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Unit 12: Improvement in food resources

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Food Resources

Mar 17, 2019

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Food Resources. Issues and Impacts of Agriculture ENVS 1 Oct. 14, 2002. See Miller Chapter 12. Main Topics. Methods of producing food. Increasing food production. Environmental effects of food production. Issues of sustainability. Sources of food worldwide.

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• grain production
• green revolution
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• total world grain production

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Food Resources Issues and Impacts of Agriculture ENVS 1 Oct. 14, 2002 See Miller Chapter 12

Main Topics • Methods of producing food • Increasing food production • Environmental effects of food production • Issues of sustainability

Sources of food worldwide • Of 30,000 edible plants, only 15 spp. supply 90% of our food • Primary plants:wheat, corn, and rice Provide > ½ calories people consume • Primary animals:cattle, pigs, and chicken 2ndary: Eggs, milk & cheese

Major Types of Agriculture • Traditional subsistence • Shifting cultivation • Nomadic herding • Traditional intensive • Plantation • Industrialized

Industrialized agriculture in developed countries Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy Intensive traditional agriculture in developing countries Land Labor Capital Fossil fuel energy Fig. 12.3a, p. 264

Shifting cultivation in tropical forests in developing countries Land Labor Capital Nomadic herding in developing countries Land Labor Capital Fig. 12.3b, p. 264

World Food Production Plantation agriculture Industrialized agriculture Nomadic herding Shifting cultivation Intensive traditional agriculture No agriculture Fig. 12.2, p. 263

2,000 1,500 Grain production (millions of tons) 1,000 500 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Total World Grain Production Fig. 12.8a, p. 268

Per Capita World Grain Production 400 350 Per capita grain production (kilograms per person) 300 250 200 150 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Fig. 12.8b, p. 268

Green Revolutions Second green revolution (developing countries) First green revolution (developed countries) Major International agricultural research centers and seed banks Fig. 12.4, p. 265

Producing Food by Green-Revolution Techniques • High-input monoculture • Selectively bred or genetically-engineered crops • High inputs of fertilizer • Extensive use of pesticides • High inputs of water • Increased intensity and frequency of cropping

To increase rice yields: More, bigger grain per stalk (heavier head) More stalks per acre (higher density) More plantings per year Heavier heads required: more fertilizer, water, hybrids with shorter stalks (to prevent lodging) Higher density plantings required: more fertilizer, constant water, hybrids with smaller root system More plantings per year required: more fertilizer, year round water, pesticides More fertilizer, water, pesticides & hybrid seed required: more energy, esp. from fossil fuels more cash, especially US dollars

Results of Green Revolution: Mixed Higher yields per acre when inputs available Lower yields when inputs unavailable Increased dependence on cash economy Increased dependence on fossil fuel Increased imports of inputs Income disparity?? Migration to cities??

Unintended consequences: Killer Bees Mild-mannered, low honey producing Italian bee X Aggressive, high honey producing African bee? Instead, got an aggressive, low producing bee Hope for a mild-mannered, high producing bee Worse yet – it escaped, and is interbreeding with other bees making them aggressive & low producing too!

Environmental Effects of Food Production • Biodiversity loss • Soil degradation • Air pollution • Water pollution • Human health

Biodiversity Loss Soil Loss and degradation of habitat from clearing grasslands and forests and draining wetland Invasive species out competing natives Killing of wild predators to protect livestock Loss of genetic diversity from replacing thousands of wild crop strains with a few monoculture strains Erosion Loss of fertility Salinization from irrigation Desertification Fig. 12.10a, p. 271

Air & Climate Water Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use Pesticide drift from spraying Dust / airborne particulates Weather alteration from large scale clearing Aquifer depletion Water diversions Increased runoff and flooding from land cleared to grow crops Sediment pollution from erosion Fish kills from pesticide runoff Surface and groundwater pollution from pesticides, fertilizers & livestock Overfertilization (eutrophication) of lakes and slow-moving rivers from runoff of nitrates and phosphates from fertilizers, livestock wastes, and food processing wastes Fig. 12.10b, p. 271

Human Health Nitrates in drinking water Pesticides residues in drinking water, food, and air Contamination of drinking and swimming water with disease organisms from livestock wastes Bacterial contamination of meat Farm worker exposure & working conditions Fig. 12.10c, p. 271

Food Production since Green Rev • Rapid increases in total production • Prices decreasing • Shortages in developing countries • Approaching limits on meat production

Increasing World Crop Production • Crossbreeding and artificial selection • Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) • Continued Green Revolution techniques • Introducing new foods • Working more land

Alternative Solutions: Sustainable Agriculture • Low-input agriculture • Organic farming See Fig. 12-21 p. 291 • Non-meat alternatives • Research in sustainable techniques

Vermont: A case of agricultural innovation and environmental degradation Developing & disseminating new breeds: Merino sheep Jersey cow Morgan horse Green Mountain potato

Soil failure and the sheep boom • Soils, crop yields already in decline • Merino sheep introduced 1811 & breeding ↑ yields 143% • Wool tariffs 1824 • Civil War 1860s (wool blankets!) • 1.5 million sheep in VT in mid-1800s • Hillsides denuded • After Civil War, sheep industry failed in VT • Farms abandoned

What’s was next for Vermont? 5 cows earn $357.50 per year, while 40 sheep net only $40 per year -- Vermont Board of Agriculture, 1868

And Cows still with us. 1525 of VT’s 6800 farms are dairy Served New England market for milk, butter & cheese. In 1960, 10,000 dairy farms produced half the milk that the current 1525 farms produce now! Average herd size ↑↑ Production per cow ↑↑ Jersey cows bred in VT helped make VT butter and cheese famous! Breeding & other ag research remain import to VT’s economy and environment.

In Summary: Supplying food for the world’s growing population was and still is an issue. Policy and research play a big role. Efforts to increase production have focused on: Improved varieties thru breeding and genetic engineering Inputs, esp. chemicals, energy and water Agriculture has multiple impacts on the environment and human health Sustainable agricultural techniques are growing but far behind conventional

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IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

Furthermore excessive use of chemical ... some important terms related to ... dwarf ness is desirable in cereal crops etc. nutrient management plants need ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Food is the fundamental requirement of all living organisms because they need energy to run all the life processes. Food consists of various components like Carbohydrate, Fat, Mineral, vitamins and Proteins. Each of the components has a specific role to play in our body and therefore a balanced diet is important for all of us.
• The intensive farm practices in the past have led to overexploitation of our land resources. Furthermore excessive use of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides has degraded the quality of our environment. The need of the hour is to increase the food production without further damage to the environment. In other words there is an urgent need for sustainable development i.e. a type of development that fulfils the needs of the present generation without compromising on the needs of the future generations.
• Green vegetables, fruits and spices provide vitamins and minerals needed for proper functioning of human body.
• Fodder crops Some plants grown to feed the livestock. Examples
• Berseem, oats, and Sudan grass
• Crops also require light for different durations a phenomenon called Photoperiod for proper growth and flowering.
• Traditional method of crop improvement.
• This involves crossing two different plants which are genetically different.
• Variety Group of plants characterized by specific desirable features.
• Species Category of closely related organisms that can breed among themselves to give rise to fertile off springs.
• Genus Group of closely related species.
• This is based on a newer method called genetic engineering.
• It involves cutting and transfer of specific genes to crop plants for their improvement.
• The method leads to rapid and desirable results but there are many ethical and safety concerns related to such food crops.
• Higher yield per unit of land.
• Improved product quality.
• Resistance against Biotic stresses (disease causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi insects and nematodes) and Abiotic stresses (adverse climate and soil conditions)
• Reducing the crop maturity time.
• Tolerance to a wider range of climatic conditions.
• Better agronomic features- For example profuse branching is desirable in fodder crops dwarf ness is desirable in cereal crops etc.
• Plants need nutrients which they collect from various sources.
• MANURE These are products of degradation of biological materials like animal excreta and plant waste .They contain large quantities of organic matter and nutrients.
• Importance of using manure
• They help in enriching soil fertility.
• Helps improving the soil texture by increasing water holding capacity in sandy soils and improving drainage ( by avoiding water logging) in clayey soil.
• FERTILIZERS
• These are commercially produced sources of nutrients which supply Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium (NPK) .
• Fertilizers are an important factor in higher yields in high cost farming.
• Since they are chemical in nature and are loaded with nutrients these must be used carefully in terms of quantity, dosage and time of application.
• Excessive use of fertilizers has led to contamination of water bodies.
• Continuous use of fertilizers also destroys soil fertility
• It is a system of farming with minimal or no use of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides etc. and with maximum input of organic manure recycled farm waste use of bioagents such as Blue green algae as Biofertilizer, neem leaves to kill pests and healthy cropping systems. These are beneficial in insect, pest and weed control apart from increasing productivity in an environment friendly manner.
• River lift system
• rainwater harvesting
• Watershed management
• Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops together on the same piece of land.
• Intercropping is growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same field in a definite pattern.
• Crop rotation is growing of different crops on a piece of land one after another in a preplanned manner.
• Weeds are unwanted plants in a crop field which reduce yields by competing with the crops for resources like water nutrients and sunlight.
• insect pests damage the crops in three ways
• cut root, stem and leaves
• suck sap from plants
• eat the developing fruits
• Bacteria, fungi and viruses cause various plant diseases affecting their productivity adversely
• use of various chemicals as insecticides, fungicides and weedicides.
• use of resistant varieties
• summer ploughing which involves ploughing of fields deep in summers to destroy weeds and pests.
• Factors causing lass of grains
• Biotic (insects, rodents, fungi mites and bacteria)
• Abiotic (inappropriate moisture and temperature in the place of storage)
• It is the procedure of scientifically managing the animal livestock. This involves feeding, breeding and disease control. Animal based farming includes rearing of cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish farming. With ever-increasing population and improvement in living standards, the demand for milk, eggs and meat is also increasing. Therefore good management of livestock has become the need of the hour.
• main objectives of cattle husbandry
• increasing milk production
• raising animals with better draught ability which are used in agriculture fields for tilling, irrigation and carting.
• Two main species of cattle in India
• Bos indicus (cows)
• Bos bubalis (buffalos).
• Milk producing cows are called Milch or Dairy animals while animals raised for farm labor are called draught animals.
• Lactation period of the animal the period of milk production after the birth of a calf.
• Methods of increasing the milk production is to increase the lactation period.
• Foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss) show long lactation periods while the local breeds (Red Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent disease resistance. These two are crossed to get animals with both the desired qualities.
• Maintenance requirement is the food required to support the animal to live a healthy life.
• Milk producing requirementis the food needed during lactation period.
• Animal food includes
• roughage (which is largely fiber)
• concentrates (low in fiber and rich in proteins and other nutrients) .
• A number of both internal (worms affecting stomach and intestine, fluke affecting liver) and external parasites (mainly affecting skin and causing skin diseases) damage cattle health.
• They may also get infected with pathogenic bacteria and viruses which quickly spread to all the animals in a farm.
• To prevent this vaccination is given to farm animals against major viral and bacterial diseases.
• This is undertaken with the objective of raising domestic fowl for egg production and chicken meat.
• Two main varieties are raised in farms
• layers for eggs
• broilers for meat
• The cross breeding programs between Indian (example-Aseel) and foreign(example leghorn) have focused on getting new varieties with the following features
• Number and quality of chicks
• Dwarf broiler for commercial chick production
• Summer adaptation---adaptation to high temperatures
• Low maintenance requirements
• Reduction in the size of the egg laying bird with ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets made from agricultural by-products.
• Fish production includes the finned true fish as well as shell fish like prawns and molluscs.
• Fish is either obtained by natural resources (called capture fishing) or from fish farming(called culture fishing).
• Fish can be freshwater (living in rivers and ponds) or marine (living in sea). Fishing thus can be done both by capture and culture of fish in marine and freshwater ecosystems.
• Pomphret, Mackerel, Tuna, Sardines and Bombay duck are some of the common marine fish.
• Some such examples are Mullets, Bhetki and pearl spots and shellfish such as prawns, mussels, oysters and seaweeds.
• Oysters are also farmed for the pearls they make.
• As the fish resources are getting constantly depleted the increasing fish demand can only be met by such culture fisheries earlier called mariculture.
• This refers to fish farming in fresh and brackish water reservoirs (where seawater freshwater mix together, such as estuaries and lagoons).
• Many a times fish culture is combined with rice farming and fish are grown in the water of paddy fields.
• More intensive fish farming is done in composite fish culture systems
• A combination of 4-5 fish is used in a single fishpond such that they do not have the same feeding habits and hence do not compete with each other . This way all the food in the fishpond is also utilized.
• Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the middle layers of the pond and grass carps are bottom feeders.
• Honey is widely used for its nutritional and medicinal properties and that is why bee keeping or Apiculture has become an agricultural enterprise.
• In Addition to honey the beehives are a source of bee wax which also is used in a number of medicinal preparations.
• Commercial bee farms are called Apiaries.
• Some of the commonly grown varieties are
• Apis indica (Indian bee)
• Apis cerana (rock bee)
• Apis florae (the little bee.)
• An Italian variety Apis mellifera has been introduced to increase honey production on a commercial scale.
• higher honey production capacity,
• sting less, stay in beehives for long
• breed very well.

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Petersham — Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources (MDAR) Commissioner Ashley Randle toured three farms in North Central Massachusetts today to celebrate the success of the innovative Local Food Purchase Assistance Cooperative Agreement (LFPA) program. The program is administered by MDAR and funded through the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) by the “Build Back Better” initiative authorized by the American Rescue Plan. LFPA supports farmers and emergency food providers by funding operations to purchase food from socially disadvantaged farmers and growers to provide to underserved communities. Since its inception, MDAR has awarded $7.25 million to 16 organizations, with over half going to local farmers and producers in the last two years.

Commissioner Randle visited Eastern Woodlands Rematriation in Petersham, World Farmers in Lancaster, and Growing Places in Leominster with state and federal officials, who all received funding in late 2022. Recipients shared the innovative ways they have leveraged the program funds to combat food insecurity and strengthen the local food system by creating new partnerships across the state and distributing food to a wide network of food pantries and other food distribution sites.

“It’s truly inspiring to see how the LFPA program has been a game-changer in how we approach food insecurity in Massachusetts while supporting our local farmers, especially those who have traditionally been underserved,” said MDAR Commissioner Ashley Randle . “The amazing efforts of Eastern Woodlands Rematriation, World Farmers, and Growing Places have provided a blueprint for other organizations to follow as we work to achieve greater access to locally grown food for everyone.”

About the LFPA Award Recipients:

Eastern Woodlands Rematriation is a collective of Indigenous people with a mission to restore their spiritual foundation and livelihood through a regenerative, resilient, and just food system. The main goal of their LFPA project is to strengthen and fortify the indigenous foodways of New England. Through regional intertribal food hubs, their project scales existing efforts and enables tribal families, and disadvantaged individuals and communities throughout the Commonwealth affordable easy access to fresh, nutritional, and culturally relevant foods and products.

World Farmers is an agricultural non-profit whose mission is to support small farmers in sustainable agricultural production and successful marketing practices to connect culturally relevant produce to viable markets. Their LFPA project has expanded sales for over 60 immigrant and refugee commercial farmers in their programs and other farmers of color in their network, serving areas in environmental justice communities across five counties in Massachusetts. Conducted in collaboration with eight community partners, their project partners with and supports refugee and immigrant farmers and farmers of color in Massachusetts by increasing their crops sales with the ultimate goal of increasing access to local, fresh, and culturally important vegetables and proteins for low-income or food impoverished communities.

Growing Places is another non-profit farming operation whose mission is to inspire and connect the North Central MA community to create equitable access to healthy food and environmental sustainability through education, collaboration, and advocacy. They used their LFPA funds to create the Local Food Works Fresh Box program, which aims to bolster the agricultural supply chain resiliency in the 27 communities of North Central MA. The goals of this initiative include making local food purchasing from socially disadvantaged farmers a top priority through deeper connections with farmers, consumers, and buyers; processing local food products for season extension and easy preparation; creating culturally responsible Fresh Boxes containing locally produced food for distribution; and forming a cultural food working group to incorporate an equity lens into rebuilding the local food system.

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May 10, 2024

Governor Newsom Unveils Revised State Budget, Prioritizing Balanced Solutions for a Leaner, More Efficient Government

Para leer este comunicado en español, haga clic aquí .

The Budget Proposal — Covering Two Years — Cuts Spending, Makes Government Leaner, and Preserves Core Services Without New Taxes on Hardworking Californians

Watch Governor Newsom’s May Revise presentation here

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW: The Governor’s revised budget proposal closes both this year’s remaining $27.6 billion budget shortfall and next year’s projected $28.4 billion deficit while preserving many key services that Californians rely on — including education, housing, health care, and food assistance.

SACRAMENTO – Governor Gavin Newsom today released a May Revision proposal for the 2024-25 fiscal year that ensures the budget is balanced over the next two fiscal years by tightening the state’s belt and stabilizing spending following the tumultuous COVID-19 pandemic, all while preserving key ongoing investments.

Under the Governor’s proposal, the state is projected to achieve a positive operating reserve balance not only in this budget year but also in the next. This “budget year, plus one” proposal is designed to bring longer-term stability to state finances without delay and create an operating surplus in the 2025-26 budget year.

In the years leading up to this May Revision, the Newsom Administration recognized the threats of an uncertain stock market and federal tax deadline delays – setting aside $38 billion in reserves that could be utilized for shortfalls. That has put California in a strong position to maintain fiscal stability.

Even when revenues were booming, we were preparing for possible downturns by investing in reserves and paying down debts – that’s put us in a position to close budget gaps while protecting core services that Californians depend on. Without raising taxes on Californians, we’re delivering a balanced budget over two years that continues the progress we’ve fought so hard to achieve, from getting folks off the streets to addressing the climate crisis to keeping our communities safe.

Governor Gavin Newsom

Below are the key takeaways from Governor Newsom’s proposed budget:

A BALANCED BUDGET OVER TWO YEARS. The Governor is solving two years of budget problems in a single budget, tightening the state’s belt to get the budget back to normal after the tumultuous years of the COVID-19 pandemic. By addressing the shortfall for this budget year — and next year — the Governor is eliminating the 2024-25 deficit and eliminating a projected deficit for the 2025-26 budget year that is $27.6 billion (after taking an early budget action) and $28.4 billion respectively.

CUTTING SPENDING, MAKING GOVERNMENT LEANER. Governor Newsom’s revised balanced state budget cuts one-time spending by $19.1 billion and ongoing spending by $13.7 billion through 2025-26. This includes a nearly 8% cut to state operations and a targeted elimination of 10,000 unfilled state positions, improving government efficiency and reducing non-essential spending — without raising taxes on individuals or proposing state worker furloughs. The budget makes California government more efficient, leaner, and modern — saving costs by streamlining procurement, cutting bureaucratic red tape, and reducing redundancies.

PRESERVING CORE SERVICES & SAFETY NETS. The budget maintains service levels for key housing, food, health care, and other assistance programs that Californians rely on while addressing the deficit by pausing the expansion of certain programs and decreasing numerous recent one-time and ongoing investments.

NO NEW TAXES & MORE RAINY DAY SAVINGS. Governor Newsom is balancing the budget by getting state spending under control — cutting costs, not proposing new taxes on hardworking Californians and small businesses — and reducing the reliance on the state’s “Rainy Day” reserves this year.

HOW WE GOT HERE: California’s budget shortfall is rooted in two separate but related developments over the past two years.

• First, the state’s revenue, heavily reliant on personal income taxes including capital gains, surged in 2021 due to a robust stock market but plummeted in 2022 following a market downturn. While the market bounced back by late 2023, the state continued to collect less tax revenue than projected in part due to something called “capital loss carryover,” which allows losses from previous years to reduce how much an individual is taxed.
• Second, the IRS extended the tax filing deadline for most California taxpayers in 2023 following severe winter storms, delaying the revelation of reduced tax receipts. When these receipts were able to eventually be processed, they were 22% below expectations. Without the filing delay, the revenue drop would have been incorporated into last year’s budget and the shortfall this year would be significantly smaller.

CALIFORNIA’S ECONOMY REMAINS STRONG: The Governor’s revised balanced budget sets the state up for continued economic success. California’s economy remains the 5th largest economy in the world and for the first time in years, the state’s population is increasing and tourism spending recently experienced a record high. California is #1 in the nation for new business starts , #1 for access to venture capital funding , and the #1 state for manufacturing , high-tech , and agriculture .

Additional details on the May Revise proposal can be found in this fact sheet and at www.ebudget.ca.gov .

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Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care

Medical Research Future Fund Research Administration Officer Webinar presentation – 27 March 2024

This document is the presentation from the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) Research Administration Officer (RAO) Webinar on 27 March 2024.

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MRFF Research Administration Officer Webinar presentation – 27 March 2024

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The Health and Medical Research Office hosted the webinar on 27 March 2024.

Topics included:

• application stage questions
• assessment stage questions
• post-award stage questions
• impact evaluation and reporting.

A questions and answers session followed

• Health data and medical research
• Medical Research Future Fund

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