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Landmark Judgments - Lists, Subjectwise Case Laws and Notes

Here's the list of landmark judicial decisions that changed the laws and everyday life..

Here's the list of Landmark judicial decisions that changed the laws and everyday life. These Landmark Judgments have been presented for easy grasp and quick learning.

Landmark Judgment

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10 Important Case Laws Related to the Law of Evidence
20 Landmark Cases on Hindu Law
20 Landmark Cases on Environmental Laws
20 Landmark Cases on Human Rights
20 Landmark Cases on IPC
5 Leading Cases of Intellectual Property Rights
13 Landmark Decisions in Indian Tort Law
10 Landmark Cases on Muslim Law
10 Important Competition Law Cases
10 Landmark Judgments of Interpretation of Statute
Important Case Laws Related to Securities and Investment Laws
10 Important Judgments of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
Book Review- Landmark Judgement That Changed India

List of Landmark Judgment (Click to Read)

ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla, (Habeas Corpus Case)
Air India v. Nargesh Meerza (1981)
AK Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)
Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India (2005)
Anuradha Bhasin v. Union of India (2020)
AR Antulay v. RS Nayak (1988)
Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug v. Union of India (2011)
Arunachala Gounder (Dead) By Lrs v. Ponnusamy and Ors. (2022)
Ashok Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (2008)
Asif Hameed & Others v. State of Jammu and Kashmir & Others, (1989)
B V Seshaiah v. State of Telangana (2023)
Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab (1980)
Baglekar Akash Kumar v. Google LLC and Another (2021)
Balfour v. Balfour, (1919)
Balku v. Emperor, (1938)
Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India & Ors. (1984)
Bawla Murder Case (1925)
Bennett Coleman v. Union of India (1973)
Benoyendra Chandra Pandey v. Emperor (1936)
Berubari | Re: The Berubari Union (1960)
Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1892)
Chacko v. Mahadevan (2007)
Chebrolu Leela Prasad Rao v. State Of A.P. & Ors. (2020)
Church of God (Full Gospel) in India v. K.K.R. Majestic Colony Welfare Association (2000)
Coca-Cola v. Bisleri (2009)
Collector, Land Acquisition, Anantnag v. Katiji, (1987)
Colombia v. Peru, (1950)
Container Corporation of India Ltd. v. Ajay Khera & Ors. (2024)
Cramer v. United States, (1945) (Treason Case)
D C Wadhwa v. State of Bihar (1987)
D.K. Basu, Ashok K. Johri v. State of West Bengal (1997)
DM Aravali Golf Club v. Chander Hass, (2007) | Separation of Powers
Donoghue v. Stevenson (1932)
Dr Jaya Thakur v. Union of India (2023)
Dr. Nirmal Singh Panesar v. Mrs. Paramjit Kaur Panesar@ Ajinder Kaur Panesar, (2023)
Foss v. Harbottle (1843)
G.N. Nayak v. Goa University & Ors., (2002)
Ganesh Pawar and Ors v. Union of India (2023)
Google Spain v. AEPD and Mario Costeja Gonzalez (2014)
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India (2023)
Hussainara Khatoon & Ors. v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar (1979)
I C Golaknath and Ors v. State of Punjab (1967)
I R Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (2007)
Independent Thought v. Union of India (2017) | Exception to Rape within Child Marriages
Indian Hotel and Restaurant Association (AHAR) & Anr. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors (2019) | Dance Bar Case
Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain and Anr. (1975)
Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1993)
Joseph Shine v. Union of India (2018)
Joshi Abhyankar Case (1976)
Kedarnath v. Gorie Mohammad, (1887)
Kehar Singh and Others v. State (Delhi Admn.) (1988)
Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Anr. (1973)
KM Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra (1962)
Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India (2006)
Lachmi Narain v. Union of India, (1976)
Lalit Kumar Jain v. Union of India & Ors (2019)
Leslie Ltd. v. Sheill, (1914)
Lily Thomas v. Union of India (2013)
M Siddiq (D) Thr Lrs v. Mahant Suresh Das & Ors. (2019)
M. Nagaraj and Others v. Union of India (2007)
Mahabir Kishore v. State of M.P., (1990)
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marichjhapi Massacre (1979)
MC Mehta v. Union of India (1996)
MC Mehta v. Union of India (2002)
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka & Ors (1992)
Mohori Bibee v Dharmodas Ghose (1903)
Muhammad Husain Khan v. Babu Kishva Nandan Sahai, Privy Council Appeal No. 97 (1934)
Mukesh Kumar And Anr v. State of Uttarakhand and Ors. (2020)
Murli S. Deora v. Union of India, (2001)
Naresh Gundyal v. State (2023)
Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India and Ors (2005)
National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Harsolia Motors and Ors. (2023)
Novartis AG v. Union of India, (2013)
Olga Tellis & Ors. v. Bombay Municipal Corporation & Ors., (1985)
Paramvir Singh Saini v. Baljit Singh & Ors. (2020) | CCTV Cameras in all the Police Stations
Parmanand Katara v. Union of India (1989)
Portugal v. India (1960) | Right of Passage
Pradeep Kishen v. Union of India, (1996)
Prakash Chandra Yadav @ Mungeri Yadav v. State of Jharkhand & Ors. (2023)
Prasanta Kumar Sahoo & Ors. v. Charulata Sahu & Ors. (2023)
Prashant Bhushan & Anr. (2020)
PSV v. Indian School & Anr. (2023)
Punjab National Bank v. Surendra Prasad Sinha, (1992)
R.B. Policies at Lloyd’s v. Butler (1949)
R.C. Poudyal v. Union of India (1993)
Rai Sahib Ram Jawaya Kapur and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1955)
Rajender Singh v. Santa Singh, (1973)
Ravinder Kaur Grewal & Ors v. Manjeet Kaur & Ors, Civil Appeal No. (2014)
Re.: Article 370 of the Constitution (2024)
Reebok India Company v. Union of India, (2021)
Republic of Nicaragua v. United States of America (1986)
Ritu Chernalia v. Amar Chernalia & Ors. (2023)
Rudul Sah v. State of Bihar & Anr. (1983)
Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra & Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh & Ors. (1985)
S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)
Salomon v. A Salomon and Co. Ltd (1897)
Sampa Deb (Basu) v. State of West Bengal & Anr., (2023)
Sampuran Singh v. Niranjan Kaur (Smt.) (1999)
Secretary Ministry of Defence v. Babita Puniya & Ors. (2020)
Shabnam Jahan Moiuddin Ansari v. State of Maharashtra (2023)
Shailendra Mani Tripathi v. Union of India and Ors. (2023)
Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2010)
Shipli Lenkar v. Susanta Kumar Lenkar & Anr. (2023)
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015)
Shri Ram Shridhar Chimurkar v. Union of India (2023)
Sonik Industries, Rajkot v. Municipal Corpn. of the City of Rajkot, (1986)
State of Haryana v. Dinesh Kumar, (2008)
State of Haryana v. State of Punjab (2002)
State of M.P. v. Thakur Bharat Singh, (1967)
State of Nagaland v. Lipok AO (2005)
State of Orissa v. Ram Bahadur Thapa (1959) | The Ghost Case
State of Uttar Pradesh v. Maharaj Narain, (1968)
Subway IP LLC v. Infinity Food (2023)
Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration (1978)
Swiss Ribbons Pvt. Ltd v. Union of India (2019)
TATA Sons Pvt. Ltd. (Formerly TATA Sons Ltd) v. Siva Industries and Holdings Ltd & Ors. (2023)
The Commissioner of Sales Tax, U.P. v. M/s. Madan Lal Das & Sons, Bareilly, (1977)
TMA Pai Foundation v. State of Karnataka (2003)
Union of India v. Sankalchand Himatlal Sheth (1977)
Union of India v. West Coast Paper Mills Ltd. (2004)
Unni Krishnan, J.P. & Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh 1993)
V. Prabhakara v. Bhasavaraj K (Dead) by LR. & Anr. (2021)
Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v. Union of India & Ors, (1996)
Vinod Kanjibhai Bhagora v. State of Gujarat & Anr., Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No(s). 16030 (2018)
Vishaka & Ors. v. State of Rajasthan & Ors. (1997)
Vivek Narayan Sharma v. Union of India (2023)
Yahoo! Inc. v. Akash Arora & Anr. (1999)
DM Aravali Golf Club v. Chander Hass (2007)
Vishal Tiwari v. Union of India & Ors (2024)

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India Law Research

Vlex database, free & open internet, government: executive, government: legislature, government: judiciary, journals and periodicals, international encyclopedia of laws, additional resources, getting help, quick links.

Below are quick links to our most popular resources for India research. More detailed instructions for using these resources are located further down in the guide.

HOLLIS Library Catalog
Indian Kanoon Database
Manupatra Database
SCC Online Database

Introduction to Researching the Law of India

The Sovereign, Democratic, and Republic state of India (also known as Bharat) has been a free nation since it declared its independence from British rule in 1947. It adopted its constitution on January 26,1950. In addition to outlining the powers of the branches of government, the constitution defines protected fundamental rights (see Part III), and outlines the policy directives of the state and the fundamental duties of Indian citizens (see Part IV). With more than 450 articles, India has the longest constitution of any sovereign nation in the world.

India is governed by a federal parliamentary system. In addition to the Central Government, each of the country's 28 states has its own government. There are also eight Union Territories (UTs) administrated by Central Government appointees. For information about each of the states and UTs, along with links to their respective government websites, visit https://knowindia.gov.in/states-uts/ .

As is the case with other former British colonies, India has a common law legal system that recognizes the principles of judge-made law and stare decisis.

The Harvard Law School Library has an extensive print collection of historical and current primary and secondary sources researching the law of India. In addition, the library subscribes to two databases: Manupatra and SCC Online . This guide provides instructions and tips for navigating these resources.

A quick introductory video on the features of this guide is below.

Photo: Supreme Court of India, taken by Jennifer Allison on Dec. 14, 2019.

The Harvard Library Catalog: HOLLIS

Use the HOLLIS online library catalog (http://hollis.harvard.edu) to find print and electronic materials in Harvard's libraries, including the law library.

This guide includes links to HOLLIS searches that use either general keywords, Library of Congress Subject Headings , or both. HOLLIS search links in this guide appear in this format:

HOLLIS search: "India" AND "Law OR Legal"

Most searches are deliberately broad. Limit the search results by adding additional keywords to the search query, refining the results using the options listed on the right side of the HOLLIS screen, or both.

Historical Research: The HLS Library's Moody Call Number System

In the past, the Harvard Law Library used a proprietary classification system for foreign materials, the Moody System. To learn more about it, visit https://guides.library.harvard.edu/moodysystem .

You should know about this system if you are doing historical legal research in our collection for India. Many older materials in the library's offsite storage facility (which cannot be browsed by researchers) still have Moody call numbers, even though the library switched to using the Library of Congress classification system for foreign materials several years ago.

Moody Call Numbers

Call numbers in this system are compiled as follows:

The call number starts with a code for the jurisdiction (for India, it's "IN")
The first number represents form or type of material (for a list of these numbers, see https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=309924&p=2070177 )
The second and third numbers represent the subject of the material (for a list of these numbers, see https://guides.library.harvard.edu/c.php?g=309924&p=2070178 )
At the end of the call number is a three-letter abbreviation of the author's name.

Browsing by Moody Call Number in HOLLIS

For example, if you would like to browse the older treatises about the criminal law of India in our collection, do this:

1. Go to https://hollis.harvard.edu/ .

2. Above the search box, click STARTS WITH/BROWSE .

3. In the Browse by drop-down menu, click Call Number - Other .

4. In the search box, enter IN 980 (Note: this means "India + Treatises [900] + Criminal Law [80]")

5. Click Search .

Bluebook Citation Rules for Legal Sources from India

The Bluebook's citation rules for primary law materials from India are available online at https://www.legalbluebook.com/bluebook/v21/tables/t2-foreign-jurisdictions/t2-18-india .

These rules indicate preferred case law reporters by court, as well as instructions for citing the constitution and legislation.

Manupatra Subscription Database

Manupatra is a subscription legal database for India. It includes both primary sources (judicial opinions, statutes and other legislative materials, administrative agency materials, and more) and secondary sources (including treatises and law journals).

To access Manupatra:

Sign in with your HarvardKey at https://hollis.harvard.edu .
Go to http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990104767090203941/catalog and click the ONLINE ACCESS link.

You should see the homepage of the Manupatra database, which looks like this:

Homepage of the Manupatra Indian Law Subscription Database

Searching and Browsing in Manupatra

To browse by source type, use the menu on the left side of the screen.

To search, click one of the options in the blue search bar at the top of the screen:

Manu Search : Search the database using keywords.
Legal Search : Advanced search option, using forms with fields, for judgments, statues (acts), rules, and other types of sources.
Citation Search : Use this option to search for a case if you have a citation to a case law reporter, such as All India Reporter (AIR), Indian Law Reports (ILR), SCC (Supreme Court Cases), or Weekly Law Notes (WLN). Coverage also includes regional court reporters, such as the Bombay Cases Reporter (BomCR), Calcutta Law Journal (CLJ), Delhi Law Times (DLT), and many others. To view a coverage list of reporters, visit http://www.manupatrafast.in.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/Search/Publishers.aspx .
Assisted Search : Provides a form to assist with crafting searches using Boolean connectors.

Search Example

As an example, assume that you have the following information about a case from the Bombay High Court:

State vs. Panduran Tatyasaheb Shinde, AIR 1956 Bom 711.

Find this case in Manupatra as follows:

Click Citation Search .
In the Publisher menu, select AIR(Bombay) .
In the Year box, enter 1956 .
In the Page Number box, enter 711 .
Click Search .

You will see one result. Click the link provided to view the case.

SCC Online Subscription Database

SCC Online is a subscription legal database. You can browse or search for cases from a wide variety of Indian courts, including the Supreme Court, the Privy Council, high courts, district courts, and tribunals and commissions. It also includes selected case law from other jurisdictions in the region, including Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and from several African jurisdictions. SCC online also includes other Indian legal materials: acts and rules, articles, secondary sources, treaties, and more.

Access SCC Online as follows:

Go to https://hollis.harvard.edu and sign in with your HarvardKey credentials.
Go to this HOLLIS record: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/99153820291903941/catalog .
Click the ONLINE ACCESS link.
On the SCC Online homepage, click LOGIN in the upper right corner.
Select the IP login option, and enter your Harvard email address.
When the SCC Dashboard screen appears, click the type of search you want to do. You may have to do this quickly to avoid being signed out. If you are not sure what to click, click the third blue box labeled Find by Citation .

You should now be on the main search screen. If this is not the type of search you want to do, return to the dashboard by clicking the icon with 9 little boxes in it at the top of the screen. The dashboard provides all the options you need for finding cases by citation, party name, or topic, in addition to browsing law reports, judgments, acts and rules, secondary materials and more.

Note that SCC Online can be hard to log into. If the directions above do not work for you, here are a few things to try:

Clear the cache and cookies on your browser.
Use a different internet browser (if you are using Google Chrome and it's not working, try it in Firefox).

If you tried all those things and it's still not working, contact a research librarian for help ( https://asklib.law.harvard.edu ).

Harvard's subscription to the vLex database includes the following materials for India:

Laws and Regulations
Books and Journals

To access vLex, go to its HOLLIS catalog record: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/alma/990104683840203941/catalog . Then, click the ONLINE ACCESS link.

To go to the India materials, click Browse in the menu on the right side, then All Jurisdictions > Asia > India.

Materials from India appear throughout vLex. For example, vLex includes cases and legislation from India in the citing references for UK cases.

HeinOnline Subscription Database

HeinOnline's resources for researching the law of India include the following:

Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (IFLP): Search for "India" as a Subject
World Constitutions Illustrated: India

Free Databases for Indian Legal Research

Indian Kanoon Free database of Indian legislation and case law, offering simple and advanced search options as well as a way to browse by individual court and tribunal.
Legal Information Institute of India (LII) Links to primary and secondary sources for Indian law.

Google Searches for Materials on Government Websites

Most Indian government websites are in the "gov.in" domain. You can search for materials on government websites using Google using this query format:

"circulars" site:gov.in

This search will return all sites that include the word "circulars" on Indian government sites. ("Circular" is a name used for a document that a government entity releases to describe its activities.)

Some Indian government sites are in the "nic.in" domain ("NIC" is the Central Government's National Informatics Centre ). So if your "gov.in" domain search does not return the results you are looking for, try the same search using "nic.in" instead.

According to Part V, Chapter I of the Indian Constitution , the head of state is the President , who appoints the members of the Council of Ministers (headed by the Prime Minister ) and the judges who serve on the Supreme Court .

The executive branch also includes the following:

Union Ministries (including the Ministry of Law and Justice )
Union Government Departments (including the Department of Legal Affairs )
Commissions (including the Law Commission of India )

The executive has certain powers related to legislation. For example, the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice drafts legislation for the Central Government. Other ministries also contribute to the drafting of bills based on their subject matter.

Under Article 123 of the Indian Constitution, the President can enact ordinances when Parliament is not in session. These ordinances can only become permanent law if the Parliament approves them after returning from its recess.

Finding Executive and Administrative Materials

HOLLIS Searches

HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Delegated Legislation"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Gazette"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Government" AND "Circulars"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Ministry OR Department OR Commission" (in the "Author" field)
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Record" AND "Office" (in the "Author" field)

Electronic Resources

The Gazette of India Bilingual (English and Hindi) publication of government activities. e-Gazettes are available here for the Central Government and for State Governments.
National Government Services Portal This site provides information about the services that various government entities (Central Government and State Governments) offer to the the people of India. You can browse by service type or search for a service.

According to Part V, Chapter II of the Indian Constitution , legislative power vests in a Parliament , which includes:

The President
The Council of States (Rajya Sabha)
The House of the People (Lok Sabha)

Finding Legislation

Historically, Indian national and state legislation has been published by a lot of different entities under a lot of different names. This means you may need to do several HOLLIS searches to find the publication that has the law you are looking for.

The searches below include various ways Harvard's library catalogers have named and described Indian publications that include legislation.

HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Acts of Parliament"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Central Acts"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Central Legislature"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "State Acts"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Statutory Rules"
HOLLIS Search: "Law" AND "India" AND "Statutes and Codes"
HOLLIS Search: "Law and Legislation" AND "India"
HOLLIS Search: "Laws, etc." AND "India"
HOLLIS Search: "Laws of India"
HOLLIS Search: "Statutes of India"

In addition to the subscription databases Manupatra and SCC Online, there are several freely-available online sources for Indian legislative materials.

Bare Acts Live (Chawla Publications)
India Code: Digital Repository of All Central and State Acts
LEGIS Database of Acts Database of acts, bills, and ordinances - maintained by the Supreme Court Judges' Library.
List of Central Acts Maintained by the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice; available in chronological and alphabetical order.
Ministry of Law and Justice Legislative Department: Legislative References Includes a list of the Acts of Parliament (1838-2019), and links to the text of ordinances promulgated, President's Acts, Central Regulations, and Orders issued under the Constitution of India.
National Portal of India: Acts/Rules
Parliamentary Research Service (PRS)

Part V, Chapter IV of the Indian Constitution establishes the Union Judiciary, at the head of which is the Supreme Court of India .

As India is a common law jurisdiction, opinions issued by the Supreme Court are binding on all other Indian courts (see Art. 141).

India's judiciary is also comprised of regional courts throughout the country, including High courts and District courts .

For disputes involving government employees, India has a network of Administrative Tribunals .

Finding Case Law

Over time, there have been hundreds of publications reporting cases decided in India's courts, and some of them have changed their names several times. The Supreme Court of India's Equivalent Citation Table can help a researcher not only make sense of the various case reporter names, but also determine parallel citations if necessary.

Note that, in Indian legal bibliography, the term "law journal" can mean many different things, including a case law reporter.

Harvard has been collecting case law reporters from India for many years. To find judicial decisions from Indian courts in the law library's print collection, try the searches below, which include various ways Harvard's library catalogers have named and described relevant publications.

HOLLIS Search: "All India Reporter"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "High Court" AND "Cases OR Reports OR Digests OR Decisions"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Judicial Commissioner's Court"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Law Reports, Digests, Etc."
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Reports of Cases"
HOLLIS Search: "India" AND "Supreme Court Cases"
HOLLIS Search: "Indian Decisions" AND "Law OR Legal"
HOLLIS Search: "Indian High Court Reports"
HOLLIS Search: "Indian Law Reports"
HOLLIS Search: "Justice, Administration of -- India" (Subject field search)
HOLLIS Search: "Supreme Court of India" AND "Cases OR Reports OR Digests OR Decisions"
Directory of District Court Websites Links to District Court websites are provided, through which you can browse and search for opinions.
Directory of High Court Websites Links to High Court websites are provided, through which you can browse and search for opinions.
Supreme Court Judges' Library: SUPLIS Database of Caselaws
Supreme Court of India: Judgments Database Search by case number, diary number, judgment date, judge name, parties, free text, and more.

Legal Journals and Periodicals

In Indian legal bibliography, the term "law journal" can mean many different things, including the following:

A case law reporter
A legal periodical that publishes article-length scholarly works (like a "law review" in the United States)

The Union Catalogue of Legal Journals , maintained by the Judges' Library of the Supreme Court of India, provides a helpful overview of Indian legal periodicals.

Scholarly Law Journals

Many scholarly law journals in India are published by law schools. Depending on the journal and the publication date, they can be found open-access through a law school website, through a subscription database (such as HeinOnline , Sage , Jstor , or Taylor and Francis ), and/or in the library's print collection.

To find journals in our collection, you can search the HOLLIS library catalog . However, it might be easier and faster to check the list of journals published at Indian law schools below, in case the one you want is available open access online.

Chanakya National Law University (CNLU) (Patna) Chanakya Law Review.
Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University (RMLNLU) (Lucknow) Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University Journal (ISSN: 0975 – 9549); RMLNLU Law Review (ISSN: 0975 – 9530); CMET Journal, Child Protection in Uttar Pradesh Quarterly Newsletter.
Gujarat National Law University (GNLU) (Gandhi Nagar) GNLU Journal of Law, Development and Politics (GJLDP); GNLU Law Review; Gujarat Law Journal; GNLU Journal of Law & Economics (GJLE); GNLU Law and Society Review
Hidayatullah National Law University (HNLU) (Raipur) Journal of Law and Social Science
NALSAR University School of Law (Hyderabad) NALSAR Law Review (ISSN 2319-1988); Indian Journal of Intellectual Property Law (Print ISSN 0975-492X and e-ISSN 2278-862X); Environmental Law and Practice Review (ISSN 2319-1856); Media Law Review (ISSN 2319-1848); Journal of Corporate Affairs and Corporate Crimes (ISSN 2278-8611); NALSAR Student Law Review (ISSN 0975-0216); The Indian Journal of Constitutional Law (ISSN 0975-0134); The Indian Journal of Law and Economics (ISSN 2319-1864); NALSAR ADR Journal (ISSN 2348-7690); International Journal of Constitutional Law (IJCL); NALSAR International Law Journal
National Law Institute University (NLIU) (Bhopal) Using the top menu, navigate through Research - Research Publications - NLIU Publications to find Indian Law Review, NLIU Journal of Intellectual Property Law, NLIU Law Review, NLIU e-Journals (International Law, Media Law).
National Law School of India University (NLSIU) (Bengaluru / Bangalore) National Law School Journal, National Law School of India Review, NLS Business Law Review, Socio-Legal Review, IN LAW Magazine, Journal on Environmental Law Policy and Development, Journal of Law and Public Policy, CEERA March of the Environmental Law
National Law University and Judicial Academy Assam (NLUJAA) NLUA Law Review, Child Rights & Policy Review; Journal for Sports Law, Policy, and Governance; NLUA Law and Policy Review; Journal for Disability Studies and Policy Review.
National Law University Delhi (NLUD) Journal of National Law University Delhi; Journal of Victimology and Victim Justice; NLUD Student Law Journal; Indian Journal of Criminology.
National Law University Jodhpur (NLUJ) NLUJ Law Review; Trade, Law, and Development; Indian Journal of Arbitration Law; Journal on Corporate Law and Governance; Journal on Comparative Constitutional Law and Administrative Law; Indian Journal of Legal Theory; Journal of Intellectual Property Studies; Journal on Indian Competition Review; Scholasticus.
National Law University Odisha (NLUO) NULO Law Journal; Human Rights Law Journal; Journal on the Rights of the Child; NLUO Student Law Journal.
National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS) (Kochi) NUALS Intellectual Property Law Review; NUALS Law Journal.
National University of Study and Research in Law (NUSRL) (Ranchi) NUSRL Journal of Law & Policy; NUSRL Journal of Human Rights.
Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law (RGNUL) (Patiala, Punjab) RGNUL Law Review; RLR Student Edition; Student Law Review; RFM Law Review; RGNUL Social Science Review; Human Rights Journal; Law and Tech Times; Indian Journal of Criminology.
WB National University of Juridicial Sciences (NUJS) (Kolkata) NUJS Law Review; Journal of Telecommunication and Broadcasting Law; Journal of Indian Law and Society (formerly Indian Juridicial Review); Asian Journal of Legal Education; International Journal of Law and Policy Review; International Journal of Legal Studies & Research; Journal on Dispute Resolution.

International Encyclopedia of Laws: Entries for India

The Kluwer Online subscription database's International Encyclopedia of Laws includes an entry for India in each of the subject areas listed below.

Click the link, provide your HarvardKey credentials if necessary, and then click India under National Monographs.

Civil Procedure
Commercial and Economic Law
Competition Law
Constitutional Law
Corporations and Partnerships
Environmental Law
Family and Succession Law
Insurance Law
Intellectual Property
Medical Law
Private International Law
Social Security Law
Transport Law
Bombay High Court Judges' Library
Foreign Law Guide: India HarvardKey credentials required
GlobaLex: A Guide to India's Legal Research and Legal System
GlobaLex: Guide to Indian Laws
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7 Landmark Court Cases that changed Indian Laws

To cope up with the changing nature of the society, indian constitution also goes through a transformation. in our country, there are some cases that have created a landmark and helped in generating new laws. due to which not only constitution is amended, but also change the view & opinion of the people. this article deals with 7 cases of court that paved the way to change the laws in india..

1. Nirbhaya Case

Amendment: Juvenile Justice Act of 2000

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On 16 December, 2016 a brutal case of gang rape and murder shock the nation. A 23 year old was assaulted and raped in a bus by 6 men and then threw her body on the road. Out of 6 men; 5 were adults and one was a 17 year old juvenile. When they got arrested, the 5 adult men got 10 years of prison and one of them found dead in the jail itself during the course of a trial. The juvenile aged 17 was sent for correction facility, for three years. But brutal acts in this case had shocked people beyond belief. Finally, the four convicts were awarded death penalty by Delhi court.

The incident shook the nation’s conscience and sparked massive protests and subsequently led to the replacement of a Juvenile Justice Act 2000 i.e. the age bar to be tried as an adult was lowered from 18 to 16 years.

In fact, the Centre and the Delhi Government prompted a number of steps to ensure safety of women, curb such incidents and facilitate quick disposal of cases.

2. Shah Bano Begum vs Muhammad Ahmed Khan

Amendment: Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code 1973.

Source: www.sabrangindia.in.com

Shah Bano was a mother of 5 and at the age of 62 she was divorced by her husband Muhammad Ahmed Khan in 1978 . She went to court asking maintenance from her husband who had divorced her. She demanded alimony which was against the Islamic system. Even the government ruled in favour of her husband. Keeping her health and old age in mind the Supreme Court ruled in favour of Shah Bano maintaining the secularism and welfare of women which amended section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code. For all Muslim wives this judgement provided maintenance from their husbands in case of divorce.

3. KM Nanavati vs State of Maharashtra

Impact: If Jury could be influenced, thereby abolish the jury system i.e. suspension of jury trial.

Source: www.google.co.in

Interesting Facts about Supreme Court of India

K.M Nanavati was 34 years old when his life turned upside down. He was a naval officer and married to Sylvia . He lived in Mumbai with his wife and children. In the absence of Nanavati due to loneliness Sylvia started meeting his friend Prem Ahuja and fell in love. On 27 th April, 1959 Sylvia confesses to her husband, that she was in love with Ahuja and also expressed her fear that Ahuja did not want to marry her. Then Nanavati went to Prem Ahuja’s house to ask whether he wanted to marry Sylvia and take care of the children but he refused. In anger Nanavati shot 3 bullets in his body and he died. This was an open case, received lots of media coverage and finally the jury verdict went in favour of Nanavati.

Bombay High Court , Judge overruled the verdict of the jury and found Nanavati guilty of murder and sentenced him to life imprisonment. He got out of the Prison three years later. The case proved that an influenced panel of jury could be dangerous, as it abolished the jury system.

4. Mary Roy vs State of Kerala

Amendment: The Indian Succession Act, 1925, be applied to Christians in Travancore and Cochin too where daughters got equality.

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Mary Roy’s husband passed away without leaving a will. She was a mother of Arundhati Roy and decided to challenge the inheritance act which stated that without will, her daughter will lose the right to property. The Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1092 , stated that if a man died without leaving a will for his daughter, she will not be entitled to anything. Therefore, a son would get the property.

Mary Roy fought a battle for her daughter and invoked article 14 by saying that she has equal right to property. Further, she stated that equal property rights should be given to all Syrian Christian women. Finally, the Supreme Court ruled in favour and the Indian Succession Act, 1925 be applied to Christians in Cochin also. That means female child is entitled to a share equal to that of her brother if the father dies intestate.

Amendment: The Criminal Law Act, 1983

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There was a minor tribal girl called Mathura , in the year 1972 on 26 th March she was summoned to the police station at night. An officer at the police station raped her and let her go. Mathura decided to file a rape case against the officer. But do you know that Supreme Court ruled in favour of the policeman. As, it was stated that there were no signs of struggle on Mathura’s body and also she did not even shout or called anyone for help.

But this case gained lots of support from public and finally an amendment in the Criminal Law Act, 1983 was effected . According to this amendment custodial rape is an offense and therefore, it is punishable and the method to deal with consent was henceforth included under India’s Rape Laws.

6. Vishaka vs State of Rajasthan

Impact: Generated laws for women, which gives protection from sexual harassment at their workplace

Source:www.sites.google.com

Bhanwari Devi was a social worker who was gang raped in the year 1992 in a village of Rajasthan. She was trying to prevent her daughter as she was one year old and did not want to get married. So, took a step against her family. She filed a case and demanded justice. She received a lot of support from NGOs, which forced Supreme Court to announce a prime verdict that helped to protect women from sexual harassment in their workplace and helped in establishing general equality.

Do you know that before 1997 there were no such guidelines regarding protection of women at their workplace and in April 2013 , the court established The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Prevention Act i.e Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal Act 2013 . The guidelines given by Vishakha played an important role in formulating and making these laws effectively.

7. Rajagopal vs State of Tamil Nadu

Impact: Extended the boundaries of Article 19 i.e. right to freedom of speech and expression, one of its six freedoms.

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In 1994 , a prisoner charged with murder and wrote an autobiography. He went to publishing house where weekly magazine was printed in Madras and wanted to publish his autobiography, which had details of the murder and many senior officials were also involved in it. Now, the officers got scared and sued the magazine agency while saying that the story is false. But the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the publishing house by saying that public officials can be sued only if the printed story is untrue. This judgement opened a new horizon for freedom of expression and right to privacy.

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