temperate zone presentation

The Temperate Zone

Science, grade 6, presentation.

Table Of Contents: The Temperate Zone

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Temperate zone

Characteristics

• Between the cold zone and the subtropical zone (40° to 60°)
• Maximum 73°, minimum 0° (at Arctic Circle)
• Between 0 and 20°C
• The balance is negative
• 4 to 16 hours 8 to 12 hours at 50°N
• From 300 to 2000 mm, average 800 mm
• Warm and cold temperate
• Deciduous forests, warm temperate forests, savannah
• Extreme temperature and precipitation is rare

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Temperate, Torrid, and Frigid Zones

Aristotle's Climate Classification

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• M.A., Geography, California State University - Northridge
• B.A., Geography, University of California - Davis

In one of the first attempts at climate classification , the ancient Greek scholar Aristotle hypothesized that the earth was divided into three types of climatic zones, each based on distance from the equator. Though we know that Aristotle's theory was vastly oversimplified, it persists, unfortunately, to this day.

Aristotle's Theory

Believing that the area near the equator was too hot for habitation, Aristotle dubbed the region from the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°) in the north, through the equator (0°), to the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°) in the south as the "Torrid Zone." Despite Aristotle's beliefs, great civilizations arose in the Torrid Zone, such as those in Latin America, India, and Southeast Asia.

Aristotle reasoned that the area north of the Arctic Circle (66.5° north) and south of the Antarctic Circle (66.5° south) was permanently frozen. He called this uninhabitable zone the "Frigid Zone." We know that areas north of the Arctic Circle are indeed habitable. For instance, the world's largest city north of the Arctic Circle, Murmansk, Russia, is home to almost half a million people. Due to months without sunlight, residents of the city live under artificial sunlight but yet the city still lies in the Frigid Zone.

The only area that Aristotle believed was habitable and capable of allowing human civilization to flourish was the "Temperate Zone." The two Temperate Zones were suggested to lie between the Tropics and the Arctic and Antarctic Circles. Aristotle's belief that the Temperate Zone was the most habitable likely came from the fact that he lived in that zone.

Since Aristotle's time, others have attempted to classify regions of the earth based on climate and probably the most successful classification was that of German climatologist Wladimir Koppen. Koppen's multiple-category classification system has been slightly modified since his final classification in 1936 but it is still the classification used most frequently and most widely accepted today.

• Aristotle's Climate Zones
• Solstices and Equinoxes
• Geography of the Southern Hemisphere
• How the Tropics Got Their Names
• Geography of the Tropic of Cancer
• Koppen Climate Classification System
• Winter Solstice
• How Latitude Is Measured
• When Is the Summer Solstice?
• Geography of the Tropic of Capricorn
• Geography of the Northern Hemisphere
• Countries That Lie on the Equator
• The Longest Day of the Year
• The Geography of Oceania
• The Biomes of the World
• Major Lines of Latitude and Longitude on a World Map

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The Climate Zones Of The World

Climate can be defined as the average weather conditions in a region over a prolonged period, i.e., about 30 years or more. Specifically, climate refers to the mean variability of different meteorological variables, like temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation, humidity, and wind, over a long time. The Earth’s tilt greatly influences the climate of a region along with its geographical location, topography, land use, elevation, and currents from adjacent water bodies. It is believed that the enormous diversity of life on Earth is primarily due to the different varieties of climates that exist and a result of the climate change events that have taken place in the past.

The distinct horizontal belt-shaped areas of the Earth that are characterized by unique weather patterns and characteristics are referred to as climate zones. The concept of climate zones was first introduced in 1884 by the well-known German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen in his Köppen climate classification , which is currently one of the most widely used climate classification systems. As the climate of a particular region affects the presence of plant and animal life in that region, the climate zones can also be used to correlate the climate associated with the different biomes . Therefore, it is essential to categorize the world’s climate into different climate zones, which can further help various climatologists understand the climatic conditions in different regions and track any changes in them.

Climate Zones

As per the Köppen Climate Classification, the climate of a region can be categorized into five broad climate groups, each based on the seasonal characteristics of temperature and precipitation. Each of these broad groups is further subdivided into different subgroups. The broad groups are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, D, and E, while the subgroups are represented by small letters f,m,w, and s.

These Are the Five Broad Climate Groups:

• A – Tropical Climate
• B – Dry Climate
• C – Temperate Climate
• D – Continental Climate
• E – Polar Climate

Group A – Tropical Climate

Denoted by the letter A, Tropical Climate is the foremost among the five major climate groups in the Köppen Climate Classification. Tropical climates can be defined as having a monthly mean temperature of 64.4°F or more during cooler months while having hot temperatures with slight variation throughout the year. The regions experiencing tropical climates receive intense sunlight besides abundant annual precipitation.

This type of climate is mainly experienced in tropical regions located below the 23.5° latitude in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres of the Earth. Tropical regions include the areas around the Equator , Central Africa , the southern parts of Asia , Central America , the Pacific Ocean Islands , parts of North Australia , and the north-central parts of South America . The tropical climate group is further subdivided into three subgroups: Tropical rainforest climate (Af), Tropical monsoon climate (Am), and Tropical wet and dry climate (Aw or As).

Tropical rainforest climate (Af)

Also referred to as Equatorial climate, this tropical climate subtype, denoted by Af, is witnessed in regions within 10 to 15° north and south latitudinal ranges from the Equator. The areas experiencing this type of climate have high mean yearly temperatures (70°F to 85°F), small temperature ranges, and no distinct dry or wet seasons, as there is high rainfall throughout the year.  Some regions that experience this type of climate include the islands of the East Indies, the Northern Congo Basin of Africa, and the upper Amazon Basin of South America. Due to high precipitation all through the year, this region has several kinds of trees. The natural vegetation unique to the tropical rainforest climate regions includes bananas, bougainvillea, Bengal bamboo, coconut tree, curare, and durian.

Tropical Monsoon Climate (Am)

Also referred to as sub-equatorial climate, this tropical climate subtype, denoted by Am, is witnessed in South and Southeast Asia; West and Central Africa; Central America; the central portion of South America; and parts of Northern Australia, North America , and the Caribbean . The regions experiencing this type of climate have mean monthly temperatures of more than 64°F, small yearly temperature ranges, uneven precipitation throughout the year (with heavy rainfall during summer), and a short dry season during winter. The natural vegetation unique to the tropical monsoon climate regions includes bamboo, deodar, rosewood, sandalwood, and teak.

Tropical Wet And Dry Climate (Aw or As)

Also referred to as tropical savanna climate, this tropical climate subtype is represented by Aw for dry winter and As for dry summer. Tropical savanna climate is commonly witnessed in Asia, Central Africa, and parts of Northern and Eastern Australia, Central America, North America, South America, the Pacific Islands, and some Caribbean Islands. The average yearly temperature ranges between 68°F and 86°F, while the annual precipitation varies between 700 to 1000 mm. Winter is usually the driest, with less than 60 mm of rainfall. The regions experiencing a savanna climate are covered by flat grassland vegetation, including lemongrass, red oats grass, Rhodes grass, star grass, elephant grass, etc.

Group B – Dry Climate

Also referred to as desert climate or arid climate, this type of climate is seen in regions where there is an excess of evaporation compared to the amount of precipitation received. It is to be noted that if an area’s yearly precipitation is less than 50% of the total precipitation, then it is categorized as desert climate or BW; whereas if the yearly precipitation is between 50 to 100% of the total precipitation, it is categorized as semi-arid or steppe climate. After polar climate, hot desert climates are the Earth’s second-most common climate type covering over 14.2% of the planet’s land area. The Dry Climate group is further divided into two subgroups: hot desert climate (BWh) and cold desert climate (BWk).

Hot Desert Climate (BWh)

This subtype of dry climate is mostly experienced in subtropical regions between 20° and 30° north and south latitudes across vast areas of North Africa, northwestern portions of the Indian subcontinent , Western Asia, interiors of Australia, northern Mexico , coastal areas of Peru , Chile , and Southwestern United States . During summers, the average temperature ranges between 84°F to 95°F, with midday temperatures varying between 109°F to 115°F. In contrast, during colder months, the night temperatures can drop below freezing under clear skies.

Cold desert climate (BWk)

This subtype is experienced in temperate regions that are located in the rain shadow area of high mountains. Cold desert climates are found at higher altitudes compared to hot desert climates and have hot, dry summers and cold, dry winters. Some of the regions experiencing this type of climate include the Gobi Desert , Patagonian Desert , Taklamakan Desert , parts of the Great Basin Desert , the Ladakh region, etc.

Group C – Temperate climate

The climate type is seen in the mid-latitude areas, which are placed between tropical and polar regions . Compared to tropical climates, the regions with a temperate climate have wide temperature ranges throughout the year as well as distinct seasonal variations. Temperate climates are not only influenced by latitudinal positions but also by the direction of prevailing winds, sea currents, size of landmass, and elevation. Based on monthly temperature, rainfall, and the coldest month, the temperate climate group can be further subdivided into several smaller climate zones. These are:

Humid subtropical climate (Cfa)

Marked by long, hot, humid summers and cool, mild winters, this climate zone is usually experienced on the southeastern portion of all continents except Antarctica , between 25° and 40° latitudes. The average temperature during the coldest month varies between 27° F and 64°F, whereas the average temperature during the warmest month is about 72°F or more. Rainfall is mostly experienced during the summer months and is accompanied by intense thunderstorms and often tropical cyclones . Winter rainfall is frequently associated with large storms steered by the westerlies .  

Temperate oceanic climate (Cfb)

This humid temperate climate subtype is characterized by warm summers and cool winters with fewer temperature extremes. Oceanic climates are experienced in regions placed between 45 and 63° latitude in both hemispheres, particularly in parts of New Zealand , Tasmanian Central Highlands, southern Chile, the northwestern part of America, and northwestern Europe . During the coldest month, the mean temperature is about 32°F or more, whereas, during the warmest month, the mean temperature is less than 72°F. Therefore, in comparison to regions with a continental climate, summers are quite cooler for regions experiencing an oceanic climate.

Subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc)

The areas with this type of climate are placed close to the polar regions and experience long, mild winters and short, cool summers. These areas also receive comparatively more snowfall than other places with a temperate oceanic climate. The average monthly temperature in this climate zone does not fall below 26.6°F, and during the warmest month, the daytime maximum temperature remains below 63°F. Subpolar oceanic climate is experienced in parts of coastal Iceland , Scotland , northwestern Norway , the Faroe Islands , Aleutian Islands , Argentina , Chile, and the Southern Alps.

Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa)

The areas with this type of climate experience hot summers and dry winters. During the coldest month, the average temperature remains above 32°F. The average temperature for at least one month is about 71.6°F, while for four months, the mean temperature is more than 50°F.

Subtropical highland climate (Cwb)

Also referred to as monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate, this type of climate is experienced in high-elevation areas placed either within tropical or subtropical regions. The areas having this type of climate receive less precipitation during winter months compared to other low-elevation regions at similar latitudes. Places in the tropical regions that experience this type of climate have spring-like weather all through the year. Subtropical highland climate dominates the high-elevation areas of south and southeastern Africa; the western part of Africa as far as the southwestern Angola highlands; the eastern part of Africa upto Mozambique , parts of Sri Lanka , Grand Atlas Mountains, the mountainous regions of North, Central, and South America, and parts of southern Europe.

Cold subtropical highland climate (Cwc)

Places with this type of climate experience short summers and less than four months having average temperatures of more than 50°F. The cold subtropical highland climate is seen in places like El Alto in Bolivia and parts of Sichuan and Yunnan in China .

Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa)

Also known as the typical Mediterranean climate, this subtype of Mediterranean climate is experienced in areas around the Mediterranean Sea , parts of Central Asia, southern Australia, northern parts of Iran and Iraq , and interior parts of California , southern Oregon , and along the Wasatch Front in Utah . Places with this type of climate have extremely hot and dry summers and mild, wet winters. The average monthly temperature is around 71.6°F during the warmest month and between 64°F and 27°F during the coldest month.

Warm summer Mediterranean climate (Csb)

Often referred to as the cool summer Mediterranean climate, this subtype of Mediterranean climate is experienced in the Pacific Northwest , northwestern Iberian Peninsula , parts of South Africa , South Australia, and central Chile. Places with this type of climate have warm, dry summers and chilly, rainy winters. The factors that are responsible for the warm summer Mediterranean climate include high latitudes, cool ocean currents, and upwelling.

Cold summer Mediterranean climate (Csc)

This subtype of Mediterranean climate is quite rare and is mainly found in the high-altitude areas along the western coasts of North and South America. Places with this type of climate experience cool, dry summers and cool, wet winters.

Group D – Continental Climate

Continental climates are mostly experienced in the mid-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere, within expansive landmasses where the prevailing winds blow overhead, and temperatures are not moderated by adjacent water bodies. These regions have hot summers and cold winters, with variable weather patterns and significant temperature variations. Precipitation in these regions is received mostly during the warmer months from conventional showers and frontal cyclones.

Hot summer humid continental climate (Dfa)

In this subtype of continental climate, the average temperature during the warmest month (July or August) is around 71.6°F. Hot summer humid continental climate is experienced in various parts of North America, including central and southeastern Canada and the central and eastern United States. In addition, this type of climate is also experienced in East-Central Asia, interior parts of Eurasia , and parts of India .

Warm summer humid continental climate (Dfb)

In this subtype of continental climate, the average temperature during the warmest month remains less than 72°F. Also referred to as hemiboreal climate, the warm summer humid continental climate is experienced in large portions of North America, Central, and Eastern Europe, the Southern Alps of New Zealand, the Andes Mountains of South America, and the Snowy Mountains of Australia.

In addition to the above-mentioned subtypes, a humid continental climate is also represented by a Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate (Dwa), Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate (Dwb), Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate (Dsa), and Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate (Dsb).

Subarctic climate (Dfc)

Also known as subpolar climate, this type of continental climate is experienced in regions located at 50° to 70°N latitudes, in large landmasses far away from the oceans. In the Köppen Climate Classification, this climate type is also represented by Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate (Dwc), Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate (Dsc), Extremely cold subarctic climate (Dfd), Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate (Dwd), and Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate (Dsd). Parts of Northern Eurasia and North America that experience subarctic climates have long, extremely cold winters and short, mild summers. The average temperatures can drop below -58°F during winters and remain around 79°F during summers.

Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate (Dwa)

This subtype of humid continental climate is characterized by hot, wet summers and cool, dry winters. During the coldest month, the average temperature remains below 32°F, while all months have average temperatures below 71.6°F and at least four months averaging more than 50°F. About ten times rainfall is received during the wet months of the summer season in areas experiencing this type of climate.

Group E – Polar Climate

Polar climate is mainly experienced by the polar regions, which are located far away from the Equator and close to the poles. This climate group is characterized by cool summers and extremely cold winters, with an average monthly temperature of less than 50°F. Polar climate is further categorized into two types: tundra climate (ET) and ice cap climate (EF).

Tundra Climate (ET)

This polar climate subtype is experienced in high mountainous and high latitude areas (like parts of Iceland, Aleutian Islands), where there is at least one-month having an average temperature of more than 32°F, but no month where average temperatures are over 50°F.

Ice Cap Climate (EF)

This polar climate subtype is experienced in areas close to high latitudes to polar regions such as Antarctica, Russia , and the northernmost islands of Canada . In these areas, which are covered by a permanent ice layer and devoid of any vegetation, there is not a single month where the average temperature exceeds 32°F.  

The above discussion explains in detail the various climate zones of the Earth. Knowledge of climate zones is extremely essential to understand the earth’s biomes, identifying species under threat due to changing climate, and determining which crops can grow best in certain climatic regions. Moreover, climate zone maps can help researchers to track how climate change and global warming can impact ecosystems. At present times, the climate zones are expected to change with shifting precipitation patterns across regions and a rise in global temperatures due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. A study published in Scientific Reports has revealed that between 1950 and 2010, anthropogenic climate change shifted about 6% of the global land area towards warmer and drier climate types. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to design necessary measures to tackle climate variability and changing environmental conditions all across the globe.

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Identifying the world's climate zones - KS1/KS2

Subject: Geography

Age range: 5-7

Resource type: Lesson (complete)

Last updated

10 April 2024

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This lesson is an ideal introduction to the world’s three main climate zones.

It is part of Our World , a Geography unit designed for students in KS1 and lower KS2 (Y1-3), but can also be taught as a stand alone lesson.

First the presentation helps students understand that different places in the world have different climates. It then looks at the location of the Equator and North/South poles, and how these relate to the three main climate zones. To keep things simple, these are referred to as hot (tropical), mild (temperate) and cold (frigid).

The activity challenges students to locate the Equator and poles and then identify various climate zones around the world. It is differentiated two ways:

Easier – Students identify the climate zone of 8 numbered points around the world. Harder – Students identify climate zone and continent of 8 numbered points around the world. Extension – Students cut and stick pictures of four animals – elephant, lion, polar bear and penguin – onto their world climate zone map.

If you like this resource, we would appreciate a review! We will happily send you a free resource in return for a review or useful suggestions/feedback. Contact us at [email protected] .

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Our World - KS1/KS2

**Our World** is a comprehensive Geography topic about Planet Earth, suitable for KS1 and lower KS2 (Y1-3). The planning overview, topic title page and vocabulary page can be downloaded for free [here](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/our-world-planning-overview-12290861). Lessons include: **L1** – [Completing a world map jigsaw](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/world-map-jigsaw-early-years-ks1-and-ks2-12262432) **L2** – [Identifying the continents and oceans of the world (FREE)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/continents-and-oceans-of-the-world-ks1-and-ks2-presentation-and-differentiated-activity-11633338) **L3** – [Where do we live?](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/where-do-we-live-ks1-ks2-12288079) **L4** – [Identifying human and natural features of the world](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/identifying-human-and-natural-features-of-the-world-ks1-ks2-12281106) **L5** – [Investigating satellite photos of famous world landmarks](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/investigating-satellite-photos-of-famous-world-landmarks-ks1-ks2-12289744) **L6** –[ Introduction to compass directions](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/introduction-to-compass-directions-ks1-ks2-12262585) **L7** – [Identifying world climate zones](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/identifying-the-world-s-climate-zones-ks1-ks2-12288143) **L8** – [Identifying the countries and capitals of the UK (FREE)](https://www.tes.com/teaching-resource/identifying-the-countries-and-capitals-of-the-united-kingdom-ks1-ks2-12259232) Each lesson includes a presentation and differentiated activities/worksheets. If you like this resource, we would appreciate a review! We will happily send you a free resource in return for a review or useful suggestions/feedback. Contact us at [email protected].

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Thank you so much, an excellent presentation and activity with good differentiation too.

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Thank you for the lovely review. I put a lot of time into it so really glad you liked it! If you would like to try another resource for free at some point get in touch at [email protected]. Ed :)

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Perfect! Just what I was looking for. Thank you.

Hi Heather - thank you for the lovely review. It's a lesson I couldn't find anywhere myself so I decided to make it! I hope your class enjoyed it. If you would like to try another resource for free at some point get in touch at [email protected]. Ed :)

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Temperate Zone – Definition and Characteristics

Geographers divide the earth in several different ways. One of the main methods to divide the earth is by dividing it into bands that are parallel to the equator. These various bands help to describe the climate of the regions of the earth. The farther a place is from the equator, it will be colder in the climate. Actually, we can divide the regions of Earth that can be divided into zones based on their proximity to the equator. These are tropical zone, temperate zone, and polar zones.

Parallels of Latitude

Parallels of latitude run from zero degrees at the equator to 90 degrees at the North Pole and 90 degrees at the South Pole. Degrees of latitude increase as we move away from the equator and toward the poles.

The temperate zone lies in the middle latitudes. Latitude is the main factor in classifying zones because it correlates to the amount of sunlight an area receives.

Climate Zones

Wladimir Koppen has identified and defined the various climate zones of Earth. These are tropical, dry, temperate, continental, polar and highland. Climate zones are classified based on the average temperature, amount of rainfall and type of climate they have.

Latitude, elevation and the presence of nearby mountains or large water bodies help to determine the climate zone. This is because of their effects on weather patterns.

Temperate Zones

The temperate zone mainly lies between the tropics and the Polar Regions. It experiences a wide range of temperatures and precipitation where four distinct seasons are common. Every continent but except Antarctica has at least a small portion of land in the temperate zone.

Regions that are covered exclusively in the temperate zone include the continental U.S., most of Canada and Europe, Central Asia, southern South America, and southern Australia.

Temperate regions are found between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn. It generally having has four different seasons such as spring, summer, autumn, and winter.

The most popular climate to live in as it does not experience the wide variations of some of the more extreme climates. The ability to grow a large variety of crops and fruit is a major source of income in these regions. Grain crops such as wheat, barley, and oats are very much produced.

Pears, apples, strawberries and other soft fruit are grown to consume as well as sell. Deciduous trees in many different areas are giving way to coniferous trees. In these areas, the temperatures are lower for example in hilly or mountainous regions.

Some Characteristics based on various parameters are as follows

Area: Lies between the cold zone and the subtropical zone (40° to 60°)

Sun path: Maximum is 73°, the minimum is 0° at the Arctic Circle.

Average temperature: Between zero and 20°C

Minimal temperature: -40°C

Maximal temperature: +40°C

Radiation: The balance is negative

Day length: 4 to 16 hours  and   8 to 12 hours at 50°N

Precipitation: Varies from 300 to 2000 mm, on the average 800 mm.

Climate: Warm and cold temperate

Vegetation: Deciduous forests, warm temperate forests, savannah

Properties: Extreme temperature and precipitation is rare

Britain: A case study of Temperate Zone

Britain is a good and balanced example as a country with a maritime temperate climate. Here the summer temperatures are generally cooler than further into Europe. This is due to the fact that the sea has a moderating effect, which keeps the land cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

Although, Britain does experience very changeable weather so accurate weather forecasting is difficult to achieve.

Rain often comes in the form of storms that develop in the North Atlantic and blow across Britain from west to east at all times of the year. Even in such small Island weather and up to some extent the climate, differs from north to south and east to west.

Mountainous areas get much more rain than the lowlands and this has a large effect on what can be grown. Lowland areas generally tend to be warmer and more suitable for large-scale agriculture.

Solved Questions on Temperate Zone

Q: What is the difference between the Torrid Zone and temperate zone?

Ans: The Torrid Zone is the heatest zone on the earth as compared to the temperate zone. The Torrid Zone lies between tropics of Cancer & Capricorn, whereas the temperate zone has been divided into two, the North Temperate Zone which lies between tropic of cancer & Arctic Circle, the South Temperate Zone lies between the tropic of Capricorn & Antarctic Circle.

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What Are the Major Climate Zones?

Climate zones dictate the weather and plant life native to a region.

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The Discovery of Earth’s Climate Zones

The main climate zones, regional climate zones, do earth's climate zones shift.

Earth's climate zones—the horizontal belts of different climates that encircle the planet—consist of tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar zones.  

These major climate zones exist thanks to Earth’s diverse landscapes. Each country is located at a specific latitude and elevation, next to either a particular landmass, body of water, or both. As a result, they are impacted differently by certain ocean currents or winds. Likewise, a location’s temperatures and precipitation patterns are influenced in a unique way. And it’s this unique mix of influences that yields different climate types.

As abstract as climate zones may seem, they remain a key tool for understanding earth’s many biomes , tracking the extent of climate change, determining plant hardiness , and more.

The concept of climate zones dates back to ancient Greece. In the 6th century B.C., a pupil of Pythagoras was the first to suggest the idea.

A few centuries later, the famous Greek scholar Aristotle hypothesized that the earth’s five circles of latitude (the Arctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, Equator, and Antarctic Circle) divided the Northern and Southern hemispheres into a torrid, temperate, and frigid zone. However, it was Russian-German scientist Wladimir Köppen who, in the early 1900s, created the climate classification scheme we use today.

Because little climate data existed at that time, Köppen, who also studied botany, began observing the relationship between plants and climate. If a species of plant needed special temperatures and rainfall to grow, he thought, then a location’s climate could be inferred simply by observing the plant life native to that area.

Maulucioni / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain

Using his botanical hypothesis, Köppen determined that five major climates exist worldwide: tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar.

Tropical (A)

Tropical climate zones lie near the Equator and have continually high temperatures and high precipitation. All months have average temperatures above 64 degrees F (18 degrees C), and 59 plus inches (1,499 mm) of annual rainfall is normal.

Dry or arid climate zones experience high temperatures year-round, but little annual precipitation. 

Temperate (C)

Temperate climates exist in Earth’s middle latitudes and are influenced by both the land and water that surrounds them. In these zones, wider temperature ranges are experienced throughout the year, and seasonal variations are more distinct.

Continental (D)

Continental climates also exist in the mid-latitudes, but as the name implies, they’re generally found at the interiors of large landmasses. These zones are characterized by temperatures that swing from cold in winter to warm in summer, and moderate precipitation that occurs mostly in the warmer months or as snowstorms in the colder months.

Polar climate zones are too harsh to support vegetation. Both winters and summers are very cold, and the warmest month has an average temperature below 50 degrees F (10 degrees C).

In later years, scientists added a sixth major climate zone—the highland climate. It includes the variable climates found in the world’s high mountain regions and plateaus.

What's With All the Letters?

As seen on Köppen-Geiger climate maps, each climate zone is abbreviated by a string of two or three letters. The first letter (always capitalized) describes the main climate group. The second letter indicates precipitation patterns (wet or dry). And if there’s a third letter present, it describes the climate’s temperatures (hot or cold).

Köppen’s five climate groups do a good job of telling us where the world’s hottest, coldest, and in-between climates are, but they don’t capture how local geographical features, such as mountains or lakes, influence seasonal precipitation and temperatures. Realizing this, Köppen split his main categories into subcategories called regional climates .

Some of the above climate subzones can be further classified by temperature. For example, deserts can be either "hot" or "cold" depending on whether their average annual temperature is above 64 degrees F (18 degrees C) or below it. When you consider the five major climate zones, plus this cornucopia of subzones, a total of more than 30 unique regional climate zones exist.

As temperature and precipitation patterns across a region change, the region’s climate zone, which is based on those parameters, will also change. Between 1950 and 2010, human-caused climate change shifted nearly six percent of the global land area toward warmer and drier climate types, according to a 2015 study in Scientific Reports .  

Mahmud, Khandakar Hasan, et al. " Development of Climate Classification Map for Bangladesh Based on Koppen's Climate Classification ." The Jahangirnagar Review , vol. 39, 2015, pp. 23-36.

" Climate Zones ." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration .

Chen, Hans W. " Koppen Climate Classification ."

Chan, Duo and Qigang Wu. " Significant Anthropogenic-Induced Changes of Climate Classes Since 1950 ." Scientific Reports , vol. 5, 2015, 13487, doi:10.1038/srep13487

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TEMPERATURE ZONES

Title: climate lesson author: jeff last modified by: c4t7 created date: 9/3/2006 8:51:37 pm document presentation format: on-screen show (4:3) other titles – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• What factors contribute to a regions climate?
• A regions latitude (distance from the equator) can impact its climate.
• Sketch the diagram below.
• Tropical Zones Warm weather year round. Area between the Tropic of Cancer (23 ½ º N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ º S).
• Temperate Zones Warm summers and cold winters (four seasons). Areas between Tropic of Cancer (23 ½ º N) and Arctic Circle (66 ½ º N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23 ½ º S) and the Antarctic Circle (66 ½ º S).
• Polar Zones Cold year round. Areas north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle.
• High Latitude ______________ zone, _____ N _____ S, where is it?
• Middle Latitude _______________ zone, _____ N _____ S, where is it?
• Low Latitude _________________ zone, _____ N _____ S, where is it?
• Elevation is the height above sea level
• The higher the elevation of a region the cooler the temperature becomes.
• Mountains can create orographic rainfall.
• The windward side of the mountain is rainy while the leeward side is very dry.
• Rain Shadows are desert regions created on the leeward side of the mountain
• Which gets more more rain point A or point B.
• What causes the difference in rainfall amounts between point A and point B?
• Wind currents help distribute the suns heat from one part of the world to another.
• Warmer air has lower pressure than cooler air. The cooler air rushes into the low pressure areas causing wind.
• Warm air currents make areas warmer than normal. Cold air currents make areas cooler than normal
• Ocean current move in large circular systems
• Ocean currents affect temperature and precipitation of an area.
• Warm ocean currents make surrounding areas warmer and rainy.
• Cool ocean currents make surrounding areas cooler and drier
• Global Warming is the build up of carbon dioxide (greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere trapping heat and causing increase temperature and shifting weather patterns.
• Global Warming is being caused by both the human release of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels (oil, coal) and a natural warming cycle the Earth is going through
• As the global temperature begins to rise many changes will occur to climates around the world
• Complete the global warming simulation on the class webpage.
• What are the effects of global warming?
• The natural warming of waters off the west coast of South America about every 2 7 years due to a reversal of wind direction.
• El Nino causes floods and mudslides in the Americas.
• El Nino causes droughts in Australia and Asia.
• Tropical Wet Always hot and rain falls almost daily (Amazon Rainforest)
• Desert Receives less than 10 inches of rain per year (Phoenix, AZ)
• Semiarid Receives between 10 and 16 inches of rain per year (West Texas)
• Mediterranean Dry and hot summers, cool and rainy winters (Los Angeles, CA)
• Humid Subtropical Hot and humid summers, mild to cool winters (Houston, Tx)
• Marine West Coast Located close to warm ocean currents. Moderate temperatures and constant rainfall (Seattle, WA).
• Humid Continental Hot summers and Cold winters. Located in the interior, far away from oceans. Have four distinct seasons (St. Louis, MO).
• Tundra Always cold. Flat, treeless lands around the Arctic Ocean. Very little rain. Land has permafrost. (Greenland)

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