egyptian mythology assignment

History Cooperative

Egyptian Mythology: The Gods, Heroes, Culture, and Stories of Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptian mythology is the collection of myths and religious practices belonging to the Nile River Valley civilization. The beliefs of the ancient civilization lasted until the fall of the Ptolemaic Dynasty in 30 BCE at the hands of the Roman Empire. Thereafter, Egypt became a Roman subdivision and Christianity became the main religion of the country.

The stories of ancient Egypt are among the oldest in the world. What mythology has survived offers invaluable insight into the ancient culture that once dominated Northeast Africa. Below, we’ll rediscover the mythology that sustained generations eons ago.

Table of Contents

When Was Egyptian Mythology Created?

Egyptian mythology as we know it was established back in the Early Dynastic Period (3100 – 2686 BCE). Rather than Egyptian literature, evidence of Egyptian mythology’s inception is found in funerary practices and cultural artwork. By the Predynastic Period, the earliest known ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses began to emerge. The rest, as they say, is history.

The Ancient Egyptian Pantheon

The ancient Egyptian pantheon is filled with approximately 1,400 colorful characters. Of these gods, their worship was spread across the ancient world – from home shrines to local temples. Not to mention that the gods were thought to be everywhere: from the waters of the Nile to the blazing sun. Even the fertile earth itself was a revered deity.

Each day discoveries are being made regarding the gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt . Although we may not know all of their names and roles today, we never know what waits on the horizon. Perhaps Akeru has an idea?

In ancient Egypt, the Ogdoad – or the “Eight” – were a collection of primordial deities. They were there at the beginning of creation and are counted as the first generation of deities. The eight deities were first referenced during Egypt’s Old Kingdom, though were considered archaic even then.

The Ogdoad was likely recognized, though not actively worshiped, by the start of Egypt’s written history. Their prevalence in the Pyramid Texts and subsequent Coffin Texts suggests a significant shared role in the afterlife. By the time of the New Kingdom, Egyptian theologians had renewed interest in the Ogdoad and looked into revamping their creation myth.

Primarily worshiped by the theologians in Hermopolis (Khemenu), the Ogdoad consists of four couples. Each couple shares a name and has a specific primordial attribute assigned to them.

• Nu and Naunet (sky and water)
• Hehu and Hehut (atmosphere, generations, and infinity – or the passage of time)
• Kekui and Kekuit (primordial darkness and/or day-to-night cycles)
• Qerh and Qerhet (repose, stillness, or peaceful death)

Now, the next set of ancient Egyptian gods is the Ennead. They’re the popular kids of the pantheon and are the undeniable fan-favorites of Egyptian legend. These nine deities include the sun god Atum and his descendants.

According to Heliopolitan oral tradition, Atum (later known as the composite Atum-Ra), was born sometime during the deluge myth. From then on, he became the first of the gods, the first king, and an archetypal creator god. He begets Shu and Tefnut , who went on to have their children, Geb and Nut. Against the wishes of their father, the union of Geb and Nut gave birth to Osiris, Isis , Set, and Nephthys.

The Great Ennead was one of many collections of gods throughout the realms of Upper and Lower Egypt. Groups of 2, 3, 4, 8, and 9 deities were the most common. Variations to Egyptian mythology across ancient Egypt lead to a plethora of practices and beliefs. Occasionally, these beliefs would be in direct opposition to others.

Heliopolitan beliefs were not fully accepted in the rest of Egypt, with regions and cities bearing their own personal religious practices. For example, followers of Ptah in Memphis disregarded Heliopolis’ reverence of the Ennead since their creation myth regards Ptah as the creator god and parent of Atum. Likewise, discourse could be found among those few who venerated the Ogdoad’s role in creation.

• Horus the Elder*

* Horus the Elder was an occasional addition to the Great Ennead, although not frequently counted amongst the standard nine

The Four Sons of Horus

As far as the Four Sons of Horus are concerned, they are all about canopic jars. Literally. The Four Sons each represent a canopic jar and their respective organs. They are guardians, protectors, and funerary deities.

Although they are chucked up to be nothing but protectors of the dead king in the Pyramid Texts , the Four Sons of Horus are considered to be among the most ancient deities. Not only the gods of canopic jars, but the Four Sons also represented cardinal points for the ancient Egyptians and held great astronomical importance.

• Imsety (the Liver)
• Hapi (the Lungs)
• Duamutef (the Stomach)
• Qebehsenuef (the Intestines)

More often than not, two of the Sons would be switched, thereby indicating that there was no strict protocol to which Son had which organs. What was more important is that the Four Sons remained together.

The number 4 appears to hold great significance within ancient Egypt and was counted as a sacred number. It represented balance, being closely linked to the entity Maat. At some point in Egyptian history, canopic jars became more symbolic burial pieces than actual containers for displaced viscera.

The Eye of Ra

The deities that compose the Eye of Ra are exclusively goddesses. Thought as the feminine counterpart of the sitting solar deity, they were the embodiment of the sun god’s wrath. The Eye of Ra was responsible for crushing his enemies and, by extension, the enemies of the pharaohs .

Those goddesses associated with the Eye of Ra in Egyptian myth range from the lion-headed goddess Sekhmet to the serpentine Wadjet. All the goddesses of the Eye are close to Ra, whether they were identified as his mother, sister, daughter, or consort. We even have two of Egypt’s most famous cat gods !

The 42 Judges of Maat

Also known as the Assessors of Maat, the 42 Judges were major pagan gods tied to the judgment of the soul in the afterlife, Duat. A conference would be held with the Judges in attendance. Anubis and Osiris would also be there, among other Egyptian deities. The soul of the dead would then recite the Negative Confession of Maat, that they lived in adherence to the principles and revelation of the gods.

In the Hall of Truth, it would be a pretty bad time to get stage fright. Thankfully, notes would have been supplied in the tomb for easy reference. Huzzah!

Having a Negative Confession on hand would be especially important when considering each Confession would be tailored to the deceased individual. The content of a Confession would depend on the region where the deceased lived, their social class, and their career. A priest would not recite the same confession as a craftsman, as it was thought that they lived very different lives.

The most comprehensive picture of the 42 Judges comes from the Papyrus of Ani and The Book of the Dead . The Assessors of Maat each represented one of the 42 nomes (i.e. districts) of ancient Egypt. Moreover, each Confession would be addressed to one of the 42 Judges who were to then determine the validity of the deceased’s claims.

Cavern and Gate Deities

The cavern and gate deities of ancient Egypt are a bit more…creepy, to say the least. Be ready for those gods that behead and devour, because that’s what these gods and goddesses are all about.

Way down in Duat dwell a handful of Egypt’s Chthonic deities. Their roles are restricted to the affairs of the afterlife.

Oh, and unintentionally – or intentionally – scaring the souls out of the living.

The cavern deities are known for their frightening dispositions and gnawing hunger. As minor deities, they are seldom mentioned outside of the funerary text, The Book of Caverns . The text details the twelve caverns of Duat and their looming residents, all of whom are responsible for punishing those souls who didn’t pass the Weighing of the Heart. Honestly, the cavern deities make the gate deities seem tame.

In Egyptian mythology, the gate deities were a collection of minor deities that guarded the gates of Duat. Ancient Egyptians believed that there were several gates leading up to the underworld, all of which had their personal gate guards attending them. The gates would be opened for the souls of the dead and the solar barge, Atet, as described in The Book of Gates . Some sources claim there are over 1,000 deities associated with the gates; meanwhile, The Book of the Dead notes only seven. However, tomb paintings in the Valley of the Kings address twelve separate gates.

Akhenaten and Atenism

Pharaoh Akhenaten – previously Amenhotep IV – goes down in history as the king who tried to enforce monotheism in Egypt’s Amarna Period. A controversial figure, Akhenaten’s religion of Atenism worshiped the light of the sun itself as a god. The sun god , Aten, is represented as a sun disk.

To no one’s surprise, Atenism didn’t catch on.

No one was rooting for Atenism, save for Akhenaten and those within his court. Most of Atenism’s unpopularity has to do with it being forced upon the populace, primarily through the defacement of polytheistic religious iconography and laws against traditional polytheism. Not to mention, no one liked Akhenaten too much. He ruled during a time of social upheaval and created more instead of quelling it.

You see, up until Akhentan’s rule, Egypt had a rigorous status quo that the civilization had been abiding by for centuries. With his ascension and the introduction of Atenism, things started to go downhill. He moved to the capital city, neglected official duties, and refused to deal with growing social unrest. Although the art scene of the Amarna Period flourished, Egypt’s power began to waver.

Who are the 9 Main Gods of Egypt?

The 9 main gods of Egypt are usually considered the Ennead of Heliopolis. Atum and his direct descendants are among the most well-known of the deities of ancient Egypt. They were not, however, universally accepted as being the most important.

Egyptian myths, as they were, left room for a lot of interpretations. It isn’t exactly an error in modern translations either: Egyptian mythology really did have a ton of variations.

Some folks believed that the world was created in a completely different way than what their neighboring city believed. Many thought the creation was the doing of a sun god, while the cult of Ptah believed the patron of craftsmen was responsible for existence. Others lived within cities and settlements that didn’t necessarily venerate a creator god, rather than a guardian city god .

The big takeaway is that human beings will do what works for them. Way back in ancient Egypt, no one was really on the same page when it came to religion. Thus, the Great Ennead were the main gods of Heliopolis, but not the whole of Egypt. Many deities had various roles and interpretations, leading to far-reaching cult influences and religious discourse.

Why Do Egyptian Gods Have Animal Heads?

So, you may have noticed one striking feature of the Egyptian gods and goddesses: their heads. While they carry the divine grace of any other deity (and the good looks), most of the Egyptian pantheon have animal heads and human bodies.

Otherwise called zoomorphism, animal-headed gods are nothing new. Way back during the Stone Age, mankind’s ancestors began to create zoomorphic images with possibly religious connotations. Ancient peoples likely realized that some animals had set characteristics, those both admirable and fearsome.

READ MORE: Cave Paintings: The Art of the Ancients in Europe, Africa, Asia, and More!

Gods who have the form of a certain animal are believed to share characteristics with that creature. Over time, these animals became sacred, with some being interpreted as the incarnations of the gods themselves. One of the greatest examples of sanctified animals is in the case of the cult of Bastet , whose popularity in ancient Egypt led to the modern misinterpretation that Egyptians worshiped cats.

What Happened to the Egyptian Gods?

By the early 5th century CE, the ancient Egyptian religion began to decline in favor of Christianity. At this point in history, Egypt was considered a division of the Roman Empire and thus had to contend with Roman laws as instituted by the reigning emperor. The outlawing of pagan cults in the 6th century CE impacted traditional Egyptian religious practices and further enforced the Romanization of the Egyptian populace. When Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and legalized its practice in 311 AD, those Christians within the Empire no longer had to fear persecution.

Called Coptic Orthodoxy , Christianity in ancient Egypt was based in Alexandria and became known as one of the largest centers of Christianity in the ancient world. Aspects of Egyptian pagan worship became a part of local Christian practices. Moreover, myths and certain motifs found in Egyptian lore donated to early Christian concepts : the Holy Trinity , resurrection, and life being spoken into creation.

The Religious Practices of Ancient Egyptian Mythology

The religious practices of ancient Egyptian mythology revolve around their polytheistic system of belief. Myths and gods were celebrated regularly with feasts, festivals, and sacrifices. Temples were public institutions of worship, while in-home shrines were reserved for household deities. Priests were local leaders, though they would defer to the pharaoh if the religious observation calls for his leadership.

Mythology was regularly revisited and relived. Most myths inspired the festivals that filled the calendars of the ancient Egyptians. Even the five added days that allowed Nut to give birth to her children were observed as the Epagomenae.

The festivals celebrated in ancient Egypt would have been spectacles to behold. Cult processions would have been led on land and across the Nile. Some water shows would be performed on the Mediterranean and Red Seas. There would be days of feasting, drinking, dancing, and singing.

READ MORE: Who Invented Water? History of the Water Molecule

Who said the worship of the gods had to be boring?!

Some of the most important festivals of ancient Egypt had to do with the veneration of specific deities found in popular Egyptian myths. The celebration of New Year’s Day, called Wepet-Renpet (“The Opening of the Year”), was an event led by priests of the cult of Osiris. The event celebrated the god’s rebirth and the roles his sisters had in his resurrection. At the start of the new year, there was no better time to venerate the god of rebirth.

Other ancient Egyptian festivals hosted in ancient Egypt include…

• The Festival of Drunkenness (the Tekh Festival) to honor Hathor
• The Thoth Festival
• The Wag Festival
• The Opet Festival
• The Festival of Khoiak (Sokar)
• The Beautiful Feast of the Valley (Wadi Festival)

Most major gods had cults. Minor gods – not so much. There were even cults dedicated to the reigning king !

Cult worship in ancient Egypt was standard practice. Moreover, thanks to Egypt’s advantageous commercial location, their cults’ influence spread far past regional bounds. The most famous example of this is the cult of Isis, which was prominent throughout archaic Europe and the Middle East.

The cult of Isis – the mysteries of Isis in the Greco-Roman societies – was popular amongst women, servants, and slaves. Although adjustments were made to religious texts and practices as the cult spread, the cult of Isis became one of the most practiced worships of the classical world. The only other Egyptian god to achieve similar recognition is Serapis, a Greco-Egyptian variation of Osiris-Apis.

In ancient Egyptian beliefs, life continues after death. It was thought that worldly possessions could be carried into the afterlife. While this explains why burial tombs are filled with such splendor, it also explains why there are specific items required for burial. Thankfully, the preservation of ancient artifacts within Egyptian tombs has given us a clearer picture of sacrifices in Egyptian Mythology.

READ MORE: The Egyptian Afterlife: Mummification, Burial Practices and Beyond

When a king would die – or even a high-ranking noble – it would be customary to ritually kill several of their servants. They aren’t blood sacrifices, really, to appease any specific god. Instead, the killed servants would be entombed with their masters so that they would be able to continue their service. Retainer sacrifices were, above all else, a show of power and wealth. It was also not unheard of for animals to also be sacrificed for the sake of company after death.

The Ka, the Ba, and the Akh

The ancient Egyptians had a unique approach to the concept of the soul. There are several components, or parts, to a soul. This belief was also applicable to the gods, with a number of the deities existing as an aspect of a separate god’s soul.

In the journal article “Soul-Concepts” in Ancient Near Eastern Mythical Texts and Their Implications for the Primeval History author Michaela Bauks states that “Egyptian anthropology introduces different incorporeal elements, significant in the context of the journey to the afterlife. Breath seems to be the life force of the living body.” Thus explaining the significance of the goddess Heqet breathing life into human beings at their birth. It is further emphasized in variations of the world’s origin story where the Egyptian creator god would “breathe,” or speak, life into existence.

• Khet (physical body)
• Sah (one’s spiritual body)
• Ren (the identity)
• Ba (personality)
• Ka (the vital essence)
• Ib (the heart)
• Shut (the shadow)
• Sekhem (form)
• Akh (the collective pieces of the soul)

Famous Myths and Legends of Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian myths often take the form of epic poems, akin to the Greek Iliad and Odyssey . They were recorded on papyri and can be found represented in tomb paintings. Prior to the development of a written language, Egyptian myths, and legends were relayed through oral traditions .

• The Creation Myth of Ra
• The Creation Myth of Ptah
• The Creation Myth of Atum
• The Creation Myth of Amun
• The Myth of Osiris and Isis
• Anubis and the Weighing of the Heart
• The Myth of Horus and Set
• Thoth and Writing
• Sekhmet and the Destruction of Mankind
• The Lioness Bastet and the Defeat of Apep
• The Bennu and the Phoenix

What is the Most Famous Egyptian Myth?

The most famous of all the Egyptian myths is the thrilling tale of romance and revenge in the resurrection of Osiris . Immediately following Osiris’ ascension to the throne, the myth recounts Osiris’ murder by his brother Seth and his subsequent resurrection at the hands of Nephthys and Isis. The resurrected Osiris mated with his sister, Isis, who then gave birth to the infant Horus .

Raised in reeds, Horus grew to avenge his father and defeated the chaotic Seth. Thereafter, he gave Osiris his eye. The Eye of Horus goes on to sustain Osiris in the afterlife.

Ancient Egyptian Mythology Heroes

The heroes of ancient Egyptian mythology don’t stand out as demigods or legendary warriors. Instead, they are famous physicians, healers, priests, and – above all else – magicians.

Ancient heroes tend to reflect the values of their respective cultures. Where many civilizations have heroes that embody strength, wit, or resilience, Egypt’s heroes are marked by their spiritual fortitude. They were magic wielders whose impressive feats in life lead to their deification after death.

• Amenhotep (son of Hapu)

* Setna is thought to be Khaemwaset, with accounts of the character first being recorded hundreds of years after Khaemwaset’s death; his son, Se-Osiris, was an even more powerful magician according to legends

Gods and Kingship

There is an undeniable connection between the Egyptian pantheon and the kings of ancient Egypt. The pharaohs were considered divinely charged with being the representatives of the gods. It was their job to – in a sense – shepherd their people and remain connected to the gods and goddesses. Egyptian belief in the rule of the pharaoh can be tied back to folklore, which cites the royal family as being descendants of the god Horus.

Mythical Creatures of Ancient Egypt

Egyptian belief surrounding mythical creatures dates back to the earliest start of civilization. A number of mythical creatures of ancient Egypt can be counted as minor deities in some scholarly lens. Others, like the scarab beetle, are largely symbolic of a larger religious motif.

• Abtu and Anet
• The Griffin
• The Hieracosphinx
• Khepri (the scarab beetle)
• The Set Animal (not Set, the god)

The Monsters of Egyptian Mythology

As with most ancient civilizations , the monsters that lurk in Egyptian mythology are there to send a warning. Whether it is to avoid wandering too close to the banks of the Nile or to steer clear of temptation, the monsters of Egyptian mythology make a surprisingly short list.

The most famous Egyptian monster is Apep, a snake god of primordial chaos. It was believed that each night, Apep would battle Ra and be defeated. The conflict highlights the cosmic struggle between order (Maat) and disorder.

• The Serpopard*

* “Serpopard” is a modern term for the monster as it bears both serpentine and leopard qualities; we do not know the ancient name of the Serpopard

Legendary Objects in Egyptian Mythology

The legendary objects in Egyptian mythology are a fascinating subject for a handful of reasons. Most notably: they aren’t any old enchanted Egyptian weapon or cursed family heirloom. Instead, legendary items include those objects that are personal to the ancient Egyptian gods and goddesses themselves.

Above we discussed the kings of Egypt and their unique roles as living gods. If not gods, they were certainly selected as messengers of them. Several legendary artifacts are tied to the symbolic rule of the pharaoh.

• The Eye of Horus
• The Eye of Ra (the Udjat Eye)
• The Ben-Ben
• The Crook and the Flail
• The Djed (a.k.a. Osiris’ backbone)
• The Was-Sceptre
• The Lotus (Sesen)

Hit Plays Depicting Egyptian Mythology

Live performances were a hit in ancient Egypt, with the populace regularly enjoying public theater. Oftentimes, plays revolved around a significant myth or legend. The Greek historian Herodotus compared the theater of Egypt to Grecian mysteries; he details the theatrics performed on a man-made lake that depict Osiris’ life, his death, and his eventual rebirth to triumph over his enemies. In a number of plays, the ruling pharaoh would participate in the role of a divine hero.

Unlike the beloved tragedies of their Greek neighbors, the Egyptian plays were nearly entirely devoid of dramatics. They were primarily retellings of famous myths, and just about all performances had theological implications. Backdrops, props, dances, and choruses were all facets of ancient Egyptian plays. During the Greco-Roman period, famous Greek and Roman plays were also performed.

• Isis and the seven scorpions
• The contendings of Horus and Seth
• The birth of Ihy

Amazing Artwork of Egyptian Legends

Art of ancient Egypt includes tomb paintings, statues and architecture, pottery, papyrus paintings, jewelry, and friezes. The earliest examples of Egyptian artworks date back to the Merimde culture (5000 to 4200 BCE) of the Western Nile River Delta. The Amarna Period, meanwhile, is known for its gorgeous artwork, despite all of its religious and social strife. Among Amarna artwork, the Bust of Nefertiti is among the most publicly known.

As with all ancient artwork, the art of ancient Egypt had multiple purposes: from aesthetics to religious iconography. Notably, the Xkr (“Kheker”) frieze is purely ornamental, whereas an object like the Rosetta Stone had been key to solving hieroglyphs in early Egyptology.

• The Great Sphinx of Giza
• The Heart Scarab of Hatnefer
• The Golden Tree of Life Papyrus
• The Narmer Palette
• The Rosetta Stone
• Throne of Tutankhamun
• The ceiling of the tomb of Senenmut
• Mummy portraits

Literature on Egyptian Mythology

Most of the Nile River Valley civilization took to writing on papyrus and sheets of softwood. Evidence is also provided in favor of clay tablets, as reflected in the Amarna Letters found at Akhenaten’s capital of Tell el-Amarna. Unlike the cuneiform reflected in the Amarna Letters, hieroglyphic images were the most commonly used means of writing.

By the way, hieroglyphs were not pictographic alphabet as some scholars had suggested in the past. Each symbol would represent a specific sound or a syllable, with hieroglyphs inspiring later hieratic and demotic scripts. Hieroglyphs were used almost exclusively in religious literature.

Surviving literature – hieroglyphic or otherwise – include hymns, funerary texts, autobiographical accounts, and poems.

• The Book of the Dead
• The Instruction of Amenemope
• The Westcar Papyrus
• The Instruction of Ptahhotep
• The Story of Sinuhe
• The Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor
• The Tale of Two Brothers

Egyptian Mythology in Popular Media

Now, it’s impossible to discuss Egyptian mythology without noting its impact on popular media. We all know of Elizabeth Taylor’s role as Cleopatra; Gerard Butler’s 2016 take on the god Set; and of the running gag that all deserts in video games look suspiciously like watered-down takes on ancient Egypt.

Western interest in Egypt isn’t anything new. Romantics caught on to the Egyptomania of the 19th century, and kicked off the beginning of modern Egyptology. This led to the Egyptian Revival of the ‘20s and the growing presence of ancient Egypt in the media.

Viewed as the center for exotic opulence throughout the fad of Orientalism, the Western world attached itself to Egyptian epics. Information about the ancient civilization became a muddled mix of historicity and fantasy. Ancient Egypt became terribly misconstrued as nothing but pyramids, deserts, the Great Sphinx, and the Nile; the accomplishments of the storied nation became minimalized in favor of Western wonder.

The myths and stories of Egyptian mythology have found themselves in film time and time again. The dividing line between appropriate representation in media and inaccurate content is the inclusion of a qualified Egyptologist. Due to the above, the accuracy of films to actual myths varies.

• Faraon (Pharaoh)
• Moon Knight

What is the Central Theme of Egyptian Mythology?

Most of the Egyptian mythology surrounds the belief in rebirth, magic, and life after death in Duat. There is a misconception that the ancient Egyptians were a death-obsessed civilization. From mummies to grand pyramids, and seemingly exhaustive efforts being made for burials and funeral rites. However, such a belief was far from the truth.

The ancient Egyptians had a vehement love for life. So much so, that they believed there was life after the one lived on Earth. That there were gods who cared for them in the afterlife until their time to be reborn came. You see, eternal life was the pinnacle.

In ancient Egypt, mythology acted as a means to explain natural phenomena. Storms, drought, famine, and death were things to be feared. Chaos, above all else, was the greatest threat to the civilization’s stability. Thereby, the promise of a secure life after the one lived is the backbone of Egyptian mythology.

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Ultimate Guide to Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian mythology focuses on the fundamental order of the universe, explaining the patterns of the natural world through divine actions. Of particular importance are the creation myths, the constant struggle against disorder, and the cycles of death and rebirth.

Egyptian Gods

The pantheon of deities responsible for maintaining cosmic order in ancient Egypt

Egyptian gods and goddesses were incarnations of both natural phenomena, such as the sun, and social phenomena, like knowledge. Egypt itself was ruled by a pharaoh who claimed to be the gods’ representative on earth, and who acted as a mediator between mankind and the divine.

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Ancient Mediterranean + Europe

Course: ancient mediterranean + europe   >   unit 4.

• Ancient Egypt, an introduction
• Ancient Egyptian chronology and historical framework
• Ancient Egyptian art
• Materials and techniques in ancient Egyptian art
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• Mummification and funeral rites
• Private tombs, portals to the afterlife
• Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs overview

Creation myths and form(s) of the gods in ancient Egypt

• Egyptian deities
• Egyptian Social Organization—from the Pharaoh to the farmer (Part 1)
• Egyptian Social Organization—from the Pharaoh to the farmer (Part 2)
• Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Mortuary Texts
• the chaos that existed pre-creation, 
• the emergence of the creator deity,
• the creation (by various means) of the world and the differentiation of beings, 
• the reign of the sun god, 
• direct rule by other deities, 
• rule by human kings, and 
• a return to the chaos of the primeval waters.  

Creation Myths

Hermopolis—cult center of the eight, heliopolis —cult center of atum, memphis—cult center of the great craftsman ptah, the form(s) of the gods, death, cycles, and the end of time, want to join the conversation.

Mythology.Guru » Myths » African Myths » Egyptian Mythology: Origins, Gods, Symbols, Temples +18 Facts

Egyptian Mythology: Origins, Gods, Symbols, Temples +18 Facts

Get to know with us the Egyptian Mythology . Discover its origins, cultural influences, legends, religions, art and historical periods.

Table of Contents

Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian mythology is one of the most fascinating and complex in ancient history. Its origins date back thousands of years, and its influence spread throughout ancient Egypt, permeating all aspects of the life and culture of that civilization.

Egyptian mythology originated in the religious beliefs and practices of the earliest civilizations of the Nile Valley , and was shaped by a variety of local influences and cultural interactions over millennia of history. This rich and complex religious tradition played a pivotal role in the life and culture of ancient Egypt, and its legacy endures to this day in the form of the art, architecture, and literature they left us.

Origins of Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian mythology has very ancient roots dating back to the earliest civilizations that inhabited the Nile River Valley. Over time, these beliefs developed and transformed, incorporating influences from different cultures and historical periods. The earliest manifestations of Egyptian religion are believed to date back to the pre-dynastic period (around 4000-3100 BC), with the worship of animals and elements of nature.

Local Influences of Egyptian Mythology

The geography and natural environment of ancient Egypt played a crucial role in the development of its mythology. The Nile , with its annual floods and seasonal cycles, was seen as a divine force that sustained the life and fertility of the land. Many of the Egyptian gods and goddesses were closely related to aspects of nature, such as the sun, water and fertility.

Egyptian mythology and cultural interaction

Throughout its history, Egypt had contacts and trade relations with various neighboring civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Nubia and the Levant. These cultural interactions influenced Egyptian mythology, leading to the assimilation of new gods, myths and religious practices. For example, the cult of Osiris , one of the main Egyptian gods associated with death and resurrection, shows similarities with Mesopotamian beliefs around deities of life and death.

History and Geography of Egyptian Mythology

The Egyptian Empire was one of the oldest and most enduring civilizations in history , with a history spanning several millennia. It can be divided into numerous historical periods, each characterized by distinctive political, social and cultural events. The geography of Ancient Egypt played a crucial role in the development and prosperity of this civilization.

Historical Periods of Ancient Egypt

• Predynastic Period : This period spans from approximately 5500 BC to 3100 BC. It is the period prior to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under a single centralized government.
• Old Kingdom (c. 3100-2181 BC) : It is known for the construction of the pyramids and the capital at Memphis. During this period, Egypt experienced a high degree of political centralization and stability.
• Middle Kingdom (c. 2040-1782 BC) : Characterized by increased contact with other cultures and significant territorial expansion. During this time, Thebes became the capital.
• New Kingdom (c. 1550-1070 BC) : Considered the height of Egyptian power, with pharaohs such as Tutankhamun, Ramses II and Hatshepsut. During this period, Egypt experienced a golden age of construction and military expansion.
• Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070-664 BC) : A period of political instability and internal conflict, marked by foreign domination and fragmentation of power.
• Late Period (c. 664-332 BC) : During this time, Egypt was dominated by a series of foreign conquerors, including the Assyrians, the Persians and finally the Macedonians under Alexander the Great.

Geography of Ancient Egypt

The unique geography of ancient Egypt, with its dependence on the Nile River and its desert environment , shaped the culture, economy and history of this ancient civilization, and contributed greatly to its longevity and development.

Important areas of Egyptian Mythology

• The Nile : The Nile River is central to Egypt’s geography and life. Its annual floods deposited fertile silt on the land near the river, allowing for agriculture and the livelihood of the population.
• Nile Delta : The Delta region, where the Nile splits into multiple branches before flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, was a fertile and densely populated area.
• Nile Valley : The narrow strip of fertile land along the banks of the Nile, known as the Nile Valley, was the agricultural and cultural heart of Egypt.
• Desert : Much of Egypt’s territory was composed of vast deserts, such as the Western Desert and the Eastern Desert, which provided natural protection against invasion from outside.

Places Egyptian Mythology

Ancient Egypt is full of impressive monuments and temples that reflect the grandeur and sophistication of this ancient civilization. Here is a list of some of the most outstanding monuments and temples of ancient Egypt that have given rise to countless legends.

The Pyramids of Giza

Undoubtedly one of the most emblematic monuments of ancient Egypt. It includes the pyramids of Cheops, Chephren and Mykerinos, as well as the Great Sphinx. These pyramids were built during the Old Kingdom and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Temple of Karnak

Located in Luxor, it is one of the largest and best preserved temple complexes in Egypt. Built and expanded for over 2,000 years, it contains temples, chapels, obelisks and colossal statues.

Luxor Temple

Located on the east bank of the Nile River in Luxor, is an impressive temple built by several pharaohs of the New Kingdom, including Amenhotep III, Ramses II and Tutankhamun. Noted for its great hypostyle hall and its avenue of sphinxes.

Abu Simbel Temple

Built by Ramses II in the region of Nubia, near the border with Sudan, this temple is carved into the rock and has four colossal statues of the pharaoh on the facade. It is famous for its alignment with the sun during the equinoxes.

Temple of Hatshepsut

Located in Deir el-Bahari, near Luxor, is an impressive funerary temple dedicated to the queen-pharaoh Hatshepsut, one of the few women who ruled Egypt as pharaohs. Noted for its architecture and decorative reliefs.

Temple of Edfu

This temple dedicated to the god Horus is located in the city of Edfu and is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt. It was built during the Ptolemaic period and is notable for its size and its state of preservation.

Temple of Kom Ombo

Located in the city of Kom Ombo, this temple is unique because it is dedicated to two gods, Sobek (crocodile god) and Haroeris (Horus the Elder). It is famous for its well-preserved reliefs and its panoramic location along the Nile River.

Temple of Philae

Located on an island in the Nile River near Aswan. This temple was dedicated to the goddess Isis and is one of the last temples built in ancient Egypt. It was moved to a higher location during the construction of the Aswan Dam to prevent its flooding.

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• Old World Gods

Egyptian Myths and Legends: Unlocking the Ancient Wonders of Egypt

Egyptian Myths and legends hold a profound significance in the ancient culture of Egypt. These captivating tales allowed Egyptians to comprehend and make sense of their world, attributing direct roles to gods in their lives and the natural order of the universe.

From the creation myths involving Ra’s celestial journey to the struggles of deities like Osiris , Isis , and Horus against the disruptive god Set , these myths shed light on the cyclical nature of time and the eternal balance of maat, the fundamental order of the cosmos.

Such symbolic narratives continue to mesmerize and offer valuable insights into Egypt’s vibrant and enigmatic past.

Content of this Article

Overview of Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian mythology is a rich tapestry of religious beliefs, art, and literature that shaped the ancient Egyptian culture in profound ways. It provided the Egyptians with a framework to understand and make sense of the world around them, as they believed that gods played a direct role in their lives and the natural order of the universe.

Origins of Egyptian Mythology

The origins of Egyptian mythology are rooted in the belief that the world emerged from a primordial chaos. Creation myths describe how the gods formed the universe and brought order out of chaos.

These myths often feature the sun god Ra and his celestial journey, as well as the struggles of other gods like Osiris , Isis , and Horus against the disruptive god Set .

Role of Gods in Egyptian Myths

In Egyptian myths, gods played a crucial role in shaping the daily lives of the Egyptians. They were believed to embody different aspects of the natural world, and their actions and behaviors reflected the Egyptians’ understanding of the world.

The pharaoh, considered a divine ruler, played a vital part in maintaining the cosmic balance and maat, the fundamental order of the universe.

Creation Myths in Egyptian Mythology

Creation myths in Egyptian mythology reveal the intricate process through which the gods brought order to the world. These stories often involve the journey of the sun god Ra , who represents the cyclical nature of time and the renewal of maat.

The myths also highlight the constant conflict between the forces of order (maat) and the forces of chaos. Through these myths, the Egyptians sought to explain the origins of the world and their place within it.

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Major Egyptian Deities

Ra: the sun god.

Ra, the powerful Sun God, held immense significance in Egyptian mythology. He symbolized the sun’s life-giving and creative force, providing light and warmth to the world. As the supreme deity, Ra embarked on a daily journey through the sky, battling against the forces of darkness and chaos.

His presence symbolized the cyclical nature of time, as he rose each morning to bring a new day. Ra’s energy and power were an integral part of ancient Egyptian culture and rituals.

Osiris and Isis : The Divine Couple

Osiris and Isis were considered one of the most important divine couples in Egyptian mythology. Osiris , the god of the afterlife and fertility, represented rebirth and eternal life.

His sister and wife, Isis , embodied magic, healing, and motherhood. Their timeless love story included betrayal, death, resurrection, and the birth of their son, Horus . Together, Osiris and Isis provided hope for eternal life and were central figures in funerary rituals and beliefs.

Horus : The Avenger

Horus , the son of Osiris and Isis , was the avenger and protector of the pharaoh. As a falcon-headed god, he symbolized divine kingship and represented the pharaoh’s authority.

Horus battled against the chaotic god Set , seeking revenge for his father’s murder. The outcome of their conflict reflected the struggle between order and chaos in Egyptian mythology. Horus was deeply revered by the ancient Egyptians and played a crucial role in maintaining cosmic balance.

Set: The Chaotic God

Set, the god of chaos and disorder, represented the opposing force to maat, the order of the universe. He was often portrayed as a powerful creature with the head of an unidentified animal.

Set’s constant battles with Horus highlighted the perpetual conflict between the forces of order and chaos. Though feared and seen as a disruptive deity, Set had an important role in maintaining cosmic balance and challenging the established norms in Egyptian mythology.

Stories and Legends in Egyptian Mythology

Stories and legends form the heart of Egyptian mythology, providing insights into the beliefs and values of ancient Egyptians. These captivating narratives explore the cycles of life, death, and the eternal struggle between order and chaos.

Let’s delve into some prominent tales:

The Journey of Ra: Cycle of Time

Central to Egyptian mythology is the epic journey of Ra, the powerful sun god. As the sun rises in the sky each day, it symbolizes the cycle of time and the constant renewal of maat, the cosmic order.

Ra’s voyage through the heavens and his nightly descent to the underworld, known as the Duat , reflect the eternal battle between light and darkness. This myth emphasizes the cyclical nature of existence and the importance of maintaining balance in the world.

Osiris Myth: Life, Death, and Resurrection

The story of Osiris , the god of the afterlife, represents the triumph of life over death. Osiris is betrayed and murdered by his brother Set, the chaotic god of disorder.

However, through the love and devotion of his sister-wife Isis , Osiris is resurrected and becomes the ruler of the underworld. This myth illustrates the Egyptians’ belief in the possibility of rebirth and their quest for eternal life and immortality.

Horus and Set: Battle for the Throne

The conflict between Horus , the falcon-headed sky god, and Set is a pivotal tale of Egyptian mythology. Horus , the rightful heir to the throne, engages in a fierce struggle against his uncle Set, who seeks to usurp his position.

Through a series of epic battles and trials, Horus ultimately emerges victorious, symbolizing the triumph of order and justice over chaos. This myth reinforces the Egyptians’ belief in the divine right of pharaohs to rule and the importance of upholding maat in society.

These stories and legends in Egyptian mythology provide profound insights into the worldview and values of ancient Egyptians. They illuminate the complex interplay between gods and humans, the cosmic forces shaping their lives, and the perpetual struggle between order and chaos.

Symbolism and Metaphors in Egyptian Myths

Egyptian myths are rich in symbolism and metaphors, offering profound insights into the ancient Egyptians’ understanding of the world and their place within it. These captivating tales utilize symbolic language and metaphorical representations to convey complex concepts and philosophical ideas.

In this section, we will explore some of the key symbolic elements found in Egyptian mythology.

Maat : The Order of the Universe

At the heart of Egyptian mythology lies the concept of Maat , which represents the fundamental order and harmony of the universe. Maat embodies the principles of truth, justice, and cosmic balance upon which the world operates.

Through myths and legends, the ancient Egyptians sought to comprehend the delicate interplay between Maat and the forces of chaos.

Conflict between Order and Chaos

The Egyptian myths illustrate an ongoing struggle between forces of order and chaos. These stories depict the constant battle between the gods who uphold Maat and those who disrupt it.

The conflict between order and chaos serves as a metaphor for the perpetual struggle to maintain harmony and balance in both the natural and human realms.

Gods as Representations of Natural Elements

In Egyptian mythology, the gods often embody various aspects of the natural world.

Each deity is associated with specific elements, such as the sun, the Nile, or the desert. Through their actions and behaviors, these gods symbolize the forces at play in nature and provide the ancient Egyptians with a way to comprehend and interact with the natural environment.

By delving into the symbolism and metaphors present in Egyptian myths, we gain a deeper understanding of the intricate belief system and worldview of ancient Egypt. These myths serve as mirrors reflecting the complex relationships between order and chaos, and the profound connection between humans and the natural world.

Influence of Egyptian Mythology on Ancient Egyptian Culture

The rich tapestry of Egyptian mythology had a profound influence on various aspects of ancient Egyptian culture. These captivating myths and legends seeped into every facet of life, shaping religious rituals, inspiring intricate temple decorations, and leaving an indelible mark on funerary traditions and beliefs.

Religious Rituals and Practices

Egyptian mythology played a central role in the religious rituals and practices of ancient Egypt. The gods and goddesses depicted in these myths were worshipped fervently, with elaborate ceremonies held in their honor.

These rituals involved offerings, prayers, and processions to ensure the gods’ favor and protection. The mythology provided a framework for understanding the divine realm and establishing a connection between the mortal and immortal realms.

Temple Decorations and Artistic Influences

The vivid and intricate tales of Egyptian mythology served as a wellspring of inspiration for temple decorations and artistic endeavors. Temples were adorned with vibrant paintings, reliefs, and statues depicting mythological scenes and deities.

These artistic representations not only showcased the mythology but also served as a visible reminder of the gods’ presence and the significance of the myths in daily life. The imagery captured the essence of the mythological narratives, celebrating the power and majesty of the gods.

Funerary Traditions and Beliefs

The influence of Egyptian mythology extended even into the realms of death and the afterlife. Funerary traditions and beliefs were deeply intertwined with the myths and legends of ancient Egypt. The rituals surrounding death, mummification, and burial were guided by the belief in the journey of the soul through the Duat , the realm of the dead, and its eventual reunion with the gods.

Mythological narratives such as the Osiris myth provided hope for an afterlife filled with resurrection and continued existence. Tombs and burial sites were adorned with scenes from the mythology, ensuring the deceased’s connection to the divine realm.

The profound impact of Egyptian mythology on every aspect of ancient Egyptian culture is a testament to its enduring power and significance. From religious ceremonies to artistic expressions and beliefs surrounding death, the myths and legends shaped the way ancient Egyptians understood and interacted with the world around them, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to fascinate and inspire to this day.

Legacy of Egyptian Myths and Legends

The rich and captivating Egyptian myths and legends continue to leave a lasting legacy that enchants and intrigues people to this day. These ancient tales provide valuable insights into the beliefs, values, and culture of the ancient Egyptians, shedding light on their society and worldview.

Let us explore the profound impact of Egyptian mythology on various aspects of our modern world.

Modern Fascination with Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian mythology holds a magnetic appeal for people around the globe, captivating the imagination with its mystical allure. From the majestic pyramids to the enigmatic Sphinx , the grandeur of ancient Egyptian architecture and artifacts keeps this fascination alive.

Numerous books, documentaries, and exhibitions delve into the depths of Egyptian myths, enchanting enthusiasts with their rich symbolism and enduring mysteries.

Interpretations and Adaptations in Literature and Pop Culture

The enduring appeal of Egyptian myths can be seen in their influence on literature and popular culture. Countless authors have drawn inspiration from these ancient tales, incorporating them into their works of fiction.

From novels like “The Kane Chronicles” by Rick Riordan to films like “The Mummy” franchise, Egyptian mythology serves as a wellspring of inspiration for captivating storytelling that resonates with audiences of all ages.

In addition to literary adaptations, Egyptian mythology has also made its way into various forms of contemporary art, music, and fashion. Its iconic symbols and striking imagery often find their place in modern designs, art installations, and even tattoo artistry, paying homage to the enduring legacy of this ancient mythology.

Insights into Ancient Egyptian Society and Beliefs

Studying Egyptian myths and legends offers valuable insights into the social and religious beliefs of ancient Egyptian society. The tales reflect how the Egyptians perceived the world around them and their place within it.

The gods and goddesses portrayed in these myths embody different aspects of nature and human existence, revealing the significance of agriculture, fertility, and the afterlife in their culture.

Furthermore, the myths reveal the importance of maintaining harmony and balance, embodied in the concept of maat.

This fundamental order was intricately connected to the rule of the pharaoh, who was considered a divine ruler responsible for upholding maat and ensuring the prosperity of his people.

By exploring these ancient stories and the values they represent, we gain a deeper understanding of the profound influence Egyptian myths and legends have had on shaping the ancient Egyptian society and its enduring cultural heritage.

In conclusion, the legacy of Egyptian myths and legends extends far beyond their ancient origins. They continue to captivate and inspire, transcending time and geography to leave an indelible mark on the cultural fabric of our world.

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(page 1) p. 1 Introduction

• Published: April 2004
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Mythology played a huge part in Egyptian culture. People and events from myth permeate Egyptian art, architecture, and literature. Myths figured highly in many of the rituals performed by kings and priests. Many believed that knowledge of myth would help them in the afterlife. The Introduction looks at what we know about Egyptian mythology and the part it played in the lives of the Ancient Egyptians. In ancient times, the concept of myth was a positive one: myths were regarded as stories that contained poetic rather than literal truths. Egyptian mythology does not exist as one standard version, it changed and developed over time.

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• Hieroglyphs

LESSON PLAN: Egyptian Gods & Goddesses Worksheet

• Study each picture and use online research to learn the names of the four figures
• Write the name of each deity in the box provided in the worksheet
• Write a short description of the powers attributed to each
• Hint:  Look at the head of each deity. What you see there will provide you with some great clues.
• Gods and Goddesses Worksheet
• Internet access
• Pen or pencil
• Students who perform this task in groups will have the opportunity for discussion.
• Alternatively, students can do the assignment individually, and a class discussion can be entered into when the worksheets are complete.
• The myths surrounding each god or goddess
• The familial relationships, if any, between each one
• How these mythological beings were regarded by ancient Egyptians in daily life
• What effects these deities had on people's attitudes at the time
• Their use in household shrines, as well as in temples
• How they compare to other pantheons, such as Greek and Roman gods

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World History Edu

• Ancient Egypt

Egyptian Mythology: How the universe was created

by World History Edu · August 21, 2023

Egyptian mythology offers several versions of cosmogony, each associated with a different city or religious center. However, there are recurring themes and motifs throughout these narratives.

One of the most well-known versions originates from Heliopolis, while others are rooted in cities such as Hermopolis, Memphis, and Thebes.

Nun lifts the solar barque with the new-born sun from the waters of creation. Nun was seen as the vast emptiness of the cosmic ocean.

Below is an overview of the Heliopolitan cosmogony (Ennead of Heliopolis):

Nun and the Primordial Waters of Nothingness

Before the world existed, there was Nun, the chaotic waters of the void, an infinite expanse of darkness and primordial waters.

Emergence of the Benben and Atum

Atum is believed to have brought forth the first deities in an asexual manner. Image: Ancient Egyptian creator god Atum

From these waters, a mound or hill, known as the Benben, emerged. Atop this hill, the first deity, Atum (sometimes associated with Ra , the sun god), came into being.

It is said that Atum, a sun deity, existed in a dormant or asleep state for an immeasurable span of time. This portrayal emphasizes the idea of a world before creation — a state of nothingness, stillness, and potential.

Atum creates the first Egyptian deities

Atum was a self-created deity. He created the first pair of deities, Shu (the god of air) and Tefnut (the goddess of moisture), through a process described in some texts as autogenesis (self-generation, sometimes symbolically described as spitting, sneezing, or through more intimate means).

How Atum actually created Shu and Tefnut

In Egyptian mythology, the act of creation is often illustrated using human analogies to help convey abstract concepts. For the creation of the first deities, the myth employs the metaphor of masturbation for Atum’s self-generative act. The hand Atum used symbolizes the feminine aspect present within him.

Additionally, the myth describes Atum as having “sneezed” and “spat” to bring forth the deities Shu and Tefnut. This description is rooted in wordplay, as the Egyptian words for these actions sound similar to the names of the deities. Through these metaphors and puns, the story conveys the idea of spontaneous creation and the interconnectedness of the divine entities.

The Birth of the Sky and the Earth

Shu and Tefnut went on to produce two offspring: Nut (the sky goddess) and Geb (the earth god). The depiction of Nut arched over Geb, with Shu standing between them, separating the sky from the earth, is a common visual representation in ancient Egyptian art.

First Egyptian deities – Shu and Tefnut. Image: Shu (center) separating Geb from Nut

Birth of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Nephthys

Nut and Geb birthed four children – Osiris, Egyptian god of fertility and the afterlife; Isis, goddess of motherhood and magic; Seth, god of chaos and storms; and Nephthys, goddess of protection.

These four gods play pivotal roles in various Egyptian myths, particularly the story of Osiris’s murder by his brother Seth and his resurrection with the aid of his wife, Isis.

Together with his children, Atum was able to hold back the malevolent and chaotic forces and keep the universe in balance. Atum was believed to be supported by Ma’at , the ancient Egyptian goddess of truth and order. Image: Ennead of Heliopolis

Reason why Atum created the first deities

Per the Heliopolitan cosmogony, the eight deities that came after Atum were seen as the extensions of the creator god. Together with these gods, Atum was able to hold back the destructive forces of chaos and keep the universe in balance. The purpose of creating those deities was aimed at keeping Ma’at (i.e. personification of order and truth) alive.

Ancient Egyptians’ explanation for the complex nature of the world

With each subsequent generation of deities, the complexity and diversity of the world increased, encapsulating all facets of nature. Each feature, from the mightiest river to the tiniest insect, was given a divine overseer, highlighting the interconnectedness of nature and divinity in ancient Egyptian belief.

The pantheon’s gradual expansion represents the organized unfolding of the cosmos from a singular origin to the intricate, multifaceted world the Egyptians knew.

How Egyptian temples served as models of the universe

Queen Hatshepsut ‘s Temple at Deir el-Bahari, was called Djeser-Djeseru, meaning the Holy of Holies

Egyptian temples were architectural representations of the universe’s inception, with their innermost sections symbolizing the primordial hill.

As worshipers progressed from the temple’s exterior to its interior, they experienced rising floor levels and decreasing ceiling heights, transitioning from well-lit areas to dimly lit inner sanctums.

This dim ambiance recreated the ancient world’s atmosphere, a time when the world was devoid of form and meaning.

Egyptologists state that only a select few, mainly priests and the Pharaoh, had the privilege to enter the temple’s most sacred space.

Within this framework, the hypostyle hall, characterized by its multitude of columns that support a grand roof, was designed to resemble a dense cluster of papyrus reeds reminiscent of the marshes surrounding Benben, the first mound of creation.

Variations in the creation story

While the Heliopolitan cosmogony is central in Egyptian mythology, other cities and regions had their own versions of creation. Simply put, ancient Egypt had a number of creator deities and their corresponding creation stories.

For example, in the Hermopolitan cosmogony, the world began with the Ogdoad, a group of eight primordial deities, who represented the chaos that existed before creation. Over time, these various cosmogonies coexisted and intertwined, reflecting the rich tapestry of ancient Egyptian religious beliefs and practices.

A depiction of the Ogdoad from a Roman era relief at the Hathor temple in Dendera in which some have frog heads and others have serpent heads.

The Pyramid Texts

In ancient Egypt, understanding the cosmos and the origin of life was essential to their religious beliefs and practices. The Pyramid Texts are among the earliest comprehensive religious compositions from ancient Egypt.

Dating from the Old Kingdom , specifically the era spanning c. 2700–2200 BC, these texts were inscribed on the walls of the interior chambers of pyramids. They were essentially funerary inscriptions, guiding the deceased pharaohs through the afterlife, ensuring their immortality, and linking them with the gods.

In addition to describing the afterlife and ensuring the pharaoh’s safe passage, the Pyramid Texts and other tomb inscriptions also elucidated the interconnectedness of creation myths with the reigning monarch, reinforcing the divine right and role of the pharaoh as the living god on earth, a direct descendant of the deities who created the world.

Known as some of the earliest religious compilations not just in ancient Egypt but in history in general, the Pyramid Texts serves as the major source of the information about ancient Egyptian creation myths. Image: Pyramid Text inscribed on the wall of a subterranean room in Teti’s pyramid, at Saqqara

Questions & Answers

From waters of Nun, a mound or hill, known as the Benben, emerged. The mound symbolized the rising of sun. Atop this hill, the first deity, Atum (sometimes associated with Ra, the sun god), came into being. Image: The sun rises over the circular mound of creation as goddesses pour out the primeval waters around it

What is the importance of Benben in ancient Egyptian creation story?

The ancient Egyptians believed Benben as a mound (i.e. pyramid) or island that became the first tangible piece of land from the vast, lifeless ocean of Nun.

Benben served as a foundational point from which the rest of creation would unfold.

This act of bringing forth land from water mirrors the natural phenomenon in the Nile Delta, where land emerges from the water annually due to silt deposition from the Nile’s flooding.

What was “The First Event”?

Benben was seen by ancient Egyptians as the “First Event” or “First Occasion” in the creation story. The mound symbolized the rising of the sun (i.e. Atum/Ra) for the first time.

Who were the first deities Atum created?

Atum, having emerged from the primordial waters and now standing atop the mound of Benben, began the act of populating the world.

Firstly, he created Shu, the god of air, embodying the life-giving, breathable atmosphere, and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture, representing the vital wetness essential for life. Their emergence underscores the importance of air and water as basic elements necessary for existence.

From Shu and Tefnut came the next generation: Geb and Nut. Geb was the personification of the earth itself, the solid ground upon which life forms could thrive. Contrarily, Nut was the expansive sky, a canopy over the earth, adorned with stars and celestial bodies.

What role did the first deities play in the story?

Shu and Tefnut’s roles are integral to the story as they represent essential elements of life and set the foundation for the subsequent layers of creation.

Shu , the god of air, represents the breathable atmosphere and space, essential for life to exist. He separates and holds up Nut, the sky, from Geb, the earth, creating the space in which the world exists. His role is to bring order, ensuring that the earth and the sky remain distinct entities, preventing chaos from returning.

Tefnut , the goddess of moisture, embodies the element of moisture or water, another fundamental aspect for life. Water is vital for fertility, growth, and daily sustenance. Tefnut is also associated with order and regulation, ensuring the world’s proper functioning by providing the necessary moisture.

Who are the other major creation deities in ancient Egyptian religion and mythology?

In the rich tapestry of ancient Egyptian mythology, there isn’t just one creation story but several, each emphasizing different elements and aspects of the cosmos and divinity.

For example, there are the Ogdoad, a group of eight primordial deities whose worship was predominant in Hermopolis, a city that straddled the boundary between Upper and Lower Egypt. According to the legend, these eight deities of creation were initially divided into male and female sets. The goddess Naunet and her counterpart Nu symbolized the inert primeval waters; Huh and Hauhet embodied their boundless expanse; Kek and Kauket signified the inherent darkness; while Amun and Amaunet depicted its concealed and mysterious essence, contrasting with the palpable realm of the living.

There was Ptah, a creator deity, who carried out the creation process through thought and word. It’s said that Ptah conceived the world in his heart and spoke it into existence with his tongue. This creation account was predominant in Memphis in Lower Egypt.

Ptah – a creation deity who was predominantly worshiped in ancient Memphis

Finally, there was Amun, the sun/creator god. The Theban cosmogony highlighted the god Amun. In this narrative, Amun is a mysterious, hidden god who existed before all things and from whom all creation emanated. He’s often merged with Ra to form Amun-Ra, a powerful synthesis of Theban and Heliopolitan beliefs.

The Theban cosmogony highlighted the god Amun. Initially a minor local deity, Amun rose to prominence during the Middle Kingdom and especially the New Kingdom, becoming the chief god of the pantheon.

READ MORE: Most Famous Ancient Egyptian Cities

Tags: Atum Egyptian Cosmogonies Ennead Heliopolitan Cosmogony Shu Tefnut

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Online Class: Egyptian Mythology 101

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Deciphering the Secrets of Ancient Egypt: Beyond the Mystique

Delve into the captivating realm of ancient Egypt, a world bathed in mystique, grandeur, and intriguing paradoxes. While the iconic pyramids, mystical mummies, and hieroglyphic wonders might seem familiar, a treasure trove of lesser-known stories and staggering truths lie beneath the surface. Did you know, for instance, that the mummification of cats surpassed even that of humans in ancient Egypt? Or that the majestic pharaohs, hailed for their earthly might, were not just liaisons to the divine but were revered as deities themselves?

Course Highlights:

Age-old Myths and More: Navigate through the intricate web of Egyptian mythology that persisted for an astounding four millennia. This incredible span of time sets it apart in the annals of long-gone religions.

Sailing the Nile: Embark on a riveting journey along the Nile's shimmering waters, as we uncover the tales, traditions, and truths of one of humanity's most illustrious civilizations.

Modern in Antiquity: Challenge the conventional and discover the surprisingly contemporary facets of this ancient society. From their socio-cultural nuances to their scientific strides, there's a modern echo in the distant past.

Symbols and Significance: Decode the symbolism of revered animals like hippos and the cultural importance of elements like beer, and grasp their monumental relevance in ancient Egyptian ethos.

Conquerors and Culture: Dive deep into a world where legendary conquerors merge seamlessly into the expansive tapestry of Egyptian heritage, highlighting its allure and impact.

The Scholar's Quest: Engage with riveting analyses, historic explorations, and modern interpretations by renowned scholars. Witness the fascinating confluence of age-old scripts and 21st-century academic pursuits.

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Beyond mere facts, this course is a sensory expedition that paints vivid imagery of the sun-kissed sands of Giza, the awe-inducing temples of Luxor, and the bustling marketplaces of Thebes. Feel the pulse of a civilization that, while ancient, pulsates with vitality, innovation, and unparalleled grandeur.

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Our expertly curated content not only sheds light on known wonders but also unveils hidden gems and untold stories. Through a blend of rich visual content, immersive narratives, and engaging modules, this course goes beyond a simple historical recounting. It invites you to feel, ponder, and connect with a civilization that has shaped many aspects of our modern world.

Join us in unraveling the enigmatic allure of ancient Egypt. Whether you're an avid historian, a curious soul, or someone seeking a deeper understanding of humanity's rich tapestry, this course promises a journey like no other. Step into a realm where every glyph tells a story and every pyramid holds a secret. Rediscover ancient Egypt, where the past resonates in the present.

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Lesson 1: Egyptian Worship

Lesson 2: The Gods

Lesson 3: the religious elite, lesson 4: examples of egyptian myths, lesson 5: egyptian mythology in the ancient world, lesson 6: hieroglyphs, lesson 7: iconography and art, lesson 8: the conversion of the egyptian people, learning outcomes.

• Summarize Egyptian worship and Egyptian gods.
• Describe the religious elite.
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• "This was a brilliant course, I already have a good grounding in Egyptian mythology and history but this provided a great background to the myths that we all know so well. Would be willing do a further course that expanded on this one further." -- Karen B.
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16 Ancient Egypt Activities for Middle School

Ancient egypt activities, ancient egypt lesson plans .

If you are an Ancient Civilizations teacher and need some ideas for Ancient Egypt, you’re in the right place! We’ve compiled our top free and paid resources to help you have a successful Ancient Egypt unit. The following Ancient Egypt activities listed below are part of our personal unit plan. We want to help you succeed, whether you use these as an outline or to help supplement your existing unit!

Ancient Egypt Activities for Middle School

Introductory vocabulary activities.

We like to start our units with different vocab activities and give students multiple opportunities to practice and learn them. That being said, in the age of distance and online learning, we’ve put together multiple digital activities for Google Drive. These vocabulary activities for Google Drive are fun ways for students to practice the Ancient Egypt vocabulary words in a variety of ways, such as with Quizlet, self-grading Google Forms, and more! 

Ancient Egypt Word Wall

With our vocab activities, we find that word walls are a great vocabulary tool! We have a resource that includes 22 Ancient Egypt vocabulary words ready to print and display on a bulletin board. They’re also helpful for your visual learners, as pictures or images are included on each card! Even better, there’s a 100% editable Google Slideshow included with all of the words and images!

Never used an ancient civilization word wall before? This blog post will teach you how to set up, organize, and use them effectively in your classroom! 

Ancient Egypt Slideshow + Notes Sheet

We find it helpful to share background information at the start of the unit, so students can make connections during other activities. With this  Ancient Egypt Slideshow for Google Slides , teach your students about the GRAPES of Ancient Egypt! This 47-slide Google Slideshow provides a detailed overview of Ancient Egypt, including geography, pharaohs, hieroglyphics, and much more! This no-prep resource also includes both printable and digital note sheets!

Ancient Egypt Unit Introductory Activity

Another way to start off your Ancient Egypt unit is with this activity . This is a simple and no-prep research activity that connects Ancient Egypt’s past to modern times. It guides students through some country research about modern-day Egypt to make the unit more relevant to them and help pique their curiosity about things they will learn during your unit. For your convenience, both digital and PDF versions are provided! 

Ancient Egypt Bell Ringers

If you’re looking to improve your classroom management and help students review material,  these bell ringers are perfect! This set includes 20 Ancient Egypt Bell Ringers for Google Drive that are 100% editable and ready to use. These warm-up prompts cover a variety of topics that come up in an Ancient Egypt unit while also building helpful skills! Topics covered in this resource include mummification, hieroglyphics, the Great Pyramid, and more!

Ancient Egypt Timeline

If you’re looking to make your Ancient Egypt Unit more hands-on and engaging, this printable Ancient Egypt Timeline is the resource you need! In this interactive timeline project, students construct a timeline that features reading passages, maps, and images. The information included in these features covers the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt and the capital cities of Kerma, Napata, and Meroë from Kush. Not only will this activity give students the chance to physically build a timeline, but it will also become a learning tool that they can refer back to throughout the unit!

Nile River Simulation

The Nile River is a major topic in any Ancient Egypt unit, and this no-prep, game-based Nile River Simulation will be a highlight! In this activity, students will choose where to live along the Nile River, farm, trade goods, and learn about geography. This simulation features six different rounds of competition. Each round, students must make decisions and roll the dice to see what they might’ve experienced living along the Nile. Simulations can be fun and meaningful activities but often take lots of work and preparation, which is why we did it for you! No need to set-up anything for this simulation, simply present the slideshow and share the handout with students.

Ancient Egypt 101 from National Geographic

We like to show as many videos as we can just to bring the content to life for the students. One that we’re very fond of is from National Geographic, as they have a History 101 video for Ancient Egypt. It’s about 4-5 minutes, and gives a nice overview of introductory subjects for the unit. It’s quick, it has great animations, and it keeps students engaged! You can view the YouTube video here .

How did the Nile River shape Ancient Egypt? DBQ

The sources included are all about answering how the Nile shaped Ancient Egypt. This DBQ contains resources such as the hymn to the Nile, recreated maps, and photos students have to analyze. It’s perfect for primary and secondary source analysis, and comparing sources. The official link is here if this is something your district would consider purchasing. However, we did find several PDF versions available that some teachers had uploaded, although this technically breaks the DBQ project’s policies.

Egyptian Mythology Instagram Activity

This Egyptian Mythology activity is a great way for students to demonstrate their understanding of the Egyptian gods and goddesses in a creative way! In this activity, students create a selection of Instagram-styled posts for five of the gods/goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Each post includes an image, caption, and relevant hashtags that help explain who that god or goddess is. Please note that this resource does not teach students about Egyptian mythology. Rather, it is a great activity to help students practice or review the information they have learned about Egyptian Mythology.

However, if you are looking for a resource to use to teach your students about Egyptian mythology, check out the slideshow activity below!

Egyptian Mythology Overview

If you need to teach your students about who’s who in Egyptian Mythology, this Intro to Egyptian Mythology can help! This digital resource includes a Google Slideshow featuring 16 of the different gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Following the slideshow, an editable graphic organizer for Google Docs and some printable flashcards will help students review! Gods and goddesses part of the slideshow include Ra, Amun, Ma’at, Thoth, Bastet, Sekhmet, Ptah, Hathor, Nut, and more!

 Egyptian Mythology Worksheet for Early Finishers

A fun, chill activity for an emergency sub plan or early finishers, this activity sheet is perfect while you’re teaching about Egyptian Mythology! Both fun and educational, this no-prep Egyptian Mythology worksheet contains two different activities: a creative matching challenge with clues and an Egyptian Mythology crossword puzzle! Simply make double-sided copies to have on hand whenever there’s extra time to fill.

Ancient Egypt Google Earth Field Trip

Students love using Google Earth, and this creative activity helps connect geography and architecture. This allows students to figure out which clue connects to which landmark or geographical site. It is also available as a printable or digital resource, so use whatever version works best for you. This resource is definitely a highlight of our unit!

Google Maps “Pyramids of Giza”

If you’re looking for something really quick, Google Maps has a resource that can be scrolled through. There’s not necessarily an activity that goes along with this, but it’s great for an overview or if there are a few minutes left in class. We’ve also used this as an early finisher activity that helps students visualize the Pyramids more. 

Great Pyramid Reading Passage + Activities

This no-prep  Great Pyramid of Giza reading passage and activities is perfect for teaching about the Great Pyramid and other Egyptian pyramids! Students will read the passage about the Great Pyramid and how Egyptian pyramids evolved over time. Then they will complete two creative activities about what they learned. Activities include a reading comprehension puzzle and discussion prompt on whether or not the Great Pyramid was worth the cost.

BBC Great Pyramid VR Video

This resource from the BBC takes students into the Great Pyramid of Giza, and allows them to see the different chambers inside. It also provides a 360° panoramic view and captions that explain exactly what’s being shown. Again, this resource doesn’t have a built-in activity, but it does provide students with the most engaging virtual experience we can give.

The Giza Project

This resource from Harvard University is absolutely amazing with all the uses it can provide for an Ancient Egypt unit! Students can visit several locations, look at panoramic views , images, videos, and it can be an amazing tool to design projects. We only scratched the surface when we discovered this resource, so check it out and see what it can add to your unit!

Ancient Egypt Mummy Project

Is it really an Ancient Egypt Unit if you don’t talk about mummies?  The idea of this project is to have students actually present the mummification process. They go step-by-step and the presentation is extremely hands-on. Students enjoy it because they can make up their own backstories, add humor and props, and show off their creativity. We like to call it “Mummification on a Budget”. It’s an experience that students don’t tend to forget, and it livens up the unit. Now this project is more ideal in the classroom than virtually, but it’s still doable, and we have some digital components for you here .

How to Make a Mummy

Mummification is usually the highlight of the unit, just because students are so fascinated with it. This TED-Ed video goes over the major steps in the mummification process. It’s short and sweet at only 5 minutes, and has an Anubis character that brings some humor to the subject. 

Mummies: Secrets of the Pharaohs  

To wrap up our mummy resources, we often show this movie about Ramses the Great and the discovery of his tomb. It’s also a great tool to reinforce what you’ve taught and bring in a new story at the same time. We like to have students watch this after they’ve completed their mummy projects, or right before a holiday break.

Pharaohs Job Fair 

Many districts these days are not providing enough necessary job-related skills in the classroom. We’ve created this resource to teach students about the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt in a different way, using their resumes! Students have to look over and analyze each resume and decide who to hire for specific positions. This activity helps students learn more about these leaders and career skills as they choose who to hire for different jobs. 

Pharaohs Research Project/Choice Project

Giving students choices is a great way to help them personalize their learning and connect their strengths to the content. In this project, students conduct research about a Pharaoh of their choice. Then they create either a 3-D tomb, a rap or song, a magazine, or a talk-show style interview. This resource is originally a group project but can definitely be modified for individual student projects. 

Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphics Decoding

A low-key but very fun challenge for students is to decode a variety of messages written in hieroglyphics. This resource has secret phrases students have to decipher, and helps them visualize what the hieroglyphics look like. This is a great last minute worksheet for students to work on if there’s extra time in class. 

Kingdom of Kush Gallery Walk

Looking for a meaningful way to teach your students about Kushite culture? This  gallery walk about the Kingdom of Kush is exactly what you need! This activity highlights 12 artifacts and information that provides an overview of what is known about ancient Kush. With printable, digital, and editable options and an answer key, you have everything you need for a successful activity! A gallery walk can bring a museum experience into the classroom! It gets students up and out of their seats to observe historical images and read information about them. Students will complete a graphic organizer that has them describe each artifact and reflect on how they contribute to our understanding of the Kushites.

Leaders of Kush Slideshow

Need more engaging resources on the ancient civilization of Kush? This digital Kingdom of Kush resource on the impressive kings and queens of Kush is a must! Present a brief history of 7 different Kushite leaders using the editable Google Slideshow, including Kashta, Taharqa, Arkamani, and more! With the Awards Activity, students will evaluate and award leaders based on their accomplishments. They will explain their choices on their Google Doc, using categories similar to what one might find on an award show like the Grammys or Oscars.

Ancient Egypt Unit Test

Save yourself time at the end of your Ancient Egypt Unit with this  Ancient Egypt Test and Study Guide ! This ready-made test has printable and digital options, and all text is 100% editable. It includes a version for Ancient Egypt and Kush, as well as a version without the Kush questions. Each version includes 2 different testing options for Google Docs and for Google Forms, so you have the flexibility to use whichever version works best for you!

Ancient Egypt Daily Agenda Slides

Need a way to stay more organized during your Ancient Egypt Unit? These Ancient Egypt Daily Agenda Slides Templates will help you save time and better immerse your students in the unit! These slides for Google Drive are editable and each template features a photograph of Ancient Egypt in the background, as well as Ancient Egypt clipart. They can be used to share your daily agenda, bell ringers, and more!

Ancient Egypt Bookmarks

These printable Ancient Egypt Bookmarks are a fun addition to your Ancient Egypt unit! This set includes four different designs that feature images and clipart that are related to Ancient Egypt. The bookmarks are 100% black and white so that students can color in the images or personalize them as they wish! These coloring bookmarks make a great prize, short early finisher activity, or can even help students save time when using their textbooks!

Ancient Egypt Worksheet for Early Finishers

This final resource contains some games for students to work on, like vocab and crossword puzzles. This activity is not super substantial for the unit, but it’s perfect for students who finish classwork early. It can even work as an emergency sub plan to have on hand when needed!

Ancient Egypt for Middle School

When teaching any ancient civilization, it’s always important to have activities that make the content fun and engaging for students. If you liked any of our Ancient Egypt activities, you’ll love our Ancient Egypt Unit Bundle ! This bundle contains 23 resources and is a great way to supplement your textbook or curriculum materials about Ancient Egypt! We’ve had great success with these resources, and our students always have a blast!

As of 2024, we now have all of our Ancient Civilizations unit bundles available on our own website, which you can check out here. We believe the organization to be even better than how you can receive the files on TPT, and it also helps if your school district blocks Google Drive files from TPT!

Looking for ideas and inspiration when planning your Ancient Egypt unit? If so, this free Ancient Egypt resource guide   can help! It showcases each of our Mesopotamia resources to help you decide which options will be best for your students. For more details about how we put fit these resources together and how long we spend on each activity, you can also download our  free Ancient Egypt unit plan !

If you liked this list of 16 Ancient Egypt Activities for Middle School, consider watching the corresponding video here !

Are you looking for some new teaching ideas to engage your students in your social studies class? If so, you’ll love our FREE guide: 5 Creative Projects to Ignite Student Engagement in Your Social Studies Class . These activities have both printable and digital options and can work for any social studies subject!

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Egyptian Gods and Goddess Biographies

In this activity, activity overview, template and class instructions, more storyboard that activities.

• This Activity is Part of Many Teacher Guides

Egyptian mythology is filled with amazing stories that all intertwine. It can be helpful for students to identify individual gods and goddesses and their myths! In this activity, will create a poster that highlights a single Egyptian god or goddess . Students should identify powers, important symbols, and related or most important myths. Students should summarize one of the related myths in the poster, or write a paragraph describing the god or goddess by incorporating the details noted above.

For additional templates to add to this assignment, see our biography poster templates page!

Students can use our Picture Encyclopedia pages to do preliminary research on Egyptian gods and goddesses ! These pages can be printed out as supplementary information, or to give students an overview.

(These instructions are completely customizable. After clicking "Copy Activity", update the instructions on the Edit Tab of the assignment.)

Objective: Create a poster highlighting the important aspects of an Egyptian god or goddess of your choice.

Student Instructions:

• Click “Start Assignment”.
• Research myths, symbols, & traits of your Egyptian god or goddess.
• Find a character to represent your god or goddess.
• Create a poster that includes symbols, powers, and myths.
• Summarize one myth associated with your god.
• Click “Save and Exit” to submit your assignment.

Lesson Plan Reference

Grade Level 6-12

Difficulty Level 3 (Developing to Mastery)

Type of Assignment Individual

Type of Activity: Biographies

• [ELA-Literacy/RL/9-10/3] Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme

(You can also create your own on Quick Rubric .)

Egyptian Mythology

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