phd with distinction meaning

• October 11, 2023
• Education Advice

Ph.D. vs. Doctorate: What are the Differences?

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For those who have a deep-seated attitude, pursuing a doctoral degree can be a tough yet beneficial journey. Currently enrolled in a doctorate program means that a person has already scooched over college admissions, went through high stake tests and exams, and finished all those research papers and long hours spent in university libraries hitting the books. While studying for a doctorate entails asserting oneself to an extensive amount of quality time and money , its significance and purpose usually pave the way to a lucrative end.

After having finished the Master’s Degree , students begin to think about their next step in their academic career. Then, paradoxically, while navigating through academia, they find themselves baffled by the immense terms and terminologies used to label specific degrees. Because the terms “Doctorate” and “Ph.D.” are somehow interlocked and overlap, and because “PhD” is sometimes used inconsistently, it can lead to considerable confusion. Ph.D. vs. Doctorate? You might wonder what their difference is, and why they are important. E xplaining what each of these terms stands for, the difference between them, and why they are valuable, can help you steer yourself down the right path from the outset.

Doctorate Degree vs. Ph.D.

At first glance, it is pretty easy to confuse these two terms. But it is important for everyone to be able to make a distinction between the two. In this article, we will discuss the difference between Ph.D. and Doctorate in detail in order to get rid of any confusion you may have. In the academic world, the terms Doctorate and Ph.D. are currently used interchangeably. Both of them are the top cap of the ladder. However, a doctorate is mostly used as an umbrella term covering many fields ranging from professional degrees, humanities, and scientific disciplines.

A Ph.D. or Doctor of Philosophy, on the other hand, is a subcategory of a doctoral degree, it is much more distinct and clear-cut and is usually narrower in nature encompassing only humanities and scientific fields. In plain English, when someone says they are enrolling on a doctoral degree, it means they are doing a Ph.D. in a specific field. So, technically, in common parlance, there is no difference between the two terms.

But at the other end of the spectrum, one should be careful not to confuse a professional doctoral degree with a Ph.D. The former is more practical and is designed to prepare students to apply existing knowledge to find solutions to real-life problems and has a direct application to a particular profession.

A Ph.D. is theoretical by nature and is more academic and research-focused. it is often fixed on disseminating knowledge by conducting authentic research which means reviewing and identifying gaps in current literature and evaluating the relevance of existing and emerging theories within a particular field.

What Is a Ph.D. Degree and Why Should You Go for It?

Students who acquire a Ph.D. are justly proud — they wear it as a badge of identity in the academic elite. Traditionally, a Ph.D. was associated with teaching, which from Latin licentia docendi meant “license to teach”. However, the concept of Ph.D. has been on shifting sands nowadays and has become a more general term that isn’t necessarily confined to teaching only.

The Value of a PhD

Obtaining a Ph.D. helps you capitalize on the emerging academic opportunities making you more easily identifiable to employers or businesses seeking to fill professional, higher-level job positions. Many of these career options, conversely, are not available to those who do not belong to the Ph.D. club. While pursuing a Ph.D. requires devoting a tremendous effort and time and making significant personal sacrifices pushing the boundaries of knowledge, it’s all in service of the area of study you’re most passionate and zealous about. Ultimately, once you’ve attained your Ph.D., you will have achieved the pinnacle of education— something not too many people have or are able to accomplish.

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A Guide to Choosing and Applying to Ph.D. Programs

Learn everything you need to know about selecting and applying to Ph.D. programs. Learn tips and tricks for a successful application and find your ideal program today!

What Is a Doctorate Degree?

A doctoral or doctorate degree is usually the most advanced degree one can earn in an academic discipline. Many pursue a doctorate degree to increase their professional credibility, be acknowledged as an expert in a specific field, and improve their resume.

A doctorate degree is a graduate-level credential that is usually earned after multiple years of graduate school. Earning a doctoral degree requires a significant level of research and work. In order to get this degree, one has to research a subject thoroughly, conduct new research and analysis, and provide a solution or interpretation into the field. But what types of doctoral degrees are available?

Types of Doctorate Degrees

There are two categories of doctorate degrees: an academic degree and a professional doctorate degree. An academic degree focuses on research, data analysis, and the evaluation of theory. A professional doctorate degree, on the other hand, is considered a terminal degree, which means that one has achieved the most advanced degree in the field. This degree is specifically designed for working professionals who want to grow in their careers.

Professional Doctorate Degrees

A professional doctorate is designed for working professionals who have experience in the field and want to increase their knowledge, improve their credibility, and advance their careers. This degree focuses on applying research to practical issues, coming up with interpretation and solutions, as well as designing effective professional practices within a particular field.

Professional doctoral degrees include:

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

The DBA degree is ideal for students who already have a general business background and are interested in delving deeper into the practical and theoretical aspects that underpin business education. More to the point, in DBA you will develop the ability to solve real-life problems, discover the relevant expertise to innovate and uphold complex business issues and so much more. Upon completion, DBA students will possess enhanced leadership and strategic skills as well as the tools to propel their careers in today’s marketplace. The Business Administration industry is keen on finding such graduates with business skills and this is indicated by the immense job positions currently available.

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)

If you are interested in setting your eyes on creating lifelong learning among your students, making a positive influence in educational culture, contributing to the growing body of research in the education realm , or just enhancing your subject matter expertise, the Doctor of Education program ticks all the boxes. This degree maintains a rigorous approach in academic education that prepares graduates to showcase the skills and expertise to devise solutions in tackling the challenges in contemporary education practice and become transformational leaders in the industry.

Doctor of Computer Science (DCS)

The demand for computer scientists has reached its peak and it is among the most sought-after positions nowadays. With a degree in DCS, you will have the opportunity to design, apply innovative experiments, predict trends and, ultimately, develop a richer understanding and contribute to your area of expertise. After all, who doesn’t want an exciting and financially stable career?

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Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)

The Doctor of Medicine degree is designed to prepare you for various medical challenges in different settings nationally and internationally. This program will further develop your critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills required for safe, high-quality medical practices. It will also improve your leadership, communication, and teamwork skills for collaborative patient care.

Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)

This professional degree typically requires four years of study. It focuses on basic biological sciences such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, neuroanatomy, and so on. This doctoral degree will prepare, educate, and train professionals to practice at the highest level of proficiency, professionalism, and integrity.

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The Doctoral of Psychology degree concentrates on the clinical and applied aspects of psychology. This type of doctorate prepares students for professional practice and clinical placement. This degree will be highly beneficial when working directly with patients who need psychology services. In addition, this degree allows doctors of psychology to confidently function as researchers and clinicians.

How to Choose a Ph.D. Program?

Choosing a Ph.D. program can be pretty challenging; it is a big academic decision and investment that requires commitment and perseverance. But how can you pick the right Ph.D. program for you? Well, there are some tips to help you choose the best fit for your goals and preferences:

• Think about the reasons why you want a Ph.D., what you expect to gain from it, and whether it is compatible with your professional goals.
• Consider your research environment.
• Take your time to research, compare, and consider multiple opportunities carefully.
• Pick a subject that interests and motivates you but is also practical.
• Ask your professors and other scholars in the field for advice.

All in all, the terms “Doctorate’’ and “Ph.D.” are in essence the same, which means all Ph.D. students are Doctoral students as well. On the other hand, earning a Ph.D. degree is no joke. If anything, Ph.D. students have the tenacity, patience, persistence, and years of hard work that you can vouch for. Ultimately, deciding what type of doctoral degree you should hop on, depends on your career goals, what you are passionate about and how you are going to achieve it.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a doctorate and a ph.d..

In academic contexts, the terms “Doctorate” and “Ph.D.” are often used interchangeably, but there is a distinction. A Doctorate is an umbrella term covering a wide range of fields, including professional degrees, humanities, and scientific disciplines. A Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy, is a specific type of doctoral degree, typically focused on research and academic pursuits in the humanities and scientific fields.

Why should I pursue a Ph.D.?

Pursuing a Ph.D. can be a valuable endeavor, as it opens up academic and research opportunities, enhances your expertise in a specific field, and makes you more attractive to employers seeking candidates for high-level positions. It’s a chance to push the boundaries of knowledge and become an expert in your chosen study area.

What are the benefits of a professional doctorate?

Professional doctorate degrees, such as Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) or Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), are designed for working professionals who want to apply research to practical issues in their field. These degrees can enhance your career prospects, leadership skills, and problem-solving abilities within your profession.

How do I choose the right Ph.D. program?

To choose the right Ph.D. program, consider your career goals, research environment, and personal interests. Take your time to research and compare programs, seek advice from professors and experts in your field, and ensure that the program aligns with your professional aspirations.

What are the main differences between academic and professional doctorate degrees?

Academic doctorate degrees focus on research, theory evaluation, and data analysis, often leading to careers in academia or research. Professional doctorate degrees are more practical, designed for working professionals, and concentrate on applying research to real-world problems within a specific field.

Can I earn a Ph.D. in any field?

Ph.D. programs are available in various fields, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more. However, the specific availability of Ph.D. programs may vary by field and university.

Is a Ph.D. a challenging journey?

Yes, pursuing a Ph.D. can be a challenging journey that requires dedication, patience, and years of hard work. It involves conducting original research, writing a dissertation, and often teaching or assisting in courses. It’s a significant commitment, but it can be highly rewarding.

What are the potential career opportunities after earning a Ph.D.?

With a Ph.D., you can pursue careers in academia as a professor or researcher, work in research and development roles in various industries, or take on leadership positions in organizations. The specific career path will depend on your field of study and personal interests.

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How to List Academic Honors on Your Resume With Examples

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What are Latin honors?

When to include latin honors on your resume, how to include latin honors on your resume, examples of how to list academic honors on a resume, tips for including academic honors on a resume.

Graduating with honors is an impressive accomplishment, and it’s certainly one you should highlight on your resume as a recent graduate. However, many graduates are unsure if, when and how they should list Latin honors and other academic achievements on their resume. In this article, you’ll find resume tips and examples for graduates who have earned the distinction of cum laude, magna cum laude or summa cum laude.

 Here are the three levels of distinction for academic degrees used by high schools, colleges and universities:

• Summa cum laude, meaning ‘with the highest distinction’
• Magna cum laude, meaning ‘with great distinction’
• Cum laude, meaning ‘with distinction’

If you graduated with honors, your resume should highlight this academic achievement. These details won’t take up much space, and they will help demonstrate your commitment to excellence.

The fact that you graduated with honors matters more when you are first entering the job market as a student or recent graduate. At this stage, you may not have much professional experience to list on your resume, so mentioning that you graduated with honors will help show employers that you are highly motivated, intelligent and hardworking. Once you have gained more experience, your academic performance becomes less important. Some employers will care about your GPA and honors, while others will not. Either way, it’s a good idea to include them on your resume. At best, they will weigh in your favor, and at worst, they’ll simply be ignored. 

Follow these steps when listing Latin honors on your resume:

1. Firstly, place them in the education section

If you graduated with honors, you should include that detail in the education section of your resume. Do this even if your resume has a section for honors and awards. Your Latin honors should be listed under the relevant degree so that it is obvious when and where you earned them. This is especially important if you have multiple degrees listed in your education section. You don’t want to mislead employers in any way. For instance, if you have completed both an undergraduate and graduate degree, it should be clear which degree the Latin honors are associated with.

2. Secondly, decide how to format your education section

One formatting style would be to keep the section simple by listing each institution and the dates you attended, followed by basic information about your degree. This should include the type of degree you earned, your major, your GPA and your honors. In this format, your honors should be listed directly after your major, separated by a comma. You can include your GPA in parentheses after the Latin honors.

Another formatting style is to expand your education section by listing your academic activities and honors after each degree. You may prefer this format if you participated in several extracurricular activities and received multiple honors. In this format, under each institution you attended, you should list your degree, honors, major and graduation date. Below that information, you should include two subsections—one for activities and one for honors. Your Latin honors should be included in the honors section.

3. Lastly, italicize the names of Latin honors

Since cum laude, magna cum laude and summa cum laude are Latin phrases, you should use italics when listing these honors. These phrases should also be lowercase. You may find some examples and style guides that do not require you to italicize Latin honors, but using italics is the safer option. Plus, italics will help these words stand out.

If your school uses English instead of Latin phrases, the rules are different. English honors should not be italicized, and they should be capitalized. English honors are typically listed as with Honors, with High Honors or with Highest Honors. The word ‘Distinction’ may be used instead of ‘Honors.’ Always use the exact wording adopted by your university.

Here are a few examples of how to list academic honors on a resume:

Examples with an expanded education section

The format of these two examples allows you to list your academic activities and honors beneath your degree. The UNC example includes the student’s honors directly before the major and uses the school’s English phrases. The WVU example lists the student’s Latin honors and GPA in the honors subsection.

The University of North Carolina | Chapel Hill, NC

B.S. with Highest Distinction in Accounting, May 2015

• Minor in business administration
• Phi Beta Kappa

Activities:

• Policy Debate Team
• University Democrats

West Virginia University | Morgantown, WV

Bachelor of Arts in English, August 2016

• Magna cum laude  (3.7 GPA)
• Professional writing and editing concentration
• Sigma Tau Delta
• The Daily Athenaeum,   editor
• Eberly Writing Studio, tutor

Examples with a simplified education section

If you would rather include honors and activities in a separate section, you can trim down your education section. 

• The University of Texas at Austin | May 2013

B.S. in Public Policy, graduated with High Honors (3.8 GPA)

• West Virginia University | December 2016

B.S. in Animal and Nutritional Science, summa cum laude

• The University of North Carolina | August 2015

B.A. with Distinction in Anthropology

Here are a few more tips for people who graduated with honors:

Including your GPA is not necessary, but it can be helpful

Graduating with honors implies a high GPA. However, not all schools use the same standards. Some employers prefer to see your exact GPA. Including your GPA can be especially helpful if you achieved a 4.0 or if your GPA was higher than the minimum to graduate with honors.

You do not need to mention Dean’s List

Making the Dean’s List is a vaguer achievement than graduating with honors. If your resume already says that you graduated magna cum laude, listing the Dean’s List as an honor could be redundant. Use that space to include something that adds more value to your resume.

Be consistent in your formatting

Whatever format you decide to use, make sure each entry follows the same template. A break in formatting will be distracting and make your resume look less professional. Along the same lines, choose a format that will fit well with the rest of your resume. The formatting of each section will not be identical, but it should be similar.

Give your resume an extra proofread

Once you mention that you graduated with honors, an employer’s expectations will rise. Everyone should proofread their resume, but those who graduated with honors should be extra careful. Careless mistakes in grammar, spelling and formatting can undercut your academic achievements.

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When can you use the title ‘European PhD with distinction’?

The title of ‘European PhD with distinction’ can be used if the following criteria are fulfilled:

• During the period of study, the PhD student must spend a minimum of three months in a higher education institute or research centre in a European Union Member State either following a course of study or working on research projects that have been recognised by the university.
• Part of the doctoral thesis, at least the abstract and the conclusions, must be written and presented in one of the official EU languages other than the official languages of Spain.
• The doctoral thesis must be supervised by at least two experts from a higher education institution or research institute of a European Union Member State.
• The doctoral thesis to be defended at the university at which the doctorand is enrolled must be supervised by at least one expert from a higher education institution or research institute of a European Union Member State other than Spain, who holds the title of doctor and is not the supervisor mentioned in sections a) and c).

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Each essay and dissertation is read by two senior members or associates of the Department, neither of whom will have supervised the work being marked. Both will submit independent reports.

The essays together account for 50% of the overall mark: Essay 1 is 40% of the essay mark and Essay 2 is 60% (i.e. 20% and 30% of the overall mark). The dissertation accounts for the remaining 50% of the overall mark.

When marking coursework, assessors will be asking:

• What is the main achievement of this work? Is there an original contribution? If so, what is it?
• Does the candidate show a good understanding of relevant material? Is the content of the work informative and insightful?
• Does the candidate advance effective arguments contributing towards well-articulated conclusions?
• Has the candidate used a sufficient number and range of appropriate sources? Are they effectively used and properly credited and cited?
• Does the work have a clear and effective structure? Is the writing clear, grammatical, and free of typographical and other errors? Is the style of the references and footnotes clear and consistent?

The essays must cover a range of topics and, taken together, must show evidence of a broad knowledge of history, philosophy and sociology of science, technology and medicine. They are not required to present original research to pass.

In order to pass, the dissertation must be clearly written, take account of previously published work on the subject, and represent a contribution to learning. It must show evidence of independent research.

In Cambridge, higher degrees are not formally classified. The MPhil is publicly classed only in pass/fail terms. No marks are made publicly available. The minimum pass level for the examination is the equivalent of Class II.I in Part II of a Tripos, extrapolated for one year of postgraduate study. On the basis of the mark scheme adopted by the Natural Sciences Tripos, the HPS Degree Committee has determined the following mark scheme for the MPhil in History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine:

Candidates are required to pass in each part of the examination separately (i.e. the essays and the dissertation), except in the following special circumstances:

• A candidate whose failure in the essays is marginal should be allowed to submit a dissertation, and a high performance in the dissertation may be taken into account by the Degree Committee. Students whose overall essay mark is a marginal fail will be warned by the MPhil Manager in May.
• Where a candidate's failure in the dissertation is marginal , a high performance in the essays may be taken into consideration by the Degree Committee.

At the end of the course, examiners may decide to hold an oral examination. Such an examination will in any case be necessary if the dissertation is judged to be a marginal failure or if there is a very marked discrepancy between the two examiners' independent reports on the dissertation.

The Jennifer Redhead Prize , which was endowed by Professor Michael Redhead when he retired as Head of the Department, is awarded each year to the MPhil student who has the best overall performance in the MPhil essays.

The Rausing Prize , endowed by the Rausing family, is awarded annually to the MPhil student who writes the best dissertation.

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You will be able to obtain informal verbal feedback on your MPhil performance from the MPhil Manager after the Degree Committee meeting on Monday 24 June. Please note that at this stage the MPhil Manager is allowed only to indicate the grade of the performance (i.e. pass, high performance, distinction, first class distinction), not the marks or assessors' comments. Transcripts and copies of the assessors' reports will be available after your marks have been formally ratified by the Student Registry.

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What is a PhD?

• Types of Doctorates
• A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest globally recognized postgraduate degree that higher education institutions can award.
• PhDs are awarded to candidates who undertake original and extensive research in a particular field of study.
• Full time PhD programmes typically last three to four years, whilst part time PhD programmes typically last six to seven years.
• A PhD can lead to an academia teaching role or a career in research. A PhD can also equip you with skills suitable for a wide range of jobs unrelated to your research topic or academia.

Definition of a PhD – A Doctor of Philosophy (commonly abbreviated to PhD , Ph.D or a DPhil ) is a university research degree awarded from across a broad range of academic disciplines; in most countries, it is a terminal degree, i.e. the highest academic degree possible.

PhDs differ from undergraduate and master’s degrees in that PhDs are entirely research-based rather than involving taught modules (although doctoral training centres (DTCs) offer programmes that start with a year of lecture-based teaching to help develop your research skills prior to starting your project).

In most English-speaking countries, those that complete a PhD use the title “Doctor” (typically abbreviated to Dr) in front of their names and are referred to as such within academic and/or research settings. Those that work in fields outside of academia may decide not to use the formal doctor title but use post-nominal letters (e.g. John Smith PhD); it’s unusual though for someone to use both the Doctor title and post-nominal letters in their name.

PhD vs Doctorate

A PhD and a professional doctorate are both research-based terminal degrees.

However, where a PhD focuses on original research mostly around theoretical concepts, a professional doctorate focuses on examining existing knowledge to solve real-life, practical problems.

While there is much crossover between the two, a PhD is generally better suited for an individual to wants to advance the knowledge and understanding in their field, and a professional doctorate degree is better suited to a working professional who wants to better be able to apply knowledge and understanding to their field.

What Are the Entry Requirements for a PhD?

To be accepted on to a PhD programme, students usually need to hold at least a high ( 2:1 and above ) undergraduate degree that is related to the field of research that they want to pursue. A PhD candidate may also be expected to hold a Master’s degree , however, this does not mean you must have one, as it is still possible to enrol into a PhD without a Master’s .

Self-funded courses may sometimes be more relaxed in relation to entry requirements. It may be possible to be accepted onto a self-funded PhD programme with lower grades, though these students typically demonstrate their suitability for the role through professional work experience.

Whilst a distance learning project is possible , most PhD candidates will carry out their research over at least three years based at their university, with regular contact with two academic supervisors (primary and secondary). This is particularly the case for lab-based projects, however, some PhD projects require spending time on-site away from university (e.g. at a specialist research lab or at a collaborating institution abroad).

How Long Does a PhD Take?

Typically, full-time PhDs last 3-4 years and part-time PhDs last 6-7 years. However, at the discretion of the university, the thesis writing-up period can be extended by up to four years.

Although most doctoral programmes start in September or October, they are generally much more flexible than taught-courses and can start at any time of the year.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

Tuition fees for UK and EU students vary between £3,000 and £6,000 per year, with the average tuition fee of £4,712 per year for 2023/24 programmes.

Tuition fees increase considerably for international students, varying between £16,000 to £25,000 per year, with an average tuition fee of £19,600 per year .

Nonetheless, most students will secure PhD funding in the form of studentships, scholarships and bursaries to help pay for these fees. These funding opportunities can either be partial, which cover tuition fees only, or full, which cover both tuition fees and living expenses.

UK national students can also apply for Doctoral Loans from Student Finance England if they are unable to secure funding.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

What Does a PhD Involve?

To be awarded a PhD, a doctoral student is required to produce a substantial body of work that adds new knowledge to their chosen field.

A PhD programme will typically involve four key stages:

Stage 1: Literature Review

The first year of a PhD involves attending regular meetings with your supervisors and carrying out a search on previously published work in your subject area. This search will be used to produce a literature review which should set the context of the project by explaining the foundation of what is currently known within the field of research, what recent developments have occurred, and where the gaps in knowledge are. In most cases, this will be an extension of your research proposal should you have produced one as part of your application. The literature review should conclude by outlining the overarching aims and objectives of the research project. This stage of setting achievable goals which are original and contribute to the field of research is an essential first step in a successful PhD.

The supervisor is the main point of contact through the duration of a PhD – but remember: they are there to mentor, not to teach, or do it for you . It will be your responsibility to plan, execute and monitor your own work as well as to identify gaps in your own knowledge and address them.

Stage 2: Research

The second year (and prehapse some of your third year) is when you work on your research. Having identified novel research questions from your review of the literature, this is where you collect your data to help answer these questions. How you do this will depend on the nature of your doctoral research: for example, you may design and run experiments in a lab alongside other PhD students or visit excavation sites in remote regions of the world. You should check in regularly with your supervisors to update them and run any ideas or issues past them.

Have the structure and chapters of your thesis in mind as you develop and tackle your research questions. Working with a view of publishing your work will be very valuable later on.

Stage 3: Write up of Thesis

The next key stage of a PhD is writing a doctoral thesis , which typically takes from anywhere between three months to one year. A thesis is a substantial body of work that describes the work and outcomes of the research over the previous two to three years. It should tell a detailed story of the PhD project – focusing on:

• The motivations for the research questions identified from the literature review.
• The methodologies used, results obtained, and a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the findings.
• A detailed discussion of the key findings with an emphasis on the original contributions made to your field of research and how this has been impactful.

There is no universal rule for the length of a PhD thesis, but general guidelines set the word count between 80,000 to 100,000 words.

For your thesis to be successful, it needs to adequately defend your argument and provide a unique or increased insight into your field that was not previously available.

Stage 4: Attending the Viva

A viva voce , most commonly referred to as just a ‘ viva ‘, is an interview-style examination where the PhD student is required to engage in a critical appraisal of their work and defend their thesis against at least two examiners. The examiners will ask questions to check the PhD student has an in-depth understanding of the ideas and theories proposed in their thesis, and whether they have developed the research skills that would be expected of them.

The viva is one of the final steps in achieving a PhD, and typically lasts at least two hours, but this duration can vary depending on the examiners, the university and the PhD project itself.

Once you have done the viva – you’re on the home stretch. You will typically be asked to make some amendments to your thesis based on the examiner’s feedback. You are then ready to submit your final thesis for either:

• PhD – If you pass the requirements you will be awarded a PhD degree (most common outcome),
• MPhil – If you failed to meet requirements for a PhD, you may be downgraded to an MPhil degree (uncommon outcome),
• Fail – No award is given, typically for cases of plagiarism (extremely uncommon outcome).

What Is It Like to Undertake a PhD?

We’re often asked what it is like to undertake a PhD study. Unfortunately, this isn’t a simple answer to this question as every research project is different.

To help give insight into the life of a PhD student, we’ve interviewed PhD students at various stages of their programmes and put together a series of PhD Student Interviews . Check out the link to find out what a PhD is like and what advice they have to offer you.

What Are the Benefits of A PhD?

A PhD is the highest globally recognised postgraduate degree that higher education institutions can award. The degree, which is awarded to candidates who demonstrate original and independent research in a particular field of study, is not only invaluable in itself, but sets you up with invaluable skills and traits.

Career Opportunities

First, a PhD prepares you for a career in academia if you wish to continue in this area. This takes form as a career in the Higher Education sector, typically as a lecturer working their way to becoming a professor leading research on the subject you’ve studied and trained in.

Second, a PhD also enables the opportunity for landing a job in a research & development role outside of the academic environment. Examples of this include laboratory work for a private or third sector company, a governmental role and research for commercial and industrial applications.

Transferable Skills

Finally, in possessing a PhD degree, you can show to employers that you have vital skills that make you an asset to any company. Three examples of the transferable skills that you gain through a PhD are effective communication, time management, and report writing.

• Communication – presenting your work in written and oral forms using journal papers and podium presentations, shows your ability to share complex ideas effectively and to those with less background knowledge than you. Communication is key in the professional environment, regardless of the job.
• Time management – The ability to prioritise and organise tasks is a tremendous asset in the professional industry. A PhD holder can use their qualification to demonstrate that they are able to manage their time, arrange and follow a plan, and stick to deadlines.
• Report writing – Condensing three years of work into a thesis demonstrates your ability to filter through massive amounts of information, identify the key points, and get these points across to the reader. The ability to ‘cut out the waffle’ or ‘get to the point’ is a huge asset in the professional industry.

Aside from the above, you also get to refer to yourself as a Doctor and add fancy initials after your name!

What Can I Do After a PhD?

One of the most desirable postdoctoral fields is working within independent Research and Development (R&D) labs and new emerging companies. Both industries, especially R&D labs, have dedicated groups of PhD graduates who lead research activities, design new products and take part in crucial strategic meetings. Not only is this a stimulating line of work, but the average salaries in R&D labs and emerging start-ups are lucrative. In comparison, an undergraduate with five years of experience within their given field will, on average, likely earn less than a new PhD graduate taking on a R&D position.

It’s a common misunderstanding that PhDs only opens the door for an academic career such as university lecturers and training providers. Although obtaining a PhD opens these doors, the opportunities extend far beyond educational roles. In fact, recent data from the UK’s Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) indicates only 23% of PhD graduates take a position in educational roles . This low percentage is primarily because PhD graduates have a wide range of skills that make them suitable for a broad spectrum of roles. This is being seen first hand by the increasing number of PhD graduates who are entering alternative roles such as research, writing, law and investment banking.

How Do I Find a PhD?

We appreciate that finding a PhD programme to undertake can be a relatively daunting process. According to Higher Education Student Statistics , over 22,000 PhDs were awarded in 2016/17 within the United Kingdom alone. Clearly there are a huge number of PhD programmes available. This can sometimes be confusing for prospective doctorates, particularly when different programmes are advertised in different places. Often, it is difficult to know where to look or where to even start. We’ve put together a list of useful sources to find the latest PhD programmes:

• A great place to start is with our comprehensive and up-to-date database of available PhD positions .
• Assuming you are still at university, speak to an existing PhD supervisor within your department.
• Attend as many postgraduate open days as you can. Whilst there, speak to current PhD students and career advisors to get an awareness of what PhDs are on offer.
• Visit the postgraduate section of university websites and the PhD Research Council section of the UKRI website.

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Understanding the Distinction: EdD vs PhD in Education

Are you an educator looking to advance your knowledge and career? By choosing to learn further you’re showing your dedication to making a significant contribution to the education system. Plus, you can add this degree title before or after your name to let others know of your expertise in education.

When you decide to advance your career with a doctoral-level degree in education, you have two options to choose from, EdD or PhD. But which degree should you pick and what exactly is the difference between the two? Read on and we’ll help you understand the distinctions so that you can make an informed decision.

EdD vs. PhD

There are a few differences between an EdD and a PhD that are important for you to know. This information will help you make an informed decision while choosing your program. So that you can select a program that best fits your interests and career goals. 

Here’s a quick way to think of the difference: A PhD in Education is a research-based doctoral degree that focuses on research, while an EdD is a practice-based doctoral degree that focuses on the application of research. 

As per the data from the National Centre for Education Statistics (2018-19 and 2019-20), out of all students who completed their doctoral degree in education, 33% of graduates went on to pursue careers in management or administration, 40.2% of the students joined the teaching profession, whereas 12.8% went on to pursue careers in research and development.

What Is an EdD?

If you are drawn toward leadership and administration roles, then an EdD degree may be a good choice to consider. EdD programs place a strong emphasis on practical, hands-on experience and the application of educational theory in real-world educational settings. This degree will prepare you for roles like school administrator, educational policymaker, or as leader in an educational organization.

Curriculum in EdD Programs

An EdD curriculum typically includes core education courses that cover foundational topics in education, including educational theory, curriculum development, and educational psychology. These courses establish a broad understanding of the field.

The curriculum will combine research aspects as well but will mainly focus on leadership and administration.

In the EdD program, there are many specialization tracks, some of the most common specialization tracks include Curriculum and Instruction; Educational Leadership; and Higher Education Administration, Early Childhood Education, Special Education, and Education Technology among others. The area of specialization you choose will define your career path to a large extent.

You will be expected to complete a research-based dissertation or capstone project and gain practical experience through internships. This program prepares graduates for leadership roles in education.

Job Options With an EdD

Earning an EdD (Doctor of Education) opens up various career opportunities in education, leadership, research, and policy. The best career option for you will depend on your interests, skills, and career goals. Here are some potential career paths to consider after completing your EdD. 

• Education Administrator:

As an EdD graduate, you may go on to assume a position as a principal, superintendent, or dean in K-12 schools, colleges, or universities. You will be responsible for managing educational institutions, implementing policies, and fostering a positive learning environment.

• Higher Education Leadership: 

If you’re interested in higher education, you can become a university president, provost, or dean. These roles involve overseeing academic programs, research initiatives, and administrative functions at colleges and universities.

• Curriculum and Instruction Specialist: 

As an Ed.D. graduate, you may also get the opportunity to work as a curriculum developer, instructional coordinator, or educational consultant. Here you will help design effective curricula and improve teaching methods.

• Research and Policy Analysis: 

Ed.D. holders also work in research organizations, think tanks, or government agencies, where you would conduct educational research, analyze systems, and influence educational practices and policies.

What Is a PhD?

A PhD is a research-based degree. A large part of your degree program will involve researching and writing your dissertation. You will add to the existing knowledge base in the education field through your research and dissertation. Careers after a PhD are usually centered around academia or research. 

Curriculum in PhD

A PhD in Education is a research-intensive degree that includes coursework combining core courses in research methods, statistics, educational psychology, curriculum and instruction, and teaching and learning. In addition to coursework, you will have to complete a dissertation and you may also have to appear for a comprehensive examination which is often held in most institutions. 

As with other advanced degrees in education, the area of specialization of the PhD defines the career path to a large extent. There are many specializations in education, each with its own focus. Some common specializations include teaching and learning, educational psychology, curriculum and instruction, and educational technology, among others. 

Job Options with a PhD in Education

You and many of your PhD peers may go on to join research fields and become research scholars or join academia and become professors at colleges or universities 

Another great option is becoming a policy researcher or analyst at a governmental agency consulting firm, or research organization. Your options are endless! Your career may also be influenced by your chosen specialization. Some common job options include:

• College professor: 

A PhD in Education is the minimum requirement for most college teaching positions. As a college professor, you will teach courses in your area of specialization and conduct research.

• Educational researcher: 

Educational researchers conduct research on a variety of topics related to education, such as teaching methods, learning styles, and educational policy. They publish their research in academic journals and present their findings at conferences.

• Policy analyst:  

Policy analysts study and evaluate educational policies. They provide advice to policymakers on how to improve education systems.

• Curriculum developer: 

Curriculum developers create and revise curriculum materials for schools and other educational organizations. They work with teachers and administrators to ensure that the curriculum meets the needs of students.

Admission Requirements for EdD and PhD

Admission requirements for a Doctor of Education (EdD) and a PhD in Education can vary from one university to another, but there are common elements and standards that most programs adhere to. Here are the typical admission requirements for both types of doctoral programs in education:

• Bachelor’s or Master’s Degree: 

You will generally need a bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution to apply for a doctoral program in education. Some programs may require a master’s degree in education or a related field, while others may accept students with only a bachelor’s degree.

• Documents:  

You will have to submit your academic transcripts, CV, letters of recommendation, statement of purpose, and GRE scores, however, GRE scores are optional and may or may not be required depending on the institution.

• Writing Sample: 

Many programs request a writing sample that demonstrates your ability to engage in scholarly writing and research.

• Research Proposal (PhD programs):  

If you are applying for a PhD in Education, you may be required to submit a detailed research proposal outlining your research interests and potential dissertation topics.

• Work Experience (EdD programs): 

Some EdD programs may require applicants to have a certain amount of professional work experience in education or related fields.

It’s important to note that each university may have specific admission requirements and criteria, so it’s crucial to check the program’s website and contact their admissions office for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

Additionally, the competitiveness of admissions can vary widely, so consider applying to a range of programs to increase your chances of acceptance.

Key Differences Between an EdD and a PhD in Education

Ultimately, the best degree for you will depend on your individual goals and career aspirations. If you are interested in a research-oriented career or a leadership role, then a PhD in Education may be a better option for you. If you are interested in a more practitioner-oriented career, then an EdD may be a better option for you.

5 Steps to Help You Choose between an EdD and PhD in Education

The right choice between an EdD and a PhD depends on what’s right for you based on your interests and career goals. Here are 5 steps to help you choose between the EdD and PhD degrees in education:

• Identify your career goals

What do you want to do after you graduate? Do you want to be a college professor? A school administrator? An educational researcher? Once you know your goals, you can start to narrow down your options.

• Consider your research interests

If you are interested in conducting research, then a PhD in Education may be a better choice for you. 

• Think about your timeline

How long are you willing to be in school? An EdD typically takes 3-5 years to complete, while a PhD in Education typically takes 4-7 years to complete.

• Talk to people in the field

Talk to other educators, professors, and researchers to get their insights on the different degrees. They can help you understand the different career paths and the different requirements of each degree.

• Visit different programs

Once you have narrowed down your options, visit different programs to get a feel for the different schools and the different faculty. This will help you make the best decision for you.

Ultimately, the best way to choose between an EdD and a PhD in Education is to carefully consider your individual goals, career aspirations, and preferences.

Why Is Now the Best Time to Invest in a Doctoral Degree in Education?

There are many major changes happening in the education field right now, for example the debates around the introduction of AI . It is necessary for you, as an educator, to keep up with the trends in learning and teaching and a degree can update your knowledge while advancing your career. Your expertise in the education field will give you an advantage as you navigate through these uncertain times in the best way possible both for you and the students you serve. 

As education becomes more complex and diverse, there is a growing demand for educators with advanced degrees who can address the evolving needs of students and institutions. A doctoral degree in education equips you with the knowledge and skills to lead educational initiatives, develop innovative curricula, and shape policy decisions.

Pursuing an EdD or PhD is your route to becoming a leader in education. The best choice between the two depends on the degree best suited to your individual preferences and goals. Both degrees lead to rewarding careers in terms of job opportunities, contribution to the field, and salary. An EdD or PhD allows you to become expert in the field of education and make significant contributions. This academic journey can prove to be a rewarding one, both personally and professionally.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is an edd higher than a phd.

Both EdD and PhD are terminal degrees, meaning they are the highest level of education one can achieve in their respective fields. Neither is inherently “higher” than the other, but because the PhD is often more rigorous and takes longer, it does get a bit more respect in some circles. However, the EdD is sometimes the preferred degree for more applied or administrative roles.

Is an EdD as good as a PhD?

The value of an EdD. versus a PhD depends on your career goals and the field you are in. EdD programs typically focus on practical applications of knowledge in education and leadership, while PhD programs tend to emphasize research and theory. If your career aspirations align with research and academia, a PhD may be more suitable. However, if you want to work in educational leadership or administration, an EdD could be a better fit.

Is a PhD more rigorous than an EdD?

PhD programs tend to be more research-focused and often require a significant amount of original research culminating in a dissertation. They are typically considered more academically rigorous and demanding in terms of research methodology and theory. EdD programs, on the other hand, tend to emphasize the application of knowledge and may include coursework and projects related to practical leadership and education issues. The rigor of each program can also vary by institution.

Is an EdD called a doctor?

Yes, individuals who hold an EdD (Doctor of Education) degree are typically addressed as “Doctor.” Just like those with a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), EdD holders have earned a doctoral-level degree, and it is customary to use the title “Doctor” as a sign of respect and recognition of their academic achievement. It is also common practice in academic circles to add the degree abbreviation after your name, i.e. Jennifer Smith, EdD.

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What Does It Mean To Get A Degree With Distinction?

This article explores the significance and implications of obtaining a degree with distinction.

It aims to provide an objective analysis of the academic criteria, additional requirements, and benefits associated with graduating with distinction.

Getting a degree with distinction typically means that a student has achieved an exceptionally high level of academic performance during their degree program. The specific criteria for earning such honors can vary by institution and program, but it often involves maintaining a high GPA, receiving excellent grades, or completing additional coursework or research to demonstrate exceptional dedication and expertise in their field of study.

Key Takeaways

• Graduating with distinction requires meeting specific academic criteria, including a minimum GPA requirement, completion of advanced-level courses, exceptional performance in a senior capstone project or thesis, and consistent academic excellence.
• Maintaining a high GPA is important as it demonstrates dedication, discipline, and consistent academic excellence, enhances one’s academic profile, and indicates the ability to excel academically.
• Completing an honors thesis allows students to showcase their intellectual abilities, demonstrate mastery of their chosen field, and provides an opportunity for personal growth and intellectual development with guidance from faculty mentors.
• Graduating with distinction offers valuable recognition for exceptional academic achievements, increased job prospects and advancement opportunities, prestige and honor above peers, and opens doors to prestigious graduate programs and research opportunities.

Academic Criteria for Graduating with Distinction

The academic criteria for graduating with distinction are determined by the institution and typically include achieving a minimum grade point average, completing a designated number of advanced-level courses, and demonstrating exceptional performance in a senior capstone project or thesis.

One important criterion is maintaining a high GPA throughout the program. Institutions may set specific GPA requirements, such as a minimum of 3.5 on a 4.0 scale, to ensure that students have consistently excelled academically.

Additionally, students may be required to complete an honors thesis as part of their graduation requirements. This entails conducting original research or producing an in-depth scholarly work under the guidance of a faculty advisor. The honors thesis allows students to showcase their intellectual abilities and demonstrate their mastery of their chosen field of study.

Additional Requirements for Graduating with Distinction

Additional requirements for graduating with distinction include meeting a minimum GPA threshold and completing an honors thesis or project.

These additional criteria are designed to ensure that students who graduate with distinction have demonstrated exceptional academic achievement and engaged in rigorous scholarly work. The minimum GPA threshold serves as a benchmark to guarantee that students have consistently excelled academically throughout their studies.

Completing an honors thesis or project provides an opportunity for students to showcase their research skills, critical thinking abilities, and intellectual curiosity. It allows them to delve deeper into a subject of interest under the guidance of faculty mentors, fostering personal growth and intellectual development.

By fulfilling these additional requirements, students not only enhance their academic profile but also contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.

• Overcoming challenges and pushing boundaries
• Nurturing a passion for learning and discovery
• Demonstrating commitment to academic excellence
• Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration

Benefits and Recognition of Graduating with Distinction

Achieving graduation with distinction offers students valuable recognition for their exceptional academic achievements and rigorous scholarly work. This honor provides several career advantages, including increased job prospects and opportunities for advancement. Employers often view graduates with distinction as highly motivated, disciplined individuals who possess a strong work ethic and the ability to excel in challenging environments.

Graduating with distinction also brings prestige and honor, as it signifies that the student has excelled above their peers and has demonstrated exceptional intellectual abilities. This recognition can open doors to prestigious graduate programs or research opportunities, as well as garner respect from peers and faculty members.

Overall, graduating with distinction serves as a testament to the student’s dedication, intelligence, and commitment to academic excellence.

Frequently Asked Questions

How long does it take to graduate with distinction.

The time it takes to graduate with distinction varies depending on the factors and criteria set by each academic institution. These factors may include achieving a minimum grade point average, completing additional coursework, or participating in extracurricular activities.

Graduating with distinction offers several advantages such as increased job prospects, recognition of academic excellence, and potential access to exclusive opportunities like scholarships or graduate programs.

Can you graduate with distinction in multiple fields of study?

Graduating with distinction in multiple fields of study refers to achieving exceptional academic performance across different areas of study. The criteria for distinction vary between academic and non-academic domains.

In an academic context, distinction is typically determined by high grades, research contributions, or honors programs specific to each field.

Non-academic criteria may include leadership roles, extracurricular activities, or community service.

Successfully meeting the requirements for distinction in multiple fields demonstrates a well-rounded and exemplary achievement in various disciplines.

Are there any financial benefits associated with graduating with distinction?

Graduating with distinction can provide certain financial benefits and job opportunities. Employers often value candidates with exceptional academic achievements, including those who have graduated with distinction. These individuals may be more likely to secure higher-paying jobs or receive promotions within their chosen field.

Additionally, some universities offer scholarships or other financial incentives to students who graduate with distinction. Therefore, obtaining a degree with distinction can potentially lead to improved financial prospects and career advancement opportunities.

Can graduating with distinction increase your chances of getting a job?

Graduating with distinction can increase job opportunities and provide a competitive advantage. Employers often value candidates with outstanding academic achievements, as it demonstrates their dedication, knowledge, and ability to excel in their field of study.

A degree with distinction signifies exceptional performance and distinguishes individuals from other applicants. This accolade can attract employers’ attention, giving graduates an edge in the highly competitive job market.

Ultimately, graduating with distinction enhances one’s chances of securing employment and advancing their career.

Is there a minimum GPA requirement to graduate with distinction?

To graduate with distinction, universities often have a minimum GPA requirement or a GPA cutoff. This criterion ensures that students demonstrate exceptional academic performance throughout their studies.

While specific requirements vary among institutions, earning a degree with distinction typically requires maintaining a high GPA. Achieving this level of academic excellence can enhance prospects for employment and further education opportunities, as it signals to employers and graduate schools the student’s dedication and achievements in their field of study.

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This article was written by the Great British Mag content team on 23 June 2021.

Interested in studying a postgraduate qualification at a UK university? Want to know how the grading works and what the different degree classifications mean? Then keep reading this article because we’ve covered it all.

What types of postgraduate courses are available in the UK?

There are few different options if you want to study for a postgraduate qualification in the UK. The most popular options include :

• Master’s degree: these typically last 12 months and learning is often done through lectures and seminars, sometimes with a research focus, too.
• Postgraduate research: this is an intense period of research into your chosen field, where you’ll be working alongside a team of specialists.
• Postgraduate diploma (PGDip): these usually lasts two terms (30 weeks) and can contribute towards a master’s degree, as the study is at the same level.
• Postgraduate certificate (PGCert): similar to a diploma but only lasting for 15 weeks, PGCerts can also contribute towards a master’s degree as the study is at the same level.
• Postgraduate Professional Development: this can be completed at your own pace over a two-year period and is worth 50 credits towards a PGCert PGDip or a master’s (for comparison, a master’s is worth 180 credits.)

What are the postgraduate grade classifications in the UK?

There are three types of Master’s programmes – integrated, research and taught. A UK integrated Master’s programme is usually graded using the typical undergraduate marking system. On the other hand, a research Master’s program is usually pass or fail. Then, there’s the taught Master’s program. This is your typical yearlong, 180 credit program. Most taught Master’s programs in the UK use the same grading and degree classification, which is comprised of distinctions, merits (or commendation) and pass.

What is a distinction degree and how do I earn it?

A distinction degree is the highest and most valued degree in postgraduate studies. It means you’re the best of the best, and you’ll be valuable to potential employers. It also means you are extremely qualified to go into your chosen field and have more than sufficient knowledge about the topic(s) you studied.

To earn a distinction degree, you typically must have an overall grade of 70% or above, just like a first-class honours degree in undergraduate studies. You will have to put in the work and study hard if you want to stay ahead of the curve and earn a distinction degree.

What is a merit degree and how do I earn it?

A merit degree is also known as a commendation. It’s not considered as prestigious as a distinction degree. However, it does come in handy in the job market. It is similar to the 2.1 second-class degree in the undergraduate honours system.

To earn a merit degree, you typically must have an overall grade of 60 to 69%. It’s respectable, and it’s passing, but we still encourage you to go for the gold and earn that distinction degree!

What is a pass and how do I earn it?

A pass typically the lowest degree you can earn. If your grade is any lower than this, you would be failing. A pass is not very attractive to future employers, so try to bump up your grades if you see yourself earning a pass.

To earn a pass, your overall grade must typically be between 50 and 59%. The degree classification is similar to the 2.2 second-class degree in the undergraduate honours system.

Anything below the 50% threshold is usually a fail. However, there are some borderline passes given due to some exceptions. A student might be less than a percent away from earning a pass. However, you shouldn’t count on this. A merit or a distinction degree is where you want to be, but you especially don’t want to fail and be left hoping that a professor has mercy and rounds up your grade.

If you plan on pursuing further education after your Master’s degree , you may want to research prospective schools’ degree classification requirements. While most schools will only require that you pass your master’s program, some may require a certain degree classification for admissions.

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What Is Summa Cum Laude?

Understanding summa cum laude, gpa-based requirements.

• Example: Harvard's Latin Honors

Special Considerations

The bottom line.

• Degrees & Certifications

Summa Cum Laude: Definition, Meaning, and Requirements

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Summa cum laude is an honorary title used by educational institutions to signify a degree that was earned with the highest distinction.

Summa cum laude indicates the greatest distinction of three commonly used types of academic honors recognized in the United States, expressed in Latin. The other two are magna cum laude and cum laude , representing degrees earned "with great distinction" and "with distinction," respectively.

The guidelines under which students achieve each level of academic honor differ from institution to institution. High schools across the United States are increasingly including Latin honors for students upon graduation. Although Latin honors are quite common in the United States, very few other countries around the world use the system.

Key Takeaways

• Summa cum laude is the highest of three Latin honors that may be bestowed upon students earning a bachelor's degree.
• Summa cum laude is a greater honor than magna cum laude or cum laude.
• Criteria for the summa cum laude may include grade point average, class rank, hours and special projects (i.e., senior thesis) completed, and recommendations from an academic department.
• Different institutions will select summa cum laude criteria differently.
• Latin honors are impressive, but it's impossible to know how critical they are in landing a job.

Summa cum laude is one of the three Latin honors traditionally given to select students upon receiving a bachelor's degree, although it can, in some cases, be included with other degree levels. Students who graduate with honors may wear colored stoles or other designations during commencement ceremonies, and the honor is read aloud along with the person's name.

Criteria for Latin honors may include grade point average (GPA), class rank, number of hours completed, and honors designations from an academic department.

Every university or college outlines its expectations for each program. Some higher education institutions do not bestow Latin-termed honors at all. Others, like Stanford University, have a separate set of non-Latin honorary titles (such as "with Distinction") that are typically seen as roughly equivalent to the traditional Latin titles.

Many institutions use cumulative grade point averages (GPA ) to determine who graduates with a summa cum laude designation. For instance, students at the University of New Mexico need to complete 60 credit hours toward graduation in addition to a GPA of 3.90 or higher. In contrast, Denver University (DU) requires students to have a 3.95 GPA and have completed 90 quarter hours; they must also submit a senior thesis or complete a senior project. (If they have less than 90 hours, they must receive a departmental recommendation.)

Because summa cum laude is typically the highest distinction of the three traditional Latin honors, it is typically reserved for only a few graduating students. At institutions selecting students for Latin honors based on GPA requirements, the number of individuals receiving summa cum laude honors may vary from year to year. There may be no limit, potentially, to the percentage of students in a graduating class who could receive summa cum laude distinction, provided that those students meet the requirements.

Summa Cum Laude and Class Rank

Although GPA-based requirements for Latin honors are the most common throughout higher education institutions in the U.S., other factors may be included. One of these is class rank; some institutions reserve the summa cum laude title for students graduating at the highest levels of their class. In this case, GPA is a factor in determining whether a student receives this honor at graduation, but that student does not necessarily need to obtain a particular GPA to make that achievement.

As an example of how class rank-based Latin honors work in practice, graduates of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst must finish in the top 5% of the graduating class of a particular college and complete 45 credits to receive the summa cum laude designation. In other cases, Latin honors are dependent upon students' performance in specific classes, often either honors classes or those relevant to their major area of study.

For instance, students at the University of Notre Dame earn Latin honors within the college that oversees the student's major. Graduates must finish in the top 5% of the class to receive the summa cum laude distinction. Because class rank changes based on the performance of other students, the GPA changes each academic year. In 2023, students in the College of Arts & Letters at Notre Dame needed a 3.972 GPA to earn summa cum laude honors, while in 2019 they needed a 3.94.

Latin honors like summa cum laude appear on a student's official transcript and diploma.

Example: Harvard's Latin Honors

Harvard University is generally credited with being the first U.S. institute of higher education to bestow Latin honors at graduation.

Harvard's Latin honors stand out from other institutions, historically and to the present day. Harvard faculty members consider candidates for summa cum laude in their field by weighing the student's grades in the courses for their major, the rigor of those courses, and a demonstration of the student's mastery of their field, such as a senior thesis and/or some type of written or oral examination.

Only students who graduate in the top 4-5% of their graduating class may earn summa cum laude honors in their field. Graduates earn summa cum laude over the entire university based on the 4-5% class rank, and Harvard sets standards for the academic year each May.

Harvard College introduced two Latin honors in 1869—cum laude and summa cum laude. Magna cum laude followed in 1880. The May 2023 point cutoff for summa cum laude honors at Harvard was a GPA of 3.986.

In most colleges and universities, the large majority of undergraduates completing a bachelor's degree do not receive Latin honors of any kind. For those who do, these honors are likely to impact their future differently depending upon several factors, including their field of study, future interests, and more.

Some graduate schools, for example, are particularly focused on academic rank and GPA; top law schools are famous for their stringent GPA requirements. In other fields, academic honors may be less crucial to success.

For graduates entering the job market, a Latin honor listed on a resume could impress a potential employer, as it suggests higher intelligence, diligence, work ethic, and more. For other employers, though, a candidate's personality and skill set might be more important—or the fact that they graduated from a prestigious institution, like Harvard, regardless of how well they did there. Job listings often specify a B.A. or B.S. but rarely require a certain GPA or level of academic honors.

What GPA Is Summa Cum Laude?

The GPA required by universities for summa cum laude varies, but the distinction generally also requires that the students earn grades within the highest percentage of their class or department or have achieved some other metric that the school considers worthy of the highest recognition.

What Is Higher, Summa or Magna?

Summa is higher than magna. "Magna cum laude" is Latin for "with great distinction." "Summa cum laude" translates as "with the highest distinction." Cum laude or "with distinction" is third.

How Do You List an Honors Degree on a Resume?

An honors degree is often listed directly after your degree, separated by a comma. If you include your major or field of study, it could come after that: B.A. in History, magna cum laude . If it is a Latin title, like summa cum laude, the honors degree should be in lowercase letters and italics.

Summa cum laude is the highest honor awarded by educational institutions. It is given to students whose academic performance and mastery of their chosen field exceeds that of nearly all other students in their field.

Stanford University. " Undergraduate Honors ."

University of New Mexico. " Awards & Honors ."

Denver University. " Degrees with Honors ."

University of Massachusetts Amherst. " Latin Honors Information ."

University of Notre Dame. " Previous Latin Honors ."

University of Notre Dame. " Current Latin Honors ."

Harvard University. " Student Handbook Academic Year 2023-2024 ." Page 33.

Harvard University. " Requirements for Honors Degrees ."

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abbreviation or noun

Definition of phd, examples of phd in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'PhD.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

New Latin philosophiae doctor

1839, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near PhD

Cite this entry.

“PhD.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD. Accessed 13 Apr. 2024.

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