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This guide, written by Delwyn Goodrick for UNICEF, focuses on the use of comparative case studies in impact evaluation.

The paper gives a brief discussion of their use and then outlines when it is appropriate to use them. It then provides step by step guidance on their use for an impact evaluation.

"A case study is an in-depth examination, often undertaken over time, of a single case – such as a policy, programme, intervention site, implementation process or participant. Comparative case studies cover two or more cases in a way that produces more generalizable knowledge about causal questions – how and why particular programmes or policies work or fail to work.

Comparative case studies are undertaken over time and emphasize comparison within and across contexts. Comparative case studies may be selected when it is not feasible to undertake an experimental design and/or when there is a need to understand and explain how features within the context influence the success of programme or policy initiatives. This information is valuable in tailoring interventions to support the achievement of intended outcomes."

• Comparative case studies: a brief description
• When is it appropriate to use this method?
• How to conduct comparative case studies
• Ethical issues and practical limitations
• Which other methods work well with this one?
• Presentation of results and analysis
• Example of good practices
• Examples of challenges

Goodrick, D., (2014), Comparative Case Studies, UNICEF . Retrieved from: http://devinfolive.info/impact_evaluation/img/downloads/Comparative_Case_Studies_ENG.pdf

What does a non-experimental evaluation look like? How can we evaluate interventions implemented across multiple contexts, where constructing a control group is not feasible?

This is part of a series

• UNICEF Impact Evaluation series
• Overview of impact evaluation
• Overview: Strategies for causal attribution
• Overview: Data collection and analysis methods in impact evaluation
• Theory of change
• Evaluative criteria
• Evaluative reasoning
• Participatory approaches
• Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) video guide
• Quasi-experimental design and methods
• Developing and selecting measures of child well-being
• Interviewing
• UNICEF webinar: Overview of impact evaluation
• UNICEF webinar: Overview of data collection and analysis methods in Impact Evaluation
• UNICEF webinar: Theory of change
• UNICEF webinar: Overview: strategies for causal inference
• UNICEF webinar: Participatory approaches in impact evaluation
• UNICEF webinar: Randomized controlled trials
• UNICEF webinar: Comparative case studies
• UNICEF Webinar: Quasi-experimental design and methods

'Comparative case studies ' is referenced in:

• Developing a research agenda for impact evaluation
• Impact evaluation

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Article contents

Comparative case study research.

• Lesley Bartlett Lesley Bartlett University of Wisconsin–Madison
•  and  Frances Vavrus Frances Vavrus University of Minnesota
• https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.343
• Published online: 26 March 2019

Case studies in the field of education often eschew comparison. However, when scholars forego comparison, they are missing an important opportunity to bolster case studies’ theoretical generalizability. Scholars must examine how disparate epistemologies lead to distinct kinds of qualitative research and different notions of comparison. Expanded notions of comparison include not only the usual logic of contrast or juxtaposition but also a logic of tracing, in order to embrace approaches to comparison that are coherent with critical, constructivist, and interpretive qualitative traditions. Finally, comparative case study researchers consider three axes of comparison : the vertical, which pays attention across levels or scales, from the local through the regional, state, federal, and global; the horizontal, which examines how similar phenomena or policies unfold in distinct locations that are socially produced; and the transversal, which compares over time.

• comparative case studies
• case study research
• comparative case study approach
• epistemology

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Rethinking case study research: A comparative approach

• Organizational Leadership, Policy and Development

Research output : Book/Report › Book

Comparative case studies are an effective qualitative tool for researching the impact of policy and practice in various fields of social research, including education. Developed in response to the inadequacy of traditional case study approaches, comparative case studies are highly effective because of their ability to synthesize information across time and space. In Rethinking Case Study Research: A Comparative Approach, the authors describe, explain, and illustrate the horizontal, vertical, and transversal axes of comparative case studies in order to help readers develop their own comparative case study research designs. In six concise chapters, two experts employ geographically distinct case studies-from Tanzania to Guatemala to the U.S.-to show how this innovative approach applies to the operation of policy and practice across multiple social fields. With examples and activities from anthropology, development studies, and policy studies, this volume is written for researchers, especially graduate students, in the fields of education and the interpretive social sciences.

Bibliographical note

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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• 10.4324/9781315674889

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• Comparative Case Study Keyphrases 100%
• Case Study Research Keyphrases 100%
• Case Study Social Sciences 100%
• Research Design Economics, Econometrics and Finance 100%
• Anthropology Keyphrases 25%
• Tanzania Keyphrases 25%
• Innovative Approaches Keyphrases 25%
• Guatemala Keyphrases 25%

T1 - Rethinking case study research

T2 - A comparative approach

AU - Bartlett, Lesley

AU - Vavrus, Frances

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

PY - 2016/11/10

Y1 - 2016/11/10

N2 - Comparative case studies are an effective qualitative tool for researching the impact of policy and practice in various fields of social research, including education. Developed in response to the inadequacy of traditional case study approaches, comparative case studies are highly effective because of their ability to synthesize information across time and space. In Rethinking Case Study Research: A Comparative Approach, the authors describe, explain, and illustrate the horizontal, vertical, and transversal axes of comparative case studies in order to help readers develop their own comparative case study research designs. In six concise chapters, two experts employ geographically distinct case studies-from Tanzania to Guatemala to the U.S.-to show how this innovative approach applies to the operation of policy and practice across multiple social fields. With examples and activities from anthropology, development studies, and policy studies, this volume is written for researchers, especially graduate students, in the fields of education and the interpretive social sciences.

AB - Comparative case studies are an effective qualitative tool for researching the impact of policy and practice in various fields of social research, including education. Developed in response to the inadequacy of traditional case study approaches, comparative case studies are highly effective because of their ability to synthesize information across time and space. In Rethinking Case Study Research: A Comparative Approach, the authors describe, explain, and illustrate the horizontal, vertical, and transversal axes of comparative case studies in order to help readers develop their own comparative case study research designs. In six concise chapters, two experts employ geographically distinct case studies-from Tanzania to Guatemala to the U.S.-to show how this innovative approach applies to the operation of policy and practice across multiple social fields. With examples and activities from anthropology, development studies, and policy studies, this volume is written for researchers, especially graduate students, in the fields of education and the interpretive social sciences.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85021003907&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85021003907&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.4324/9781315674889

DO - 10.4324/9781315674889

AN - SCOPUS:85021003907

SN - 9781138939516

BT - Rethinking case study research

PB - Taylor and Francis Inc.

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Comparative Case Studies: An Innovative Approach

What is a case study and what is it good for? In this article, we argue for a new approach—the comparative case study approach—that attends simultaneously to macro, meso, and micro dimensions of case-based research. The approach engages two logics of comparison: first, the more common compare and contrast; and second, a 'tracing across' sites or scales. As we explicate our approach, we also contrast it to traditional case study research. We contend that new approaches are necessitated by conceptual shifts in the social sciences, specifically in relation to culture, context, space, place, and comparison itself. We propose that comparative case studies should attend to three axes: horizontal, vertical, and transversal comparison. We conclude by arguing that this revision has the potential to strengthen and enhance case study research in Comparative and International Education, clarifying the unique contributions of qualitative research.

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Lesley Bartlett

Higher Education Quarterly

Anna Kosmützky , Terhi Nokkala

Abstract Finding the balance between adequately describing the uniqueness of the context of studied phenomena and maintaining sufficient common ground for comparability and analytical generalization has widely been recognized as a key challenge in international comparative research. Methodological reflections on how to adequately cover context and comparability have extensively been discussed for quantitative survey or secondary data research. In addition, most recently, promising methodological considerations for qualitative comparative research have been suggested in comparative fields related to higher education. The article's aim is to connect this discussion to comparative higher education research. Thus, the article discusses recent advancements in the methodology of qualitative international comparative research, connects them to older analytical methods that have been used within the field in the 1960s and 1970s, and demonstrates their analytical value based on their application to a qualitative small-N case study on research groups in diverse organizational contexts in three country contexts.

John C Weidman

This is the inaugural volume in the PSCIE (Pittsburgh Studies in Comparative and International Education) Series which expands on the life work of University of Pittsburgh professor Rolland G. Paulston (1929-2006). Recognized as a stalwart in the field of comparative and international education, Paulston's most widely recognized contribution is social cartography. He demonstrated that mapping comparative, international, and development education is no easy task and, depending on the perspective of the mapper, there may be multiple cartographies to chart. This collection of nineteen essays and research studies is a festschrift celebrating and developing Robert Paulston's scholarship in comparative, international, and development education (CIDE). Considering key international education issues, national education systems, and social and educational theories, essays in this volume explore and go beyond Paulston's seminal works in social cartography. Organized into three sec...

Candace Jones , Ben Hawbaker , Brooke Boren , Reut Livne-Tarandach

Qualitative researchers utilize comparative and case-based methods to develop theory through elaboration or abduction. They pursue research in intermediate fields where some but not all relevant constructs are known (Edmonson & McManus, 2007). When cases and comparisons move beyond a few, it threatens researchers with information overload. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a novel method of analysis that is appropriate for larger case or comparative studies and provides a flexible tool for theory elaboration and abduction. Building on recently published exemplars from organizational research, we illuminate three key benefits of QCA: (1) allows researchers to examine cases as wholes, effectively addressing the complexity of action embedded in organizational phenomena; (2) provides indicators of whether results are reliable and valid so qualitative researchers, and others, can assess their findings within a study and across studies; and (3) explores potentially overlooked connections between qualitative and quantitative research.

Eleanor Knott

This course focuses on how to design and conduct small-n case study and comparative research. Thinking outside of students' areas of interest and specialisms and topics, students will be encouraged to develop the concepts and comparative frameworks that underpin these phenomena. In other words, students will begin to develop their research topics as cases of something. The course covers questions of design and methods of case study research, from single-n to small-n case studies including discussions of process tracing and Mill's methods. The course addresses both the theoretical and methodological discussions that underpin research design as well as the practical questions of how to conduct case study research, including gathering, assessing and using evidence. Examples from the fields of comparative politics, IR, development studies, sociology and European studies will be used throughout the lectures and seminars.

Reut Livne-Tarandach , Candace Jones

Qualitative researchers utilize comparative and case-based methods to develop theory through elaboration or abduction. They pursue research in intermediate fields where some but not all relevant constructs are known (Edmonson & McManus, 2007). When cases and comparisons move beyond a few, it threatens researchers with information overload. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a novel method of analysis that is appropriate for larger case and comparative studies and provides a flexible tool for theory elaboration and abduction. Building on recently published exemplars from organizational research, we illuminate three key benefits of QCA: (1) allows researchers to examine cases as wholes, effectively addressing the complexity of action embedded in organizational phenomena; (2) provides indicators of whether results are reliable and valid so qualitative researchers, and others, can assess their findings within a study and across studies; and (3) explores potentially overlooked connections between qualitative and quantitative research.

Bedrettin Yazan

Case study methodology has long been a contested terrain in social sciences research which is characterized by varying, sometimes opposing, approaches espoused by many research methodologists. Despite being one of the most frequently used qualitative research methodologies in educational research, the methodologists do not have a full consensus on the design and implementation of case study, which hampers its full evolution. Focusing on the landmark works of three prominent methodologists, namely Robert Yin, Sharan Merriam, Robert Stake, I attempt to scrutinize the areas where their perspectives diverge, converge and complement one another in varying dimensions of case study research. I aim to help the emerging researchers in the field of education familiarize themselves with the diverse views regarding case study that lead to a vast array of techniques and strategies, out of which they can come up with a combined perspective which best serves their research purpose.

The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis

Monika Palmberger

KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie

Markus Siewert

This article presents the case study as a type of qualitative research. Its aim is to give a detailed description of a case study-its definition, some classifications, and several advantages and disadvantages-in order to provide a better understanding of this widely used type of qualitative approac h. In comparison to other types of qualitative research, case studies have been little understood both from a methodological point of view, where disagreements exist about whether case studies should be considered a research method or a research type, and from a content point of view, where there are ambiguities regarding what should be considered a case or research subject. A great emphasis is placed on the disadvantages of case studies, where we try to refute some of the criticisms concerning case studies, particularly in comparison to quantitative research approaches.

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Assessment of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Technology for Particle Size Distribution in Vaccine Formulations – A Comparative Study with Dynamic Light Scattering

• Original Research Article
• Published: 22 April 2024

Cite this article

• Rahul Misra   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9573-2778 1   na1 ,
• Ginny Fung 1   na1 ,
• Siddhant Sharma 1   na1 ,
• Jian Hu 1   na1 &
• Marina Kirkitadze 1   na1  

39 Accesses

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A comparative assessment was performed to evaluate the potential of particle sizing by an ensemble based conventional dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique and an emerging technology based on tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS) using particle by particle approach by evaluating three different types of vaccine formulations representing three case studies and showing the limitation of each technique, instrument variability, sensitivity, and the resolution in mixed population.

Three types of in-house vaccine formulations- a protein antigen, an outer membrane vesicle and viral particles were simultaneously evaluated by TRPS based Exoid and two DLS instruments-Zetatrac and Zetasizer for particle size distribution, aggregates, and resolution of polydisperse species.

The data from first case study show the risk of possible size overestimation and size averaging in polydisperse samples in DLS measurements which can be addressed by the TRPS analysis. It also shows how TRPS may be utilized only to large size antigens due to its limited size range. The second case study highlights the difference in the sensitivities of two DLS instruments working on the same principle. The third case study show that how TRPS can better resolve the large aggregate species compare to DLS in polydisperse samples.

This analysis shows that TRPS can be used as an orthogonal technique in addition to conventional DLS based methods for more precise and in-depth characterization. Both techniques are efficient in size characterization and produce comparable results, however the choice will depend on the type of formulation and size range to be evaluated.

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank Jean-Sébastien Bolduc (Sanofi) for providing the proofreading and editorial support.

This study was funded by Sanofi.

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Rahul Misra, Ginny Fung, Siddhant Sharma, Jian Hu, Marina Kirkitadze are authors have equal contribution.

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Vaccine CMC Development and Supply, Analytical Sciences, Sanofi, Toronto, Ontario, M2R 3T4, Canada

Rahul Misra, Ginny Fung, Siddhant Sharma, Jian Hu & Marina Kirkitadze

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All authors substantially contributed to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the work, and provide final approval of the version to be published. R.M., G.F., S.S., J.H. and M.K. contributed to drafting the work and revising it critically for important intellectual content.

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Correspondence to Rahul Misra .

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Rahul Misra, Jian Hu, Ginny Fung, Siddhant Sharma and Marina Kirkitadze are Sanofi employees and may hold shares and/or stock options in the company. The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript.

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Misra, R., Fung, G., Sharma, S. et al. Assessment of Tunable Resistive Pulse Sensing (TRPS) Technology for Particle Size Distribution in Vaccine Formulations – A Comparative Study with Dynamic Light Scattering. Pharm Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-024-03698-y

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Received : 08 January 2024

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Published : 22 April 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-024-03698-y

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