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The Digestive System in 17 PowerPoint Templates [Free PDF Attached]

Lakshya Khurana

‘Energy and Food,’ so goes the title of a chapter in a Grade-5 textbook. Amidst the pictures of wonderful foods, the lesson plan's key aim was hidden. This was to help us become familiar with our digestive system. Cut to today, and millions of us, including top-notch business executives, will struggle to remember anything of consequence about the digestive system.

This blog will take you through those times and the route our food takes from the time we put it into our mouths.

First things first, however. It is the digestive system's job to ensure nutrients in the food we consume to get to where they are needed and in the form that they can be used; burning food to create energy is the most simple explanation.

The digestive system starts working as soon as you take that first bite and keeps on working as the food makes its way down to be broken down into forms that are palatable by your cells. What is not needed is removed from the body.

This blog offers 17 informative PowerPoint Templates to give you the best presentation on this vital human organ system.

This collection is relevant for any age group and for all segments of the population  because the templates are:

• CONTENT-READY: You do not need to conduct any research; we have curated that for you.
• EDITABLE: Any information that catches your attention can be added to or deleted from these slides.

Each deck has several slides presenting the diagram with and without the labels and highlighting individual parts, making for an educational presentation experience for everyone!

Template 1: Human Stomach Anatomy PowerPoint Slides

The human stomach is an amazing piece! With this PPT Deck, you'll be able to illustrate the parts and functions of the stomach in a clear and concise way. The images are color-coordinated to improve retention among the audience. Download this presentation template now.

Download this template

Template 2: Human Stomach Anatomy (Musculature) PPT Slides

This PowerPoint Set features detailed and labeled illustrations of the stomach and other important organs in the digestive system. It showcases the layers of the stomach that help it perform its functions. Get it now to present this important organ (which is also a part of the immune system).

Grab this template

Template 3: Human Stomach Anatomy (Layered) PowerPoint Layout

The human stomach is connected to the rest of the digestive system. With this presentation template collection, you'll have everything you need to create an engaging presentation in the method of cross-sections. Employ it now to be perceived as a master educator!

Template 4: Biliary System PPT Deck

These PowerPoint Slides provide a wealth of information on the structure and function of the Biliary System. They are packed with illustrations that help bring the concepts to life. This presentation template covers the key information about the biliary system, including its anatomy and physiology. Employ it now.

Template 5: Biliary System Within The Digestive System

This PPT Theme presents the Biliary System and how it fits with the rest of the digestive system. The illustrations are clear and easy to follow, making this an ideal resource. Get this presentation template right away!

Template 6: Pancreas and Gallbladder PPT Theme

If you're looking for a way to spice up your next presentation on the human digestive system, look no further than our Pancreas and Gallbladder PowerPoint slides! These make for the juices in the stomach. Download it now to educate the audience.

Template 7: Internal Anatomy of Liver PowerPoint Preset

The internal anatomy of the liver is a fascinating subject, and these PPT slides provide a detailed and intriguing look at this organ. These slides are perfect for anyone interested in learning about the internal anatomy of the liver, our storage house for sweetness. Download them now.

Template 8: External Anatomy of Liver PPT Set

As one of the most important organs in the body, the liver plays a vital role in digestion. Interestingly, the liver is also one of the few organs that can regenerate itself. Educate your audience on this amazing organ by downloading this PowerPoint Theme.

Template 9: Liver Cross-Section PowerPoint Bundle

The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in the human body. It is responsible for filtering blood, producing bile, and storing nutrients. It is also a powerhouse of antioxidants and helps to protect the body from harmful toxins. Download this PPT Preset now.

Template 10: Large and Small Intestine PPT Deck

The large and small intestines are two important organs, working together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The PowerPoint Slides provide detailed, labeled images of the internal anatomy of the intestines and helps an audience understand its structure and function. Download this PPT bundle now.

Template 11: Anatomy of Large Intestine PPT Theme

The large intestine is a remarkable organ that plays a crucial role in our health and well-being. Our PowerPoint Slides provide detailed information on parts of the large intestine. Get it now.

Template 12: Large Intestine PowerPoint Preset

If you're looking for an in-depth, informative PowerPoint Presentation on the large intestine, look no further! Our large intestine PowerPoint Slides provide a comprehensive overview of this vital organ, complete with colorful illustrations and detailed information. Download it now to master an academic topic of substantial value.

Template 13: Duodenum Anatomy PPT Slides

The duodenum is the first and shortest part of the small intestine. It has many functions, including breaking down food with digestive enzymes, absorbing nutrients from food, and secreting hormones that regulate digestion. Get this PowerPoint Theme now, and showcase how tiny can be BIG in digestion.

Template 14: Small Intestine Anatomy Slides

The small intestine PowerPoint Slides are packed with information about the small intestine, including its function, structure, and how it aids in digestion. Order your small intestine PPT Deck today and take your presentations to the next level!

Template 15: Small Intestine Slides

The small intestine PowerPoint Bundle is the perfect way to learn about the human digestive system! This helpful resource provides detailed information and illustrations about the small intestine, including its function, structure, and clinical significance. Employ it now.

Template 16: Rectum PPT Deck

The rectum is like the automatic waste collector of the body. With these PPT Slides, you'll be able to teach your audience about the rectum in a way that is both engaging and informative. Download it now.

Template 17: Digestive Arteries and Celiac Trunk PPT Deck

The digestive arteries help improve circulation and oxygenation in the digestive tract, leading to better overall digestion and absorption of nutrients. The celiac trunk can help keep the digestive system functioning well. The PowerPoint Slides are easy to edit and customize, so you can make them your own. Download them now.

Bottom Line

The digestive system is an incredibly complex biological machinery that is much more than the sum of its parts. In physical appearance, parts that range from the microscopic to a few feet long! There is much left to be discovered about how our body interacts with nutrition but what we do know is amazing.

The Digestive System: A Refresher

Let’s go through a quick rundown of the digestive system!

The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and turning it into energy that the body can use. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus.

The mouth is the first part of the digestive system. The teeth break down food into small pieces. The tongue mixes food with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin to break down food.

The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach is a sac that stores food and mixes it with acids and enzymes that continue to break down food.

The small intestine is a long, coiled tube where most food digestion and absorption occur. The large intestine is a shorter tube that absorbs water and vitamins from the food that has not been digested. The rectum and anus are the last part of the digestive system. Waste material is stored in the rectum until it is passed through the anus as feces.

FAQs on The Digestive System

Which actions help keep your digestive system healthy?

There are a few key things you can do to keep your digestive system healthy and functioning properly. First, eat a healthy diet that includes plenty of fiber. This will help keep things moving along smoothly and prevent constipation. Second, stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water. This will also help keep things moving smoothly and prevent constipation. Third, exercise regularly. This helps to keep everything moving and prevents stagnation. Finally, pay attention to your body and listen to what it tells you. If you have any problems, such as pain, diarrhea, or constipation, be sure to see a doctor to rule out any serious underlying conditions.

How does the digestive system maintain homeostasis?

The digestive system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body by breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by the cells and eliminating waste products from the body. This is a critical function without which we cannot function to the best of our ability. After all, the human body is a machine, though it speaks and moves on its own.

What are the three main jobs of the digestive system?

The digestive system is responsible for three main jobs: breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste.

• Breaking down food: The digestive system breaks down food into smaller pieces so that the body can absorb them. This process begins in the mouth.
• Absorbing nutrients: The digestive system absorbs nutrients from food so that the body can use them. Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream and then circulated throughout the body.
• Eliminating waste: The digestive system eliminates waste from the body through feces. Feces are stored in the large intestine until they are ready to be eliminated through the rectum and anus.

What are the five steps of digestion?

The five steps of digestion are as follows:

• Ingestion: This is the first step in the digestive process, during which food is taken into the mouth and begins to be broken down by saliva.
• Propulsion: This second step involves moving the food through the rest of the digestive system via muscular contractions.
• Digestion: Food is further broken down by the stomach and small intestine enzymes during this third step.
• Absorption: In the fourth step of digestion, nutrients are absorbed from the food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
• Defecation: The fifth and final step of digestion is the elimination of solid waste from the body through the process of defecation.

Download the free Digestive System PDF .

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Download Free Medical Digestive system PowerPoint Presentations

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Free Digestive System PowerPoint Presentations

Welcome to MedicPresents.com’s free Digestive System presentations’ section. This section of the website hosts free Digestive System PowerPoint presentations and free Stomach PowerPoint presentations prepared by doctors, academicians, students and other professionals, who often create presentations on Digestive System and Stomach topics for hospitals, universities and other organizations. Digestive System PowerPoint presentations are an important element of the medical professionalism in the field of Stomach and Digestive System. A Good Digestive System presentation however, requires lots of research on the subject and off-course a competent subject matter expert on Digestive System. As it is our vision, we take the responsibility of helping you out with research by providing you with free professional Digestive System PowerPoint presentations. It is MedicPresents.com’s vision to relieve medics of the hard work of research on the subject matter of the selected topic of your Stomach or Digestive System PowerPoint presentation. As such, the medical website provides medics with professional Digestive System PowerPoint presentations for free. These free Digestive System PPT presentations are all focused on the content needs of the Digestive System field in medical industry and focus on Digestive System themes, terms and concepts. Download Free Digestive System PowerPoint Presentations We invite you to download the free Digestive System PowerPoint presentations under this section. This section of the website provides medics with a huge library of free Digestive System PPT presentations with topics like Digestion, Human Intestine, Bowel Disease, Endoscopic Examination, Abdominal Pain and many other Endoscopy and Colonoscopy concepts and themes. These free Digestive System PPT presentations are for medics including doctors, healthcare professionals, academicians, marketing professionals and students etc. PowerPoint presentations on Stomach and Digestive System are frequently searched online these days and hence we came up with this digital library of free Digestive System PowerPoint presentations for medics on various Digestive System Themes. This section of free Digestive System PowerPoint presentations on our website contains Digestive System presentations prepared by medics who often need to create powerful Digestive System presentations for Hospitals, Universities and other medical and healthcare organizations. Our Digestive System PowerPoint presentations include presentations on Human Kidney, Digestion, Human Intestine, Bowel Disease, Endoscopic Examination, Abdominal Pain, Diet, Endoscope, Colonoscopy, Pancreas, Gall Bladder, Small Intestine, Appendix, Digestive Colon Pathologies, Stomach and many more concepts and categories in the field of Digestive System, Endoscopy and Colonoscopy. If you are going to prepare a Digestive System presentation to present in a seminar, workshop or conference, you can compare with multiple similar Digestive System presentations given here. At times, you are busy and really constrained of time. In such situations you can use these Digestive System PowerPoint presentations as they are, without any modification or with slight modification. During such instances, please give the authors the credit they deserve and do not change the author's name if you download the Digestive System presentations.

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Digestive System PowerPoint Template

The Digestive System PowerPoint Template is a labeling diagram presentation use for medical and educational purposes. It offers nine animated presentation templates layouts of the digestive system diagram with labels. These are ready-to-use templates featuring human digestive anatomy and organs such as the stomach, liver, and intestines. The Digestive System medical PowerPoint Templates feature zoom transitions to animate slides and focus on digestive organs.

Digestive system anatomy templates are the perfect presentation tool for schools as well as healthcare institutes. Users can download presentation templates and open them as Google Slides templates for online classes. These medical templates and icons will make the discussion more engaging. With the help of these best PowerPoint presentation templates, users can display how the digestive system works or the main function of the digestive system.

The shape illustrations of digestive system organs are useful designs for digestive system labeled diagrams and to represent a body organ chart. In medical training presentations, this set of slide presentation templates present the anatomy of the human digestive system. It can show something as simple as digesting food to a complex topic like an endoscopy procedure in awesome PowerPoint backgrounds. Students get to learn medical courses in colorful and clearly labeled digestive system diagrams in downloadable PowerPoint themes. Its vector graphics are a visual aid to understand the position of organs. Teachers can edit PowerPoint templates placeholder according to presentation topic and discuss a specific disease with symptoms and treatments.

The healthcare PowerPoint templates for the digestive system benefit medical and health workers. Label diagram of digestive system anatomy can highlight research findings in awareness programs or other medical projects. Therefore, medical research institutes download animated PowerPoint templates readily available to boost awareness or fund-raising presentations. Pharmaceutical companies use PPT graphics of the digestive system when introducing new devices, medicines, or research claims.

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Digestive System Workshop for Kids

Digestive system workshop for kids presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

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The Digestive system

Jun 20, 2013

1.47k likes | 4.62k Views

The Digestive system. The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests and absorbs food Alimentary canal – mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Accessory digestive organs – teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.

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• mechanical processing
• mucous neck cells
• several ways
• epithelium form
• digestive system activities

Presentation Transcript

The Digestive system • The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests and absorbs food • Alimentary canal – mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine • Accessory digestive organs – teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Organization of the Digestive tract • Mucosa lines digestive tract (mucous epithelium) • Moistened by glandular secretions • Lamina propria and epithelium form mucosa • Submucosa - layer of dense irregular connective tissue • Muscularis externa - smooth muscle arranged in circular and longitudinal layers • Serosa - serous membrane covering most of the muscularis externa

Digestive System Anatomy Figure 21-2c

Digestive System Anatomy

Digestive System Activities • The GI tract is a “disassembly” line • Nutrients become more available to the body in each step • Ingestion – taking food into the digestive tract • Mechanical digestion – chewing, churning food, segmentation • Propulsion – swallowing and peristalsis • Chemical digestion – catabolic breakdown of food • Absorption – movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph • Excretion – elimination of indigestible solid wastes

Basic Processes of the Digestive System Figure 21-1

Motility • Movement of digestive materials • Visceral smooth muscle • Tonic contractions • Sustained • Smooth muscle sphincters and stomach • Phasic contractions • Rhythmic cycles of activity - pacemaker cells • Last a few seconds • Peristalsis moves bolus forward • Segmentation mixes

Autonomous Smooth Muscle • Pacesetter cells • Slow wave potentials – digestive tracts’s basic electrical rhythm • Wavelike fluctuations in membrane potential • Transmitted throughout smooth muscle via gap junctions • Threshold is reached by the effect of various mechanical, neural and hormonal factors

Motility • Peristalsis - waves that move a bolus

Motility • Segmentation – a churn and fragment a bolus

Ingestion and Mechanical Digestion • Food is ingested • Mechanical digestion begins (chewing) • Propulsion is initiated by swallowing • Salivary amylase begins chemical breakdown of starch • The pharynx and esophagus serve as conduits to pass food from the mouth to the stomach • Uvula guards opening to pharynx

The Oral Cavity • Mechanical processing by the teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces • Lubrication • Assistance in swallowing • Limited digestion Figure 24.6a, b

Salivary glands (three pairs) • Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands produce saliva • Stimulated by thought of food or ingested food • Secreted from serous and mucous cells of salivary glands • Watery solution includes electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins, antibodies, enzymes • Functions include: • Lubrication, moistening, and dissolving • Initiation of digestion of complex carbohydrates • Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth

Swallowing (deglutition) Process • Involves the coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, esophagus and 22 separate muscle groups • Three phases • Buccal phase – tongue pushes bolus against soft palate and forced into the oropharynx, triggering swallowing reflex – controlled by the medulla and lower pons • Pharyngeal – esophogeal sphincter relaxes while epiglottis closes • Esophageal – bolus moves into esophagus propelled by peristalsis and into stomach Figure 24.11a-h

Functions of the stomach • Holds ingested food • Degrades this food both physically and chemically • Delivers chyme to the small intestine • Enzymatically digests proteins with pepsin • Secretes intrinsic factor required for absorption of vitamin B12

Stomach Lining • The stomach is exposed to the harshest conditions in the digestive tract • To keep from digesting itself, the stomach has a mucosal barrier with: • A thick coat of bicarbonate-rich mucus on the stomach wall • Epithelial cells that are joined by tight junctions • Gastric glands that have cells impermeable to HCl

Glands of the Stomach • Gastric glands have a variety of secretory cells • Mucous neck cells – mucus • Parietal cells – HCl and intrinsic factor • Chief cells – pepsinogen • Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by HCl in the stomach • Pepsin itself via a positive feedback mechanism • Enteroendocrine cells – gastrin, histamine, cholecystokinin (CCK

Regulation of Gastric Secretion • Neural and hormonal mechanisms regulate the release of gastric juice • Stimulatory and inhibitory events occur in three phases • Cephalic (reflex) phase: prior to food entry • Gastric phase: once food enters the stomach • Intestinal phase: as partially digested food enters the duodenum

Cephalic Phase • Cephalic phase prepares stomach to receive ingested material • Directed by CNS via the vagus nerve • Stimulated by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food • Accelerates gastric juices • Inhibited by loss of appetite, depression

Gastric Phase • Enhanced secretion of gastric juices due to the arrival of food in the stomach • Homogenize and acidify chyme • Production of pepsinogen - digestion of proteins • Stimulated by • Stomach distension - activation of stretch receptors • Chemoreceptors detects - peptides, caffeine, and rising pH • Neural - plexuses • Hormonal - secretion of gastrin • Inhibitory events include: • A pH lower than 2 • Emotional upset that overrides the parasympathetic division

Intestinal phase • Intestinal phase – release of hormones controls the rate of gastric emptying • Excitatory phase – distension of duodenum, presence of partially digested foods • Releases enterogastrones that inhibit gastric secretion: CCK, GIP, Secretin • Inhibited by low pH, presence of fatty, acidic, or hypertonic chyme, and/or irritants in the duodenum

Release of Gastric Juice Figure 23.16

Regulation of HCl Secretion • HCl secretion is stimulated by ACh, histamine, and gastrin through second-messenger systems • Release of hydrochloric acid: • Is low if only one ligand binds to parietal cells • Is high if all three ligands bind to parietal cells • Antihistamines block H2 receptors and decrease HCl release

Gastric Contractile Activity • Peristaltic waves move toward the pylorus at the rate of 3 per minute • This basic electrical rhythm (BER) is initiated by pacemaker cells • Most vigorous peristalsis and mixing occurs near the pylorus • Chyme is either: • Delivered in small amounts to the duodenum or • Forced backward into the stomach for further mixing

Regulation of Gastric Emptying • Gastric emptying is regulated by: • The neural enterogastric reflex • Hormonal (enterogastrone) mechanisms • These mechanisms inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling • Carbohydrate-rich chyme quickly moves through the duodenum • Fat-laden chyme is digested more slowly causing food to remain in the stomach longer

Gastrointestinal Hormones • Gastrin • Release is stimulated by presence of protein in stomach • Secretion inhibited by accumulation of acid in stomach • Acts in several ways to increase secretion of HCl and pepsinogen • Enhances gastric motility, stimulates ileal motility, relaxes ileocecal sphincter, induces mass movements in colon • Helps maintain well-developed, functionally viable digestive tract lining

Gastrointestinal Hormones • Secretin • Presence of acid in duodenum stimulates release • Inhibits gastric emptying in order to prevent further acid from entering duodenum until acid already present is neutralized • Inhibits gastric secretion to reduce amount of acid being produced • Stimulates pancreatic duct cells to produce large volume of aqueous NaHCO3 secretion • Stimulates liver to secrete NaCO3 rich bile which assists in neutralization process • Along with CCK, is trophic to exocrine pancreas

Gastrointestinal Hormones • CCK • Inhibits gastric motility and secretion • Stimulates pancreatic acinar cells to increase secretion of pancreatic enzymes • Causes contraction of gallbladder • Along with secretin, is trophic to exocrine pancreas • Implicated in long-term adaptive changes in proportion of pancreatic enzymes in response to prolonged diet changes • Important regulator of food intake • GIP • Glucose-dependent insulinotrophic peptide • Stimulates insulin release by pancreas

Regulation of Gastric Emptying Figure 23.19

Digestion And Absorption In The Stomach • Preliminary digestion of proteins - pepsin • Permits digestion of carbohydrates • Very little absorption of nutrients • Some drugs, however, are absorbed

Small intestine • Important digestive and absorptive functions • Secretions and buffers provided by pancreas, liver, gall bladder • Three subdivisions: • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum • Ileocecal sphincter - transition between small and large intestine

Small Intestine • Structural modifications of the small intestine wall increase surface area • Plicae circulares: deep circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa • Villi – fingerlike extensions of the mucosa • Microvilli – tiny projections of absorptive mucosal cells’ plasma membranes

Small Intestine • The epithelium of the mucosa is made up of: • Absorptive cells and goblet cells • Enteroendocrine cells • Interspersed T cells called intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) • Cells of intestinal crypts secrete intestinal juice • Secreted in response to distension or irritation of the mucosa • Slightly alkaline and isotonic with blood plasma • Largely water, enzyme-poor, but contains mucus

Small Intestine • Glands of the duodenum • Moisten chyme • Help buffer acids • Maintain digestive material in solution • Hormones • Secretin - produces alkaline buffers, increase bile by liver and pancreas • Cholecystokinin – increase pancreatic enzymes, stimulates contraction of gall bladder, reduces hunger sensation • GIP – stimulates release of insulin, inhibits gastric secretion and motility

Activities of Major Digestive Tract Hormones Figure 24.22

The liver • The largest gland in the body • Performs metabolic and hematological regulation and produces bile • Histological organization • Lobules containing single-cell thick plates of hepatocytes • Lobules unite to form common hepatic duct • Duct meets cystic duct to form common bile duct

The Liver • Hexagonal-shaped liver lobules are the structural and functional units of the liver • Composed of hepatocytes • Hepatocytes’ functions include: • Production of bile • Processing bloodborne nutrients • Storage of fat-soluble vitamins • Detoxification • Secreted bile flows between hepatocytes toward the bile ducts in the portal triads

Composition of Bile • A yellow-green, alkaline solution containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, and electrolytes • Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives that: • Emulsify fat • Facilitate fat and cholesterol absorption • Help solubilize cholesterol • Enterohepatic circulation recycles bile salts • The chief bile pigment is bilirubin, a waste product of heme

The Gallbladder • Thin-walled, green muscular sac on the ventral surface of the liver • Stores and concentrates bile by absorbing its water and ions • Releases bile via the cystic duct, which flows into the bile duct

Regulation of Bile Release • Acidic, fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release: • Cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin into the bloodstream • Bile salts and secretin transported in blood stimulate the liver to produce bile • Vagal stimulation causes weak contractions of the gallbladder • Cholecystokinin causes: • The gallbladder to contract • The hepatopancreatic sphincter to relax • As a result, bile enters the duodenum

Regulation of Bile Release Figure 23.25

The Pancreas • Pancreatic duct penetrates duodenal wall • Endocrine functions - insulin and glucagons • Exocrine functions • Secretes pancreatic juice secreted into small intestine which breaks down all categories of foodstuff • Acini (clusters of secretory cells) contain zymogen granules with digestive enzymes

Composition of Pancreatic Juice • Water solution of enzymes and electrolytes (primarily HCO3–) • Neutralizes acid chyme • Provides optimal environment for pancreatic enzymes • Enzymes are released in inactive form and activated in the duodenum • Examples include • Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin • Procarboxypeptidase is activated to carboxypeptidase • Active enzymes secreted • Amylase, lipases, and nucleases • These enzymes require ions or bile for optimal activity

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion • Secretin and CCK are released when fatty or acidic chyme enters the duodenum • CCK and secretin enter the bloodstream • Upon reaching the pancreas: • CCK induces the secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice • Secretin causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice • Vagal stimulation also causes release of pancreatic juice

Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion Figure 23.28

Digestion in the Small Intestine • As chyme enters the duodenum: • Carbohydrates and proteins are only partially digested • No fat digestion has taken place • Digestion continues in the small intestine • Chyme is released slowly into the duodenum • Because it is hypertonic and has low pH, mixing is required for proper digestion • Required substances needed are supplied by the liver • Virtually all nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine

Motility in the Small Intestine • The most common motion of the small intestine is segmentation • It is initiated by intrinsic pacemaker cells (Cajal cells) • Moves contents steadily toward the ileocecal valve • After nutrients have been absorbed: • Peristalsis begins with each wave starting distal to the previous • Meal remnants, bacteria, mucosal cells, and debris are moved into the large intestine

Control of Motility • Local enteric neurons of the GI tract coordinate intestinal motility • Cholinergic neurons cause: • Contraction and shortening of the circular muscle layer • Shortening of longitudinal muscle • Distension of the intestine • Other impulses relax the circular muscle • The gastroileal reflex and gastrin: • Relax the ileocecal sphincter • Allow chyme to pass into the large intestine

Functions of the large intestine • Reabsorb water and compact material into feces • Absorb vitamins produced by bacteria • Store fecal matter prior to defecation

Functions of the Large Intestine • Other than digestion of enteric bacteria, no further digestion takes place • Vitamins, water, and electrolytes are reclaimed • Its major function is propulsion of fecal material toward the anus • Though essential for comfort, the colon is not essential for life

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