists the sections and subsections of your essay with page numbers.
• Introduction: Introduces the research question and your essay’s purpose, outlining the scope of the investigation.
• Body : The main section of your essay, divided into clearly titled subsections, each addressing specific aspects of the research question. It’s where you present your argument, supported by evidence.
• Conclusion: Summarises the findings, discusses the implications, and reflects on the research’s limitations and potential areas for further study.
• References/Bibliography: Lists all sources used in the essay in a consistent format, following the chosen citation style.
• Appendices: (If necessary) Contains supplementary material that is relevant to the research but not essential to its explanation.

Detailed Breakdown of Each Section

Introduction:

The introduction sets the stage for your research. It should clearly state your research question and explain the significance of the topic. Briefly outline the theoretical framework and methodology, and provide an overview of the essay’s structure.

The body is the heart of your essay. It should be logically organised to build your argument step by step. Each paragraph should start with a clear topic sentence, followed by evidence and analysis. Use subheadings to divide the sections thematically or methodologically, ensuring each part contributes to answering the research question.

• Developing Arguments: Present and critique different perspectives, systematically leading the reader through your analytical process.
• Using Evidence: Incorporate relevant data, quotes, and examples to support your arguments. Ensure all sources are appropriately cited.
• Analysis and Discussion: Go beyond describing your findings; analyse and interpret them in the context of your research question and theoretical framework.
• Conclusion: The conclusion should not introduce new information. Instead, it should synthesise your findings, highlighting how they contribute to understanding the research question. Reflect on the research process, acknowledging any limitations and suggesting areas for further investigation.

Importance of Coherence and Logical Flow

Maintaining coherence and a logical flow throughout your EE is essential. Transition sentences between paragraphs and sections can help link ideas smoothly, guiding the reader through your argument. A coherent structure ensures that your essay is accessible and persuasive, making a strong impression on the reader.

A well-written and structured EE is a testament to your understanding of the research process and your ability to communicate complex ideas effectively. By adhering to a clear structure and focusing on coherence and logical progression, you can craft an essay that is engaging, insightful, and academically rigorous.

A unique and integral component of the IB Extended Essay (EE) process is the Reflections on Planning and Progress Form (RPPF). The RPPF serves as a personal and academic exploration tool, guiding students through the planning, research, and writing phases of their EE. It encourages students to reflect on their learning journey, documenting insights gained, challenges encountered, and the evolution of their thinking.

The Role of Reflection in the EE Process

Reflection is at the heart of the EE, enabling students to engage critically with their own learning processes. It helps in:

• Self-Assessment: Encouraging students to consider their strengths and areas for improvement.
• Skill Development: Facilitating a deeper understanding of the research and writing skills developed during the EE process.
• Critical Thinking: Promoting an evaluative approach to the research process, allowing students to make informed decisions about their methodologies, sources, and arguments.

How to Effectively Complete the RPPF

Completing the RPPF involves three formal reflection sessions, which are crucial milestones in the EE journey:

• Initial Reflection: Focuses on the selection of the topic and formulation of the research question. Students should discuss their motivations, initial ideas, and anticipated challenges.
• Interim Reflection: Occurs midway through the process. Students reflect on the progress made, adjustments to their research plan, and any challenges they’ve faced. It’s an opportunity to reassess the direction of the EE and make necessary modifications.
• Final Reflection: After completing the EE, students reflect on their overall experience, the skills they’ve developed, and the knowledge they’ve gained. This reflection should also consider the impact of the research process on their personal and academic growth.

In each reflection, students should be honest and critical, providing insights into their learning journey. The reflections are not just about documenting successes but also about understanding the learning process, including setbacks and how they were overcome.

Examples of Reflective Questions and Insightful Responses

Initial reflection:.

Question: “What excites me about my chosen topic?”

Insightful Response: Discuss the personal or academic interest in the topic, any prior knowledge, and what you hope to discover through your research.

Interim Reflection:

Question: “What challenges have I encountered in my research, and how have I addressed them?”

Insightful Response: Describe specific obstacles, such as difficulty accessing resources or refining the research question, and the strategies employed to overcome them.

Final Reflection:

Question: “How has my understanding of the topic evolved through the research process?”

Insightful Response: Reflect on how the research challenged or confirmed initial assumptions and what was learned about the topic and the research process itself.

The RPPF is not just a formal requirement but a valuable component of the EE that enriches the student’s learning experience. By fostering reflection, the RPPF helps students to articulate their journey, offering insights into the complexities of research and the personal growth that accompanies the creation of an extended academic work.

The Extended Essay allows students to explore a topic of interest within the framework of an IB subject. The choice of academic discipline not only shapes the content and focus of the essay but also influences the methodologies and theoretical frameworks that students may employ. Understanding and adhering to the conventions and requirements of the chosen discipline is crucial for the success of the EE.

Adhering to Disciplinary Conventions and Guidelines

Each academic discipline has its own set of conventions regarding research methodologies, writing styles, and citation formats. For example, a science EE might require empirical research and quantitative analysis, whereas an essay in the humanities might focus on qualitative analysis and critical interpretation of texts.

Key considerations include:

• Methodology: The choice of methodology should align with disciplinary norms. Science EEs might involve experiments, whereas essays in history might rely on primary source analysis.
• Structure: While the basic structure of the EE remains consistent across subjects, the presentation of arguments and evidence might vary. Essays in the arts and humanities might follow a thematic structure, while those in the sciences might be organised around experimental findings.
• Citation Style: Different disciplines prefer specific citation styles. For instance, APA might be favoured in psychology, while MLA is commonly used in literature essays. Adhering to the appropriate style is crucial for academic integrity.

How Different Disciplines Influence the Approach to Research and Writing

The academic discipline not only dictates the formal aspects of the EE but also influences the approach to research and writing. For instance, an EE in Visual Arts would require a different analytical lens compared to an EE in Economics. The former might analyse the impact of cultural contexts on artistic expressions, while the latter could evaluate economic theories through case studies.

Disciplinary perspectives also affect:

• Argumentation : The way arguments are constructed and evidenced can differ. In the sciences, arguments are often built around data and logical reasoning, while in the humanities, they might be more interpretative, drawing on various theoretical perspectives.
• Critical Engagement: The extent and nature of critical engagement with sources can vary. In subjects like History or English, a critical analysis of diverse interpretations is fundamental, whereas in the Sciences, the focus might be on empirical evidence and hypothesis testing.

Examples of Disciplinary Perspectives in Extended Essay Examples

• Biology EE: An investigation into the effects of environmental changes on local biodiversity, employing scientific methods for data collection and analysis.
• Economics EE: An analysis of the impact of a specific economic policy on a local economy, using economic theories and models to interpret data.
• English Literature EE: A comparative study of the theme of alienation in two novels, using literary theories to explore the authors’ narrative techniques.

Understanding the significance of academic discipline in the EE ensures that students approach their research with the appropriate methodologies and analytical frameworks. It encourages respect for the depth and breadth of the subject area, contributing to a more nuanced and informed exploration of the chosen topic.

Writing an Extended Essay involves more than just conducting research and presenting findings; it requires careful planning, effective engagement with your supervisor, and a critical approach to your sources. Here are some best practices to help you navigate the EE writing process successfully.

Time Management and Planning

Time management is crucial in the EE process. The project spans several months, so it’s essential to break down the work into manageable stages. Create a timeline early in the process, including key milestones such as completing the research, drafting sections, and finalising the essay. Allocate time for unexpected challenges and ensure you have buffer periods for revision and feedback.

Planning Tips:

• Set Goals: Establish clear, achievable goals for each phase of your EE journey.
• Use Tools: Leverage planning tools or software to organise your tasks and deadlines.
• Regular Reviews: Periodically review your progress against your plan and adjust as necessary.

Engaging with Supervisors Effectively:Your supervisor is a valuable resource throughout the EE process. They can provide guidance on your research question, methodology, and essay structure, as well as feedback on your drafts.

Maximising Supervisor Engagement:

• Prepare for Meetings: Come to each meeting with specific questions or sections of your essay you want feedback on.
• Be Open to Feedback: Constructive criticism is essential for improvement. Listen to your supervisor’s suggestions and consider how to incorporate them into your work.
• Communicate Regularly: Keep your supervisor informed of your progress and any challenges you encounter.

Critical Engagement with Sources

A critical approach to the sources you use is fundamental to a high-quality EE. Evaluate the reliability, relevance, and bias of your sources to ensure your essay is grounded in credible evidence.

Strategies for Source Evaluation:

• Source Variety: Use a range of sources, including academic journals, books, and reputable online resources, to provide a balanced perspective on your topic.
• Critical Analysis : Don’t just summarise sources. Analyse their arguments, identify limitations, and consider how they contribute to your research question.
• Citation and Paraphrasing: Accurately cite all sources to avoid plagiarism. When paraphrasing, ensure you’re genuinely rephrasing ideas in your own words while still crediting the original author.

Good practice in EE writing is not just about adhering to academic standards; it’s about engaging deeply with your topic, embracing the research process, and developing skills that will serve you well in your academic and professional future. By managing your time effectively, leveraging the support of your supervisor, and critically engaging with sources, you can craft an EE that is not only academically rigorous but also personally rewarding.

Successfully navigating the Extended Essay process requires more than just academic skill; it demands effective project management. This encompasses planning, organising, and executing your EE from initial conception to final submission. Here are strategies to help you manage the EE process, ensuring a smooth journey and a rewarding outcome.

Planning and Time Management Strategies Specific to the EE

Develop a Detailed Plan: Start by breaking down the EE process into stages: topic selection, research, drafting, and revising. Assign deadlines to each stage based on the final submission date, allowing extra time for unforeseen delays.

Use a Calendar or Planner: Keep track of deadlines, meetings with your supervisor, and other important dates. Digital tools can be particularly useful, offering reminders and helping you stay organised.

Set Regular Milestones: Milestones offer checkpoints to assess your progress. These could be completing the research phase, finishing a first draft, or finalising your citations. Celebrate these achievements to stay motivated.

Milestones and Checklists to Keep You on Track

Create Checklists: For each phase of the EE process, develop a checklist of tasks. This could include conducting initial research, writing specific sections of the essay, or completing rounds of revision.

Regular Progress Reviews: Schedule weekly or bi-weekly reviews of your progress against your plan. Adjust your plan as needed based on these reviews.

Stay Flexible: Be prepared to adapt your plan. Research might take longer than expected, or you might decide to change your focus slightly after discussing with your supervisor.

Dealing with Challenges and Setbacks During the EE Journey

Anticipate Potential Issues: Think ahead about what might go wrong and how you would address it. Having contingency plans can reduce stress and keep you on track.

Seek Support When Needed: Don’t hesitate to reach out to your supervisor, peers, or other mentors if you encounter obstacles. They can offer advice, support, and perspective.

Maintain a Positive Attitude: Challenges are part of the learning process. View setbacks as opportunities to improve your problem-solving and resilience skills.

Managing the EE process effectively is about more than just completing a requirement for the IB Diploma; it’s an exercise in self-management and personal growth. By carefully planning your work, setting and celebrating milestones, and being prepared to tackle challenges, you can navigate the EE process with confidence and achieve a result that reflects your hard work and dedication.

Mastering the art of collaboration and effectively incorporating feedback are pivotal aspects of crafting a high-calibre Extended Essay (EE). These processes enrich your work, offering new perspectives and insights that can significantly enhance the depth and quality of your research and writing. Let’s delve into how to navigate these collaborative interactions and integrate feedback productively.

Effective Collaboration with Your Supervisor

Your supervisor is a key ally in your EE journey, providing guidance, support, and expert insight into your chosen topic. Building a productive relationship with your supervisor involves clear communication, active engagement, and receptiveness to their advice.

• Prepare for Meetings: Maximise the value of your meetings by preparing questions and topics for discussion. This shows initiative and helps you focus on areas where you need the most guidance.
• Be Open to Suggestions: Your supervisor brings a wealth of experience and knowledge. Being open to their suggestions can unlock new avenues of inquiry and refine your research focus.
• Follow Up: After meetings, review the guidance provided and take action. Following up on suggestions and demonstrating progress is key to a fruitful collaboration.

Incorporating Feedback Constructively

Feedback is a gift, offering you fresh eyes on your work and highlighting areas for improvement. Whether it comes from your supervisor, peers, or other mentors, constructive feedback is instrumental in elevating the quality of your EE.

• Critically Evaluate Feedback: Not all feedback will be equally applicable or helpful. Assess suggestions critically and decide which ones align with your research goals and vision for your EE.
• Implement Changes Thoughtfully: When integrating feedback, do so thoughtfully and systematically. Consider how each piece of advice enhances your argument or strengthens your analysis.
• Maintain Your Own Voice: While it’s important to consider feedback, your EE should ultimately reflect your ideas, analysis, and voice. Balance the input from others with your own scholarly insights.

Balancing Independent Research with Guidance

Navigating the balance between independent research and the guidance received is a delicate aspect of the EE process. While the EE is your project, drawing on the expertise and feedback of others can significantly enhance its depth and scope.

• Value Independence: Embrace the opportunity to conduct independent research, making your EE a true reflection of your interests and intellectual curiosity.
• Seek Guidance Wisely: Utilise your supervisor and other resources judiciously. They can provide clarity, offer new perspectives, and help you navigate complex aspects of your research.
• Synthesise Input: Integrate the guidance and feedback you receive in a way that complements your research, ensuring that your EE remains a coherent and cohesive piece of scholarly work.

The interplay between collaboration, feedback, and independent research is central to the EE process. By engaging effectively with your supervisor, thoughtfully incorporating feedback, and maintaining a balance between guidance and your own scholarly pursuits, you can craft an EE that is not only academically rigorous but also a true testament to your growth as a learner.

Plagiarism is a critical concern in academic writing, including the Extended Essay. It involves using someone else’s work without proper acknowledgment, which can compromise the integrity of your essay and result in severe penalties. Understanding what constitutes plagiarism and how to avoid it is essential for maintaining academic honesty and ensuring the credibility of your research.

Understanding What Constitutes Plagiarism

Plagiarism can take many forms, from directly copying text without quotation marks to paraphrasing someone else’s ideas without proper citation. It also includes using images, charts, or data without acknowledging the source. Even unintentional plagiarism, where sources are not deliberately misrepresented but are inadequately cited, can have serious consequences.

How to Properly Cite Sources and Paraphrase

Citing Sources : Every time you use someone else’s words, ideas, or data, you must cite the source. This not only includes quotes and paraphrases but also data, images, and charts. Familiarise yourself with the citation style recommended for your subject area, whether it be APA, MLA, Chicago, or another, and apply it consistently throughout your essay.

Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing involves rewording someone else’s ideas in your own words. It’s essential to do more than just change a few words around; you need to completely rewrite the concept, ensuring you still cite the original source. Good paraphrasing demonstrates your understanding of the material and integrates it seamlessly into your argument.

Using Plagiarism Detection Tools

Many schools and students use plagiarism detection tools to check the originality of their work before submission. These tools compare your essay against a vast database of published material and other student submissions to identify any matches. Utilising these tools can help you identify areas of your essay that need better paraphrasing or citation.

Avoiding plagiarism in the EE involves diligent research, careful writing, and thorough citation. It’s about respecting the intellectual property of others while demonstrating your own understanding and analysis of the topic. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your EE is both original and academically honest, reflecting the hard work and integrity that define the IB learner profile.

In the Extended Essay, showcasing original thought is not just encouraged; it’s a cornerstone of what makes an EE stand out. Originality in this context means more than just avoiding plagiarism; it involves presenting unique perspectives, developing novel arguments, or exploring new areas within a subject. Here’s how you can emphasise original thought in your EE.

The Value of Originality and Creativity

Originality and creativity in the EE demonstrate your ability to think independently and engage critically with your subject. It shows that you’re not just capable of summarising existing knowledge but also contributing to the conversation in your discipline. This level of engagement is what the IB looks for in assessing the EE, as it reflects a deeper understanding and application of the subject matter.

Balancing Academic Rigour with Personal Voice and Analysis

While it’s important to ground your EE in academic research and follow disciplinary conventions, finding a balance with your personal voice and analysis is key to originality. Here are ways to achieve this balance:

• Personal Insight : Inject your essay with your insights, interpretations, and conclusions based on the research. This personal engagement with the topic distinguishes your EE from a mere literature review.
• Critical Analysis: Go beyond describing what others have said. Critique the arguments, identify gaps in the research, and propose new ways of understanding the subject.
• Innovative Approach: Consider addressing less explored aspects of your topic or applying theories and methodologies from other disciplines to bring fresh perspectives.

Strategies for Developing and Showcasing Original Thought

Question Assumptions: Start by questioning the prevailing assumptions or widely held beliefs in your subject area. This critical stance can open up avenues for original analysis.

Interdisciplinary Connections: Drawing connections between different disciplines can reveal new insights and approaches that enrich your essay.

Reflect on Your Learning: Use the insights gained from your coursework and personal interests to inform your approach. Often, your unique educational and life experiences can inspire original perspectives.

Emphasising original thought in your EE is about striking a balance between demonstrating your mastery of the subject and pushing beyond the boundaries of existing knowledge. It involves a blend of thorough research, critical thinking, and creative engagement with the topic. By fostering a unique perspective and injecting your personal voice into your analysis, you can create an EE that is not only academically rigorous but also distinctly yours, leaving a lasting impression on your readers.

The culmination of the Extended Essay process includes the final presentation and the Viva Voce, a concluding interview between the student and their supervisor. These components serve not only as a summation of your EE journey but also as an opportunity to reflect on your learning and the skills you’ve developed. Understanding the significance and how to prepare for these elements is crucial for a successful EE completion.

Preparing for the Final Presentation

The final presentation is an opportunity to share the highlights of your EE journey, including your research question, methodology, key findings, and any challenges you overcame. It’s a moment to showcase the depth of your research and the personal growth you experienced throughout the process.

Key Elements to Include:

• Overview of Your Research: Briefly summarise your research question and why you chose it, highlighting your methodology and the scope of your investigation.
• Significant Findings: Share the key insights and discoveries you made during your research. This is a chance to underscore the original contributions of your EE.
• Challenges and Solutions : Discuss any significant obstacles you faced and how you addressed them. Reflecting on these challenges shows your problem-solving skills and resilience.
• Reflections on the Process: Share what you’ve learned about yourself as a learner, the skills you’ve developed, and how the EE has impacted your academic and personal growth.

Tips for a Successful Viva Voce

The Viva Voce is a short interview with your supervisor after you’ve submitted your EE. It’s an integral part of the reflection process, allowing you to discuss the successes and challenges of your research journey.

To Prepare for the Viva Voce:

• Review Your EE: Be familiar with your essay’s content, as you’ll discuss your work in detail. Be ready to explain your research decisions and reflect on your learning process.
• Anticipate Questions: Your supervisor might ask about how you selected your topic, the development of your research question, your approach to research and writing, and the skills you’ve developed.
• Reflect on Your Learning: Think about the entire EE process, including what you learned, how you’ve grown, and how the experience might influence your future academic or career goals.

How the Viva Voce Contributes to Your Overall EE Assessment

While the Viva Voce doesn’t directly affect your EE grade, it plays a crucial role in the holistic assessment of your IB Diploma. It demonstrates the authenticity of your work and your engagement with the EE process, providing insights into your approach, dedication, and intellectual growth.

The final presentation and Viva Voce are essential milestones that mark the completion of your EE journey. They offer a platform to reflect on the challenges you’ve navigated, the knowledge you’ve gained, and the skills you’ve honed. Preparing thoroughly for these elements ensures you can confidently articulate your research journey, showcasing the depth of your inquiry and your development as an IB learner.

The journey through the Extended Essay is more than an academic exercise; it’s a transformative experience that equips IB Diploma students with skills and insights that extend far beyond the programme.

Reflecting on how the EE prepares you for future academic and professional endeavours can highlight the lasting value of this rigorous project.

How the Skills Developed During the EE Can Benefit You in Future Academic and Professional Endeavours

Research and Analytical Skills: The EE demands a high level of research and analysis, teaching students how to gather, assess, and interpret data. These skills are invaluable in higher education and many professional fields, where evidence-based decision-making is crucial.

Critical Thinking: Crafting an EE requires students to evaluate sources critically, consider multiple perspectives, and develop well-reasoned arguments. This ability to think critically is highly sought after in both academia and the workplace.

Project Management: Completing an EE involves planning, organisation, time management, and problem-solving. Managing such a long-term project successfully can boost your confidence in handling complex tasks and projects in the future.

Communication: Writing the EE enhances your ability to communicate complex ideas clearly and effectively, a skill that is essential in any professional setting. Additionally, the final presentation and Viva Voce develop your verbal communication and presentation skills.

Examples of How the EE Has Helped Alumni in Their Post-IB Journeys

Many IB alumni attribute their success in university and their careers to the foundation laid by their EE experience. For instance, alumni often report that the EE made the transition to university-level research and writing much smoother. Others have found that the skills developed through the EE, such as critical thinking and project management, have set them apart in job interviews and workplace projects.

Encouragement to View the EE as a Stepping Stone to Lifelong Learning

The EE is not just a requirement for the IB Diploma; it’s an introduction to a lifelong journey of inquiry and discovery. It encourages a mindset of curiosity and a habit of continuous learning that can enrich both your personal and professional life. Viewing the EE through this lens can transform it from a daunting task into an exciting opportunity to explore your passions and develop essential skills for the future.

The Extended Essay is a hallmark of the IB Diploma Programme, embodying the essence of inquiry, critical thinking, and scholarly engagement. From selecting a topic and formulating a research question to conducting in-depth research and presenting findings, the EE challenges students to transcend the boundaries of traditional learning, fostering skills and insights that extend far beyond the confines of the classroom.

This comprehensive guide has navigated the critical aspects of the EE process, offering strategies for managing time, engaging with supervisors, and ensuring academic integrity. It has underscored the importance of original thought, the role of academic discipline, and the value of reflection, aiming to equip students with the tools they need to succeed in this rigorous academic endeavour.

The Extended Essay is a testament to your dedication, intellectual curiosity, and academic prowess. Embrace this opportunity to shine, to explore, and to make your mark on the world of knowledge.

How can we help?

• How to write?

How to Write a Psychology Extended Essay? Insights From an IB Writer

Luke MacQuoid

• October 26, 2023

Table of Contents

Writing an exceptional Psychology extended essay that adheres to general IB criteria is challenging and rewarding. Over the years, I’ve gathered valuable insights into this process, and I’m excited to share my tips and strategies with IB students.

In this article, I’ll provide a roadmap for success, covering essential aspects such as selecting your topic, conducting research, and structuring your essay.

Understanding the Psychology Extended Essay

A Psychology extended essay is a significant research project that IB (International Baccalaureate) students undertake as part of their IB Diploma program. It’s an in-depth investigation into a specific psychological topic or question, allowing students to apply their knowledge and research skills more independently and extensively.

The assessment criteria for the Psychology extended essay are divided into five categories:

• Focus and method (6 points).
• Knowledge and understanding (6 points).
• Critical thinking (12 points).
• Presentation (4 points).
• Engagement (6 points).

In the IB program, you can earn a maximum of 34 points when you write your Psychology extended essay. Combined with the ones you get from your TOK and CAS activities, they make up your total IB Diploma score .

Now, let’s talk about the word count for your Psychology extended essay. Your work should be around 3,000 to 4,000 words long. It includes all the writing in the central part of your essay, but it doesn’t count things like the abstract, table of contents, footnotes, bibliography, or any appendices you might have.

Choosing the Right Psychology Extended Essay Topic

Choosing the perfect Psychology extended essay topic is crucial to shaping your research process. I will give you some valuable tips that will make it easier for you to pick an excellent topic for further investigation.

Psychology Extended Essay Research Questions

According to the general IB criteria, the primary focus of your work should be on Psychology extended essay research questions. They should not be buried within your text but prominently featured in your introduction. It not only aligns with academic standards but also piques the reader’s interest from the very beginning.

For instance, consider the research question: “What are the key psychological factors influencing adolescent decision-making?” This thought-provoking issue is not only relevant but also captivating. It invites readers into the intriguing world of Psychology.

How to Find Ideal Psychology Extended Essay Topics IB

Here are some valuable tips to help you refine your focus and choose a topic that genuinely resonates with your academic interests and the Psychology extended essay rubric :

• Start by contemplating your interests within this field. What topics or areas have captivated your curiosity during your coursework?
• Your IB Psychology teacher is an invaluable resource. Seek their guidance and expertise when brainstorming potential topics.
• Ensure that your chosen topic aligns with the assessment criteria, especially the emphasis on research questions. It will help you stay on track and meet IB standards.
• Think about the feasibility of your chosen topic. Do you have access to the necessary resources, data, or participants to conduct research?
• Start with a broader topic area and gradually narrow it down to a specific research question.
• Before finalizing your topic, consider conducting some initial research. It will help you gauge the availability of information and whether the topic is a viable option.

If you want more ideas for Psychology extended essay topics , follow the link to find more information on our blog.

Psychology Extended Essay Research Sources

When conducting research for your Psychology extended essay, gathering information from various credible sources to support your arguments and provide a well-rounded understanding of your chosen topic is essential.

Academic Journals

Academic journals are rich sources of peer-reviewed research articles. Options like the “ Journal of Abnormal Psychology ,” “ Psychological Review ,” and “ Psychological Bulletin ” often contain in-depth studies and findings on various psychological topics.

Textbooks and scholarly books written by renowned psychologists provide comprehensive background information and theories about your topic. Look for books by authors such as Sigmund Freud, B.F. Based on your specific area of interest, Skinner, Jean Piaget, or Erik Erikson.

Use online databases like PubMed , PsycINFO , and Google Scholar to search for academic articles, research papers, and dissertations related to your research question. These databases offer a vast collection of scholarly resources.

University/School Libraries

I highly recommend using your university’s or local library’s psychology section. Libraries often provide access to various print and electronic resources, including books, journals, and databases.

Government Publications

Government agencies publish reports and studies on various psychological topics, such as the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) or the World Health Organization (WHO). In my experience, these reports often contain valuable statistics and research findings.

Professional Organizations

Not all students use these resources, but I recommend checking it out. Websites of associations like the American Psychological Association (APA) or the British Psychological Society (BPS) offer valuable resources, including research articles, guidelines, and reports related to Psychology.

Interviews and Surveys

If your research involves gathering primary data, consider conducting interviews or surveys with experts or individuals related to your topic. Trust me, it will give a whole new color to your work. Ensure that you obtain informed consent and follow ethical guidelines for data collection.

Structuring Your Psychology Extended Essay

A well-structured essay aligns with the Psychology extended essay rubric and facilitates a coherent presentation of your ideas and arguments. Here’s a more detailed breakdown of the components of an effective structure.

Introduction: Setting the Stage

The beginning of your extended essay is like a front door. It’s where you start your research and get your readers interested.

First, you should quickly examine the crucial ideas, theories, or research of your topic. This helps your readers understand what your research is about. Next, you need to state your main point clearly and simply (it’s your thesis). Make sure it connects to your research questions and gives a sense of what your essay will be like. It sets the tone for the whole essay.

Body Paragraphs: Developing Your Arguments

The body of your extended essay is where you’ll present your research, analyze findings, and develop your arguments:

• Divide your text into clear, logically structured subsections corresponding to the different aspects or arguments of your topic. Each subsection should have a clear purpose and contribute to your overall thesis.
• Cite relevant research studies, experiments, or data to support your arguments. Analyze and interpret this evidence critically, demonstrating your understanding of the topic.
• Incorporate transition words and phrases to ensure smooth flow between paragraphs and subsections. It enhances readability and aligns with the general IB criteria for clarity.

Also, remember to address counterarguments when applicable. Acknowledging opposing viewpoints and providing counter-evidence demonstrates a well-rounded analysis.

Conclusion: Summarizing Your Findings

The end of your essay is like the finish line. It’s where you wrap things up nicely for your readers. Start by repeating your main point, which is called your thesis. Then, discuss the essential things you found and learned in your essay. But don’t bring in new stuff here.

To get a perfect grade , you should also talk about why your research matters in the big picture of Psychology. How does it add to what we already know? End with something that makes your readers think or feel strongly. That’s how you leave a mark on them.

Writing a Psychology Extended Essay: Final Tips

In the final stretch of writing your Psychology extended essay, several critical considerations make a substantial difference in the quality and integrity of your work.

Talking about plagiarism is really important. It’s like a big problem that can get you in trouble at school. When you use someone else’s ideas, research, or words, you must give them credit by correctly citing them. You must also carefully and consistently use the proper citation style for extended essay Psychology (APA or MLA).

Also, remember that editing and proofreading are equally paramount. These processes are not just about catching typos or grammatical errors; they are the final touches that polish your essay to a high standard. When reviewing your work, focus on your arguments’ clarity, coherence, and logical flow.

Need help with your IB extended essay?

From research and analysis to structuring and editing, our skilled mentors will be by your side, helping you craft an exceptional extended essay that not only meets the wordcount and stringent IB criteria but also reflects your passion for selected IB group .

Lastly, the IB Psychology extended essay examples can serve as valuable guides. They offer structural models, inspire research questions, and provide an understanding of the expectations outlined in this rubric. However, remember that your essay must be an original piece of work. While examples can guide you, ensure that your content is your creation and that you conduct your research independently.

To Sum It Up

Here, we come to the final part of our Psychology extended essay guide. Such a paper is a valuable component of the IB Diploma Program, providing students with a unique opportunity to explore a specific psychological topic in depth, develop essential research and critical thinking skills, and prepare for higher education.

By following these tips from my experience , you’ll be well on your way to writing an exceptional IB Psychology extended essay that meets academic standards and earns a high grade. Good luck with your writing! ANd if you need assistance – Extended Essay Writers will always cover your back!

Luke MacQuoid has extensive experience teaching English as a foreign language in Japan, having worked with students of all ages for over 12 years. Currently, he is teaching at the tertiary level. Luke holds a BA from the University of Sussex and an MA in TESOL from Lancaster University, both located in England. As well to his work as an IB Examiner and Master Tutor, Luke also enjoys sharing his experiences and insights with others through writing articles for various websites, including extendedessaywriters.com blog

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Extended Essay: Individuals & Societies: Psychology

• Step 1 - Choosing a Subject
• Step 2 - Choosing a Topic
• Step 3 - Draft a Research Question
• Step 4 - Finding Sources
• Step 5 - Evaluating Information
• Step 6 - Bibliography & Citation
• Step 7 - Organizing Information
• The Arts: Visual Arts
• Individuals & Societies: Business Management
• Individuals & Societies: History
• Individuals & Societies: Psychology
• Language Acquisition
• Language and Literature
• Sciences: Biology
• Sciences: Sports, Exercise, and Health Sciences
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• Assessment Criteria
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• Investigation

Extended Essays in Psychology

Choosing a Topic

Establishing a subtopic of Psychology will be very important for students narrowing their topics.

If a student is interested in stress, they may then narrow this to the topic of stress within commercial aviation. Many large commercial airlines employ psychologists to investigate pilot performance and factors such as stress or emergency management. The student’s research question could be: “To what extent does airline pilot stress affect airline safety standards?”

Students must ensure that enough relevant and appropriate resources are available for them to conduct their research. They should investigate this at the start of their planning process.

The research question should require the construction of a systematically structured and fully supported argument in the development of an informed conclusion.

Approaches to Research

Research in Psychology

Psychology Sources

Writing the Essay

To develop a well-rounded understanding of their topic, students should carefully evaluate any research they cite. The essay should offer a balanced argument in response to the research question.

Students should demonstrate critical awareness and understanding of the material they use. They should analyze rather than simply describe. They need to apply what they have read to the research question rather than report the information.

A Psychology EE should allow students to recognize that the content and methodologies are wide ranging and require students to critically evaluate the choices they make with regard to methodologies. An EE in psychology should demonstrate such understanding.

Students can address cultural, ethical, gender and methodological considerations potentially affecting how a particular study or theory interprets behavior. Comparative analysis may also be a useful evaluative strategy.

Assessed Student Work

• Treatment for Autistic Spectrum Disorders
• The copycat effect: An analysis of suicides emulated from non-fictional and fictional media
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• Last Updated: Apr 18, 2024 6:27 AM
• URL: https://k497.libguides.com/extendedessay

Tips for writing an EE in Psychology

“Extended essay” – It’s funny how the mere mention of these two words can send a shiver running down the spine of IB students. Writing a 4000-word essay can seem like a daunting task, especially if you haven’t had the experience of writing an academic research paper. But unfamiliarity doesn’t necessarily have to be synonymous with dread. In fact, writing the extended essay can be an extremely insightful and interesting adventure if you pick a topic and a subject that you absolutely love. For me that was Psychology, and here are my tips on how to write a Psychology EE.

1. Talk to seniors who have written their EE in Psychology

Always remember that anyone who has written an EE will be willing to help a junior because they have been in your position. I asked my seniors questions such as “ how was your experience with the Psychology EE supervisor ?”, “how long did it take you to write the first draft”, and where did they find their studies from? Getting to know about their experience helped me get a better understanding of what I was putting myself into and made me feel prepared to start with my EE. 

2. Document everything

I used a padlet to brainstorm all of my ideas and jot down every idea that “sparked joy” inside me. The human brain isn’t capable of absorbing every single piece of information, making it extremely important to write things down so that ideas don’t simply slip away from your mind. Using a vision board , post its, or a padlet can help you create a visual representation of your brainstorming process. 

Documenting your thoughts and steps of the process will also help you write reflections and prepare for your viva after you are done writing your EE.

Here is the link to my padlet which was my life saviour. 10/10 would recommend! 

3. Stay Organized

In my opinion, writing the actual EE is much easier than the preparation that leads up to it. You might feel overwhelmed with the sheer amount of research studies; to tackle the stress, follow the following steps:

Step 1: Always bookmark webpages and journal articles that you think can support your claims and counterclaims for the EE. 

Step 2: Keep a master google doc where you log every link or information that you use. This will make sure that everything that you come across is accessible to you. It might become an extremely long document but that’s fine because you will cut out the irrelevant bits and pieces later on.

Step 3: Go through the google doc and highlight the studies that are relevant to your research question. My research question was “ to what extent is EMDR an efficacious treatment for PTSD caused due to sexual assault in adults.” I had to make sure that I only selected studies which focused on PTSD, had used EMDR and had been conducted on adults – these criteria helped me shortlist my research material.

Step 4: Once you have your shortlist, create a spreadsheet where you enter the following information: 

i) Name of the research study/article

ii) Name of the authors

iii)Link from where you accessed the study

This is what my spreadsheet of sources looked like for reference

Doing so will help you cite your sources in your bibliography to avoid plagiarism!

4. Start writing!

I know how daunting a blank google doc can seem, but the only way to move forward is to actually start writing. Like seriously, just write the first page – choose a font (Times New Roman for the win), write the subject in which you’re doing your EE, your Research Question, IB session and word count- with double spacing . Doing just this much will make you feel like a professional. After this, set small deadlines for yourself. Spend a few days writing your introduction, spend some time writing about a few studies and before you know you will have a rough draft. It doesn’t have to be perfect, it just needs to exist; you can always edit it later. 

Think of writing a Psych EE as writing a bunch of essay response questions, you have practised enough of those and this is no different! And for the moments when it just seems to be too much work? Step back, let your EE breathe and come back to it after some time, it may provide a different perspective! Most importantly, believe in yourself! You’ve got this. It might seem impossible and you might be intimidated by the number of words you have to write but trust me you can do this and you can do it well!*virtual hugs*

You may also like…

• Nanami’s advice for an EE in Economics .
• Tiffany’s tips on scoring high on a Physics EE .

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How to Write a Psychology Essay

Saul McLeod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Before you write your essay, it’s important to analyse the task and understand exactly what the essay question is asking. Your lecturer may give you some advice – pay attention to this as it will help you plan your answer.

Next conduct preliminary reading based on your lecture notes. At this stage, it’s not crucial to have a robust understanding of key theories or studies, but you should at least have a general “gist” of the literature.

After reading, plan a response to the task. This plan could be in the form of a mind map, a summary table, or by writing a core statement (which encompasses the entire argument of your essay in just a few sentences).

After writing your plan, conduct supplementary reading, refine your plan, and make it more detailed.

It is tempting to skip these preliminary steps and write the first draft while reading at the same time. However, reading and planning will make the essay writing process easier, quicker, and ensure a higher quality essay is produced.

Components of a Good Essay

Now, let us look at what constitutes a good essay in psychology. There are a number of important features.

• Global Structure – structure the material to allow for a logical sequence of ideas. Each paragraph / statement should follow sensibly from its predecessor. The essay should “flow”. The introduction, main body and conclusion should all be linked.
• Each paragraph should comprise a main theme, which is illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).
• Knowledge and Understanding – recognize, recall, and show understanding of a range of scientific material that accurately reflects the main theoretical perspectives.
• Critical Evaluation – arguments should be supported by appropriate evidence and/or theory from the literature. Evidence of independent thinking, insight, and evaluation of the evidence.
• Quality of Written Communication – writing clearly and succinctly with appropriate use of paragraphs, spelling, and grammar. All sources are referenced accurately and in line with APA guidelines.

In the main body of the essay, every paragraph should demonstrate both knowledge and critical evaluation.

There should also be an appropriate balance between these two essay components. Try to aim for about a 60/40 split if possible.

Most students make the mistake of writing too much knowledge and not enough evaluation (which is the difficult bit).

It is best to structure your essay according to key themes. Themes are illustrated and developed through a number of points (supported by evidence).

Choose relevant points only, ones that most reveal the theme or help to make a convincing and interesting argument.

Knowledge and Understanding

Remember that an essay is simply a discussion / argument on paper. Don’t make the mistake of writing all the information you know regarding a particular topic.

You need to be concise, and clearly articulate your argument. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences.

Each paragraph should have a purpose / theme, and make a number of points – which need to be support by high quality evidence. Be clear why each point is is relevant to the argument. It would be useful at the beginning of each paragraph if you explicitly outlined the theme being discussed (.e.g. cognitive development, social development etc.).

Try not to overuse quotations in your essays. It is more appropriate to use original content to demonstrate your understanding.

Psychology is a science so you must support your ideas with evidence (not your own personal opinion). If you are discussing a theory or research study make sure you cite the source of the information.

Note this is not the author of a textbook you have read – but the original source / author(s) of the theory or research study.

For example:

Bowlby (1951) claimed that mothering is almost useless if delayed until after two and a half to three years and, for most children, if delayed till after 12 months, i.e. there is a critical period.

Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fullfil the next one, and so on.

As a general rule, make sure there is at least one citation (i.e. name of psychologist and date of publication) in each paragraph.

Remember to answer the essay question. Underline the keywords in the essay title. Don’t make the mistake of simply writing everything you know of a particular topic, be selective. Each paragraph in your essay should contribute to answering the essay question.

Critical Evaluation

In simple terms, this means outlining the strengths and limitations of a theory or research study.

There are many ways you can critically evaluate:

Methodological evaluation of research

Is the study valid / reliable ? Is the sample biased, or can we generalize the findings to other populations? What are the strengths and limitations of the method used and data obtained?

Be careful to ensure that any methodological criticisms are justified and not trite.

Rather than hunting for weaknesses in every study; only highlight limitations that make you doubt the conclusions that the authors have drawn – e.g., where an alternative explanation might be equally likely because something hasn’t been adequately controlled.

Compare or contrast different theories

Outline how the theories are similar and how they differ. This could be two (or more) theories of personality / memory / child development etc. Also try to communicate the value of the theory / study.

Debates or perspectives

Refer to debates such as nature or nurture, reductionism vs. holism, or the perspectives in psychology . For example, would they agree or disagree with a theory or the findings of the study?

What are the ethical issues of the research?

Does a study involve ethical issues such as deception, privacy, psychological or physical harm?

Gender bias

If research is biased towards men or women it does not provide a clear view of the behavior that has been studied. A dominantly male perspective is known as an androcentric bias.

Cultural bias

Is the theory / study ethnocentric? Psychology is predominantly a white, Euro-American enterprise. In some texts, over 90% of studies have US participants, who are predominantly white and middle class.

Does the theory or study being discussed judge other cultures by Western standards?

Animal Research

This raises the issue of whether it’s morally and/or scientifically right to use animals. The main criterion is that benefits must outweigh costs. But benefits are almost always to humans and costs to animals.

Animal research also raises the issue of extrapolation. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans?

The PEC System

It is very important to elaborate on your evaluation. Don’t just write a shopping list of brief (one or two sentence) evaluation points.

Instead, make sure you expand on your points, remember, quality of evaluation is most important than quantity.

When you are writing an evaluation paragraph, use the PEC system.

• Make your P oint.
• E xplain how and why the point is relevant.
• Discuss the C onsequences / implications of the theory or study. Are they positive or negative?

For Example

• Point: It is argued that psychoanalytic therapy is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority.
• Explain: Because psychoanalytic therapy involves talking and gaining insight, and is costly and time-consuming, it is argued that it is only of benefit to an articulate, intelligent, affluent minority. Evidence suggests psychoanalytic therapy works best if the client is motivated and has a positive attitude.
• Consequences: A depressed client’s apathy, flat emotional state, and lack of motivation limit the appropriateness of psychoanalytic therapy for depression.

Furthermore, the levels of dependency of depressed clients mean that transference is more likely to develop.

Using Research Studies in your Essays

Research studies can either be knowledge or evaluation.

• If you refer to the procedures and findings of a study, this shows knowledge and understanding.
• If you comment on what the studies shows, and what it supports and challenges about the theory in question, this shows evaluation.

Writing an Introduction

It is often best to write your introduction when you have finished the main body of the essay, so that you have a good understanding of the topic area.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your introduction.

Ideally, the introduction should;

Identify the subject of the essay and define the key terms. Highlight the major issues which “lie behind” the question. Let the reader know how you will focus your essay by identifying the main themes to be discussed. “Signpost” the essay’s key argument, (and, if possible, how this argument is structured).

Introductions are very important as first impressions count and they can create a h alo effect in the mind of the lecturer grading your essay. If you start off well then you are more likely to be forgiven for the odd mistake later one.

Writing a Conclusion

So many students either forget to write a conclusion or fail to give it the attention it deserves.

If there is a word count for your essay try to devote 10% of this to your conclusion.

Ideally the conclusion should summarize the key themes / arguments of your essay. State the take home message – don’t sit on the fence, instead weigh up the evidence presented in the essay and make a decision which side of the argument has more support.

Also, you might like to suggest what future research may need to be conducted and why (read the discussion section of journal articles for this).

Don”t include new information / arguments (only information discussed in the main body of the essay).

If you are unsure of what to write read the essay question and answer it in one paragraph.

Points that unite or embrace several themes can be used to great effect as part of your conclusion.

The Importance of Flow

Obviously, what you write is important, but how you communicate your ideas / arguments has a significant influence on your overall grade. Most students may have similar information / content in their essays, but the better students communicate this information concisely and articulately.

When you have finished the first draft of your essay you must check if it “flows”. This is an important feature of quality of communication (along with spelling and grammar).

This means that the paragraphs follow a logical order (like the chapters in a novel). Have a global structure with themes arranged in a way that allows for a logical sequence of ideas. You might want to rearrange (cut and paste) paragraphs to a different position in your essay if they don”t appear to fit in with the essay structure.

To improve the flow of your essay make sure the last sentence of one paragraph links to first sentence of the next paragraph. This will help the essay flow and make it easier to read.

Finally, only repeat citations when it is unclear which study / theory you are discussing. Repeating citations unnecessarily disrupts the flow of an essay.

Referencing

The reference section is the list of all the sources cited in the essay (in alphabetical order). It is not a bibliography (a list of the books you used).

In simple terms every time you cite/refer to a name (and date) of a psychologist you need to reference the original source of the information.

If you have been using textbooks this is easy as the references are usually at the back of the book and you can just copy them down. If you have been using websites, then you may have a problem as they might not provide a reference section for you to copy.

References need to be set out APA style :

Author, A. A. (year). Title of work . Location: Publisher.

Journal Articles

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Article title. Journal Title, volume number (issue number), page numbers

A simple way to write your reference section is use Google scholar . Just type the name and date of the psychologist in the search box and click on the “cite” link.

Next, copy and paste the APA reference into the reference section of your essay.

Once again, remember that references need to be in alphabetical order according to surname.

• Online Curriculum Centre

Extended essay

Extended Essay: Writing an EE Introduction

• General Timeline
• Group 1: English Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts
• Interdisciplinary essays
• Six sub-categories for WSEE
• IB Interdisciplinary EE Assessment Guide
• Brainstorming
• Pre-Writing
• Research Techniques
• The Research Question
• Paraphrasing, Summarising and Quotations

Writing an EE Introduction

• Writing the main body of your EE
• Writing your EE Conclusion
• Sources: Finding, Organising and Evaluating Them
• Conducting Interviews and Surveys
• Citing and Referencing
• Check-in Sessions
• First Formal Reflection
• Second Formal Reflection
• Final Reflection (Viva Voce)
• Researcher's Reflection Space (RRS) Examples
• Information for Supervisors
• How is the EE Graded?
• EE Online Resources
• Stavanger Public Library
• Exemplar Essays
• Extended Essay Presentations
• ISS High School Academic Honesty Policy

The most important thing you need to know about writing your introduction is that it should be written LAST.   Although that sounds counterintuitive, that it is the best way to do it. Simply put, there is just no way to know everything that should go into your introduction until you have completed your research. 

Once you have written the bulk of your paper including your reasoned argument and conclusion, you will then have all the info you need to complete your introduction. 

Here are the basic components of what needs to be included in your EE introduction:

• Academic Context:  You need to show how your question fits into existing knowledge about your topic. 
• Outline of your argument:  Go through your reasoned argument chronologically – in the order it appears in your paper. 
• Scope:   How have you approached your RQ? What types of sources were used – did you use any unconventional methods?
• Worthiness: why is your RQ worthy of investigation?

From the EE Guide:

The introduction should tell the reader what to expect in the essay. The introduction should make clear to the reader the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, in particular an indication of the sources to be used, and an insight into the line of argument to be taken.

While students should have a sense of the direction and key focus of their essay, it is sometimes advisable to finalize the introduction once the body of the essay is complete.

I strongly urge you to read Chapter 5 of the Oxford EE Guide as it gives much more detail about writing your introduction along with examples.

***Remember to state your Research Question clearly in the introduction and remember to do your introduction  LAST ! 

Academic Writing Tips

Formal vs. Informal Writing A chart giving the differences between informal and formal essays in seven areas (author's viewpoint; subject/content (sources of evidence); tone; structure; location of the research question; vocabulary; and purpose. Also included are examples comparing informal and formal writing for essays in English, biology, and psychology.

How to Avoid Colloquial (Informal) Writing   While it may be acceptable in friendly e-mails and chat rooms, excessive colloquialism is a major pitfall that lowers the quality of formal written text. Here are some steps/tips that you can follow to help improve your overall writing.

Elements of Academic Context

•  Evidence that you’ve carefully considered the subject.
• A clear, appropriately qualified thesis
• A response to what others have said
• Good reasons supported by evidence
• Acknowledgement of multiple perspectives
•  Carefully documented sources
• A confidant, authoritative stance
• An indication of why your topic matters
• Careful attention to correctness

From Scotch College

Writing the introduction.

An introduction for an Extended Essay requires students to include the following aspects:

Aside from giving the essay a structural outline that any reader can follow, these aspects also help ensure that expectations for Criterion A (Focus and Method) are met.

Context : Explicitly stating your research question and providing some context that situated your question within existing knowledge is the key to a strong introduction. This does not mean providing detailed background information but rather indicating to an examiner what existing theories, critical approaches , methods or factors have already been suggested or exist to answer your research question.

Outline of the argument : Including the research question in your introduction is a quick way of ensuring you've made clear what you will be focusing on. In addition to this, it allows you to specify which aspects, factors or key features you will be investigating that will help you answer your overall question. Doing this in the order they appear in the main body is advised.

Scope : It is vital that you indicate in your introduction how you've gone about answering your research question. This means indicating to the examiner what source material has been used, or scientific methodologies followed or critical interpretations challenged and so on.

Stating that your essay utilised websites, books and journals is not as good as indicating exactly which authors, theories or methods have been used.

Worthiness : Finally, it is important, to indicate why your research question is worthy of investigation. Using the phrase "this research question is worthy of investigation because..." forces you to consider worthiness by default.

Exemplar of Introduction

Muawiya's accession to the caliphate is a hotly debated topic among historians with some, such as Kennedy, arguing that he owes his elevation to the weakness of opposition as reflected in the figure of Caliph Ali, while others, such as Shaban, arguing that his success owes itself in large measure to the tangible economic benefits that support Muawiya provided the Arab tribes...

... this essay seeks to challenge the orthodox interpretation offered by Kennedy and instead argue that Muawiya's success owes much to the changing socio-economic dynamic among Arab tribesmen within the newly formed Islamic Empire...

... the essay will also simultaneously explore what other factors, including the governorship of Syria, the conflict of Byzantium, the dwindling role of the Ansar, and the role the Kharijites played in helping Muawiya take over the Caliphate while relying on the works of principal historians such as Kennedy, Shaban, Armstrong and Hawting.

... this research question is worthy of investigation because Muawiya's rise to the caliphate marks a significant turning point in the development of the Islamic Empire during the seventh century and beyond. It established the tradition of dynastic and monarchic succession that would become commonplace in the ensuring centuries... the role played by Caliph Ali in supplanting the Rashidun model with a dynastic model is of critical significance to this early medieval period as it created the conditions for the schism between Sunni and Shi'a practices...

Introduction – Roughly 800 words

• Must include the RQ in bold – preferably in the first paragraph
• Context: What key aspects can you discuss to ensure you’ve provided some academic context underpinning your research question?
• For locally based investigations ensure you clearly identify and locate the local context
• Outline of argument: What features, aspects, factors, theories and so forth will your essay utilize in order to arrive at a conclusion?
• Give an overview of methodology and scope – how do you plan to answer the question? What authors, scientists, case studies, theories and so on have been consulted to answer your research question?
• What is the significance of your research? Why is this topic worthy of consideration?

EE Introduction Checklist

→does your introduction include some background information and place the topic in an appropriate context , →is your research question clearly focused, and highlighted in some way (bold, italics, etc), →does your introduction explain the significance and context of your topic (this topic is an important because…), →does your introduction explain why your topic is worthy of investigation , →does your introduction explain how the research question relates to existing knowledge (academic context) , →do you avoid writing lengthy, irrelevant background material, →do you outline a cohesive reasoned argument, →is it clear where your intro ends.

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Psychology Extended Essay Topics

The International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme is an international education program for high schoolers. To graduate, students must complete the core curriculum area and a few extended courses including a psychology extended essay.

The psychology extended essay is a research paper focusing on a question within the field of psychology. Usually 2000-4000 words in length, this essay requires students to select a topic, conduct serious in-depth research, analyze their findings, and document their sources. The essay should demonstrate the student’s ability to think critically, challenge existing theories, and make new arguments or observations.

Ultimately, completing a successful psychology extended essay indicates that the student can develop an understanding of the fundamentals of psychology, comprehend what psychologists do, and contribute to this field while demonstrating outstanding writing skills.

Brainstorming Psychology Essay Ideas

Finding the right topic for an IB extended essay in psychology can be a challenging process. It requires you to do research and find creative ways to analyze and interpret the data. To make this task easier, it is important to brainstorm potential topics that can be explored and discussed in an Extended Essay. Here are a few steps that can help in the brainstorming process.

• Gather Information: Before you start brainstorming, make sure that you have gathered sufficient information about the subject. Research about different psychologists, theories, and concepts related to psychology. By doing this, you will have a basic understanding of the subject before you start brainstorming.
• Explore Different Perspectives: Brainstorming is all about exploring different perspectives. You should try to think outside the box and come up with creative solutions by looking at the problem from different angles.
• Make Lists: Make lists of potential topics that you can write about. Don’t just focus on one idea – come up with several related topics to explore. This will help you narrow down your list of possible topics.
• Discuss With Others: Discuss the potential topics with your friends, family, and even teachers. By talking to them and hearing their opinions, you will get new ideas that you can explore.
• Write it Down: Once you have found a few possible topics for your essay, write them down. This will help you keep track of the ideas and ensure that none of them are forgotten.

By following the above steps, you should be able to come up with several potential topics that you can use for your IB Extended Essay in psychology. Once you have your list of topics, you can start researching and gathering evidence that can help you make your essay stand out.

• The impact of social media on adolescents’ self-esteem and mental health.
• Cognitive biases and their role in decision-making processes.
• The psychological effects of music therapy on stress and anxiety reduction.
• The role of attachment styles in romantic relationships and relationship satisfaction.
• The influence of color psychology on consumer behavior and marketing strategies.
• The psychological effects of nature exposure on stress reduction and overall well-being.
• The role of emotional intelligence in effective leadership and workplace success.
• The impact of parental styles on children’s social and emotional development.
• The correlation between creativity and mental health disorders in artists.
• The role of mindfulness meditation in reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression.
• The psychological impact of sleep deprivation on cognitive functioning and mood.
• The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in treating various mental health disorders.
• The role of neuroplasticity in recovery from traumatic brain injuries.
• The influence of cultural factors on the perception and expression of emotions.
• The impact of stereotype threat on academic performance and self-concept in minority students.
• The psychological effects of virtual reality technology on empathy and social connection.
• The role of resilience in coping with adverse life events and promoting psychological well-being.
• The impact of video games on cognitive skills, aggression, and prosocial behavior.
• The influence of birth order on personality development and sibling relationships.
• The role of subliminal messaging in shaping attitudes and consumer behavior.

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Choosing a psychology essay topic.

Choosing the right essay topic for your IB Extended Essay in psychology is important. You want to make sure you pick a topic that has plenty of research material available, but isn’t too broad or too narrow. To help you find the perfect essay topic, there are a few steps you can follow.

Look at the course material

Your first step should be to review the course material for your psychology course. By looking back over the lectures and reading material, you will get a better  idea of the types of topics you could use for your Extended Essay . This can also help you identify any topics you may have overlooked.

Brainstorming

Once you have reviewed the course material, it’s time to start brainstorming. Think about specific interests you have in psychology and come up with ideas related to those areas. It can also be helpful to look online at the various psychology essay topics other students have chosen and see if any ideas spark your interest.

Do Research

Before deciding on a specific topic for your Extended Essay, make sure to do some research. You want to make sure there is enough research material available so that you can effectively answer your research question and develop a strong argument. It’s also important to make sure the topic you choose hasn’t already been done too many times.

Narrow Your Topic

Once you have identified a potential topic, spend some time narrowing it down. Think about how you can take the topic and make it more specific. You don’t want to choose a topic that is too general or one that is too narrow. Remember, the goal is to find a topic you can effectively research and make a strong argument.

Choose Your Topic

Now it’s time to make your final decision. Review the topics you have narrowed down and make sure they meet all of the criteria required for the IB Extended Essay. If you feel strongly about one of the topics, then it’s likely the right choice for you. Remember to stay open-minded and consider other ideas as well.

Structuring an IB Extended Essay in Psychology

Writing a psychology extended essay can be a daunting task. Knowing how to structure your essay can be just as important as researching and writing the content. It is essential you have a clear understanding of the format and components of an extended essay before you start.

Overview of IB Extended Essay Format

The IB Extended Essay format is a standardized document that contains information related to the topic of write up. It also includes details about the essay’s structure, different sections, and their purpose. Here are the main components of the IB Extended Essay:

• Table of contents

Introduction

• Body of the essay
• Bibliography/list of references

The title page is the first page of your essay. All information related to the essay, including its title, author’s name and contact information, supervisor’s name and date of submission must be included here.

The abstract is a summary of the essay. It should be written in a paragraph format and should not exceed 300 words. In the abstract, you should provide a brief overview of your topic, the methodology used, results and findings, and the conclusion.

Table of Contents

A Table of Contents lists all the sections and subsections of the essay, along with their respective pages. This helps the reader navigate the paper more efficiently.

The introduction is the section where you provide background information on the subject matter and outline the aims and objectives of your essay. You should keep this section concise and focused.

Body of the Essay

The body of the essay contains your research and analysis. It is divided into sections and subsections depending on the topics you discuss. You should provide evidence to support each statement you make and explain the conclusions you draw.

The conclusion summarizes the points discussed in the body of the essay and provides an overall assessment of your research. You should also include any suggestions for further research based on your findings.

Bibliography/List of References

The bibliography or list of references section should include a comprehensive list of the sources used for your essay. It is important to ensure that all sources are properly cited in the text and in the bibliography.

By familiarizing yourself with the format and components of an IB Extended Essay in Psychology, you can ensure that you produce a well-structured and informative essay.

Research Sources for Psychology IB Extended Essay

When writing an IB extended essay on psychology, research is essential in order to provide evidence to support your argument. Therefore, it is important to know the different types of acceptable sources of research. Here are the four main types of sources you should consider when researching for a psychology essay.

Books and Journals

Books and journals published by psychologists or other experts in the psychological field are highly reliable sources of information. These sources often provide more in-depth coverage than other sources, as well as more detailed information about specific topics. Additionally, books and journals often provide bibliographies that can be used to find additional resources. It is important to note, however, that not all books and journals are created equal. Be sure to evaluate the credibility of the author and publishing company before citing a book or journal in your essay.

Websites can provide additional information about psychology topics. However, it is important to remember that not all websites are reliable. Before citing a website in your essay, make sure to evaluate it in order to determine its credibility. Good indicators of a credible website include: having accurate information, being up-to-date, and having an author with relevant credentials.

Articles written by experts in their fields, such as an article written by a psychologist in a psychology magazine, can be useful sources of information. These articles often provide detailed facts and opinions that can help support your argument. As with books and journals, it is important to evaluate the reliability of an article before using it in your essay.

Interviews and Surveys

Interviews and surveys conducted with experts in the field of psychology can provide valuable personal insights. Interviews are particularly helpful if the person being interviewed has experience in the topic being discussed. Surveys can provide statistical data on a variety of topics. Be sure to cite any interviews or surveys you use in your essay to avoid plagiarism.

Using reliable sources of  research is essential when writing an IB extended essay on psychology . Books and journals published by experts, carefully evaluated websites, articles written by professionals, and interviews and surveys conducted with experts can all be useful sources of information. Make sure to evaluate the credibility of each source before citing it in your essay.

Writing the Draft of Psychology Extended Essay

Writing an IB extended essay in Psychology can be a daunting task, especially if you’re not sure where to start. The key to writing a successful essay is to break it down into smaller, manageable steps.

The first step is to create a draft of your essay. This is the foundation for your essay and should include the main ideas and arguments you plan to cover. Here are some tips on how to write a strong draft of your essay:

• Start by creating an outline that states the main points and arguments of your essay. This will help you stay focused and on track as you write.
• Make sure to provide evidence to back up your arguments. Use reliable sources such as research papers and scholarly articles as support for your claims.
• Write in a logical, chronological order, moving from one point to the next in a clear and organized way.
• Be sure to give your essay a strong introduction and conclusion that summarize the main points covered.
• Read over your draft several times and make necessary changes or additions to ensure accuracy and clarity.

Writing a successful draft of your Psychology IB extended essay does not have to be a daunting process. With a bit of planning and preparation, you can craft a well-written and thoughtful essay that meets all the criteria for success.

Revising the Psychology Extended Essay

Writing is a process that requires you to revise and refine your work. Once you have a draft of your psychology extended essay, it’s time to go back and make improvements. Revising is a great way to ensure that your essay is clear, concise, and free of errors. Here are some tips to help you revise your extended essay in psychology.

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Read Your Work Out Loud

Reading your work out loud or having someone else read it can help you catch errors you may have missed when reading silently. When you read your essay out loud, pay attention to parts that don’t flow well, sentences that are too long, and words that are used too often. Having a friend or classmate read your work can provide a fresh perspective, allowing you to identify any issues you have overlooked.

Eliminate Wordiness

In longer essays, it’s easy to be wordy and use unnecessary words. Go through your essay and look for any words or phrases that can be cut out without changing the meaning of the sentence. Eliminating unnecessary words will not only make the essay easier to read but can also help you stay within the word count limit.

Look For Clichés

Cliches are phrases that are overused and lack originality. Even though they’re easy to write, they can make your essay sound dull and uninspired. To improve the quality of your essay, search for any cliches and replace them with more vivid and precise language.

Check For Grammar And Spelling

One of the most important aspects of revising an essay is to check for grammatical and spelling errors. While spell check can help catch some errors, it’s important to proofread your work carefully to ensure no mistakes slipped through. Additionally, take note of any incorrect comma or apostrophe usage throughout your essay.

Review Your Introduction And Conclusion

The introduction and conclusion of your essay are important elements that need to be revised. Read through both sections and make sure they accurately reflect the main ideas and points made in the essay. If needed, consider rewriting the introduction and conclusion to ensure they are as effective as possible.

Take Advantage of Feedback

Having another person review your essay can help you improve its quality. Ask someone you trust to provide feedback on your work and look at it with a critical eye. This can help you identify where changes need to be made so you can perfect your essay.

Taking the extra time to revise your extended essay in psychology can make all the difference in the quality of your work. These tips can help you make sure your essay is clear and error-free, allowing you to craft an IB extended essay that stands out from the rest.

Citing Sources in the Psychology Essay

It is important to always properly cite sources when writing an extended essay on Psychology. Citing sources shows that your work is based on the research of others and acknowledges their contributions to the field of psychology. It also allows readers to check the accuracy and validity of your work, as well as providing them with additional information about the research you are discussing.

When you cite a source, it should include the author’s name, publication date, and relevant page numbers if applicable. In addition, you should provide a brief description of the source material and its relevance to your essay topic. You should also provide a works cited list at the end of your essay. All the sources you have cited in the essay should be included in the list.

There are three main citation styles used in academic papers: APA, MLA, and Chicago. For an IB extended essay on psychology, you should use the APA citation style. This style utilizes parenthetical citations in the body of the paper and a separate reference list at the end. APA citations generally include the author’s name, year of publication, and page number if appropriate. For example: (Smith, 2020, p. 10).

It is important to make sure that you are consistent in your use of the citation style throughout your paper. If you cite sources multiple times, you should use the same citation format each time. Additionally, double-check every citation to make sure it is correct and complete. This will help ensure that your essay is both accurate and convincing.

In conclusion, it is essential to properly cite all sources when  writing an Extended Essay  on psychology. Doing so demonstrates that your work is based on the research of others, and it allows readers to verify the accuracy and validity of your work. It is important to use a consistent citation style throughout the paper and to double-check every citation for accuracy.

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The External Assessment Process of an IB Extended Essay in Psychology

The external assessment process is a crucial part of any  extended essay  in psychology. This process enables those reading the essay to objectively evaluate its content and provide feedback on its contents and structure. The following criteria are used to evaluate an IB extended essay in psychology:

• A Clear Introduction – Introduce the topic in an interesting and meaningful way.
• Scientific Rigor – Demonstrate knowledge of the scientific research methods and cite relevant sources.
• Analysis – Make use of analytical techniques and theories to draw conclusions from the data.
• Discussion – Present your data in an objective manner and discuss both positive and negative results.
• Conclusion – Summarize the main points of the essay and provide a clear conclusion.
• Organization – Structure the essay in a logical and clear way that is easy to follow.

When writing your essay, it is important to keep these criteria in mind. Make sure that you include all of the components required for evaluation and that all of the information presented is accurate and relevant to the topic.

The external assessment process is the last step in completing an IB extended essay in psychology. After the essay is evaluated and feedback is given, you can make any necessary revisions to ensure that the final product is of the highest quality. Taking the time to get feedback from an outside source can greatly improve the quality of your essay and increase your chances of receiving a high grade.

This guide has provided an overview of how to approach writing an IB Extended Essay in Psychology. To summarize, the key steps are to brainstorm potential essay topics, narrow down your focus and create an outline, research and include sources, write a draft and review it, revise and make improvements, cite your sources, and understand the external assessment process.

The extended essay process can seem overwhelming at times, but with thoughtful planning and the right resources it is achievable. Remember to start early and give yourself enough time for research and revisions. If you need additional help, there are many online resources available to assist you.

By following the steps in this guide, you should be well on your way to writing an excellent Psychology IB Extended Essay. Good luck!

• Last Edit 11 May 2023

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Psychology Sorted

Psychology for all, your psychology extended essay – how to start writing.

You’ve chosen your topic, done some reading, refined your question…now what? The temptation is to keep reading, more and more. But please don’t do that. Start writing, and read to answer the questions that arise as you write.

3. How to start writing.   You might think that you’ll just start at the beginning, but instead, just take a piece of A4 paper and a pen or pencil, and outline the 4 sections of your Extended Essay. Plan where you’re going to go. It’s like going for a walk. If you leave home and don’t have a plan, you can end up getting lost, walking further than you intended, getting sidetracked, retracing your steps, and your walk may not end up being what you intended. It is the same with a long piece of writing. You need to plan your route. Once you have done this, you can start writing, but again, possibly not at the beginning!

So what are the four sections? 

Introduction 

What is current research on the topic?

What are the questions raised?

State your research question and say why it’s important in an academic context.

What will you argue?

Which theories and studies will you use? (You will be able to add to these as you continue reading).

Main argument

What is your main argument?

What is the evidence for it? List the studies you plan to use. Make sure you have the full references saved somewhere. (When you start writing the EE you will summarise AND evaluate the studies AND show how they support the argument).

Check that these studies are as diverse as possible in method and participants. (If they are not, this will form part of your evaluation of them, both here and in the next section).

Limitations of argument

What does this argument fail/struggle to explain? (No one theory or argument can fully explain a behaviour).

Why does it fail or struggle to explain this? (This is where the methodological weaknesses from the previous section could be used).

What other argument could also have explanatory power?

What is the evidence for it? (You will add to this as you read and write)

This is where you engage in not only a discussion of the studies used BUT an evaluation of the argument.

We know ‘it’s complex’ – but this cannot be your whole conclusion. 

How strong was your argument?

Did the limitations of it outweigh its strengths?

Was the empirical evidence for a counter-argument stronger?

ANSWER YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION (This answer may change as you read and write, but at least plan an answer).

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Essay Writing

An essay is a formal piece of writing that methodically analyses and evaluates a topic or issue. It is designed to give a reasoned, thoughtful and objective opinion on the issue, and is a formal piece of writing which typically includes an introduction, body and conclusion. A detailed description of an essay structure (provided by the State Library of Victoria) and an example of an excellent psychology essay (provided by the International Baccalaureate) are outlined below, and further information can be found in the links (here):

• Research Scaffold

Introduction

Your introduction should:

• establish and explain your argument
• define any complex words in the question
• give any background information needed for your argument to make sense
• be one or two paragraphs long.

The best introductions quickly establish the argument and grab the reader's attention. Although all introductions need to follow a similar formula, there are ways to make your introduction a bit different and more interesting.  (Ergo, 2016)

There are usually 3–6 paragraphs in the body of an essay, and each paragraph should:

• present one new idea that adds to your argument
• start with a topic sentence summarising the main idea for discussion
• follow with an example and a brief explanation of how the point adds to your argument
• be connected by a linking sentence describing the relationship between the two paragraphs. ( Ergo, 2016 )

The first sentence in each paragraph is called a topic sentence. Topic sentences:

• explain the point you're going to make in the paragraph
• are clear and concise
• link back to your argument and introduction
• build on the points made in the previous paragraphs
• when read together, summarise your argument.

If you recorded your key points in your essay plan, you've already written your topic sentences. Take your key points, write them in a single sentence and then write a paragraph discussing each one. ( Ergo, 2016 ).

Your conclusion is the last paragraph of your essay and the last thing your reader will read, so it needs to be memorable. A conclusion:

• links back to the introduction
• summarises your key points
• restates your main idea
• should never contain any new information.

Once you've covered these basic elements, think about the ‘So what?' factor – whether your essay stands out from the crowd. Ask yourself:

Why should anyone care about what I've written in this essay? 

How do my ideas add to what we know about the topic?

If you can answer these questions, you're on your way to a great essay.  ( Ergo, 2016 )

Introduction - Example

Autism is a common disorder affecting 1 child in every 166 (Centres for disease control and prevention (CDC), 2006). According to the American Psychiatric association, it is defined by impairment in social interaction and communication skills, as well as an occurrence of repetitive behaviour (APA, 2000). A child diagnosed with autism can debatably obtain normal functioning through measures of therapy, and thus recover from the disorder. Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA) is a widely known treatment for autism. The goal of ABA intervention is to enable an autistic child to best function independently and successfully in various environments (Green, Taylor, Luce, & Krantz, 2005). ABA is most successful in combination with early intervention. At a younger age, the brain is at a more adaptable state. According to research, ABA in unison with early intervention allows, in most cases, for a decrease in the severity of autistic characteristics. The extent to which Applied Behaviour Analysis is effective in treating autism is discussed.

Body - First Paragraph Example

Autism is classified as a pervasive development disorder(PDD) due to three common features that appear during early stages of life. These three characteristics are “impaired reciprocal social interaction, impaired communication skills, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities” (Berkell, 1999, p.7). The diagnostic features of autism are best described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. At least six of the criteria must be present for the diagnosis of autism. Of these six, additional requirements exist in each area. Impairment in social interaction is one key feature of autism. This can be marked by abnormal nonverbal behaviours, such as eye contact, facial expression, and body gesture or postures. Failure to develop appropriate peer relationships for age and development, and lack of spontaneous sharing of interests or achievements are two additional examples that demonstrate impaired social interaction. Furthermore, a lack of “social or emotional reciprocity” mark this impairment (APA, 2000, p.70). A child must have at least two of these social criterions in order to be considered autistic (APA, 2000).

Conclusion - Example

Applied Behaviour Analysis appears to be a therapy that works well with the diagnosis of autism. Awareness of case studies, along with personal success stories, can give hope to parents and doctors. Although ABA should never be viewed as a cure, it can help to alleviate characteristics of autism. Therapists and parents must be dedicated to the case at hand, and if so, some improvement can be made. ABA is a recommendable therapy because of the chance of recovery, which is every parent’s dream.

Extended Essay Guide: Criteria, Format, Sample EEs

• Criteria, Format, Sample EEs
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The Assessment Crtiteria in Detail!

• Criterion A: Focus and method
• Criterion B: Knowledge and understanding
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking
• Criterion D: Presentation
• Criterion E: Engagement
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• Criterion C: Critical thinking

Notes from the IB

RE: Research Question and Title of Extended Essay

Please note the statement below from the EE curriculum manager regarding the need to have both a title and a RQ for all subjects. Previous versions of the EE Guide indicated that the title and the RQ should be the same for History, Business Management and Mathematics. This is no longer the case.  All essays, regardless of the subject, need to have both a RQ and a title.

Hi Kathy, 

To answer your question, I am going to quote directly from a response John Royce provided, on this forum, in October in response to a very similar question: (it was a question about using Spanish sources - hence the mention of Spanish)

It is certainly  permissible to use sources which are not in the language of the essay, but translation into the target language is required , one cannot assume that the reader understands the original language.

It is usual to quote the original as well as presenting the translation.  [Do not put quotation marks around your translation, just around the original]

Umberto Eco argues ("in Mouse or rat?") that direct translation may lose meaning, paraphrase or use of different idioms may be required to get the ideas across. Paul Bellos ("Is that a fish in your ear?") makes a similar argument - direct translation may confound meaning... Direct translation may not be ideal - meaning and understanding are preferred - so, not to worry that your student with her good Spanish cannot present a direct translation.

What  must be made clear is that the translations are those of the student;  these are her understandings. Readers can make of that what they will - and if unsure, are presented with the original - they can seek another translation.  A note in the acknowledgements and/or in the introduction to the effect that all translations are those of the writer is ... essential.

In response to the question about the  Bibliography/Works cited, my preference would be to list the source in its original Thai version, but perhaps with the English in brackets, to help the examiner.

Your bibliography will have the entries in Thai characters first in the document. Any in-text citation to Thai sources will be in (Thai characters [English translation]).

Citation in Thai [English translation]

Works Cited Example:

วงษ์ปัญญา, ธนกร [Wongpunya, Thanakorn]. “โรงงานยาสูบรวยแค่ไหน และเอาเงินไปทำอะไรบ้าง.”  [How rich is the Thailand Tobacco Monopoly and where does the money go?] (candidate translation). The Standard, The Standard, 30 Aug. 2018, thestandard.co/thailand-tobacco-monopoly/.

Format of the Extended Essay

Required Formatting

The extended essay should be written in a clear, correct and formal academic style, appropriate to the subject from which the topic is drawn. Given that the extended essay is a formally written research paper, it should strive to maintain a professional, academic look. 

To help achieve this, the following formatting is  required:

• 12-point, readable font (Calibri or Times New Roman);
• double spacing throughout entire Essay;
• page numbering - top right corner;
• no candidate or school name or supervisor name on the title page or page headers.

Submitting the extended essay in the required format will help set the tone of the essay and will aid readability for on-screen assessment by examiners.

Required S tructure

The structure of the essay is very important. It helps students to organize the argument, making the best use of the evidence collected. 

There are six required elements of the final work to be submitted. More details about each element are given in the  “Presentation”  section. Please note that the order in which these elements are presented here is not necessarily the order in which they should be written. 

Six required elements of the extended essay:

• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography -- if MLA "Works Cited" if CSE "References"

1. Required Title Page  

The title page should include  only  the following information: 

• the title of the essay
• the research question
• the subject the essay is registered in (if it is a language essay also state which category it falls into; if a world studies essay also state the theme and the two subjects utilized) 

The upper limit is 4,000 words for all extended essays. 

2. Required Contents Page

A contents page must be provided at the beginning of the extended essay and all pages should be numbered. Please note that an index page is not required and if included will be treated as if it is not present.

3. Required Introduction

The introduction should tell the reader what to expect in the essay. The introduction should make clear to the reader the focus of the essay, the scope of the research, in particular an indication of the sources to be used, and an insight into the line of argument to be taken. 

While students should have a sense of the direction and key focus of their essay, it is sometimes advisable to finalize the introduction once the body of the essay is complete.

4. Required Body of the Essay  (research, analysis, discussion, and evaluation)

The main task is writing the body of the essay, which should be presented in the form of a reasoned argument. The form of this varies with the subject of the essay but as the argument develops it should be clear to the reader what relevant evidence has been discovered, where/how it has been discovered and how it supports the argument. In some subjects, for example, the sciences, sub-headings within the main body of the essay will help the reader to understand the argument (and will also help the student to keep on track). In structuring their extended essay, students must take into consideration the expected conventions of the subject in which their extended essay is registered. 

Once the main body of the essay is complete, it is possible to finalize the introduction (which tells the reader what to expect) and the conclusion (which says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved). 

Any information that is important to the argument  must not  be included in appendices or footnotes/endnotes. The examiner  will not  read notes or appendices, so an essay that is not complete in itself will be compromised across the assessment criteria.

5. Required Conclusion

The conclusion says what has been achieved, including notes of any limitations and any questions that have not been resolved. While students might draw conclusions throughout the essay based on their findings, it is important that there is a final, summative conclusion at the end. This conclusion(s) must relate to the research question posed.

6.  Required References & Bibliography

Students should use their chosen style of academic referencing as soon as they start writing. That way they are less likely to forget to include a citation. It is also easier than trying to add references at a later stage. For more information on this, refer to the guidelines in the IB document  Effective citing and referencing.

Writing the essay takes time but if students have used their Researcher's reflection space and reflection sessions in a meaningful way they should be well prepared to develop their arguments.

Extended Essay - Examples & Exemplars

• Essays from May 2018 with IB marks and commentaries
• Assessed Student Work & Commentary IB-provided. "Student sample extended essays, corresponding marks and comments from senior examiners are available for the following Diploma Programme disciplines. Please note that in light of not having authentic RPPFs to accompany these essays, they are marked against criteria A – D only, for a total of 28 possible marks. Following the first assessment session in 2018, exemplars will be refreshed with authentic sample material." more... less... Biology English Economics History Studies in language and literature Language acquisition Mathematics Psychology Visual arts World studies extended essay (WSEE)
• Excellenet Extended Essays Concordian GoogleDoc
• EngA1_Othello EE Othello 2018 From inThinking.net Click the link to see the score and evaluation.
• Fifty (50) More Excellent Extended Essays DVD by International Baccalaureate Call Number: HS DVD 808.4 ISBN: 9781906345600 Publication Date: 2011 1 DVD-ROM (1:33 min.)

Past CIS Extended Essays

Available in the library behind the desk are file folders of past Extended Essays by Concordian students and IB EE Exemplars. Feel free to browse the papers which must be kept in the library.

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The answer to every question in psychology

Travis Dixon September 27, 2021 Revision and Exam Preparation

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I’m about to tell you the answer to every essay question in IB Psychology. It’s a simple two word answer. 

WARNING: you’re probably not going to like the answer. It may frustrate or disappoint you. You might think this is useless and no help whatsoever. If that’s your reaction, then you’re not ready for the IB Psychology exams. Or at least, you’re ready to ACE them. Once you can understand and appreciate this answer, you’ll see it everywhere and perhaps not just in psychology. If you can articulate this answer clearly, using research and multiple examples your essays will score top marks.

• Example Essay: Research methods (case studies) in the biological approach
• Essay Writing Tips: Three Rules of Three
• Example Essays for Paper One

So are you ready to hear the answer to every essay question in IB Psychology?

It’s….complicated.

That is the answer. It’s complicated. Every conclusion you write for an IB Psychology essay should convey this point. The command terms themselves require you to show this idea:

Discuss : you can’t just show one side of the argument. If you provide a simple, straightforward answer without nuance then you aren’t “providing a balanced review.” A discussion of any topic in Psychology should show a realization that there are at least two sides to every story. i.e. it’s complicated.

The command terms require your essays to show “it’s complicated.” 

For example, if you’re asked to discuss the effects of a biological factor like pheromones on behaviour, you would first establish an argument that pheromones do influence behaviour and you’d have some supporting studies. But in order to write an excellent essay you have to show that it’s more complicated than that. There are limitations to the research. There are doubts about the existence of human pheromones. There are other explanations for that same behaviour. In conclusion, the answer to the question of how pheromones affect behaviour is complicated.

Evaluate : this is essentially the same as a discussion with a focus on strengths and limitations. It is mostly used for questions about theories or research methods. Just like a discussion, at first you need to explain whatever you’re evaluating and use some supporting studies. You put forth some kind of central argument for the topic. But in order to evaluate properly you also have to show limitations. You might say a particular theory is valid, supported by evidence and has strengths but you also have to say, “but look it’s not perfect.” Can the theory explain behaviour? Well, kind of. It’s complicated. Is the research method effective for studying human behaviour? Sometimes, but it’s complicated.

To what extent:  just like a discussion and an evaluation, this command term necessitates counter-arguments. You can’t just be arguing one side of the question. Yes, you have to explain the topic and use supporting evidence. In other words, you develop an argument in response to the question and use studies to support your argument. But if you never show the limitations of this argument, then you aren’t addressing the “to what extent” part of the question. To quote Alexey Popov, the answer to any to what extent question is always “to some extent.” In other words, you’re showing that “hey, it’s complicated.”

Once you accept that there are rarely straightforward explanations for human behaviour, you’re ready to write excellent essays.

For example, you might get asked “to what extent does one cultural dimensions affect one behaviour.” First you’d choose a dimension like individualism and collectivism, explain what this is and how it affects behaviour using some studies to support your answer. Yet again, however, you can’t just leave your answer here. If your conclusion is that cultural dimensions undeniably influence human behaviour and there’s no doubt about this, then your essay is weak. You must show that there are limitations to this explanation, including alternative arguments, limitations with the theory and the research.

Human behaviour is complex, and complex problems require complex explanations. In the early weeks and months of your psychology career you probably won’t like this answer, that “it’s complicated.” You want something easier, more straightforward. But as you study topic after topic, write essay after essay, you will learn to appreciate the nuance. Understand the black and white first, and then learn to live in the grey areas.

In a world filled with clickbait, tweets and tiktoks, learning to appreciate nuance is a valuable skill that will not only prepare you for success in IB Psych exams, but in the wider world as well.

Travis Dixon is an IB Psychology teacher, author, workshop leader, examiner and IA moderator.

Extended Essay: Criterion E: Engagement (Reflection)

• Kick Off Day
• Define Topic
• Locate Resources
• Annotated Bibliography
• Evaluating Sources
• Integrating Quotes
• Citations & Referencing
• Evaluation Criteria & Examiner Reports
• Criterion A, B, C: Assessment of Research
• Criterion D: Presentation
• Criterion E: Engagement (Reflection)
• The Viva Voce
• EE Draft Feedback Template for Supervisors
• Language of Analysis
• Approaches to Learning (ATL)
• Roles and Responsibilities

Criterion E: Reflection (6 pts max)

Remember to include discussion of the Approaches to Learning (ATL's) in your reflections. This discussion needs to be specific and well-illustrated with clear examples. For specific language related to each of the ATL's, please click here .

Reflection One- Initial Stage

This will be after one of the early sessions with your supervisor where you outline:

• Your ideas regarding the topic in general
• The research question you have in mind
• Initial background reading or research you may have conducted
• Possible approaches
• Initial thoughts about the answer to your research question
• Roughly 100 words in length

Guiding Questions:

What exactly do you want to find out?

What resources do you plan to use?

What problems do you anticipate in your research?

What writing and research have you done since last session?

Have you found any sources with conflicting viewpoints?

Have you been able to find relevant sources from different eras?

What challenges did you encounter in finding relevant sources?

How do you think you might use your sources?

Have you collected sufficient data?

Have you finished note taking from your text?

• What am I interested in researching and why?
• What are my motivations for undertaking research in this area?
• How will I begin the research process?
• Is my chosen topic appropriate for the subject I have chosen to complete it in?
• Do I have sufficient knowledge of the subject area to fulfill the criteria of an EE?
• What possible question(s) might I research?
• How might I go about undertaking this research?
• Do I have access to appropriate sources?
• Are my chosen research methods appropriate for the subject I have chosen to complete it in?
• Are there any ethical issues I need to consider before pursuing this area of research?
• Is there sufficient focus to my research area?

Examples of Reflection One

• Sample History EE Reflection

I was attracted to Anna Comnena's The Alexiad as a result of some extra readings which formed part of my IB History course (Crusades). As the first female historian, she stands in a unique place in terms of historiography, something which appealed to me as both a woman and budding historian. I was initially considering writing about her accounts of the First Crusade but quickly found the topic to be far too wide in scope. A reading of Paul Magdalino's article "The Pen of the Aunt" helped refocus me on the issue of historical purpose, i.e., why she wrote the history she did. I have now allocated time to reading historical accounts of Manuel I's reign to decide how closely the events Anna mentions in her history of her father's reign (Alexius) so as to validate my current hypothesis-  that Anna intended the work as a celebratory account of her father so as to cast a negative light on the rule of her nephew Manuel I. My current list includes Runciman, France, Macrides, Christomides, and Hill.

Reflection Two- Interim Stage

This reflection session will usually fall somewhere in the middle to latter half of your EE process, usually before the first draft is completed.

• Discuss how the research question has become more refined.
• Comment on any challenges you have encountered & what solutions you have attempted.
• Discuss how your thinking on your topic has evolved.
• Roughly 200 words in length

Where was I? Where I am now? Where am I going?

What sources do you find helpful?

How have you evaluated your sources?

Have you adopted a structure for writing based on what the IB requires?

What do you need to do next?

Examples of Reflection Two

I was finding it hard to come up with a satisfactory counter to the question of accuracy and authenticity which feature prominently in modern readings of her work. Historians ranging from Edward Gibbon and John France to the more direct Howard-Johnson paper which completely challenges her authorship effectively negated my hypothesis entirely. Using Magdalino and Hill as a focus point, I re-read key sections of The Alexiad and mapped out her account against the policital events of Manuel I's reign and quickly discovered some interesting overlaps (building works, military campaigns, relations with the West, etc.). Though occasionally obscure and subtle, the criticisms emerge by means of an unspoken comparison which Byzantine readers of her account would have well understood. This approach is providing me with a suitable counter to the aforementioned criticisms. I have also begun structuring my work accordingly with sections devoted to historical context followed by a section on The Alexiad which compares and contrasts events from Alexius' time with those of Manuel's. I am considering a chapter on the historiographical tradition of Byzantium but may integrate it into the main body in the end.

Reflection Three- Looking Back

This final reflection should be written BEFORE the Viva Voce meeting. It should:

• Offer your final reflections on the process
• Discuss any achievements realized or challenges overcome
• Discuss elements that allowed you to complete the task that may not be readily apparent in the essay itself.
• Discuss any relevant ATL's (Approaches to Learning) that you have developed through the process & be ready to provide good examples.

Guiding Questions

What did you discover that surprised you?

Is writing the EE mainly about process or product AND why?

What would you have done differently and why?

What advice would you give to a student just beginning this process?

What have been the high and low points of the research and writing processes?

What would you have done differently?

What is the most important thing that you learned?

What was your greatest challenge and how did you overcome it?

What would you change if you did another EE?

What was the most valuable experience that you took away from the process?

What was your greatest challenge and what did you do to overcome it?

What IB learner profile attribute would you say helped you through the process (communicator, risk-taker, etc.)?

Would you like to continue reading on this topic?

What questions did this process raise?

What conclusions have you drawn about the topic?

Examples of Reflection Three

I am very pleased with how the essay has turned out. Skills wise, I had no problems with referencing which I picked up quickly though integrating source analysis did prove a challenge at times due to my narrative tendencies. I believe I've been able to challenge the orthodox interpretations of Anna's work as a piece of fantasy fiction at the hands of a disgruntled woman by showing that Anna was effectively using one of the few weapons still permitted her in her diminished political state- the power of words- to criticize the existing leadership. Hill's works proved of particular use to me as they examined female power in a broader context and thus gave me a framework for interpreting what Anna was able to do within the context of her time.

IB-provided exemplars of "Reflections on Planning and Progress"

• Lang. Lit. Examplar #1
• Lang. Lit. Exemplar #2
• Lang. Lit. Exemplar #3
• History Exemplar #1
• History Exemplar #2
• Psychology Exemplar
• Biology Exemplar
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• Visual Arts Exemplar #1
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• World Studies Exemplar #1
• World Studies Exemplar #2

Reflection Sentence Starters and Key Words

Click here or on the image below to go to the list of sentence starters you can use to help you write up your reflections. Regarding word count, we recommend 100 words for first reflection, 200 words for second reflection, and 200 words for third reflection (roughly).

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Excellent Extended Essays - Psychology

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Psychology Extended Essay Topics: 30+ Ideas to Get You Started

by  Antony W

September 2, 2022

In the following section, we’ll outline some of the best IB Psychology Extended Essay topics to help you simply the process of topic research.

Please keep in mind that the following are purely ideas, which you should use strictly as guidance to identify a research issue to investigate in the assignment.

Social Psychology Extended Essay Topics 

• The challenges involved in identifying individual genetic characteristics used to predict vulnerability to Autism.
• Does the way parents punish their children have an effect on how they turn out as adults?
• To what extent has Criminal Profiling helped solve murder mysteries?
• What impact does it have on the other siblings when one sibling is autistic?
• What are the best approaches for improving children's everyday functioning who have autism?
• How much longer do psychologists have to accept schizophrenia as a valid diagnosis?
• To what extent can we attribute the development of homosexuality to variables within our own biology?
• How well do we understand the connection between stress and physical disease, and can we use this understanding to develop effective coping mechanisms?

Psychology EE Topics in Education    

• Why do certain groups succeed academically more than others, and how might this be remedied in the United Kingdom (or elsewhere)?
• The proverb "a light hand makes a weak kid" comes to mind. How do varying approaches to school discipline affect students' behavior and growth?
• To what extent do so-called "smart medications" alter cognitive processes? Where do moral concerns lie in the increasingly popular trend of using "cognitive enhancers" to improve test scores?
• Is there evidence that children who have participated in pre-school programs before entering kindergarten fare better academically than those who did not?
• Is there evidence that kids become more aggressive because of watching TV shows containing graphic violence?
• How much of a person's IQ can they change, and how much of it is predetermined by their genes?
• The impact of schooling on students' desire to study and their ability to succeed academically, compared across different cultures (e.g., China and the United Kingdom).
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of "hothousing" young children in order to nurture their innate abilities?
• To what do we owe the apparent mathematical prowess of Chinese schoolchildren?
• Do people of all cultures go through the same cognitive growth phases?

Psychology Extended Essay Writing Help

From topic selection and preliminary research to developing a research question and writing, the Psychology Extended Essay can be such an overwhelming project.

Even if you have a strong grip of the topic, there are instances when you might find some stages time consuming.

Fortunately, the team at Help for Assessment is here to help.

You’re welcome to  pay someone here to write your EE   in the Psychology topic, and you can be sure you’ll get the kind of help you need to get the task completed on time. 

Whether you’re struggling with topic selection or you hate writing long projects, our writers can help you ease the burden.

Our EE writing help is the most affordable option online. So if you’re on a tight budget and urgently need help to get your Extended Essay in Psychology written fast, you can count on our writing team for help.

Psychology EE Topics in Behavioral Therapy 

• Is it true that one-parent households always struggle?
• Therapeutic options for children with autism spectrum disorder
• When taking SSRIs, what are the potential upsides and downsides?
• Can depression be attributed to a chemical imbalance or an unhealthy mental process?
• Is "an extreme form of the male brain" what autism really is? Examine the extent to which there is a biological foundation for autism.
• To what extent does autistic persons' lack of a 'theory of mind' explain for their pronounced difficulties?
• Is it always preferable in principle to try to reunite children with their original mother after they have been placed in foster care due to issues in the family?
• Is it preferable to deny and repress past atrocities in favor of enjoying a moderately happy or successful future life?
• What kind of impact does a parent have on his or her child's life?

Social Psychology EE Topics 

• Can we learn from studies of psychology how to negotiate peace and end wars?
• Is it true that all "excellent leaders" share certain traits, or do various responsibilities call for leaders to adopt varying personalities and leadership styles?
• How far can we expect psychology to take us in eradicating bias?
• In what ways may workers in two quite different fields (say, banking and education) have notably different levels of stress and happiness on the job?
• How can I maximize my chances of experiencing joy in my professional life?
• Do businesses that care about their employees have a higher rate of success?
• How much of the atrocities committed during war can be attributed to Milgram's obedience theory?
• How does one's job benefit them? What kind of emotional toll do you think the recent spikes in job uncertainty and unemployment due to the "credit-crunch" are taking on people?

Related Readings

• Extended Essay Topics in Economics
• Good EE Topics in Business and Management
• Example EE Topics in Chemistry Subject
• How to Write a Computer Science Extended Essay

Criminal Psychology EE Topics

•  Pathways to crime: an investigation of the relationship between biological characteristics and early life experience in "turning to crime"
• Does one learn empathy? The UK's 'Restorative Justice' program: preschools or prisons?
• How reliable is eye (or ear) witness testimony, and how does this affect the administration of justice?

General Psychology Extended Essay Topics 

• How well do we understand the connection between stress and physical disease, and can this understanding help to develop effective coping mechanisms?
• How much do you think a child's personality is shaped by the way their parents handle discipline?
• Is the humanistic philosophy of education underlying Montessori programs compatible with the tenets of cognitive theory?
• Can we say that the concept of schizophrenia no longer has any place in modern psychological practice?
• What happens when your circadian rhythm is thrown off by jet lag, and how do you prevent it?
• Effects of Peer Influence and Media Exposure to Violent Content on the Columbine High School Massacre
• The challenges in identifying individual genes that contribute to susceptibility to autism.
• To what extent do various therapies improve children with autism's day-to-day functioning, and which ones are the most effective?
• To what extent do teens of different sexes experience different levels of peer pressure?
• How pervasive and influential are subliminal messages in influencing consumer behavior?
• How much do you think Criminal Profiling has helped homicide investigations?
• If at all, how much of anorexia can be traced back to cultural influences, and what exactly are those influences?
• How does having an autistic sister affect your non-autistic sibling * Can we ever know what causes autism?
• Counseling methods for treating anorexia: a comparison of individual and family therapy

It’s important to keep in mind that a good Psychology EE topic should be clear and concise.

In addition to matching your interest, or falling within an area that you would like to explore, the topic you choose should fit within the scope of the extended essay requirements.  

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.