conclusion for muet essay

MUET Writing Malaysia – Definitive Guide with Essay Example

MUET is a test that all Malaysian students must take in order to apply for their desired course. It consists of 3 parts: Language Proficiency, General Paper, and Subject Knowledge Test. The Language Proficiency section tests the student’s command of the English language through various writing tasks such as essay writing, letter-writing, and summarizing text. This blog post will aim to provide you with tips on how to score well in this section of MUET by providing an example of an essay topic along with guidelines on how it should be written.

What is MUET writing in Malaysia?

MUET is also known as the Malaysian University English Test seeks to measure the English proficiency among candidates who plan on pursuing tertiary studies at universities located within Malaysia.

The MUET is a test that tests the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading, and writing. While some people may be better at one or two than others; they’re all important to hone in order for anyone interested in pursuing an education around these topics.

The MUET writing test is challenging- students have to transfer information from a non-linear source and write an essay of at least 350 words on the topic given.

MUET Essay Task 1: Report writing (40 marks)

• You have been given 40 minutes to complete the task.
• Study and analyze the information.
• Describe the information or the process in a report format
• Write between 150-200 words

MUET Essay Task 2: Extended writing (60 marks)

• The essay must not be less than 350 words
• Given 50 minutes to complete the task
• Your essay can be:

–   Analytical- –   Descriptive –   Persuasive –   Argumentative

Topics for MUET Essay Writing

The following topics are perfectly acceptable for a MUET essay, as all are general knowledge questions that every university or college student should know.

• Why do people commit suicide for selfish reasons? Discuss
• The most valuable thing in life is friendship do you agree?
• Some people prefer street food others prefer homemade which one is the best to support your answer in 350 words
• Education must be free for every child do you agree or not?
• Impact of social media on people
• Some people prefer small towns to live in others one prefer to live in a city why? Which one do you prefer?

MUET Essay Writing Format

MUET is a challenging exam because it includes writing within the Academic Writing Format. For many students, this format may be unfamiliar and difficult to understand or execute in their answers at test time so they don’t score well on that section of MUET.

This difficulty can come from being unaware of how academic writing differs from other forms such as creative or personal essays which are more common formats for essay questions outside of the MUET testing space.

1. Introduction paragraph:

Introduce your topic to the reader.

• Use catchy lines, questions, brief definitions, etc.
• Must have a thesis statement a statement which consists of the main big ideas
• Never use: “research or study” use words like on the basics of my readings, in my opinion, as this is essay writing, not a research paper.
• Never use: “ can be defined as” use words like “In my opinion, I believe that, etc.”

2. Body paragraph:

Body paragraph: must have 3 paragraphs.

• State the main idea
• Often written as the first sentence of each paragraph
• Supporting details and ideas
• Examples, elaborations, explanations,s, and descriptions can also be included
• Must support the main idea discussed in this particular body/body paragraph
• Use linkers, connectors, and transition words.

Conclusion paragraph:

• Restate the main idea
• Use words like hence, therefore, thus, as a result.
• Write it like it is the last sentence of the paragraph.

3. Concluding paragraph:

• Bring the ending of things that you have discussed earlier.
• Restate your thesis statements.
• The conclusion must have 4 sentences
• You may suggest, give opinions or reaffirm your stand
• Use words: To conclude, to summarize, as a conclusion, finally, lastly, eventually, to encapsulate.

Tips to write MUET Essay for Malaysian Students

The best way to write a MUET essay is to have a succinct thesis in the introduction and also be cognizant of transitions between one topic and another.

Moreover, it’s important to know your audience when you’re writing an essay for MUET. One key point which is usually overlooked by students is having knowledge about the specific subject they’re talking about.

• Transfer information
• Use good grammar
• Carefully analyze the graphical information
• Give your opinion
• Think critically
• If you’re aiming at scoring Band 5 or higher, then critical thinking is a must.
• If your aim is to score Band 5 or higher on the exam, it’s time for some serious rigor and reflection.

Use these tools to help with critical thinking: Short term, mid-term and long term effects

• Example: Alcohol
• Short term: yellow teeth/bad breath
• Mid-term: waste of money
• Long term: Health problems such as cancer
• Individual, society, and government
• Individual: Set goals and prepare for change
• Society: Must not encourage one to consume alcohol.
• Government: Must stop fundraising

Types of MUET Essays

MUET essays are usually of the expository type, they can also be argumentative or persuasive.

• While an essay with a descriptive header generally has a focus on what is being described.
• An essay with a narrative header (or “story”) generally puts a priority on how something was done or what it felt like to do it and the completion
• And an informative-explanatory (inform + explain) header offers treatment or analysis of existing data, facts, practices, etc.
• Persuasive essay questions require you to take up a position on an issue and then persuade or convince the reader about your viewpoint based upon evidence. These can come in the form of anecdotes, facts, statistics etcetera
• Expository Essays are different from other types of essays in that they don’t require any persuasion but instead simply look for evidence supporting or disproving what you have been told/asked about.

Importance of MUET essay

You will be required to take the MUET test if you are planning on pursuing your university degree at local public university.

However, note that this requirement is not compulsory for those who wish to pursue their education outside of these institutions and choose instead to study at private schools or international ones (MUET tests are only necessary when applying for scholarships).

Remember also, that different universities may have different English proficiency requirements so make sure you check what they need before sending off an application.

The grading system for MUET

When students get their MUET result, they’ll be able to see the mark for each paper and then an overall score. Band 1 is when the student will have to take two extra English courses during holiday time; a Band 3 or 4 means one course more than this. If you’re in bands 5 or 6- excellent! You don’t need any additional lessons over the summer holidays whatsoever.

MUET Essay writing Band 6- Very good user (Aggregated score: 260-300)

The speaker demonstrates a strong command of the language, and their fluency is unparalleled. They are highly expressive in everything they say, accurate with words that express both nuance and precision when needed most. The person’s understanding of context should not be questioned – it appears as if this individual functions flawlessly when interacting verbally or written textually via various languages.

MUET Essay writing Band 5- Good user (Aggregated score: 220-259)

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MUET Writing Malaysia – Definitive Guide with Essay Example

The Malaysian University English Test (MUET) is a normalized assessment that surveys the English language capability of Malaysian students. It is a pivotal necessity for admission into tertiary training establishments in Malaysia and is perceived by employers as a benchmark for English capability in the job market. The MUET Writing component holds significant weightage, as it evaluates the candidates’ ability to express ideas, organize thoughts, and communicate effectively in written form. This definitive guide aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the MUET Writing test format, scoring criteria, and tips for success. Furthermore, we will present a sample essay to illustrate the application of these guidelines.

MUET Writing Test Format:

The MUET Writing test consists of two tasks: Task A and Task B. Task A requires candidates to write an interpretive essay based on a set of input texts, while Task B assesses their ability to produce a discursive essay on a given topic. Each task has a specific time allocation:

Task A: Interpretive Essay

Time: 30 minutes

Word Limit: 150-200 words

Task B: Discursive Essay

Time: 60 minutes

Word Limit: 350-500 words

It is essential to manage your time wisely to complete both tasks within the allocated time frame.

Scoring Criteria:

MUET Writing is scored based on four key areas:

Task Fulfillment:

How well the candidate addresses the given task and demonstrates an understanding of the requirements.

Language Accuracy:

The ability to use appropriate grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structures effectively.

Cohesion and Coherence:

How well ideas are organized and connected, resulting in a logical and cohesive essay.

Appropriateness of Style:

The candidate’s ability to adopt an appropriate tone, register, and style for the given task.

Every area is doled out a particular band score going from 0 to 6, and the last score is the normal of the four band scores. It is urgent to focus on every angle to maximize your score.

Tips for MUET Writing Success:

Understand the Task Requirements:

Carefully read the instructions and ensure you fully comprehend what is expected of you in each task.

Plan and Organize:

Take a few minutes to plan your essay structure before writing. Create an outline with a clear introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.

Time Management:

Allocate appropriate time for each task. Prioritize Task B since it carries more marks but ensure you complete Task A within the assigned time as well.

Language Use:

Demonstrate a wide range of vocabulary, sentence structures, and grammar. Avoid repetitive language and aim for precision and clarity in your writing.

Use linking words and phrases to connect ideas and create a smooth flow. Check the logical progression of your arguments and ensure they support your thesis statement.

Introduction and Conclusion:

Craft an engaging introduction that provides context and a clear thesis statement. Conclude your essay by summarizing your main points and offering a thoughtful closing statement.

Practice Writing:

Regularly practice writing essays within the word limit to enhance your speed and proficiency. Seek feedback from teachers or peers to identify areas for improvement.

Sample Essay: Task B

Topic: “Social media has had a significant impact on interpersonal communication. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.”

Essay Example:

Introduction:

In today’s digital age, social media platforms have upset the manner in which we impart. While they offer a few advantages, there are likewise disadvantages to consider. This essay will investigate the disadvantages and burdens of social media’s effect on relational communication.

Body Paragraph 1:

Benefits One of the essential benefits of social media is its capacity to interface with individuals across distances. Platforms like Facebook and Twitter empower people to keep in contact with loved ones, paying little heed to geological obstructions. Moreover, Assignment Help Malaysia give a platform for people to offer their viewpoints, encouraging sound discussions and widening points of view.

Body Paragraph 2:

Disadvantages Then again, social media can adversely affect relational correspondence. Unreasonable dependence on digital platforms can prompt a decrease in eye-to-eye communication, lessening the profundity of personal connections. In addition, the steady openness to arranged pictures and romanticized adaptations of individuals’ lives on platforms like Instagram can prompt insecurities and low confidence.

social media’s effect on relational correspondence is a situation with two sides. While it permits us to interface and draw in with others all the more effectively, it can likewise block significant, up close, and personal co-operations. In this manner, it is fundamental to find some kind of strike between the advantages and downsides of social media to guarantee its positive impact on our lives.

MUET Report: Assessing English Language Proficiency among Malaysian Students:

The Malaysian University English Test (MUET) plays a vital role in assessing the English language proficiency of Malaysian students. This report aims to analyze MUET performance among students in Malaysia and Assignment Help provide recommendations for enhancing English language proficiency. By examining test scores, identifying trends, exploring challenges, and proposing strategies, this report aims to contribute to the improvement of English language education in Malaysia.

MUET Speaking Topics:

Here are some MUET Speaking topics that are commonly used in the test:

Technology and its Impact on Society

Environmental Issues and Conservation

Education System Reforms

Youth Empowerment and Volunteerism

Globalization and Its Effects on Culture

Health and Fitness in Modern Society

Social Media and Its Influence on Relationships

Economic Development and Income Inequality

Tourism and Its Impact on Local Communities

The Role of Government in Promoting Entrepreneurship

These topics cover a scope of contemporary issues that expect the possibility to offer their viewpoints, take part in conversations, and present contentions really. It is essential to remain refreshed on current undertakings and have a balanced comprehension of every point.

MUET Preparation and Essay Writing

If you’re looking to hire experts for both MUET test preparation and essay writing assistance, here are some steps you can follow:

Determine Your Needs:

Assess whether you need assistance with overall test preparation or specific sections such as writing, speaking, listening, or reading. Additionally, consider if you require help specifically with essay writing or need a comprehensive approach.

Research Online Tutoring Platforms:

Explore reputable online tutoring platforms that offer expert assistance in language proficiency exams like MUET. Platforms like Preply, iTalki, Verbling, and Tutor.com provide a wide range of qualified tutors who specialize in language exams. You can filter tutors based on their expertise in essay writing and test preparation.

Check Tutors’ Profiles:

Review the profiles of potential tutors. Look for individuals with experience teaching or tutoring MUET and a demonstrated proficiency in essay writing. Pay attention to their qualifications, educational background, teaching style, and reviews from previous students to assess their suitability.

Schedule Consultations:

Arrange consultations or trial sessions with shortlisted tutors. Use this opportunity to discuss your needs, goals, and expectations. Inquire about their approach to essay writing, test preparation strategies, and their ability to tailor their guidance to your specific requirements.

Seek Writing Assistance:

If you specifically require essay writing support, consider engaging an expert academic writer or editor. Platforms like Upwork, Freelancer, or Essay Writing Services provide access to professional writers with expertise in various subjects, including essay writing. Review their profiles, portfolios, and client feedback to ensure their proficiency.

Discuss Expectations and Goals:

Clearly communicate your expectations, goals, and areas of focus to the tutors or writers. Make sure they understand your requirements for MUET test preparation and essay writing. Provide any specific essay prompts or topics you need assistance with, and discuss the desired outcome for your essays.

Collaboration and Practice:

Collaborate with the tutors or writers to create a study plan and a schedule that incorporates both test preparation and essay writing. Regularly practice writing essays under their guidance and utilize their feedback to improve your writing skills. Additionally, work with them to develop effective strategies for the different sections of the MUET test.

MUET Group Discussion:

MUET (Malaysian University English Test) includes a Group Discussion component, which assesses your ability to engage in a discussion and express your ideas effectively in English. Here are some tips to excel in the MUET Group Discussion:

Understand the Format:

Familiarize yourself with the format and requirements of the MUET Group Discussion. Typically, a group of candidates will be given a topic and asked to discuss it for a specific duration. You will be assessed based on your ability to communicate fluently, express opinions, listen to others, and collaborate in a group setting.

Improve English Language Skills:

Upgrade your English language abilities by perusing generally, working on talking and tuning in, and extending your jargon. Focus on punctuation, sentence construction, and articulation.

Practice Active Listening:

During the discussion, actively listen to what others are saying. Show interest, maintain eye contact, and respond appropriately. Engage in the conversation by building upon others’ points, asking relevant questions, and seeking clarification when needed.

Respect Others’ Views:

Show respect for the opinions of other participants, even if you disagree. Be open-minded and consider different perspectives. Practice active and respectful listening by acknowledging others’ points and responding constructively.

Manage Time Effectively:

Time management is crucial in Group Discussions. Keep track of the time allotted for the discussion and ensure that all participants have a chance to contribute. If the discussion gets off track, steer it back to the main topic and encourage others to stay focused.

Practice with Mock Group Discussions:

Organize practice sessions with classmates or friends. Choose relevant topics, set time limits, and simulate the actual MUET Group Discussion. Practice maintaining a balance between listening and speaking, and work on improving your communication skills within a group setting.

CONCLUSION:

The MUET Writing component is an important part of the Malaysian University English Test that evaluates candidates’ ability to express ideas and communicate effectively in written form. This definitive guide has provided an overview of the test format, scoring criteria, and valuable tips for success. Additionally, a sample essay exemplified the application of these guidelines. To excel in MUET Writing, it is crucial to understand the task requirements, plan and organize your essays, manage time effectively, utilize language accurately, ensure cohesion and coherence, and practice regularly. By following these recommendations, you can enhance your performance and achieve success in the MUET Writing test.

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How to score A in MUET Malaysia Essay Writing?

23 August 2021

7 minutes to read

• 01. MUET Writing Paper 4
• 02. Task 1 - Letter or email writing
• 03. Task 2 - Non-formatted essay
• 04. MUET writing preparation

In January 2021, Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia MUET has gone through major format changes. This new MUET format 2021 has now aligned with the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) requirements.

However, do not get panic. In the current MUET test, you will still be evaluated in four English language skills - listening, speaking, reading and writing - in four different papers:

• MUET listening test
• MUET speaking test
• MUET reading test
• MUET writing test

Compared to the previous MUET format, you may be grateful for the new changes, especially for the writing paper. In the previous writing paper, you had to write a report based on the combination of various types of graphs, charts and tables stimuli. The previous writing report required a strict format which made you failed if you did not follow the specific format.

Now, let’s take a look at what is new and how to tackle high marks for the current format for this paper.

MUET Writing Paper 4

The MUET writing paper evaluates your ability to communicate in writing , writing English in the context of higher education and also to transfer ideas in formal and informal contexts.

The duration of the MUET writing paper is 75 minutes . The maximum mark for the paper is 90 marks . It carries a 25% assessment weighting of overall the MUET results.

The table below shows the new format of the MUET writing test overview.

Task 1 - Letter or email writing

In Task 1 of the MUET writing paper, you will be receiving a textual stimulus in form of a letter or an email. In the stimulus form, there will be three or four notes or aspects of what you need to include in your writing.

The maximum number of marks you can obtain for Task 1 is 30 marks . Your essay should be in letter or email format - follow the rubric requirements. There is no specific format for the essay, but here is a guideline for you to write a letter or an email.

Letter and Email Writing Guideline

First of all, you need to read the question carefully. Analyse and identify the following information:

• Who sent the email/letter?
• Who is the email/letter receiver ?
• What is the email/letter about ?
• What language register should be used?
• Identify the keywords in the notes given.

Next, you should plan your response . Use the notes to plan your answer. Aim to write one paragraph for each note .

Once you are ready with your writing plan, it is time to write your answer. Include discourse markers, use appropriate register (formal or informal) and correct sentence structure .

You are advised to spend about 25 minutes on this task. Your letter or email must be at least 100 words in length. The most important thing is that you must include all the notes provided in the question.

You may want to look out for the assessment MUET paper with the latest 2021 format available on the internet for your reference.

Now let’s move on to Task 2 for the MUET writing paper.

Task 2 - Non-formatted essay

In Task 2 of the MUET writing paper, you will be provided with a textual stimulus . There will be a few number of statements that determine the content that you should write in your essay.

Some of the points will be an idea or problem that you have to respond to or the writing genre that you are expected to write. The type of writing that you may be required to write are:

Discursive Writing

Discursive writing requires you to analyze and investigate the given topic . It involves an intense discussion where you must provide a strong and neutral evaluation of a topic. You should include useful facts and objective information to make your essay stand out.

To write a discursive essay, you can start by introducing the topic using attention grabber - stating a fact, asking a question or a relatable quote.

In the main body, specify your points and back them up with valid reasons, pieces of evidence or examples. Be sure to write one point in one paragraph. Avoid mixing your points in a big chunk of paragraphs.

Finally, in the conclusion part, summarize your points in a short paragraph. Try to create a connection between the introduction and the conclusion.

Argumentative Writing

Argumentative writing is associated with persuasion. You have to persuade readers to understand and support your point of view about a certain topic. This is of course by stating relevant reasoning and providing credible evidence to back your standpoint.

Writing an argumentative essay is quite tricky. You may want to try these approaches when writing an argumentative essay:

• Start by making a claim in the introduction paragraph . Capture the reader’s interest by providing the background information of the topics and present your thesis statement. Your thesis statement should be one sentence of a short summary of your main point.
• Write 2 to 3 paragraphs to explain why you stand with your points. Influence your readers to agree with your viewpoint in the main body. The different paragraphs should cover one point each.
• Use the last paragraph in your essay to reiterate your thesis and write a short conclusion of all your points in the main body paragraphs.

Problem Solution

For a problem-solution essay, you obviously need to propose a solution to overcome a problem .

Describe the problem that you want to solve in the introduction paragraph. Convince your reader why it is important for them to pay attention to the problem and why they need to take any action to resolve it.

Then, start outlining your proposed solution in the main body. Aim to come up with three to four paragraphs to discuss the solution. You can include this reasoning to support your essay:

• The solution is practical
• The solution is workable
• The solution is cost-effective
• The solution is feasible

Try to keep your conclusion written in one paragraph. Close your essay with a rhetorical question or point out a call to action for your reader to take an action.

These are the three common types of writing that you will be required to write in Part 2. You are advised to spend 50 minutes in this section. The essay should be written at least 250 words in length. The maximum mark for Task 2 is 60 marks .

Remember to include all the notes given in the questions. However, do paraphrase the words. Avoid copying word by word directly from the questions. You can use a synonym or change the order of the sentence around to paraphrase the sentences.

Your marks for each task is based on the task fulfilment, language and organisation .

• Task fulfilment - whether you answer the given question accordingly.
• Language and organisation - how you organise your content, present your ideas in your writing, words usages and the elaboration of your points.

To be well prepared for essay writing, you can look out for the MUET marking scheme to get an understanding of how the papers are being marked.

MUET writing preparation

Essay writing might not be easy for some students. If you are one of them, you might want to look for help from an English tutor .

You can look for an English tutor from a reputable online tutoring website such as Superprof . Superprof has a wide selection of tutors that you can choose from. It has more than 16 million tutors for over 1000 subjects on the website.

Whether you are preparing for listening, speaking, writing or reading, a tutor is here to help.

To look for your preferred tutor on Superprof, you can use the search engine . It is as easy as choosing a subject and entering your address or your postcode . Once you are done, click on the ‘Find a tutor ’ button.

A list of available tutors for the selected subject and location will appear. You can review and choose your tutor based on the list.

If you have other preferences, you can filter the list based on the rate, distance, response time and education level . Do read the tutors’ profiles properly to make sure they suit your requirements.

Once you find your preferred tutor, click on the ‘Book a class’ button on the top right of his or her profile. Talk to the tutor about your educational background, needs and availability in detail. This information is important for the tutor in order to understand you better and offer you the best assistance.

When both, you and your tutor, agree on everything, you can start scheduling your lessons. Decide the method of learning whether to opt for face-to-face lessons or online classes. Once you decide on everything, you can start with your tutoring session.

You can literally refer to your tutor for just about everything related to the MUET examination like MUET speaking question, MUET reading question, ask them to check your MUET writing sample or even scheduling a mock MUET listening practice.

Writing test, listening test and speaking test MUET are the most intriguing papers compared to the reading test. However, do not take anything for granted . Be sure to get prepared and practise well for each of the papers.

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Are you MUET ready? Important writing tips to achieve the best MUET result

Read our new updated and comprehensive guide to the MUET writing test

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*Please note that the content below relates to the MUET writing test before the 2021 format update and change. 

Apart from practising your essay writing skills, there are some tricks you can adopt to do well in this section. Here are some important MUET writing tips.

Getting familiarised

Make sure you know the structure of the paper like the back of your hand. Understand its basic structure first. Refer to MUET reference books to better understand the format.

Do task 2 first

Start doing task 2 first because it’s worth a lot of marks and it’s easier. Once you’ve completed this section, you’ll feel a lot more confident to tackle task 1. Also, writing your first essay is also more difficult as your train of thoughts have not been organised yet. Doing this will get you started on the right foot.

Don’t waste too much time on task 1

Remember – learning all specific writing structure for each type of task 1 and applying that structure will help you save so much more time. All you have to do is to apply new data and suitable verb tenses. To do well in this, read sample essays and take note of good essay structures.

Never leave out any tasks

No matter how difficult you find the test, never leave out any tasks. If you do, you’ll be penalized heavily.

Practise, practise, practise

Practise both tasks 1 and 2 within an hour. Writing those essays within the time limit at home will give you an idea of how much time you need to gather thoughts, to start writing and to check your final work.

Buy a good dictionary

To be able to write well, you need a wide vocabulary. Invest in a good dictionary or thesaurus. The Oxford and Miriam Webster dictionaries are some of the best ones out there.

Always include…

Each paragraph has to include a topic sentence, 2-3 supporting sentences and development sentences such as examples, experience and data. Although the topic sentence doesn’t always have to be at the beginning of the paragraph, students who are weak in writing are advised to stick to this structure. Don’t try to be overly creative as you might end up making silly mistakes.

Useful links:

Have a go at this MUET writing question and check out the model answer .

Check out our  tips to ace your MUET writing test  and the below infographic with links to more advice articles:

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MUET Writing : Sample Essays (Malaysian University English Test)

MUET Writing : Sample Essays (Malaysian University English Test) .

Untuk Rujukan. KPM (Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia). Semoga Perkongsian informasi, maklumat, makluman, pemberitahuan, laman web, sesawang, pautan, portal rasmi, panduan, bahan rujukan, bahan pembelajaran dan pengajaran, sumber rujukan dalam post di blog Bumi Gemilang berguna dan dapat membantu para pengguna. 0820

• Introduction To MUET (New Format 2021) (CEFR-Aligned) (1-28)
• Success in MUET  (CEFF-Aligned) (1-50) (PL) [2]
• Master Class MUET (CEFR-Aligned) (1-50) (SAS) [2]
• Model Test Paper MUET  (CEFR-Aligned) (1-32) (PL) [2]
• Get Ahead in MUET  (CEFR-Aligned) (1-38) (PS) [2]
• MUET My Way  (CEFR-Aligned) (1-35) (PL) [2]
• Score in MUET  (CEFR-Aligned) (1-22) (IB) [2]
• MUET My Way  (CEFR-Aligned) (1-41) (PL) [1]

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• Model Answer Essay (Band 5) and Feedback
• MUET Essay Guide
• Sample MUET Writing Scripts
• MUET – Sample Essays
• Teknik Menjawab – Guidelines For MUET Writing
• Linkers in MUET
• Writing About A Bar Chart – Report
• Writing About Survey Results – Report
• MUET Writing Question 1
• MUET Writing – Sample
• MUET Essay Sample
• MUET Writing Sample
• MUET Writing Sample Answer .
• MUET Tips : Writing, Speaking, Reading & Listening

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Jonah Berger and Olivier Toubia used natural language processing to understand what drives academic success. The authors analyzed over 20,000 college application essays from a large public university that attracts students from a range of racial, cultural, and economic backgrounds and found that the semantic volume of the writing, or how much ground an application essay covered predicted college performance, as measured by grade point average. Essays that covered more semantic ground predicted higher grades. Similarly, essays with smaller conceptual jumps between successive parts of its discourse predicted higher grades. These trends held even when researchers controlled for factors including SAT score, parents’ education, gender, ethnicity, college major, essay topics, and essay length. Some of these factors, such as parents’ education and the student’s SAT scores, encode information about family background, suggesting that the linguistic features of semantic volume and speed are not determined solely by socioeconomic status. According to the authors, the results demonstrate that the topography of thought, or the way people express and organize their ideas, can provide insight into their likely future success.

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The topography of thought

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Policy has tightened a lot. how tight is it (an update).

May 7, 2024

Over the past few years, I have published a series of essays assessing where we are in our inflation fight and highlighting some important questions policymakers are facing. My most recent essay was in February of this year, where I questioned how much monetary policy was actually restraining demand. This essay is an update to that commentary, and I now examine the current stance of monetary policy in more detail. 1

I will argue that the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) has tightened policy significantly, compared with prior cycles, both in absolute terms and relative to the market’s understanding of neutral. But I will also observe that the housing market is proving more resilient to that tight policy than it generally has in the past. Given that housing is a key channel through which monetary policy affects the economy, its resilience raises questions about whether policymakers and the market are misperceiving neutral, at least in the near term. It is possible that once the reopening dynamics of the post-COVID economy have concluded, the macro forces that drove the low-rate environment that existed before the pandemic will reemerge, pulling neutral back down. But the FOMC must set policy based on where neutral is in the short run to achieve our dual mandate goals in a reasonable period of time. The uncertainty about where neutral is today creates a challenge for policymakers.

Economic Update

Since my last update in February, two significant economic developments have occurred simultaneously: Inflation appears to have stopped falling and economic activity has proven resilient, continuing the robust activity we saw in the latter half of 2023.

The FOMC targets 12-month headline inflation of 2 percent. While we saw rapid disinflation in the second half of 2023, that progress appears to have stalled in the most recent quarter (see Figure 1). The question we now face is whether the disinflationary process is in fact still underway, merely taking longer than expected, or if inflation is instead settling to around a 3 percent level, suggesting that the FOMC has more work to do to achieve our dual mandate goals.

During this time, economic activity has continued to show remarkable strength, as shown in Figure 2. While the most recent headline GDP appears somewhat weaker than prior quarters, that slowdown was driven largely by inventories and net exports. Underlying domestic demand remained strong.

The labor market, the other half of our dual mandate, has also remained strong with the unemployment rate at a historically low 3.9 percent.

Policy Is Much Tighter than the Pre-pandemic Period

In prior essays I wrote that the single best proxy for the overall stance of monetary policy is the long-term real rate, specifically the 10-year Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS) yield. Focusing on a long-term rate incorporates the expected path of both the federal funds rate and balance sheet, not just the current level of the federal funds rate. Moreover, it adjusts the expected path of policy by expected future inflation—the relevant comparison—rather than by recently realized inflation.

As I noted in earlier essays, prior to the pandemic the 10-year real yield was about zero, which I estimate was roughly a neutral policy stance at that time. In response to the pandemic, the FOMC acted aggressively to support the economy by driving the federal funds rate to the effective lower bound and massively expanding our balance sheet. Those combined effects drove the 10-year real yield to roughly -1 percent, as shown in Figure 3. Since we began our tightening cycle two years ago, 10-year real yields have more than fully retraced their pandemic decline and are now around 2.2 percent. Thus, we are clearly in a tighter stance now than immediately before the pandemic.

This Tightening Cycle Appears to Be as Aggressive as the 1994 Cycle

Data from the TIPS market only go back 20 years or so; thus, to evaluate earlier tightening cycles one must make a number of assumptions about the neutral rate and about inflation expectations.

I do not think comparisons to the 1970s and early 1980s are particularly relevant to us today because in those decades, the FOMC had to establish its inflation-fighting credibility, so the required monetary tightening was very large.

The tightening cycle in 1994 might be a better benchmark because at that time, as is true now, the FOMC had a lot of credibility with the public. Inflation was not as high in 1994, however, as it was in this episode. So it is not a perfect comparison either.

Minneapolis Fed staff’s best estimate is that when the FOMC raised the policy rate by 300 basis points in the 1994 tightening cycle, this translated into an increase of about 200 basis points in the 10-year real rate (Figure 4), which was coincidentally also about 200 basis points above the then-neutral 10-year real rate. So that is the key: It seems as though policy drove the 10-year real rate about 200 basis points above neutral.

How does that compare to our current tightening cycle? (See Figure 3.) If my estimate of neutral being zero before the pandemic still holds, then we have accomplished similar or a bit more tightening in this cycle than was achieved in the 1994 tightening cycle.

Yield Curve Suggests Policy Is Tight

As I stated earlier, the underlying inflationary dynamics are quite different today than in 1994, so simply repeating the 1994 tightening might not be enough. And perhaps the unique dynamics of the post-COVID reopening economy have caused neutral to increase.

Another indicator I look at to assess the stance of monetary policy is the shape of the yield curve. Specifically, if the yield curve is inverted, it might indicate that monetary policy is in a contractionary stance. A lot of public attention is given to the yield curve, and there is a robust debate about whether an inverted yield curve is a reliable recession indicator. I wrote about this in 2018. Setting aside its usefulness as a predictor of recessions, the yield curve does seem to give some indication of the stance of monetary policy. The long end of the yield curve should offer some signal of where market participants believe interest rates will settle once current economic and policy shocks have run their course; if markets understand that neutral has moved, it should be reflected in the long end of the curve. If current short rates are higher than long rates, then that might signal an overall tight stance of policy today. Figure 5 shows the history of the (nominal) yield curve with a number of inversions over the past 50 years, including the current inversion. 2

Depending on the specific measures chosen, the yield curve has now been inverted for more than 20 months, which is a relatively long and somewhat deeper inversion than most prior cycles, the Volcker disinflation period being the exception. The current inverted yield curve suggests that policy is in fact tight relative to the market’s understanding of neutral.

The Resilience in the Housing Market Nonetheless Raises Questions

Housing is traditionally the most interest-rate-sensitive sector of the economy. Prior yield curve inversions also coincided with a marked slowdown or even contraction in residential investment, as shown in Figure 6. Curiously, while residential investment fell in the first part of our tightening cycle, it has since reversed and has grown 5 percent over the past year.

What could explain this apparent resilience in residential real estate given monetary policy that has led to an inverted yield curve? We know that following the Global Financial Crisis, the country built far fewer housing units than were needed to keep up with population growth and household formation. Thus, there appears to be a significant shortage of housing that will take a long time to close. In addition, responses to COVID have led to an increase in people working from home, and that has led to increased demand for housing. In recent years there has also been a significant increase in immigration. While the long-run effect of increased immigration on inflation is unclear, immigrants nonetheless need a place to live, and their arrival in the U.S. has likely also increased demand for housing. Policy actions by the FOMC have driven 30-year mortgage rates from around 4.0 percent prior to the pandemic to around 7.5 percent today. Perhaps that level of mortgage rates is not as contractionary for residential investment as it would have been absent these unique factors which are driving housing demand higher. In other words, perhaps a neutral rate for the housing market is higher than before the pandemic.

Other Signals from the Real Economy Are Mixed

Monetary policy is a blunt instrument that eventually affects virtually the entire economy, not only housing. While high interest rates may not be slowing housing as much as in prior tightening cycles, it is nonetheless having an impact on other sectors of the economy. For example, auto loan and credit card delinquencies have increased from very low levels and are now at rates higher than existed before the pandemic, indicating that some consumers are feeling stress from increased borrowing costs. Overall, however, economic activity, consumer spending and the labor market have proven surprisingly resilient.

The FOMC has undeniably tightened policy meaningfully, both relative to the pre-pandemic period and to some prior tightening cycles. Nonetheless, it is hard for me to explain the robust economic activity that has persisted during this cycle. My colleagues and I are of course very happy that the labor market has proven resilient, but, with inflation in the most recent quarter moving sideways, it raises questions about how restrictive policy really is. If policymakers and market participants are misperceiving the neutral policy rate, that could explain the constellation of data we are observing. This is also a communication challenge for policymakers. In my own Summary of Economic Projections (SEP) submission, I have only modestly increased my longer-run nominal neutral funds rate level from 2 percent to 2.5 percent. The SEP does not provide a simple way to communicate the possibility that the neutral rate might be at least temporarily elevated.

1 These comments reflect my own views and may not necessarily represent the views of others in the Federal Reserve System or of the Federal Open Market Committee.

2 Conceptually, the real yield curve is a better measure of the stance of monetary policy than the nominal yield curve. That said, because nominal and real spreads have been quite similar over the past 18 months, the nominal spread in Figure 5 currently provides an equivalent measure of the stance of monetary policy. I plot nominal yields in Figure 5 simply because they are available for a longer time period than TIPS yields.

Related Content

Policy Has Tightened a Lot. How Tight Is It?

Policy Has Tightened a Lot. Is It Enough? (A Second Update)

The Interaction between Inflation and Financial Stability

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Muet writing test format.

• June 6, 2021

The new format of the MUET Writing Paper is now in use. This is paper 4 of the MUET exam and this new format has only been first used in MUET session 1 in 2021. Let’s now jump into this blog and see what’s new.

MUET Writing Paper General Description

Let’s start with the general description of the paper. The main focus of the MUET writing paper is to test your ability to do these few things listed below.

These are such as to measure your ability to communicate your ideas in writing. This involves assessing your ability to write in English in the context of higher education. Because this is the Malaysian university English Test, this paper is therefore held to test your ability to produce a piece of writing that is suited for tertiary education.

The writing paper also tests whether you are able to transfer ideas in a formal and a less formal context. So, the questions would involve you writing an email or a letter to a friend in Task 1 and also an essay written in a formal way of your argument on certain topics for Task 2.

MUET Writing Exam Specification

Now let’s look into the exam specification of the MUET writing paper new format.

The duration of the writing paper is 75 minutes – which is one hour and 15 minutes. This new format of the writing paper has a weighting of 25% of the whole MUET exam. This weighting is the same as the other 3 papers namely the listening, speaking and reading papers. So, each skill has the same weighting of 25%.

The maximum mark for this paper is 90 marks. This is the same maximum mark for the other three papers as well. This means that all papers carry the same importance in the MUET exam.

New format Writing Test Overview

Let’s now look into the test overview. The MUET writing paper consists of two tasks which are Task 1 and task 2.

Task 1 of the new format

Let’s first of all look at Task 1. In Task 1, you will get a stimulus in a form of a letter or an email. It’s going to be one short letter or one short email as it’s going to be only about 100 words long.

The task here is for you to write a reply letter or an email. In this letter or email, you are going to be answering the questions or giving your response to the sentences found in the stimulus.

Your letter or email written for Task 1 will need to be at least 100 words long. Your response will be within the CEFR level of A2 to C1. If you’re not sure about the CEFR level indicated here then you can click on this link that will lead you to my blog. You can read more about the description of this CEFR level in this blog.

Task 2 of the new format

Task 2 is going to be an extended writing essay. The stimulus that you will get for this task is a statement that is made on an idea or a problem. A situation will be given where a person such as a guest speaker in an event will make a statement on a topic or an issue. The speaker will word this statement in such a way that it is going to invite some level of discussion.

This statement is going to be the basis of the task for you to write on in Task 2. You will be giving your personal opinion about the statement given. This essay will entirely be delivering your stand regarding this statement. Click this link here to see how to write your essay in Task 2.

The essay you will be writing one of these which could be a discursive essay, an argumentative essay or a problem-solution essay. Now don’t get too worried about all these three types of essay. This is because the main thing is for you to give your judgment on the statement given. Write this in a very convincing way stating your idea clearly and you will be fine. 

However, saying that, you would still need to know how to correctly write each of these essays. In my blogs and YouTube videos I hope to clarify how to write these different essays to you. 

I will have more blogs that will explain more on task 2 of the writing paper.

In this essay you would need to write at least 250 words. The CEFR level for this essay that you are writing will be between B1 an C1.

Get to know writing task 1

Again, Task 1 is for you to write a letter or an email. For this question the maximum marks you can get is 30 marks out of the total 90 marks for the whole of the writing paper.

You are advised to use only 25 minutes on this task which is not long.  This is because the required number of words for you to write is about 100 words. What is best about Task 1 is that your writing will be based on the notes given. So, you will be guided on what to write.

The notes for your letter or your email will be given along with the stimulus. You must use all these notes in your writing.

Get to know writing task 2

For Task 2, the maximum marks that you can get is 60 marks. You are advised to use 50 minutes out of the 75 minutes given to write this essay.

This allocated time is considerably longer than the 25 minutes given for Task 1. It is so because you will be writing a longer essay of more than 250 words.  The task is for you to write in continuous writing your response to the statement given.

So, for this question more is expected of you. You will need to show your ability to write well in English. You need to voice out your opinion in a clear and logical manner as you would be writing during your tertiary education.

MUET Writing Paper Assessment Criteria

Let’s now look at the assessment criteria for both Task 1 and Task 2. When you are writing your response for Task 1 and Task 2, you will be assessed in a few criteria which falls under these categories. The first is task fulfilment and the second is language and organisation.

Let’s look at the first criterion which is task fulfilment. Task fulfilment would simply mean whether you have fulfilled the task given. That is whether you have answered the question or not.

The second criterion is language and organisation. Here examiners will assess your language use. This includes how you organise your ideas and how you present your ideas in your writing. This will also include your use of low frequency words, how you deliver your points and how you write your elaboration.

You can read more about writing Task 2 in my other blogs. Happy reading!

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Book Review: Memoirist Lilly Dancyger’s penetrating essays explore the power of female friendships

In 2021 Lilly Dancyger’s first book, “Negative Space,” was praised for its unflinching portrait of her father’s heroin addiction

Who means more to you — your friends or your lovers? In a vivid, thoughtful and nuanced collection of essays, Lilly Dancyger explores the powerful role that female friendships played in her chaotic upbringing marked by her parents’ heroin use and her father’s untimely death when she was only 12.

“First Love: Essays on Friendship” begins with a beautiful paean to her cousin Sabina, who was raped and murdered at age 20 on her way home from a club. As little kids, their older relatives used to call them Snow White and Rose Red after the Grimm’s fairy tale, “two sisters who are not rivals or foils, but simply love each other.”

That simple, uncomplicated love would become the template for a series of subsequent relationships with girls and women that helped her survive her self-destructive adolescence and provided unconditional support as she scrambled to create a new identity as a “hypercompetent” writer, teacher and editor. “It’s true that I’ve never been satisfied with friendships that stay on the surface. That my friends are my family, my truest beloveds, each relationship a world of its own,” she writes in the title essay “First Love.”

The collection stands out not just for its elegant, unadorned writing but also for the way she effortlessly pivots between personal history and spot-on cultural criticism that both comments on and critiques the way that girls and women have been portrayed — and have portrayed themselves — in the media, including on online platforms like Tumblr and Instagram.

For instance, she examines the 1994 Peter Jackson film, “Heavenly Creatures,” based on the true story of two teenage girls who bludgeoned to death one of their mothers. And in the essay “Sad Girls,” about the suicide of a close friend, she analyzes the allure of self-destructive figures like Sylvia Plath and Janis Joplin to a certain type of teen, including herself, who wallows in sadness and wants to make sure “the world knew we were in pain.”

In the last essay, “On Murder Memoirs,” Dancyger considers the runaway popularity of true crime stories as she tries to explain her decision not to attend the trial of the man charged with killing her cousin — even though she was trained as a journalist and wrote a well-regarded book about her late father that relied on investigative reporting. “When I finally sat down to write about Sabina, the story that came out was not about murder at all,” she says. “It was a love story.”

Readers can be thankful that it did.

AP book reviews: https://apnews.com/hub/book-reviews

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