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The Beginner's Guide to Writing an Essay | Steps & Examples

An academic essay is a focused piece of writing that develops an idea or argument using evidence, analysis, and interpretation.

There are many types of essays you might write as a student. The content and length of an essay depends on your level, subject of study, and course requirements. However, most essays at university level are argumentative — they aim to persuade the reader of a particular position or perspective on a topic.

The essay writing process consists of three main stages:

  • Preparation: Decide on your topic, do your research, and create an essay outline.
  • Writing : Set out your argument in the introduction, develop it with evidence in the main body, and wrap it up with a conclusion.
  • Revision:  Check your essay on the content, organization, grammar, spelling, and formatting of your essay.

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Table of contents

Essay writing process, preparation for writing an essay, writing the introduction, writing the main body, writing the conclusion, essay checklist, lecture slides, frequently asked questions about writing an essay.

The writing process of preparation, writing, and revisions applies to every essay or paper, but the time and effort spent on each stage depends on the type of essay .

For example, if you’ve been assigned a five-paragraph expository essay for a high school class, you’ll probably spend the most time on the writing stage; for a college-level argumentative essay , on the other hand, you’ll need to spend more time researching your topic and developing an original argument before you start writing.

1. Preparation 2. Writing 3. Revision
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Before you start writing, you should make sure you have a clear idea of what you want to say and how you’re going to say it. There are a few key steps you can follow to make sure you’re prepared:

  • Understand your assignment: What is the goal of this essay? What is the length and deadline of the assignment? Is there anything you need to clarify with your teacher or professor?
  • Define a topic: If you’re allowed to choose your own topic , try to pick something that you already know a bit about and that will hold your interest.
  • Do your research: Read  primary and secondary sources and take notes to help you work out your position and angle on the topic. You’ll use these as evidence for your points.
  • Come up with a thesis:  The thesis is the central point or argument that you want to make. A clear thesis is essential for a focused essay—you should keep referring back to it as you write.
  • Create an outline: Map out the rough structure of your essay in an outline . This makes it easier to start writing and keeps you on track as you go.

Once you’ve got a clear idea of what you want to discuss, in what order, and what evidence you’ll use, you’re ready to start writing.

The introduction sets the tone for your essay. It should grab the reader’s interest and inform them of what to expect. The introduction generally comprises 10–20% of the text.

1. Hook your reader

The first sentence of the introduction should pique your reader’s interest and curiosity. This sentence is sometimes called the hook. It might be an intriguing question, a surprising fact, or a bold statement emphasizing the relevance of the topic.

Let’s say we’re writing an essay about the development of Braille (the raised-dot reading and writing system used by visually impaired people). Our hook can make a strong statement about the topic:

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

2. Provide background on your topic

Next, it’s important to give context that will help your reader understand your argument. This might involve providing background information, giving an overview of important academic work or debates on the topic, and explaining difficult terms. Don’t provide too much detail in the introduction—you can elaborate in the body of your essay.

3. Present the thesis statement

Next, you should formulate your thesis statement— the central argument you’re going to make. The thesis statement provides focus and signals your position on the topic. It is usually one or two sentences long. The thesis statement for our essay on Braille could look like this:

As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness.

4. Map the structure

In longer essays, you can end the introduction by briefly describing what will be covered in each part of the essay. This guides the reader through your structure and gives a preview of how your argument will develop.

The invention of Braille marked a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by blind and visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

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The body of your essay is where you make arguments supporting your thesis, provide evidence, and develop your ideas. Its purpose is to present, interpret, and analyze the information and sources you have gathered to support your argument.

Length of the body text

The length of the body depends on the type of essay. On average, the body comprises 60–80% of your essay. For a high school essay, this could be just three paragraphs, but for a graduate school essay of 6,000 words, the body could take up 8–10 pages.

Paragraph structure

To give your essay a clear structure , it is important to organize it into paragraphs . Each paragraph should be centered around one main point or idea.

That idea is introduced in a  topic sentence . The topic sentence should generally lead on from the previous paragraph and introduce the point to be made in this paragraph. Transition words can be used to create clear connections between sentences.

After the topic sentence, present evidence such as data, examples, or quotes from relevant sources. Be sure to interpret and explain the evidence, and show how it helps develop your overall argument.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

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The conclusion is the final paragraph of an essay. It should generally take up no more than 10–15% of the text . A strong essay conclusion :

  • Returns to your thesis
  • Ties together your main points
  • Shows why your argument matters

A great conclusion should finish with a memorable or impactful sentence that leaves the reader with a strong final impression.

What not to include in a conclusion

To make your essay’s conclusion as strong as possible, there are a few things you should avoid. The most common mistakes are:

  • Including new arguments or evidence
  • Undermining your arguments (e.g. “This is just one approach of many”)
  • Using concluding phrases like “To sum up…” or “In conclusion…”

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

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Checklist: Essay

My essay follows the requirements of the assignment (topic and length ).

My introduction sparks the reader’s interest and provides any necessary background information on the topic.

My introduction contains a thesis statement that states the focus and position of the essay.

I use paragraphs to structure the essay.

I use topic sentences to introduce each paragraph.

Each paragraph has a single focus and a clear connection to the thesis statement.

I make clear transitions between paragraphs and ideas.

My conclusion doesn’t just repeat my points, but draws connections between arguments.

I don’t introduce new arguments or evidence in the conclusion.

I have given an in-text citation for every quote or piece of information I got from another source.

I have included a reference page at the end of my essay, listing full details of all my sources.

My citations and references are correctly formatted according to the required citation style .

My essay has an interesting and informative title.

I have followed all formatting guidelines (e.g. font, page numbers, line spacing).

Your essay meets all the most important requirements. Our editors can give it a final check to help you submit with confidence.

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An essay is a focused piece of writing that explains, argues, describes, or narrates.

In high school, you may have to write many different types of essays to develop your writing skills.

Academic essays at college level are usually argumentative : you develop a clear thesis about your topic and make a case for your position using evidence, analysis and interpretation.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

  • An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
  • Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
  • A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

  • It gives your writing direction and focus.
  • It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

A topic sentence is a sentence that expresses the main point of a paragraph . Everything else in the paragraph should relate to the topic sentence.

At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).

Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.

The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .

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What Is Short Essay Format?

Steps to writing a short essay, components of a short essay, six tips for successful short essay writing, how to write a short essay: step-by-step guide with useful tips.

Have you ever faced the daunting task of conveying a complex idea or argument in just a few hundred words? In academic and professional contexts, the ability to articulate thoughts succinctly is invaluable.

A short essay demands this very skill: to be clear, concise, and compelling, all within a limited word count.

This guide is designed to unlock the secrets of effective short essay writing. From understanding the format and components to mastering the writing process, this article will provide you with the tools needed for crafting essays that are both impactful and succinct.

A short essay typically ranges from 200 to 500 words, roughly equivalent to one single-spaced page or two double-spaced pages. Despite its brevity, a short essay must still fulfill the same requirements as a longer essay, including an introduction, a coherent structure, a body of several paragraphs, and a conclusion.

The key challenge is to present a complete argument or narrative within a compact framework. Understanding this format is crucial, as it shapes how you'll approach the writing process, ensuring you deliver your message clearly and effectively without veering off into unnecessary details.

Understanding the Prompt

The first step to writing an effective short essay is to fully understand the prompt. Take the time to read it carefully, identifying key words and what is being asked of you.

Don’t hesitate to ask for clarification if anything seems ambiguous. A clear understanding of the task at hand is fundamental to choosing the right direction for your essay.

Research and Notes

Even for a short essay, research is vital. It helps to back up your points with facts, making your argument more credible. However, given the brevity required, your research must be focused and relevant.

As you research, take concise notes to help you remember key points and where you found them. This step ensures you have enough material to support your thesis without overwhelming the essay with unnecessary information.

Outline Creation

Creating an outline is your roadmap through the writing process. Begin with your thesis statement at the top, followed by bullet points for your introduction, each body paragraph, and conclusion.

Each body paragraph should have its main idea or argument, along with evidence to support it. With a short essay, being concise in your outline will help ensure you stay within the word limit.

Writing the Draft

With your outline in hand, begin drafting your essay. Aim to write clearly and directly, staying focused on your thesis and supporting points.

Each sentence should serve a purpose, whether it's introducing a point, providing evidence, or linking ideas together. Since the essay is short, avoid diverging into tangential subjects.

Revising and Editing

Revising and editing are where your essay truly takes shape. Initially, focus on the structure and flow of your essay—does each paragraph smoothly transition to the next? Is your argument or narrative clear?

Afterward, concentrate on word choice, grammar, and spelling. Be ruthless in cutting out unnecessary words or phrases to meet the word count, and ensure every sentence adds value to your essay.

A short essay, while concise, must still include the fundamental elements that constitute any effective essay. These components ensure that your essay has a clear message and structure.

Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for your entire essay. It starts with a hook that grabs the reader's attention—a question, a bold statement, or an interesting fact. Then, it narrows down to your thesis statement, which is the essence of your argument or main point. The thesis should be clear, concise, and reflective of the essay's content.

Body Paragraphs

The body of your short essay is where you develop your argument or narrative. Despite the limited length, strive to include at least two to three paragraphs, each dedicated to a specific point or piece of evidence supporting your thesis.

Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that signals the main idea of the paragraph. Follow this with evidence or examples, and conclude each paragraph by linking the point back to your thesis statement.

The conclusion is your opportunity to wrap up your essay by summarizing the main points and restating the thesis in light of the evidence you've presented. It should bring closure to your argument or narrative.

A powerful conclusion also leaves the reader with something to think about, extending the impact of your essay beyond its final word.

Writing a compelling short essay is an art form. Here are six tips to help you refine your craft:

  • Stick to the Point : In a short essay, there's no room for meandering. Every sentence should serve a direct purpose. Avoid digressions or overly complex explanations that could distract from your main points.
  • Be Concise : Wordiness can dilute the strength of your argument. Use clear and straightforward language, and choose words that convey your meaning effectively without adding unnecessary length.
  • Use Simple Language : Complex vocabulary doesn't necessarily equate to a better essay. It's more important that your ideas are clearly communicated. Simple, clear language ensures that your reader understands your argument and evidence.
  • Strong Introduction and Conclusion : These parts of your essay leave the most lasting impression. Spend extra time refining your introduction and conclusion to ensure they are impactful and concise.
  • Edit Ruthlessly : Be prepared to cut out portions of your essay in the editing phase, even if you're attached to them. If a sentence or paragraph doesn't contribute directly to your thesis, it's likely a candidate for removal.
  • Seek Feedback : Don't underestimate the value of outside perspectives. Share your drafts with peers, mentors, or instructors who can offer constructive feedback. Fresh eyes can catch issues you might overlook and suggest improvements to enhance your essay's clarity and persuasiveness.

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