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Potential based ranking of sectors identified in ‘Make in India’ initiative using fuzzy AHP: the academicians’ and industry professionals’ perspective

• Case studies
• Published: 08 February 2021
• Volume 12 , pages 337–344, ( 2021 )

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• Milind Jaiwant Sakhardande   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-0704 1 &
• Rajesh Suresh Prabhu Gaonkar 2  

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The COVID-19 pandemic is creating economic disruption worldwide affecting the global supply chains. India has to move ahead in these testing times with a focus on improving internal supply chains in particular. Indian service sector has been a major contributor to GDP share. But despite a huge talent pool of educated and skilled workforce, the country lags in manufacturing. The Indian government has its initiative of ‘Make in India’ with objectives of investments leading to job creation and GDP growth in twenty-five manufacturing sectors. The response to this initiative has been slow as the country has to cope up with political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental challenges. The pandemic outbreak is proving to be an additional hindrance. The authors feel that the ranking of the twenty-five sectors based on potentials will be an added advantage to the investors. In this paper, the authors have used the technique of the Fuzzy AHP to rank the identified sectors based on the potentials. The results are compared with the superstar sectors proposed by the Government. As seen in the past, most of the research is carried out by academicians, and decision making is based on inputs of academicians and/or industry professionals. The authors have analyzed the perspectives of academicians and industry professionals in this paper to address the gap in decision making.

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1 Introduction

The Indian Government introduced ‘Make in India’ in 2014 with objectives of job creation and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) growth in twenty-five manufacturing sectors (DPIIT 2014 ). The initiative targeted skill enhancement, foreign investments and development of well-organized infrastructure. But post-launch, the initiative did not gain the boost as expected. In the existing situation of the COVID-19 (Corona virus disease of 2019) pandemic, most of the countries have plans to shift their business from existing locations creating the right situation for India to grab the opportunity (Rooks 2020 ). However, the authors feel that there is a need to recognize potentials for targeted twenty-five sectors identified by the government in the context of supply chains.

1.1 Research motive

The current pandemic has disrupted global supply chains that have forced thousands of industries across the world in the temporary shutdown of their assembly lines including India (Agrawal et al. 2020 ). India needs to move ahead despite such issues and challenges. The following sections present the scenario.

1.1.1 ‘Make in India’ amidst global supply chain disruption due to pandemic

Epidemic outbreaks lead to risks like long-term supply chain disruption, propagations, and high uncertainty (Ivanov 2020 ). India has been on a world manufacturing scenario in recent years with the announcement of ‘Make in India’ in 2014. In the current pandemic situation, many business houses will be looking for the least resistance alternatives. India stands a chance to grab this big opportunity, undertaking broad-based structural reforms, despite its lockdowns and economic challenges (Inamdar 2020 ). Resilience, strategic agility, and entrepreneurship will be of prime importance in the current pandemic situation (Liu et al. 2020 ) and India needs to focus on these aspects.

1.1.2 Political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental challenges

Though the pandemic can work as an advantage to India, the country has its challenges. The authors have identified fifty-seven factors affecting facility location using Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental (PESTLE) analysis which is the major strategic decision in supply chain network design (Sakhardande and Prabhu Gaonkar 2017 ). The major areas of focus identified are land, labour, liquidity, and laws as per the recent announcement by Prime Minister Shri. Narendra Modi for stabilizing the economy and inviting foreign investor partners for ‘Make in India’ progress as reported in Business Today ( 2020 ). The authors feel that the potential based ranking of sectors identified in ‘Make in India’ should be done on PESTLE identified factors.

1.1.3 Identification of potential in the announced sectors

The Indian government has identified twenty-five manufacturing sectors for the ‘Make in India’ initiative. Secondly, amongst these twenty-five, superstar sectors are also identified. However, amidst the challenges, analysis leading to the identification of the potential for manufacturing and future growth in each sector needs to be carried out.

1.1.4 Decision making by academicians and industry professionals

It is seen that most of the research in the decision-making field is carried out in academic institutions. Often, the decision making by academicians does not guarantee optimal results as their viewpoints are mostly based on theories, whereas the industry professionals make judgments’ based on practical aspects. In many research applications, the decisions are directly taken based on the experts’ opinions not accounting for the decision-makers’ field i.e. either academic or industry. Many times it is a mix of both. The authors feel that the viewpoints of academicians and professionals should be considered separately for gap identification and then analyzed as a mix for better understanding.

1.2 Research goal

The authors feel that there is a need to identify the potential for manufacturing and future growth in the twenty five sectors. In this paper, the authors have used fuzzy AHP to rank the sectors identified by ‘Make in India’ based on the views of academicians and industry professionals. The paper is divided into the following sections. Section  2 briefly reviews the existing literature. The proposed approach with a case study of the ranking of sectors based on separate and combined views of academicians and industry professionals is presented in Sect.  3 . Section  4 shows the results and discussions on results. The results of the case study are compared further with the superstar sectors identified in ‘Make in India’. The conclusions are discussed in Sect.  5 at the end.

2 Literature review

The authors have reviewed literature in the context of the following:

2.1 Indian manufacturing scenario

There have been mainly two breakthroughs in the Indian industrial policies, the first being in 1965–1966 which emphasized heavy industries and the second in 1984–1985 for major changes concerning liberalization (Singha and Gayatri 2010 ). After the 1984–1985 deregulations, there was no proper product-wise categorization in various parts of the country despite the expected growth of industries concerning the products (Athreye and Kapur 2006 ). Indian manufacturing sectors have to overcome major hurdles like poor policy decisions, lack of protection from foreign competition, absence of competitive domestic industries, and several other regional factors for growth and productivity improvements (Kanda 2015 ). In recent years, new land and labour laws along with infrastructure improvement have given a boost to the manufacturing sector in India (Mehta and Rajan 2017 ). Sharma and Kodali ( 2008 ) have proposed various frameworks that include elements like leadership, manufacturing strategy, supply chain management, world-class maintenance systems, etc. and initiatives like knowledge management, flexible processes, and innovative product planning to account for the changing manufacturing scenario. The manufacturing sector has the potential to enhance its share in the economic development of the country (Luthra et al. 2013 ).

2.2 ‘Make in India’

‘Make in India’ is an initiative to make the country world’s largest manufacturing center (Majumdar 2014 ). In the present pandemic conditions, India has a chance to lure low-end manufacturers that are planning to move their businesses overseas from other countries. India is at the cradle stage in the manufacturing sector and has plans for elementary manufacturing over the decade. However, Indian industry authorities have emphasized the need of implementing technology and digitalization to the manufacturing domain rather than depend entirely on cheap labour to make the initiative successful (Dhyani and Saxena 2015 ). India has cross-cultural issues (Lees and Khatri 2010 ) which need to be sorted. The potentially high impact of an acceleration of formal-sector manufacturing should serve as motivation for the Indian government at all levels to push hard toward the goal (Green 2014 ). Within all the advantages and limitations, the Government of India is thriving hard to rebuild the manufacturing sector through the ‘Make in India’ initiative. The twenty-five sectors recognized in ‘Make in India’ are Automobiles, Auto components, Aviation, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Construction, Defence manufacturing, Electrical machinery, Electronic system design and manufacturing, Food processing, IT and BPM, Leather, Media and Entertainment, Mining, Oil and Gas, Pharmaceuticals, Ports, Railways, Renewable energy, Roads and highways, Space, Textiles, Thermal power, Tourism & Hospitality, and Wellness. Amongst these, Pharmaceuticals, Renewable energy, Roads and highways, Electronic system design and manufacturing, Food processing, and Automobiles are mentioned as superstar sectors (DPIIT 2014 ).

2.3 Research perspectives of academicians and industry professionals

Academicians should work hand in hand with government and industry professionals for innovative solutions. The Collective research will lead to resilient societal outcomes that will benefit mankind (Wowk et al. 2017 ). Researchers have proved using forecasting methods case study that there is a similarity in the responses given by academicians and industry professionals. But, although the general outcome of this survey is that the same criteria are used by both groups, a certain lack of agreement still exists within each group (Carbone and Armstrong 1982 ). An Apparel industry case study carried out by Wright et al. ( 2002 ) represents the disparity of thought in the decision making of academicians and industry professionals. The gap in decision making between members of Industry and academia has been addressed on several occasions. While some think it is expanding, others consider it important for insightful research and speculations (Bartunek and Rynes 2014 ).

3 Proposed approach and case study

3.1 fuzzy ahp.

Fuzzy AHP (FAHP) has found a lot of importance in numerous applications. Fuzzy set theory (Zadeh 1965 ), introduced to represent vagueness, was extended for general decision-making applications by Bellman and Zadeh ( 1970 ). Van Laarhoven and Pedrycz ( 1983 ), the pioneers of FAHP, suggested Triangular Fuzzy Numbers (TFNs) for pairwise comparisons. In this paper, a fuzzy geometric mean method (Buckley 1985 ) has been used. The experts identified were asked to carry out pairwise comparisons of twenty-five sectors. The FAHP scale as shown in Table 1 is used for pairwise comparisons.

3.2 Case study

The twenty-five sectors identified in the ‘Make in India’ initiative, if ranked will provide a better picture to the investors in terms of potential. The authors have used FAHP for the ranking of these sectors. The decision makers are either academicians and/or industry professionals in research problems. The academicians are strong in theories whereas industry professionals are practical oriented. Literature states that there exists a gap in the decision making of the two fraternities. The authors feel that there is a strong need to identify this gap and minimize its effect in decision making. Hence the case study is divided into three sections i.e. one with academicians, second with industry professionals and the third case is a mix of decisions of both. Results are further analyzed for correlation.

3.3 Calculations

Table 2 shows the summary of responses along with the details of the experts. In theory for best consistency, the Consistency Ratio (CR) has to be less than 0.1(Saaty 1977 ). But it is seen in literature that CR up to 0.2 is also tolerable for higher-order matrices (Wedley 1993 ). As the matrix is of higher order, the expert responses with CR’s of less than 0.2 are considered for further analysis. The literature reviewed (Alinezad et al. 2013 ; Ertuǧrul and Karakaşoǧlu 2008 ; Hsu and Chen 2007 ; Kiani Mavi 2014 ; Lee and Seo 2016 ; Low and Hsueh Chen 2012 ; Mangla et al. 2015 ; Moghimi and Anvari 2014 ; Hanine et al. 2017 ; Haq and Kannan 2006 ; Singh et al. 2018 ; Yazdi 2017 ) shows that the number of experts chosen varies from 1 to 42. As FAHP is not a statistical method, the sample size is not standardized (Fu et al. 2010 ). Also, there is no mention of the number of experts and/or their respective fields in some FAHP applications (Kwong and Bai 2002 ; Taha and Rostam 2012 ; Wang and Wu 2016 ; Deshmukh and Sunnapwar 2019 ). In this case study, thirty responses from academicians and thirty five responses from industry professionals were received and checked for consistency. Alonso and Lamata ( 2006 ) have proposed Random Index (RI) for calculating CRs up to matrix size of thirty nine and further proposed an equation for calculating RI for matrices of order size higher than thirty nine. As twenty five sectors need to be ranked, the size of the matrix will be twenty five. The value of the Random Index (RI) used for calculating the CR for a matrix order size of twenty five is taken as 1.6624 from the Random Index Table of Alonso and Lamata ( 2006 ). In total forty responses, i.e. twenty academicians and twenty industry professionals with CR below 0.2 are taken for the analysis. Table 3 shows the CRs of the chosen responses. Tables 4 and 5 show a sample paired comparison matrix of academician and industry professionals respectively. Tables 6 and 7 show a sample calculation of weights of academicians and industry professionals respectively.

Table 8 shows the final ranking of sectors based on the sum of weights of respondents for all three cases.

4 Results and discussions

4.1 data ranking.

The authors have considered only the respondents who satisfy CR criteria for data analysis and ranking. The ranking of the data is as per the calculations in FAHP based on expert’s weights, as shown in Table 8 . The ranking will provide an insight on investment opportunities in potential sectors. One of the goals of this paper is to identify the gap between the decision making of academicians and industry professionals. It is seen that there is not much difference of opinion in ranking between academicians and industry professionals for almost one-third of the sectors. There is the highest level of agreement for ranking of sectors like Biotechnology, Electronic system design and manufacturing, IT and BPM, Leather, Mining, Oil & Gas, Pharmaceuticals, Ports, Renewable energy and Wellness. On the contrary, rankings of sectors like Construction, Chemicals, and Tourism and hospitality show a high level of disagreement. The top five sectors according to industry professionals are Wellness, Pharmaceuticals, Renewable energy, Tourism & Hospitality, and Food processing whereas Renewable energy, Pharmaceutical, Construction, Wellness, and Roads and Highways are ranked as top five sectors by the academicians. Therefore we can observe there is an agreement in the importance of the three out of the top five factors. The top five sectors according to the combined opinions are Pharmaceuticals; Renewable energy, Wellness, Railways, and Road and highways. We observe that three of the five factors are similar to those given by academicians and industry professionals. This is because the construction and food processing sectors have been given less importance by the professionals as compared to the importance given to the Tourism & Hospitality sector by the academicians. Railways sector makes it to top five in combined decision as in both the individual ranking it is placed at sixth position.

4.2 Data correlation

To quantify the gap between decisions by the academicians and the industry professionals we evaluate the Spearman's correlation coefficient and Kendall’s tau ( Van den Berg 2012 ) as shown in Table 9 . The value of Spearman's correlation coefficient between academicians and professionals is 0.7492 whereas Kendall’s tau is 0.5533, suggesting a strong correlation ( Van den Berg 2012 ; Akoglu 2018 ).To strengthen the fact that the combined decision of both the groups is a better choice than considering the decision from any one of the two fraternities, we evaluate the correlation coefficients between combined fraternities and single fraternities. The Spearman's coefficient and Kendall’s tau between Professionals and Combined are 0.9238 and 0.7733 respectively whereas those between Academicians and Combined are 0.9184 and 0.7799. All these values correspond to a strong correlation, thereby endorsing combined decision as the best option.

4.3 Comparison with superstar sectors

The Government of India has identified six superstar sectors viz. Automotive, Electronics system design and manufacturing, Renewable energy, Roads & Highways, Pharmaceuticals and, Food processing to boost the ‘Make in India’ campaign. Amongst the six superstar sectors, Pharmaceuticals and Renewable energy are ranked in the top five in all the three cases analyzed as seen in Table 8 . Whereas, Roads & Highways and Electronics system design and manufacturing find a place in the top ten ranks in all the three cases. An important point to note is that the Wellness sector has been given a spot in the top three rankings in all the cases, but the Government has not identified it as one of the superstar sectors.

5 Conclusions

Post Independence of India, the service sector has been the major contributor to the growth of GDP and has overshadowed the manufacturing sector. The ‘Make in India’ campaign has been initiated by the government with a prime focus on boosting the manufacturing sector. In the current pandemic situation it is critical to focus on the potential sectors for increasing GDP share through manufacturing, therefore ranking the sectors is the primary objective of this paper. In this paper, the authors have ranked the sectors identified in the ‘Make in India’ initiative using FAHP. The ranking will help the investors to choose right sectors for investments. The sectors have been ranked in three different cases of expert classification, i.e. academicians, industry professionals, and using combinations to identify whether there is a gap in decision making. Observing the gap in decision making between the academicians and industry professionals we can conclude that the combined decision of both the fraternities is a better choice than relying on either academicians or industry professionals. According to the combined ranking, we can conclude that the six superstar sectors identified by the government can be ranked in the order as, Pharmaceuticals, Renewable energy, Roads & Highways, Food processing, Electronics system design and manufacturing and Automobiles. Finally, we can conclude that the Fuzzy AHP ranking approach can be utilized to identify potential sectors like the Wellness sector based on expert opinions, which might prove to be vital in the current situation.

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Sakhardande, M.J., Prabhu Gaonkar, R.S. Potential based ranking of sectors identified in ‘Make in India’ initiative using fuzzy AHP: the academicians’ and industry professionals’ perspective. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag 12 , 337–344 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-01044-0

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Received : 27 June 2020

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Accepted : 05 December 2020

Published : 08 February 2021

Issue Date : April 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13198-020-01044-0

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The “Make in India” policy: “A Comprehensive Evaluation of Outcomes and Roadblocks”

Priya, Anjali verma, Jyoti Yadav

Abstract:  The “Make in India” initiative, introduce by Indian government, stands out as a pivotal and game changing policy endeavour aims to attract the FDI in India by boosting the domestic manufacturing sector. This study focuses on the multifaceted aspects of this initiative by focusing on the goals, impact of FDI inflows and challenges and obstacles faced by foreign investors. To achieve the objectives, historical data has been collected on FDI inflows into India, spanning from the period of before the introduction of Make in India initiative and the after period of its implementation. Paired sample T-test has been applied o compare the pre and post FDI inflows of launching “Make in India initiative”. Results of the study provides that substantial difference occurs in the mean FDI inflows pre and post launching of this “Make in India” initiative at 5% level of significance. FDI inflows rise up on an average after the launching of this initiative by the government of India. Through the comprehensive and indepth analysis of these objectives, the study contributes to the better understanding of “Make in India” initiative impact on attraction of FDI and major challenges that needs to be address to enhance the effectiveness of this initiative in promoting manufacturing as well as the economic growth of the nation.

Keywords: - Make in India, Economic Growth, FDI, Manufacturing sector and foreign investors

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Priya, Anjali verma, Jyoti Yadav " The “Make in India” policy: “A Comprehensive Evaluation of Outcomes and Roadblocks” ", IARJSET International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 69-73, 2023. Crossref https://doi.org/10.17148/IARJSET.2023.101010

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MANTHAN: Journal of Commerce and Management

Annu Aggarwal

India’s growth performance has been diverse yet fascinating over a period of time. While agriculture and manufacturing were the dominant sectors during the pre-industrialisation and industrialisation period respectively, more recently, the services sector has emerged as the most important sector in terms of its contribution to GDP. The growing demands of service sector and its importance in the economy has led to a concern about the situation of India’s manufacturing sector. This study analyses the ‘Make in India’ initiative of the present government launched in September 2014, with the twin objectives of developing India as hub of business and manufacturing and generating massive employment opportunities for India’s teeming young population. The analysis indicates that Indian economy is gaining momentum slowly, and growth estimates are in line with projections made. India also has the best prospects for the growth opportunities in coming decade. Since this concept is new, it will t...

Dr.Ashutosh Gaur

This paper analyses the " Make in India " program in larger canvases and evaluates challenges at national and international level. Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced Make in India program from the Red Fort during his maiden speech in the year 2014. The objective of this program is to boot manufacture sector in India. This very ambitious plan gain worldwide appreciation. It is an open invitation to showcase India's potential to rest of the world in terms of large demographic market and workforce potential available in India. The government of India has initiated various program to give imputes to manufacturing sector like Skill India, Stand up India, Start-up India, digital India. Clearing of goods and services tax (GST) will from the parliament is significant step to improve India's rank in Ease of doing a business index of World Bank. The International business environment is also changing very rapidly after United States presidential election. This paper will evaluate different trend and challenges in the implementation of Make in India nationally and internationally.

Aqueel ahmed

QUEST JOURNALS

India is one of the world's fastest growing economies, the tenth largest in the world by nominal GDP and the third largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). India needs to identify the steps being taken to give more financial powers to states, increased investment on infrastructure, emphasis on manufacturing which enables to open the door for investment. This Make in India campaign guides the foreign investors, prompt response, assistance to foreign investors and provide relevant information and proactive approach. This paper covers overview of the Make in India campaign, sectors covered, Initiatives taken by companies, growth cycles, challenges, opportunities and foreign investment in Indian manufacturing. The present study is based on secondary data. The data has been extracted from the various sources like research articles, publications from Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, various bulletins of RBI and authenticated websites. The study found that, Make in India will bring a drastic change in the fields like automobiles, aviation, biotechnology, defense, media, thermal power, oil, gas and manufacturing sectors. Thus, we can conclude that, despite the fact that " Make in India " though came at a right time, its execution remains a big challenge.

goutam goutam

Manufacturing sector is the backbone of any economy. It fuels growth, productivity, employment, and strengthens the agricultural sector and the service sector. With, the gradual slowdown of the world economy and slowing down of consumption demand, it is pertinent to strengthen the country's manufacturing export growth by overcoming the bottlenecks of high cost of capital, lack of economies of scale, inflexible labour laws, inadequate infrastructure, lack of branding, trade barriers etc. Through this paper, I attempt to identify the problems faced by the manufacturing sector in the first part of the paper. In the second part of the paper I critically examine the newly launched Make in India initiative and analyse its strength, weakness, opportunity and threat. And try to find out whether the efforts of the government to make manufacturing a key engine for India's economic growth are giving fruitful results.

JMRA Publication

Every 5 Years each government launches an initiative of their own to benefit the economy. In 2014, the Make in India was launched by Prime Minister-Narendra Modi, a swadeshi movement that encouraged Indian companies to manufacture and increased their investment. The movement was focused on 25 different sectors excluding defence industry, space industry and media of India. Due to the initiative India stands at 77 th rank among 190 countries in ease of doing business index. Our research aims to test the impact of Make in India on 3 such industries (MAM) and run regression testing on the GDP to establish the facts.

Journal ijmr.net.in(UGC Approved)

attractive manufacturing hub. It aims to pull out investors from different countries and make them to manufacture in India. The vision behind this campaign is to put the country on the global manufacturing map. It also desires to facilitate the inflow of new technology and capital, while creating millions of jobs. Make in India is an ambitious project, but there is a need to bring some changes in existing policies to make the India the powerhouse of manufacturing sector in the world. Make in India is a good opportunity for all Indians. It will generate crores of direct and indirect job opportunities. On this back ground, the researcher feels, it is necessary to study and understand the different opportunities and challenges in achieving the objectives of this campaign. The data used in this paper is secondary in nature. Through the statistical data and gap between demand and supply, we can understand the opportunities for the manufacturing sector in India. If this campaign got success, India can overcome the problems of unemployment, brain drain and it could get success in using local talent for the development of local economy, creating Brand India etc. So the objectives for the study are: to understand the benefits of the campaign, to study the opportunities and challenges before ‘Make in India Campaign, to study about the start up of Make in India campaign and to study about the urgent steps to be taken to support the campaign.

Rohit Kumar

Manufacturing is the key for growth and employment in any economy. The growth in manufacturing leads to development and growth in other sectors too. But the situation of manufacturing sector in India is not promising when compared to other developing economies. ‘Make in India’ initiative launched by the recent government has been successful in creating the optimism in the market. So, an attempt has been made here to know the important policies under this initiative and its effects for future.

IAEME Publication

Make-in-India is an initiative of Indian govt on 25 th September 2014, by addressing a mass audience including both national and international entrepreneurs at new Delhi This is an international strategy conceptualized by pm of India to attract the investment from business all over the world and transforming India in to a global manufacturing hub. For promoting this campaign he web portal, logo and booklet are used for detailing 25 priority sectors of Indian economy. The objective behind the initiative is to focus on job creation, skill development and innovation and to prevent India's manufacturing sector to global value chain by encouraging public private partnership joint venture FDI inflows and advancing case of doing business. This scheme focuses on increasing the economic growth and pull back the economic recession

Journal of Intellectual Studies & Theories

Dr. Alam Ahmad

The phrase-Make in India has been accepted with much fanfare. It is gaining an extremely wide and deep mind and literature positioning as if the country had been revealed upon a magical staff which will change India's production capabilities in no time. As part of the economic reform campaign, the plank-Make in India-pledges to encourage multinational companies and Indian companies as well to manufacture their products in India, focus on job creation and skill development, increase GDP growth and tax proceeds, attract capital and technological investment in India and many more. The paper attempts to analyse whether the campaign will succeed in convincing the foreign players of business as well as the domestic business tycoons who have resorted to conduct business operations outside to set up manufacturing units in India and exploit local minds and resources in the face of India's low positions in terms of ease of doing business. The success of-phrase‖ assumes further significance in light of the worsening religious harmony and the country marching ahead on the path of Kakistocracy.

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Make In India

Case study; make in india, make in india, theme: services.

Theme: Manufacturing

Launched: December 2014

Stakeholder: Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government of India; Indian manufacturers, global investors, consumers

A strong manufacturing sector is critical for an economy like India, especially considering the huge employable workforce in the country and the need for self-sufficiency in a number of sectors to bring down the trade deficit. Manufacturing is urgently needed to provide livelihood opportunities to a huge chunk of the population outside of agriculture. The manufacturing sector supplies quality products across the supply chain, thereby fueling the growth and productivity of other sectors in the process.

Shri Narendra Modi, Hon'ble Prime Minister of India, launched the visionary Make in India programme in September 2014. The programme is aimed at transforming India into a global hub for manufacturing, research & innovation and an integral part of the global supply chain. The programme aimed at building confidence in India's strengths and potential as a manufacturing hub across internal and external stakeholders. It has led to a major rehaul of processes and policies to enhance ease of doing business in India. Indeed, this is the single largest manufacturing initiative by any country in the recent past.

Some of the initiatives undertaken under Make in India are as follows: .

• Twenty five sectors have been selected under Make in India; a framework was developed to share a large amount of technical information on these sectors. Domestic and international audiences are constantly updated with latest information on opportunities, reform measures, etc.
• FDI has been liberalised in some key sectors including Defence Manufacturing, Food Processing, Telecommunications, Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals, Civil Aviation, Space, Private Security Agencies, Railways, Insurance and Pensions and Medical Devices.
• Several reforms undertaken to enhance ease of doing business and enhance FDI
• Industrial corridors and smart cities are being built at a fast pace.
• Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) registrations are being accelerated and measures are being taken to cater to the training needs of the skilled workforce.

The manufacturing sector is expected to reach US$ 1 trillion by 2025 and contribute about 25% to India's GDP. Under the Make in India programme, indigenous manufacturing is expected to increase by 12-14% per annum over the medium term. As per the World Bank, manufacturing contributed about 16% to the country's GDP in 2016. This is on the higher side when compared with the global average of about 15% in 2015.

Manufacturing is expected to create 100 million additional jobs by 2025, considering how India is now one of the most attractive destinations for investments in this sector. Most leading companies including those of defence equipment, mobile phones and automobile brands have established or are looking to set up their manufacturing base in the country, which will have a positive impact on job creation.

Since its launch, Make in India has played a major role when it comes to improving ease of doing business in India. The various initiatives being undertaken have made a hugely positive impact on investor confidence. Some of the major achievements are as follows:

• Total FDI between April 2014 and March 2017 amounted to around 33% of cumulative FDI into India since April 2000. In 2015-16, FDI inflow crossed US$ 50 billion for the first time in any fiscal, and further in 2016-17, FDI reached a record figure of US$ 60 billion. Cumulative FDI inflows from April 2000 to March 2018 had reached US$ 546.45 billion (including equity inflows, invested earnings and other capital). In 2017, India retained its position as the world's most attractive destination for greenfield FDI.
• Measures to improve business confidence have led to progressive improvements in India's rank in the World Bank's ease of doing business rankings from 142 in 2014 to 100 in 2017.
• Five industrial corridors and 21 new nodal industrial cities are being developed to boost industrial growth.
• The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 has consolidated all rules and laws pertaining to insolvency into one legislation, thereby bringing India's bankruptcy code in step with global best practices.
• The Government of India introduced a holistic National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policy in May 2016 in order to spur creativity and innovation in the Indian economy. During April - October 2017, 45,449 patents and 15,627 copyrights were filed in India, out of which 9,847 patents and 3,541 copyrights were granted.

References:

• http://dipp.nic.in/sites/default/files/FDI_FactSheet_29June2018.pdf
• http://www.makeinindia.com/home
• http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174892
• http://mofapp.nic.in:8080/economicsurvey/pdf/120-150_Chapter_08_Economic_Survey_2017-18.pdf

Last updated: September, 2018

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