keyboard button assignment

How do I reassign hot keys for my keyboard?

You can reassign some keys to access different commands, shortcuts, or Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center features to better fit your work style.

Note:  The options listed in this wizard vary depending on the key selected. For example, since you cannot reassign the Windows key, the only option available is to disable it.

To reassign a key

Download and install the Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center .

Connect the keyboard that you want to configure.

Select the Start  button, and then select Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center .

From the displayed list of key names, select the key that you want to reassign.

In the command list of the key that you want to reassign, select a command.

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April 11, 2023

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Remapping 101: How to change your keyboard key output

Your PC or laptop keyboard doesn’t have to be one-size-fits-all. If you’re not a fan of certain key placements or find that you aren’t using some of your keys, you can rearrange the functions of your keys however you like. Most keyboards are laid out in the same way, but Windows 11 features  allow you to make the necessary adjustments to help you type more comfortably. Learn how you can remap your keys and change keyboard outputs on Windows 11 .

Why remap your keyboard?

If you’re used to a standard keyboard layout, you may not initially see the value in remapping your keys. Here are some common reasons for changing keyboard outputs:

• Typing on a foreign keyboard. If you want to type in any language besides English, it can be difficult to type seamlessly on an English-only keyboard. By switching your key functions, you can cater to different language settings.
• Using your keyboard for PC gaming. PC gamers rely on their keyboards to play their favorite games. Remapping your keys to best suit your gaming needs can improve performance and make your frequently used keys more accessible.
• Repurposing underused keys. Not everyone uses their keys the same way. If it seems like a key that you don’t often use is taking up valuable space on your keyboard, you can reassign its function to find a good use for it and increase productivity.

Popular QWERTY alternatives

You may notice that top row of letters on your keyboard, going left to right, spells QWERTY. However, there are other popular keyboard layouts that can help you type faster or more comfortably. Learn more about each layout and how they might benefit your typing:

• AZERTY. The AZERTY layout simply moves the output of the Q , W , and M keys. It is most often used in France and other surrounding countries.
• Dvorak. The Dvorak layout puts the most used keys in the middle row, which decreases finger movement. This typing method can help reduce strain in your fingers, which makes for a more ergonomic experience.
• Colemak. The Colemak layout offers a slight improvement on the Dvorak layout. It also places the commonly used keys in the middle row, but it keeps the useable features of the QWERTY layout intact.

How to remap your keys on Windows 11

The easiest way to change your keyboard functions on Windows 11 is to use the Keyboard Manager  utility. The Keyboard Manager is one of many utilities available in Microsoft PowerToys , which are a collection of productivity tools that allow users to customize their Windows experience.

How does Keyboard Manager work?

Once you’ve downloaded PowerToys onto your device, select Keyboard Manager and toggle Enable Keyboard Manager. You’ll find separate sections for remapping keys and remapping shortcuts, each of which can be adjusted to your liking. Some keys and shortcuts cannot be remapped in Keyboard Manager, and these limitations are highlighted on the platform. PowerToys must be running for the key mapping to work, so make sure you don’t close out of the program after making your selections.

What other keyboard mapping functions are available on Windows?

If you are still running Windows 10 on your PC, you can download Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator  to create your own keyboard layouts. Microsoft keyboard users can also try the Mouse and Keyboard Center  app to get the most out of the customization features within the accessories. Other keyboard mapping options can be downloaded on Microsoft Apps .

By learning how to remap your keys, you can break the mold and take control of how you use your keyboard. Shop for Microsoft Keyboards  to find the perfect keyboard to test your remapped keys on Windows 11 .

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How to Reassign Keyboard Keys on Windows 11 or Windows 10

Table of Contents:

Most of us are used to the classic qwerty or azerty layout on our keyboards, but that doesn’t mean they’re perfect. Default keyboard layouts are meant to apply to a broad range of people, not cater to individual needs. As a result, you may be wondering how to remap keys in Windows 11 and Windows 10 to suit your preferences.

PowerToys: A Great Key Remapper From Microsoft

For this purpose, we’ll be using a Microsoft-published tool called PowerToys. PowerToys is an application-suite designed to help you get more out of your PC, and that includes the ability to remap your keyboard.   If you don’t have PowerToys already, you can download it from the official PowerToys GitHub page. Follow the installer’s instructions and you’ll be good to go.

How to Remap your Keyboard in Windows 11 with PowerToys

PowerToys is a suite of utilities designed to allow power users to streamline their Windows experience for greater productivity. Among its various tools, the Keyboard Manager utility stands out for its ability to remap keys and shortcuts easily. Opting for PowerToys means benefiting from a Microsoft-supported tool that’s not only reliable but also regularly updated with security enhancements and new features.

The Best Freeware Tools to Move and Remap Keys

If you’d prefer not to install a general-purpose tool like PowerToys, there are several third-party tools to choose from. Popular choices include:

SharpKeys is a simple and easy-to-use tool that has been around for a while. Its interface is nothing fancy but is perhaps more efficient because of it. Once you’re done making the changes,  SharpKeys  lets you easily write them to the registry and then reboot to get started.

Key Remapper

Key Remapper  is one of the more popular and well-reviewed key remappers for Windows 10. Though you do have to pay for its full version, you can grab a restricted version for free  here . The best thing about Key Remapper is its ability to additionally remap mouse buttons. You can therefore add keyboard keys to your mouse for very easy access.

KeyTweak  is a good alternative if you’re looking for a key remapper with a more visual interface. Rather than lists, it displays a virtual keyboard and allows you to click each button on it to remap them. You can also save different sets of mappings to separate profiles so that you can easily switch between them.

Key Mapper  stands out for its flexible interface. Everything works through a drag and drop interface that allows you easily reassign, disable, and activate keys. However, you can also use methods such as double-clicking keys on the keyboard or manually creating a new mapping. Importantly for international or dvorak users,  Key Mapper  also supports several alternate keyboard layouts.

RemapKeyboard

If you’re looking for something small and lightweight,  RemapKeyboard  does the job. It comes in at just 79KB and consists of  simple, three-column list interface that is very easy to navigate. It requires a registry entry to change the keys, so you’ll need to log in and out for the changes to take effect.

FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions About Key Remapping with PowerToys

Can i remap keyboard shortcuts in addition to individual keys using powertoys.

Absolutely. The Keyboard Manager component of PowerToys allows you not only to remap single keys but also to customize keyboard shortcuts. This includes creating new shortcuts or altering existing ones to better suit your workflow and productivity needs. It’s a versatile feature that extends your customization capabilities well beyond simple key remapping.

Is it possible to remap mouse buttons using PowerToys?

Currently, PowerToys does not support the remapping of mouse buttons directly. For users looking to customize their mouse button actions, alternative third-party software will be necessary. There are numerous tools available that offer mouse button customization, including the ability to set up complex actions and gestures.

Can I export my PowerToys keyboard remappings to another computer?

While PowerToys does not offer a built-in feature for exporting and importing keyboard remapping profiles directly through the GUI, you can manually transfer the necessary configuration files. These files are typically located in the PowerToys settings folder within your user profile directory. Copying these to the corresponding location on another computer with PowerToys installed will replicate your key remapping setup.

How do alternative key remapping tools compare to PowerToys in terms of features?

Alternative key remapping tools vary widely in their approach and features. For instance, SharpKeys offers a straightforward, no-frills interface for directly writing remaps to the Windows registry, making it less flexible but very simple to use. Key Remapper , on the other hand, includes the ability to remap both keyboard keys and mouse buttons, providing a wider range of customization than PowerToys’ current keyboard-only focus. Other tools might offer unique user interfaces, such as drag-and-drop mapping, or support for creating conditional remappings based on the application in focus.

Can I use PowerToys to remap keys on external keyboards?

Yes, PowerToys supports key remapping for both built-in laptop keyboards and external keyboards. This means that any remapping you apply through PowerToys will affect the selected keys regardless of whether they’re on an internal or USB/Bluetooth-connected external keyboard. It’s important to note, however, that remappings are global and not device-specific; the same remappings apply to all keyboards connected to the system.

Does remapping keys with PowerToys affect performance or security?

Key remapping with PowerToys is designed to be both secure and efficient, having a negligible impact on system performance and no known security vulnerabilities as long as you download PowerToys from the official Microsoft GitHub repository. Microsoft actively develops and supports PowerToys, ensuring it adheres to modern security standards.

How can I contribute to the development of PowerToys or suggest new key remapping features?

Microsoft welcomes community contributions to PowerToys. If you’re interested in suggesting new features, reporting bugs, or even contributing code, the best place to start is the PowerToys GitHub repository . There, you can open an issue to suggest a new feature or report a problem, or you can fork the repository to work on your own code improvements. The project’s README and contributing guidelines provide a wealth of information on how to get started.

Can I set key remappings in PowerToys to be application-specific?

As of the current version, PowerToys does not support the ability to create application-specific key remappings. All key and shortcut remappings applied via the Keyboard Manager are global, affecting all applications. For specialized remapping needs—including application-specific configurations—users may need to look into more advanced scripting or software solutions.

Is PowerToys compatible with Windows versions older than Windows 10?

PowerToys is specifically designed for Windows 10 and later, leveraging modern Windows features and APIs for its functionality. As such, it is not compatible with or supported on older versions of Windows, such as Windows 8.1 or Windows 7. Users on these older platforms would need to explore alternative tools or upgrade their operating system to use PowerToys.

How does PowerToys manage remapping of special keys like function or media controls?

PowerToys’ Keyboard Manager supports remapping a wide array of keys, including function keys and many special keys like media controls. This allows users to customize their keyboards extensively, tailoring functionality like volume control or track skipping to keys of their choosing. Keep in mind that while most keys are remappable, there may be some special keys or hardware-specific keys that cannot be remapped due to their direct handling by the system or hardware-level firmware.

What steps should I take if I encounter a conflict during key remapping in PowerToys?

When you encounter a conflict during key remapping with PowerToys—such as overlapping shortcuts or remapped keys affecting crucial system functions—PowerToys will alert you through its interface. You can opt to proceed with the remapping, knowing the conflict, or revise your remappings to avoid the issue. For optimal results, it’s advisable to carefully plan your remappings to minimize conflicts, particularly for commonly used shortcuts and keys.

Are there communities or forums where I can share or learn about PowerToys remapping setups?

Yes, there are several communities and forums where PowerToys users share tips, remapping setups, and troubleshoot issues together. The PowerToys GitHub repository is a central hub for technical discussions and feature requests. Additionally, forums like Reddit’s r/PowerToys and Microsoft’s own community forums serve as platforms for broader discussions, user tips, and shared configurations.

Do I need administrative privileges to use PowerToys for key remapping?

Running PowerToys and accessing its key remapping feature requires administrative privileges primarily during installation or when updating PowerToys. This ensures that PowerToys can interact securely with system-level settings and apply remappings effectively. Once installed, key remapping doesn’t require additional permissions for daily use.

Will my PowerToys key remappings persist through system reboots?

Yes, any key remappings or shortcut customizations you apply using PowerToys’ Keyboard Manager are permanent changes that persist through system reboots. This ensures that your custom keyboard configurations remain consistent across all your computing sessions, eliminating the need to reapply settings after a reboot.

Can I revert to the original key settings easily in PowerToys if I change my mind?

Reverting to the original key settings in PowerToys is straightforward. Within the Keyboard Manager, you can remove individual key mappings or reset all custom remappings to default with just a few clicks. This flexibility allows you to experiment with different configurations and easily undo changes if they don’t meet your needs.

Extra: How to Disable the Windows Key in Windows 11

Related: How to Make Emoji, Kamoji, and GIFs on Your Keyboard

Related: How to Enable or Disable the Touchpad on Windows 11

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How to Remap a Keyboard in Windows 10

Use Microsoft PowerToys to reassign keys and change keyboard shortcuts

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What to Know

• Download Microsoft Power Toys, open it, and then go to Keyboard Manager > Remap a Key or Remap a Shortcut .
• To reset keys and shortcuts to the default, select the Trashcan icon beside the entry.
• If you have an external keyboard and mouse, use the Windows Mouse and Keyboard Center tool to customize both.

This article explains how to remap a keyboard in Windows 10. Instructions apply to external keyboards and the built-in keyboards of Windows-based laptops.

How to Change a Keyboard Layout in Windows 10

The easiest way to customize your keyboard is by using PowerToys, a free program made by Microsoft. It allows you to reassign keys and change your keyboard shortcuts using a simple interface. PowerToys also enables you to personalize the layout and appearance of the operating system.

Can You Reassign Keyboard Keys?

Follow these steps to reassign keys in Windows 10:

Download Microsoft Power Toys and install it on your PC.

Open Power Toys and select Keyboard Manager in the left sidebar.

Select Remap a Key .

If the keyboard options are grayed out, select the Enable Keyboard Manager switch.

Select the Plus ( + ) under Key .

Under Key , choose the key you want to reassign from the drop-down menu, or select Type and enter a key.

Under Mapped To , choose the new key. If you want to switch two keys, repeat steps 5 and 6 to create another entry, reversing the keys.

To reset the key to its default, return to this screen and select the Trashcan icon beside the entry.

Select OK .

Select Continue Anyway , if you see a notice telling you you'll no longer be able to use the keys for their original purpose.

How to Remap Windows 10 Shortcuts

You can change keyboard shortcuts for specific apps or your whole system:

Open Microsoft Power Toys and select Keyboard Manager in the left sidebar, then select Remap a Shortcut .

Select the Plus ( + ) under Shortcut .

Choose the key you want to reassign from the drop-down menu under Shortcut or select Type and enter a keyboard shortcut.

Under Mapped To , choose the new key or shortcut.

Under Target Apps , enter the name of an app (if you leave this section blank, the change is applied system-wide).

How to Reset Keyboard Mapping

To set your key reassignments back to the defaults, go to Keyboard Manager in PowerToys, select Remap a shortcut , and then select the Trashcan icon beside the entry you want to delete.

How Can I Customize My Keyboard?

PowerToys lets you reassign keys and shortcuts, but some keyboards come with customization software that gives you even more control over how your device works. For example, you could create multi-key macros and insert blocks of text with a single keystroke. You can customize both with the Windows Mouse and Keyboard Center tool if you have an external keyboard and mouse.

If you need to reassign a key because it isn't working, you can enable the Windows 10 on-screen keyboard to access all keys.

Remapping a keyboard on a Mac works differently than on a Windows PC. While you can't wholly remap the keyboard, you can set up custom shortcuts. Go to the Apple menu > System Preferences > Keyboard and click the Shortcuts tab. Select a shortcut and highlight its existing key combination. Then, type in your new key combination, which will replace the previous shortcut.

If you want a hotkey to access a different shortcut or command, download the Windows Mouse and Keyboard Center and connect the keyboard you wish to configure. Open the Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center and choose the key you'd like to reassign, then select a command from the command list to become the key's new function.

You don't need to remap a Windows PC keyboard for use on a Mac, but you'll need to be aware of the Windows keyboard equivalents for Mac's special keys . For example, the Windows key is equivalent to the Mac's Command key. Also, key locations are different on a Windows keyboard. If you want to reassign a Windows keyboard key's location for use with your Mac so it's easier to find, go to the Apple menu > System Preferences > Keyboard . Select Modifier Keys , then switch the keys' functions to your liking.

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How to Remap Keyboard in Windows 10, 8, 7, and Vista

Remap Keyboard in Windows 10 Using Third Party Tools

Why the need of remapping windows keyboard.

• If you break any of the keys on the keyboard or it stops working on its on, remapping your Windows 10 keys is a good option.
• If you work interchangeably on Windows and Mac and want to use a Windows keyboard on Mac . I have found that remapping left Alt button to Ctrl helps a lot.
• If you use your PC primarily for gaming, than remapping some keys can help you improve your gameplay.
• If you work a job where you have to use one key a lot, remapping it to a key which is easily reachable can improve your workflow.

So, if any of these reasons make sense to you, here is how you can remap keyboard on your Windows 10, 8,7, and Windows machine.

Remap Keys on Windows 10 with SharpKeys

• On the main screen of SharpKeys, click on “Add.”

• This will open a key mapping window. Here, from the left pane, select the key that you want should perform some other action . And from the right pane, select the key whose function you want it to perform . You can also click on “Type Key” available at the bottom of both the panes, and then tap your desired key to make that selection. Once you’ve made your selection, click on “OK” to continue. On my computer, I wanted to turn off the Scroll Lock, so I selected “Special: Scroll Lock” from the left pane and “Turn Key Off” from the right.

• When you come back on the main screen of the tool, you should now see the entry of the remapping that you want to do. To finalize this, click on “Write to Registry.”

Reassign Keyboard Keys in Windows 10 Using Other Tools

1. keytweak.

KeyTweak is a tool which offers multiple ways – three, to be precise – to remap a key. The first is using the virtual keyboard. This method allows you to choose a key that you want to map, and then select the key, from a drop-down menu, to which you want to map it. The second way, the Half Teach Mode, works very similarly. The third (and the last) way is the Full Teach Mode. This allows you to press both the from and to mapping keys. Using this tool can get a bit of confusing as this uses scan-codes instead of the usual characters.

2. Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator

3. AutoHotkey

AutoHotkey takes a different approach for remapping the keys. Instead of the standard registry tweaking, it allows you to create scripts that you can run . A major advantage that you get with this tool is the ability to export the scripts as executable files. Though this does not have an interface as such, the steps for creating and executing scripts can easily be found in the tutorial of the tool. This tool brings more features and is really powerful. Not only you can remap keyboard keys but you can also create key binds, create keyboard executable automation, and more . Note that all these pro features also mean that you will have to invest time in learning this app. If you just want to remap your Windows keyboard, the above tools will be more than enough.

4. Key Remapper

Remap Keys on Windows 10 with PowerToys

Install: ( Free )

Frequently Asked Questions

How do you fix keyboard typing wrong characters, why is my laptop not typing, how do i change my laptop keyboard back to normal, what are keyboard hotkeys, how do you fix keys on a laptop keyboard.

You’ll have to replace the laptop keyboard or remap the non-functional keys with functional ones using one of the apps like SharpKeys, KeyTweak, or PowerToys.

What is key mapping?

How do i unlock my keyboard on windows 10, why are my keyboard buttons messed up, how do you check if all keyboard keys are working, remap keyboard in windows 10 easily with these tools.

Team Beebom

Beebom provides useful digital tips and resources on software, apps and gadgets you can’t live without. Our aim is to become your favorite digital resources destination on the web.

Thanks, works like a charm.

tried keytweak and it worked for me

Programmable keyboard like Corsair. Take it with you.

I think it’s better to go with standard one: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/surface/mouse-and-keyboard-center-download-f5b10905-7887-eedb-2f1c-d0737a36a3b2

Works with microsoft products only

Thanks will try. I spilled beer over my keyboard, cleaned it, almost all keys work except k and p for some reason. So i will switch keys with ; or [

Another reason to need this: my Lenovo Yoga 510 has the right-hand shift key *outside* the up arrow, meaning I keep hitting UP and finding I’m typing in the middle of the line above, when I meant to capitalise a word. I might eventually get used to this but looked for a way of remapping instead – a new skill for me, delighted to find it can be done. Off to try SharpKeys now, and if it’s easy as it sounds, I can see myself customising my keyboard in lots of ways… Having a right-hand Function key instead of the AltGr that I almost never use, for example… yabbadabbadoo, fun fun fun.

Thx for add end of the software, i really like that software :3 (i am not friend with that person, i am a person download this software for osu)

ANOTHER REASON TO REMAP: If you have a weak right hand pinky like me, you can remap the Shift key to the never used (by me anyway) but thumb-pressable right ALT key (just to the right of the spacebar).

I want to be able to press the “star” key and have it print my name. I could do this in windows 7.

AutoHotKey can do that. See the description in the article above.

Todas o no servían o era demasiado complicadas Excepto por la 4. Key Remapper

Muchas gracias

Do any of these solutions let you quickly switch between mappings? A *lot* of laptop keyboards nowadays are coming without the embedded numeric keypad, and it’s driving me nuts – I don’t want to have to carry a separate keypad that is easily broken or lost. The ability to quickly switch between normal and custom with a quick keypress would be invaluable.

I have a laptop PC with a US key layout. Which is mostly OK, except that I have the machine set to UK, and I also sometimes use a separate UK keyboard. If I remap the keys so that they do what they say on the keycaps, it will be wrong when I plug in the external keyboard.

Is there a way to have a different keyboard map depending on whether an external keyboard is attached or not?

Willing to use AutoHotKey if it’s clever enough.

thnx a lot realy helped me <3

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How To Remap the Keys on Any Laptop

It's possible to improve on your keyboard's defaults..

You may have never realized it, but you don’t necessarily have to settle for the keyboard defaults that you get on your laptop out of the box: If you want different keys to trigger different actions besides the default ones, it’s possible to customize them—and that opens up a wealth of new options for you in terms of productivity and getting stuff done. Here’s what you need to do to customize your key bindings on Windows laptops, MacBooks, and Chromebooks.

Related Content

Microsoft’s very own PowerToys is perhaps the best option for remapping keys on Windows, and you can download it here . Besides keyboard customizations, there are other tools for keeping certain windows on top of others, splitting up your desktop into custom zones, picking colors from anywhere on your computer screen, and more besides. When PowerToys launches after installation, you’ll see all these tools listed on the left.

For our purposes, you need to click the entry marked Keyboard Manager . You’ll get a brief spiel about how it works, and if you select Open Settings you can start making changes: With the Enable Keyboard Manager toggle switch turned on, click Remap a key to do just that. You need to specify the physical key (the actual key on your keyboard) and the mapped key (what happens when the physical key is pressed), and this is done by either picking out keys from a list or typing them directly.

The utility covers everything from individual key presses (make the E key put a B on the screen) to keyboard shortcuts (make Ctrl+V work like Ctrl+C instead) to function keys (make the F1 key work like the F2 key). For shortcuts, you need to choose Remap a shortcut from the main screen rather than Remap a key , but it works in the same way. On either dialog, click on the trash can on the right to remove a particular remap.

You do have a few third-party options when it comes to remapping keys and creating your own custom keyboard shortcuts on Windows. AutoHotKey is a more complex and more powerful scripting program, and it lets you do just about anything you like with specific key presses, from launching applications to filling out forms. There’s also an older tool called WinHotKey which still works with modern versions of Windows, enabling you to quickly and easily set up custom keyboard shortcuts.

There is some functionality built into macOS when it comes to remapping the keyboard, but it only applies to keyboard shortcuts (combinations of keys) rather than individual keys. Open up the Apple menu, choose System Preferences and then pick Keyboard and Shortcuts . You’ll be met with all the keyboard shortcuts that are currently set up on your Mac system—they’re organized by category, and you can use the checkboxes to toggle them on and off individually.

To modify any of these keyboard shortcuts, click the key press combination on the right to enter a new one. In some cases, there’s no current keyboard shortcut, so you can create a brand new one. If you try and set a keyboard shortcut that’s already been assigned to something else, you’ll see a warning in the form of a small yellow exclamation mark. To undo all of your changes, click Restore Defaults .

You can get more control over keyboard remapping with the help of a third-party application. The best one that we’ve come across for remapping individual keys is Remap Keyboard —it will set you back $7, but you can download and try it out for free to see if it suits your needs first. To set up a new customization, click the + (plus button) in the lower left corner, then tap the original key followed by the key (or shortcut) you want it to link to.

For even more control over shortcuts, Alfred is a comprehensive productivity tool for Mac that includes keyboard shortcut customizations as part of its repertoire of features—you can create some shortcuts for free while the most advanced ones require the Powerpack extension (that’s £29 or about $37). Another option is Keyboard Maestro , which can set up even more complicated shortcuts, tie them together, and take care of options like program launches and text macros—that will set you back $36, but there’s a free trial available.

Chromebook keyboards have their own set of particular quirks—like the way that the Caps Lock button is replaced by a Launcher button instead—but again, you don’t have to settle for the defaults if you don’t want to. This being Chrome OS though, you’re stuck with the options that Google has built into the operating system, and you can’t download and install third-party tools to tweak the keyboard further.

Click the clock (lower right) and then the cog icon to open up the Chrome OS Settings pane, then choose Device and Keyboard . You’ve got a few different options to play around with here: You can set the repeat rate speed for example, and change the language of the keyboard you’re using. The remap options are listed at the top of the screen, and these are the only customization options available on the Chromebook keyboard.

Pick from any of the entries in the list to reassign the function of the key. For example, you can click the entry for the aforementioned Launcher button and change it to the more conventional Caps Lock , if you want to. If you’re not happy with the Ctrl and Alt modifiers, then you can swap them around, or disable them altogether. The dedicated Assistant button can also be remapped.

Also note the Treat top-row keys as function keys toggle switch, which does exactly what the label suggests it might—you can use the top row of keys on your Chromebook for triggering conventional function keys instead of the default shortcuts. There’s also a link on this screen to see the built-in keyboard shortcuts on your Chromebook, although these can’t be edited.

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How-To Geek

How to remap any key or shortcut on windows 11.

Swapping all of the vowels on your friend's keyboard isn't an officially listed use, but...

Quick Links

Download powertoys from microsoft and install it, use powertoys to remap keys or shortcuts, alternative solution: remap keys in windows 11 using sharpkeys.

Microsoft PowerToys is a handy utility for Windows that lets you customize all sorts of things about Windows---everything from the behavior of windows on your screen to your keyboard shortcuts. Here's how you can use PowerToys to remap your favorite (or least favorite!) shortcuts.

PowerToys doesn't come preinstalled on Windows; you need to download it manually. Microsoft recommends that you download PowerToys directly from GitHub . You should grab the latest version --- it'll always be the one nearest to the top.

Related: What Is GitHub, and What Is It Used For?

Make sure that you grab the correct version for your PC. Most Windows desktops and laptops out there use 64-bit Intel or AMD processors, so download the installer that has "x64" in the name somewhere. Click the ".exe" file once it has finished downloading and follow the prompts.

ARM-based processors are gradually becoming more common in PC, so it is possible your have one. You can always see what CPU is in your PC , and then look up the model number to be sure. Alternatively, you can just guess --- if you try to install the wrong one, you won't hurt your computer, you'll just see an error message.

The other option is to install PowerToys from the Microsoft Store.  Just click "Install" and everything will be handled automatically. The only slight downside is that the version on the Microsoft Store is updated a bit more slowly than the version on GitHub, so you'll have to wait a bit longer for bug fixes.

If you want you can install PowerToys via a command line as well. Open up Terminal, make sure it is a PowerShell tab, then copy and paste 

into the window and hit Enter.

Launch PowerToys and click on "Keyboard Manager" on the left-hand side.

Ensure that "Enable Keyboard Manager" is toggled to the "On" position --- it should be by default. There are two choices: "Remap a Key" and "Remap a Shortcut."

The names mostly speak for themselves. "Remap a Key" lets you map a key to a different key, a key to a shortcut, or a key to a function.

Related: Windows Task Manager: The Complete Guide

As a silly example, you could use "Remap a Key" to map the "T" key to "Ctrl+V" so that pressing "T" would trigger the paste function. You could map the "[" and "]" keys to "Volume Down" and "Volume Up," respectively.

You can select a key, shortcut, or function, using the drop-down menus, or you can click "Type." If you click "Type," you just need to press the key you want instead of scrolling through the list.

You're mostly constrained by the fact that there aren't many keys on your keyboard that can reasonably be rebound to other keys, shortcuts , or functions without impinging your ability to use your computer normally.

"Remap a Shortcut" is more useful in that regard. Unlike "Remap a Key," "Remap a Shortcut" allows you to combine multiple keystrokes and map them to another shortcut or function, and you can even make the remapping application specific. That gives you a ton of flexibility and lets you work around almost any preexisting shortcuts that might cause a conflict.

Related: 30 Essential Windows Key Keyboard Shortcuts for Windows 10

Select your new key combination, select the shortcut or function you want to map the new key combination to, and then pick the application you want to use it with.

Leave "Target App" blank to make the remap system-wide. If you want a remap to apply only to a specific program, you need to enter the program's executable name into the box.

You can open Terminal and enter the command "tasklist" to get a list of the processes currently running. It will display the name you need to enter into the "Target App" box under the "Image Name" column.

Now instead of mapping "[" and "]" to "Volume Down" and "Volume Up," you can map "Ctrl+[" to "Volume Down" and "Ctrl+]" to "Volume Up," and you don't need to worry about messing with your ability to insert brackets or curly brackets at all. If you wanted, you could map "Ctrl(Left)+Shift(Right)+T" to "Delete" and make it only apply in GIMP.

Plenty of applications let you remap shortcuts or functions within their settings, but some don't --- they're ideal candidates for the PowerToys remapping utility. Microsoft specifically warns that it may not work well in games , though, so test it thoroughly before you join a competitive match.

The one drawback to using PowerToys is that the utility needs to be running if you want to keep the key remapping working. Windows actually supports built-in key remapping via the Registry, but it's so complicated that you're better off using the open source SharpKeys application to handle it.

SharpKeys will allow you to remap any key to any other key, on any version of Windows, and you can even delete the application when you're done. The limitation? It can't handle shortcut key combinations, so you couldn't remap ALT+C to CTRL+C, but you can use it for things like disabling or remapping the Caps Lock key .

Simply install the application from the Microsoft Store or their Github repository, launch it, and then you can click the Add button from the interface to bring up the Add New Key Remapping dialog. From there, you can map from one key to another easily.

SharpKeys has worked in every version of Windows since at least Vista, so you can definitely use it for remapping keys on Windows 10 as well .

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How to remap keys using Keyboard Manager in Microsoft's PowerToys

Windows takes advantage of a variety of keyboard keys and shortcuts to run different actions and commands. 

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Num Lock turns on the number pad. F1 conjures up a Help screen. Ctrl+C copies an item. Windows key+E opens File Explorer. 

But you're not stuck with the existing keys or shortcuts. You can modify many of them with the help of a PowerToys tool called Keyboard Manager.

Using Keyboard Manager, you're able to set various commands to use different keys and shortcuts other than their default ones. For example, maybe you want F1 to turn on the number pad or Windows key+C to copy an item. 

As long as the key or shortcut follows certain rules and doesn't conflict with keys and shortcuts reserved by Windows, you can redefine it however you'd like. Here's how this works.

Also: Yes, you can still get a free Windows 10 upgrade. Here's how

1. Download the PowerToysSetup.exe file

If you don't yet have PowerToys on your PC, download and install the PowerToysSetup.exe file from the  program's GitHub page . PowerToys and its tools work the same in  Windows 10  and  Windows 11 .

2. Turn on Run at startup

For the changes you make in Keyboard Manager to always be in effect, PowerToys needs to run at startup. To confirm this, open PowerToys, select General , and make sure the switch is turned on for  Run at startup . Next, select Keyboard Manager and confirm that its switch is on.

Open Keyboard Manager in PowerToys.

3. Figure out what you can and can't do

Before you try remapping specific keys and shortcuts, you'll want to find out what you can and can't do. Click the link for  Learn more about remapping limitations  to see which keys can't be remapped. 

For example, you can't remap Win+L (locks Windows) or Ctrl+Alt+Del (gives you access to Task Manager) as those are reserved shortcuts. But you can remap the function keys F1-F12. If you try to redefine a reserved key in Keyboard Manager, you'll get a slap on the wrist to prevent you from proceeding.

4. Remap a key

Click the entry for  Remap a key . To choose the physical key you want to remap, click the + button. For example, maybe you want to redefine F12 to open a Help screen. You can select it one of two ways. 

Click the dropdown window and scroll through all the choices until you find the one you want.

Alternatively, click the Type button and press the key you wish to redefine. Then click OK to submit it.

Also: How to use free PowerToys FancyZones in Windows and why you should

Choose the physical key for remapping.

Type the physical key for remapping.

5. Select the key to which you want to remap the physical one

Next, select the key to which you want to remap the physical one. 

For example, to replace F1 with F12 as the Help command, choose F1 as the mapped-to key. Either click the dropdown menu and select the mapped-to key from the list, or click the Type button and press the key. When you're done, click OK to activate the remapping.

Define the mapped-to key.

6. Check if you receive a notice

Depending on the physical key you chose, you may receive a notice telling you that the keys do not have assignments. Though the message sounds strange, it appears simply to warn you that the physical key will no longer be assigned to its previous command. Click  Continue Anyway  to confirm the remapping.

Continue Anyway.

7. Open an application or window

Now, open an application or window in which you can try the new key assignment. For example, if you replaced F1 with F12 to display a Help screen, open an app that offers help and press F12.

Try out the remapped key.

8. Click Remap a key

Return to Keyboard Manager and click the entry for  Remap a key . Here, you can redefine either key for the remapping you just created, delete the remapping altogether, or click the + button to create another remapping. Instead, though, let's look at how to remap a keyboard shortcut.

Also: How to keep track of your mouse pointer with the PowerToys Mouse utilities

Add another key to remap.

How to remap a shortcut

At the main Keyboard Manager screen, click the entry for Remap a shortcut . Click the dropdown menu to select the physical shortcut or click the Type key to type it. The shortcut must start with a modifier key, meaning Alt, Ctrl, Shift, or Win. After choosing or typing the modifer key, select or type the accompanying key. For example, if you wish to redefine Win+F, choose Win in the first column and F in the second column.

Choose the physical shortcut.

Next, choose the shortcut or key that you wish to remap to the physical shortcut you selected. For example, if you want Win+E to be the mapped-to shortcut, choose Win in the first column and E in the second. You can also select an individual key instead of a shortcut.

Choose the mapped-to shortcut or key.

By default, your new mapping will work across Windows and all applications. But you may want to limit it to just a specific app, such as Microsoft Word or Google Chrome. 

To do this, you first need to find the name of the app's executible file. Right-click on the shortcut for the app in the Start menu, go to More , and select Open file location . Right-click on the app's icon in File Explorer and select Properties . The name of the executable file appears in the Target field. Copy and paste or type that filename in the field under Target App. When done, click OK .

Also: How to shrink your images with the PowerToys Image Resizer  

Limit the shortcut to a specific application.

If you limited the remapping to a specific app, open that app. Otherwise, go anywhere in Windows. Press the new keystroke you defined to make sure that it triggers the command from the original physical keystroke.

Try out the new shortcut.

Microsoft may try to block third-party customization apps in Windows 11 24H2

How to use copilot pro to compose, reply to, and summarize emails in outlook, logitech mouse and keyboard users are getting a free ai upgrade.

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2 Ways to Remap Keyboard Keys in Windows 11

If you have ever felt constrained by the default keyboard layout on your Windows 11 machine, you are not alone. Fortunately, a little-known feature can help you personalize your typing experience tailored to your needs. In this article, we will look closer at how to remap keyboard keys in Windows 11 using Microsoft Powertoys.

Every individual has preferences regarding the keyboard layout. Whether typing or gaming, even a single key rebind can increase your efficiency. Microsoft Powertoys and SharpKeys are free yet powerful tools that allow you to remap every key on your keyboard on any Windows computer or laptop.

But what is key remapping exactly? Let’s understand that first.

What Does Remapping Key Mean

Remapping a key means to re-assign the function of a key to another action. For example, you can remap the Alt key on your keyboard to behave as the Enter key. Here, once the remap is complete, pressing the Alt key on your keyboard will be considered as an input of Enter key by your computer.

In this manner, you can remap any key to perform a different task than what the key is supposed to do. You can not only remap keys but also remap and change Windows shortcuts.

For example, the Windows + S shortcut opens the Search bar in Windows. You can remap this shortcut to perform a different task of your choice or even completely disable this shortcut based on your preferences.

Now, there are various ways to remap keys in Windows 11. Some external keyboards are shipped with customization software from their OEMs using which you can remap keys and shortcuts. However, not every keyboard comes with such functionality and this solution leaves out laptop users.

But worry not, as we have Microsoft PowerToys that lets you remap keys on any Windows 11 machine, including both laptops and desktops with external keyboards. Here’s how you can install Microsoft Powertoys and remap your keyboard keys in Windows 11.

Note: Apart from Microsoft PowerToys and SharpKeys, you can also remap your keys using Windows Registry Editor. However, the process is too complex and changes are hard to revert if something goes wrong. Hence, we recommend sticking to either Microsoft PowerToys or SharpKeys to remap your keys.

Method 1: How to Remap Keys in Windows 11 Using Microsoft PowerToys

Microsoft PowerToys is a native utility tool to help users boost their productivity on Windows. Remapping keys is only one of the several abilities that Microsoft PowerToys offers . But first, you need to install the software before you jump to remapping keyboard keys.

Note : If you have PowerToys installed, skip to part 2.

Part 1: Install PowerToys on Your Windows 11 Computer

Step 1: Visit the official website and click on Install PowerToys using the link below.

Download Microsoft PowerToys

Step 2: Scroll down to the Assets section and download the .exe file named PowerToysSetup.

Note: Download the correct setup file for your system architecture. If you have an Intel or AMD-based CPU, download the x64 version. Whereas, if you have a Qualcomm Snapdragon, Mediatek, or Samsung Exynos CPU, download the arm64 version.

Step 3: Now, open the PowerToysSetup .exe file. Accept the terms and conditions, and click on Install.

Step 4: Open Microsoft PowerToys. In the General menu, enable ‘Run at startup’. This will keep PowerToys running in the background every time you boot your system.

Microsoft PowerToys installation and setup are now complete.

Part 2: Remap Keys Using Keyboard Manager in Microsoft PowerToys

Step 1: Open Microsoft PowerToys on your Windows 11 computer.

Step 2: Click on Keyboard Manager in the sidebar.

Step 3: Turn on the toggle for Enable Keyboard Manager.

Step 4: Click on Remap a key.

Step 5: In the Remap Keys prompt, click on the plus icon to start remapping your keys.

Step 6: Click on the Type button.

Step 7: Now, press the key on your keyboard that you wish to remap and click on OK.

Step 8: If you want to remap your selected key to a different key, click on Type.

Step 9: Now press the desired key on your keyboard which you want as a remap and click on OK.

Note : Repeat steps 6-9 to remap more keys.

Step 10: Once done, click on the OK button at the top right.

Step 11: A warning box will pop up, click on Continue Anyway.

Your selected keys now have been remapped successfully. 

Reassign Keyboard Keys to Perform an Action in Windows 11

Step 1: Open Microsoft PowerToys on your Windows 11 machine.

Step 2: Click on Keyboard Manager.

Step 3: Now Click on Remap a key.

Step 4: To add a new key for remapping, click on the plus icon.

Step 5: Now click on Type.

Step 6: Press the key on your keyboard that you wish to remap, and click on OK.

Step 7: To remap your selected to a specific action, click on the dropdown menu.

Step 8: Select the action which you want as a remap for your key.

Step 9: Click on the blue OK button.

Your selected key now has been remapped to perform your desired action.

Remap Shortcuts in Windows 11

As mentioned earlier, you can also remap shortcuts in Windows 11. Here’s how.

Step 3: Now click on Remap a shortcut.

Step 4: To change keyboard shortcuts, click on the plus icon.

Step 5: Click on the Type button in the Physical Shortcut section.

Step 6: Now press the keys involved in the shortcut which you wish to remap and click on OK.

Note: A maximum of three keys are supported to remap a shortcut. If your shortcut includes pressing more than three keys, it cannot be remapped using Microsoft PowerToys.

Step 7: Click on the Type button under the Mapped To section.

Step 8: Now, press the key which you want as a remapped action.

Alternatively, you can also choose to remap your selected shortcut to perform a particular task from the dropdown menu.

Step 9: Click on the OK button to save your changes.

Your selected shortcut now has been remapped to a new action.

How to Delete Key Remapping in Microsoft PowerToys

If you want to delete your key remappings from Microsoft PowerToys, follow these steps.

Step 3: Click on Remap a key.

Note: You can also delete remapped shortcuts in the same manner, under the Remap a shortcut section.

Step 4: Now click on the delete icon of the remapping which you want to remove.

Step 5: Click on the OK button to save your settings.

Method 2: Reassign Keyboard Keys Using SharpKeys

SharpKeys is an open-source software that offers an alternative method to remap keys in Windows 11. Here’s how you can use it. Note that SharpKeys only supports key remapping, and does not support changing keyboard shortcuts.

Step 1: Download SharpKeys from the Microsoft App Store.

Download Sharpkeys

Step 2: Open SharpKeys on your Windows 11 machine.

Step 3: To start remapping a key, click on Add.

Step 4: From the left list, select the key which you want to remap. Alternatively, click on the left Type button to directly press the key on your keyboard that you wish to remap.

Step 5: Now, select the key which you want as remapped key from the right list. You can also click on Type and press the key directly on your keyboard.

Step 6: Click on Ok.

Step 7: Now, click on Write to Registry. To apply your changes, reboot your system.

Your keys now have been remapped successfully using SharpKeys in Windows 11.

How to Delete Key Remappings in Sharpkeys

Step 1: Open SharpKeys on your Windows 11 machine.

Step 2: Click on the remapping that you want to delete.

Step 3: Now, hit the delete option at the bottom. This will delete your selected key remapping.

Step 4: Click on Write to Registry. Reboot your system to apply the changes.

SharpKeys also has a feature where you can save your key remaps using a local file. This can be done by clicking on the Save keys button.

You can transfer this local file to any new system and open it using SharpKeys. This can be done by using the Load keys button in Sharpkeys, on your new system.

SharpKeys is as good as Microsoft PowerToys, but it requires a reboot every time to apply new changes.

FAQs on Remapping Keyboard Keys in Windows 11

Yes, remapped keys work systemwide in Windows 11. The new remapped action will remain active across all applications.

Yes, you can disable keys in Windows 11 using both Microsoft PowerToys and Sharpkeys. In PowerToys, you have to remap the action to ‘Disabled’ from the drop-down menu. In Sharpkeys, you have to select the first option called ‘Turn Key Off’.

Remapping Keys Made Easy

Microsoft PowerToys and Sharkeys are two powerful tools that you can use to remap your keyboard keys on any Windows 11 machine. So, if you have a faulty key that needs urgent remapping or normal rebinding, PowerToys and Sharpkeys get you covered. You can also check our guide on how to remap keys in Windows 10 .

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Last updated on 11 May, 2023

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Keyboard Manager utility

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The PowerToys Keyboard Manager enables you to redefine keys on your keyboard.

For example, you can exchange the letter A for the letter B on your keyboard. When you press the A key, a B will be inserted.

You can exchange shortcut key combinations. For example: The shortcut key Ctrl + C will copy text in many applications. With PowerToys Keyboard Manager utility, you can swap that shortcut for ⊞ Win + C . Now, ⊞ Win + C will copy text. If you do not specify a targeted application in PowerToys Keyboard Manager, the shortcut exchange will be applied globally across Windows.

Also, you can exchange key or shortcut to arbitrary unicode text sequence. For example, you can exchange the letter H for the text Hello! . When you press the H key, Hello! will be inserted. Similarly, you can use shortcut Ctrl + G to send some text (e.g. Hello from shortcut! ).

PowerToys Keyboard Manager must be enabled (with PowerToys running in the background) for remapped keys and shortcuts to be applied. If PowerToys is not running, key remapping will no longer be applied.

There are some shortcut keys that are reserved by the operating system or cannot be replaced. Keys that cannot be remapped include:

• ⊞ Win + L and Ctrl + Alt + Del cannot be remapped as they are reserved by the Windows OS.
• The Fn (function) key cannot be remapped (in most cases). The F1 ~ F12 (and F13 ~ F24 ) keys can be mapped.
• Pause will only send a single key-down event. So mapping it against the backspace key, for instance, and pressing and holding will only delete a single character.
• ⊞ Win + G often opens the Xbox Game Bar, even when reassigned. Game Bar can be disabled in Windows Settings .

To create mappings with Keyboard Manager, open the PowerToys Settings. In PowerToys Settings, on the Keyboard Manager tab, you will see options to:

• Open the Remap Keys settings window by selecting Remap a key
• Open the Remap Shortcuts settings window by selecting Remap a shortcut

Remapping keys

To remap a key, open the Remap Keyboard settings window with Remap a Key . When first opened, no predefined mappings will be displayed. Select Add key remapping to add a new remap. Note that various keyboard keys actually send a shortcut.

Once a new remap row appears, select the input key whose output you want to change in the “Select” column. Select the new key, shortcut or text value to assign in the “To send” column.

For example, to press A and have B appear:

To swap key positions between the A and B keys, add another remapping with:

Remapping a key to a shortcut

To remap a key to a shortcut (combination of keys), enter the shortcut key combination in the "To send" column.

For example, to press the Ctrl key and have it result in ⊞ Win + ← (left arrow):

Key remapping will be maintained even if the remapped key is used inside another shortcut. The order of key press matters in this scenario as the action is executed during key-down, not key-up. For example, pressing Ctrl + C would result as ⊞ Win + left arrow + C . Pressing the Ctrl key will first execute ⊞ Win + left arrow . Pressing the C key first will execute C + ⊞ Win + left arrow .

Remapping a key to text

To remap a key to arbitrary unicode text, in the "To send" column first select "Text" in the combo box and then fill the text box with wanted text.

For example, to press the H key and have it result in Hello! :

Remapping shortcuts

To remap a shortcut key combination, like Ctrl + C , select Remap a shortcut to open the Remap Shortcuts settings window.

When first opened, no predefined mappings will be displayed. Select Add shortcut remapping to add a new remap.

When a new remap row appears, select the input keys whose output you want to change in the “Select” column. Select the new shortcut value to assign in the “To send” column.

For example, the shortcut Ctrl + C copies selected text. To remap that shortcut to use the Alt key, rather than the Ctrl key:

There are a few rules to follow when remapping shortcuts. These rules only apply to the "Shortcut" column.

• Shortcuts must begin with a modifier key: Ctrl , Shift , Alt , or ⊞ Win
• Shortcuts must end with an action key (all non-modifier keys): A, B, C, 1, 2, 3, etc.
• Shortcuts cannot exceed four keys in length, or five if the shortcut is a 'chord'.

Shortcuts with chords

Shortcuts can be created with one or more modifiers and two non-modifier keys. These are called "chords". In order to create a chord, select Edit to open the dialog to record the shortcut using the keyboard. Once opened, toggle on the Allow chords switch. This allows you to enter two non-modifier keys. For example, you can create shortcuts using a chord based on 'V' for V olume U p and V olume D own like this:

Chords are handy if you have a number of shortcuts that are similar, and it makes sense to have them all start with the same non-modifier key.

Remap a shortcut to a single key

It is possible to remap a shortcut (key combination) to a single key press by selecting Remap a shortcut in PowerToys Settings.

For example, to replace the shortcut ⊞ Win + ← (left arrow) with a single key press Alt :

Shortcut remapping will be maintained even if the remapped key is used inside another shortcut. The order of key press matters in this scenario as the action is executed during key-down, not key-up. For example: pressing ⊞ Win + ← + Shift would result in Alt + Shift .

Remap a shortcut to text

For example, to replace the shortcut Ctrl + G with Hello! text, choose Text in the combo box and enter "Hello!":

Remap a shortcut to start an app

Keyboard Manager enables you to start applications with the activation of any shortcut. Choose Start App for the action in the "To:" column. There are a few options to configure when using this type of shortcut.

Remap a shortcut to open a URI

This type of shortcut action will open a URI. The only input is the actual Path/URI. Almost anything you can issue on the command line should work. See Launch an app with a URI for more examples.

App-specific shortcuts

Keyboard Manager enables you to remap shortcuts for only specific apps (rather than globally across Windows).

For example, in the Outlook email app the shortcut Ctrl + E is set by default to search for an email. If you prefer instead to set Ctrl + F to search your email (rather than forward an email as set by default), you can remap the shortcut with "Outlook" set as your "Target app".

Keyboard Manager uses process-names (not application names) to target apps. For example, Microsoft Edge is set as "msedge" (process name), not "Microsoft Edge" (application name). To find an application's process name, open PowerShell and enter the command get-process or open Command Prompt and enter the command tasklist . This will result in a list of process names for all applications you currently have open. Below is a list of a few popular application process names.

How to select a key

To select a key or shortcut to remap:

• Select Select .
• Use the drop-down menu.

Once you select Select , a dialog window will open in which you can enter the key or shortcut, using your keyboard. Once you’re satisfied with the output, hold Enter to continue. To leave the dialog, hold Esc .

Using the drop-down menu, you can search with the key name and additional drop-down values will appear as you progress. However, you can not use the type-key feature while the drop-down menu is open.

Orphaning Keys

Orphaning a key means that you mapped it to another key and no longer have anything mapped to it. For example, if the key is remapped from A to B , then a key no longer exists on your keyboard that results in A . To remind you of this, a warning will display for any orphaned keys. To fix this, create another remapped key that is mapped to result in A .

Frequently asked questions

I remapped the wrong keys, how can i stop it quickly.

For key remapping to work, PowerToys must be running in the background and Keyboard Manager must be enabled. To stop remapped keys, close PowerToys or disable Keyboard Manager in the PowerToys settings.

Can I use Keyboard Manager at my log-in screen?

No, Keyboard Manager is only available when PowerToys is running and doesn't work on any password screen, including while Run As Admin.

Do I have to restart my computer or PowerToys for the remapping to take effect?

No, remapping should occur immediately upon pressing OK .

Where are the Mac/Linux profiles?

Currently Mac and Linux profiles are not included.

Will this work on video games?

We suggest that you avoid using Keyboard Manager when playing games as it may affect the game's performance. It will also depend on how the game accesses your keys. Certain keyboard APIs do not work with Keyboard Manager.

Will remapping work if I change my input language?

Yes it will. Right now if you remap A to B on English (US) keyboard and then change the language setting to French, typing A on the French keyboard ( Q on the English US physical keyboard) would result in B , this is consistent with how Windows handles multilingual input.

Can I have different key mappings across multiple keyboards?

Currently no. We are not aware of an API where we can see the input and which device it came from. The typical use case here is a laptop with an external keyboard connected.

I see keys listed in the drop down menus that don't work. Why is that?

Keyboard Manager lists mappings for all known physical keyboard keys. Some of these mappings may not be available on your keyboard as there may not be a physical key that it corresponds to. For instance: the Start App 1 option shown below is only available on keyboards that physically have a Start App 1 key. Trying to map to and from this key on a keyboard that does not support the Start App 1 key will result in undefined behavior.

Troubleshooting

If you have tried to remap a key or shortcut and are having trouble, it could be one of the following issues:

• Run As Admin: Remapping will not work on an app or window if that window is running in administrator (elevated) mode and PowerToys is not running as administrator. Try running PowerToys as an administrator .
• Not intercepting keys: Keyboard Manager intercepts keyboard hooks to remap your keys. Some apps that also do this can interfere with Keyboard Manager. To fix this, go to the settings, disable and enable Keyboard Manager.

Known Issues

• Keyboard Manager should not be used when playing video games. Keyboard Manager interception of key presses currently will impact the FPS.
• Remapping keys like Win, Ctrl, Alt or Shift may break gestures and some special keys
• AltGr and Ctrl+Alt gives issues, since AltGr behaves as (L)Ctrl + (R)Alt and remapping one of these keys can break the function.
• Note that some keyboard keys actually send a shortcut. Common examples are the Office key (Win+Ctrl+Alt+Shift) and the Copilot key (Win + C or Left-Shift + Windows key + F23).

See the list of all open keyboard manager issues .

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Additional resources

How To Remap Or Reassign Keys On Your Keyboard

Unless you own a high-end keyboard or a custom mechanical keyboard , chances are you might not be able to configure your current keyboard’s layout to your liking. Of course, for the most part, we imagine that many people are already satisfied with the way their keyboard has been laid out.

However, if you think that certain keys would be better placed elsewhere, or if you want to disable certain keys, you can actually do that. Unfortunately, there is no native way to remap or reassign keys in Windows, but our guide below will show you several different apps that might be worth checking out if you want to remap your keyboard or reassign several keys.

SharpKeys ( Download )

Also, another thing to take note is that it will write to your computer’s registry, so if you’re not familiar or comfortable with that, you might want to seek out an alternative.

Keytweak ( Download )

For example, some users might not have a need for a Caps Lock key, so they might want to reassign it to something else, such as Ctrl or Alt.

MapKeyboard ( Download )

The UI will also highlight keys in green to indicate that they have been edited, and once you’re done editing, you’ll need to logoff your computer and relogin and you will be all set and the changes will take effect.

AutoHotKey ( Download )

The software we listed above does a very good job of remapping or reassigning keys. However, if you need something a bit more complex and powerful, that’s where AutoHotKeys comes in handy. This is because with AutoHotKeys, with a little bit of time and learning, you can create scripts to run more complex actions.

For example, you can create macros with AutoHotKeys where with by pressing certain keys or shortcuts, you can type certain lines of text, run programs, batch files, and so on. You can even make shortcuts even shorter, where instead of pressing three keys, you can reduce it to two, and so on.

However, like we said, AutoHotKeys is a bit more complex and you will need to learn how to script it, but it can be a very powerful tool once you get the basics down.

Filed in Computers . Read more about Keyboards , Microsoft , Windows and Windows 10 .

How to change keyboard layout on Windows 10

If you have to use more than one keyboard layout on Windows 10, in this guide, I'll show you how.

• Chang layout
• Remove layout

On Windows 10 , in the initial setup, you usually get prompted to configure additional keyboard layouts. However, you can always add or remove layouts if you don't choose the correct setting or must type in another language.

Typically, changing the input settings is uncommon, but there are many situations when you might need to. For instance, sometimes you may need to switch to the Spanish layout to write words that include special characters like "Ñ," or prefer a different layout, such as the United States-Dvorak.

Whatever the reason it might be, Windows 10 ships with easy settings to add, remove, and change layouts for hardware and touch keyboards.

In this how-to guide , I will walk you through the steps to manage keyboard layouts on Windows 10.

How to add keyboard layout on Windows 10

To add a new keyboard layout on Windows 10, use these steps:

• Open Settings .
• Click on Time & Language.
• Click on Language .
• Under the "Preferred languages" section, select the current default language.
• Click the Options button.

• Under the "Keyboards" section, click the "Add a keyboard" button.
• Select the new keyboard layout to add to Windows 10.

• Repeat steps 6 and 7 to add more layouts.

Once you complete the steps, the new keyboard layout will be added to the device, and you can switch between them using the instructions below.

While changing layouts is straightforward, it'll reconfigure some of the keyboard keys, which means some of the keys may print a different character depending on the layout.

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To switch between keyboard layouts on Windows 10, use these steps:

• Click the Input Indicator icon in Taskbar (bottom right).
• Select the new keyboard layout.

• Repeat steps 1 and 2 to switch back to the default layout.

After you complete the steps, you can start typing with the new keyboard layout.

Enable Input Indicator

If the Input Indicator is not present in the Taskbar, you can enable it through the Settings app.

To enable the Input Indicator on Windows 10, use these steps:

• Click on Personalization .
• Click on Taskbar .
• Under the "Notification area" section, click the "Turn system icons on or off" option.

• Turn on the Input Indicator toggle switch.

Once you complete the steps, the icon will appear in the Taskbar's notification area to access the layouts and switch between them. You can also use the "Windows key + Spacebar" keyboard shortcut to cycle between the available keyboard layouts quickly.

How to remove keyboard layout on Windows 10

To remove a keyboard layout on Windows 10, use these steps:

• Under the "Keyboards" section, select the keyboard to remove from the list.
• Click the Remove button.

• Repeat steps 6 and 7 to remove additional layouts.

Once you complete the steps, the keyboard layout will be removed from the device.

More resources

For more helpful articles, coverage, and answers to common questions about Windows 10 and Windows 11, visit the following resources:

• Windows 11 on Windows Central — All you need to know
• Windows 10 on Windows Central — All you need to know

Mauro Huculak is technical writer for WindowsCentral.com. His primary focus is to write comprehensive how-tos to help users get the most out of Windows 10 and its many related technologies. He has an IT background with professional certifications from Microsoft, Cisco, and CompTIA, and he's a recognized member of the Microsoft MVP community.

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Remapping the keyboard

To access the Keyboard window, either click the Remap button on the toolbar, click Edit > Preferences > Keyboard, or click Keyboard in the session properties. The numberic keys 0-9 and * and # can be remapped.

• Current session
• After you have successfully assigned all the keys you want, click OK.

If you want to assign a key or key combination to a custom function that is not currently listed in Keyboard Remap under the Custom Functions category, you can define these functions using the Custom Function Editor . When you do this, the Custom Functions category will appear with your newly defined functions, which can then be assigned to any key. Complete the assignment by following the steps for Assigning keys to functions , choosing Custom Functions as the category.

You can optionally define a custom function in the HTML or Java script file used to start the sessions. See adding additional HTML parameters for more information.

• Use the pull-down menu to select the Macro category.
• Once you have selected the Macro category, your macro should appear in the list in the table, and you can assign a key combination to it by following the steps for Assigning keys to functions . Note that if you select a macro in a User Library, then Host On-Demand searches all user library locations for the selected macro name at the time you run the macro. See Searching user-defined macro locations for more information.

Duplicate keys on a keyboard can be assigned to independent functions.  Duplicate keys include keys like Shift or Ctrl that occur in multiple places on the keyboard.  To assign unique mappings for duplicate keys, follow the steps for Assigning keys to functions . 

This support does not affect keys used as modifiers.  If you use Ctrl, Alt, Shift or Meta in combination with another key, then no key location is processed with regard to the modifier.  For example, for the key combination Shift+Enter, the location of the Shift key is disregarded.  Therefore, the right or left Shift keys both act in the same manner for this combination, since the Shift key is defined as the modifier.

To find out if a key has already been assigned to a function:

Restrictions on key remapping

Please note the following restrictions on key remapping:

When using Java 2 with Host On-Demand, the Ctrl-Tab and the Ctrl-Shift-Tab key combinations cannot be remapped. With Java 2, these key combinations are consumed by the Java Focus Manager and are not returned to Host On-Demand for processing.

Certain key combinations are treated in a similar fashion and cannot be assigned to different keyboard functions.

Duplicate key support only applies to Host On-Demand clients running with a Java Plug-in of 1.4.0 or newer. Macintosh clients require a JRE of version 1.4.2 or newer for duplicate key support.  If the JRE is older than version 1.4.2, it does not recognize the locations of keys on the keyboard.

For JREs older than version 1.4, key events, such as key pressed and key released, are dependent upon the operating system and keyboard layout of the machine where they are processed. The JRE makes no distinction between the following: 

• key function for Control received from the right or left Control keys 
• key function for Alt received from the right or left Alt keys 

Duplicate key support does not affect keys used as modifiers.  If you use Ctrl, Alt, Shift or Meta in combination with another key, then no key location is processed with regard to the modifier.  A Host On-Demand user or administrator cannot assign different key remapping functions to the following: 

• The same key combination using the right and left Control keys, or 
• The same key combination using right and left Alt keys 

The JRE processes these key combinations as the same key event. For example, if since Right Ctrl+P is processed in the same way as Left Ctrl+P by the JRE, then these key combinations cannot be assigned to different key remapping functions in Host On-Demand.

If you reassign a duplicate key that is a left Shift/Ctrl/Alt/Meta key or a numpad key, and you bring up Host On-Demand in a previous Java release (or Host On-Demand version 8.0 or earlier), you will receive an Unknown key code message.  

Some duplicate keys do not appear on all keyboards, however, Java is not capable of testing to see if a particular key exists.  Therefore, the key remapping facility might have default assignments for keys that do not exist on your keyboard.  You can delete these key remaps, but you will not be able to reassign them.

When you are mapping keys as an administrator, keep in mind that some clients might not have the same keyboard layout that you do (for example, the user may lack the Meta Key or Command key on Macintosh). Plan your mappings accordingly, otherwise clients might not be able to use some of the default mappings.

• Ctrl+Alt+muhenkan key
• Ctrl+Alt+zenkaku/hankaku key
• Korean/English key

By default, Host On-Demand now provides APL keyboard support. Prior to this, APL keyboard support was provided by running customized applet in Host On-demand. In this case, you need to write the applet that contains your mapping for APL keys. With this new enhancement, you no longer need to do this. The APL support in Host On-demand is similar to what is provided with IBM Personal Communications. APL keyboard can be enabled or disabled by pressing Ctrl+F8 . APL support is meant only for 3270 sessions.

How to Reassign Mouse Buttons on Windows 10

It is not easy to reassign keyboard keys, but it can be done by using third-party software. Usually, a mouse has two buttons & one scroll. These three may not require reassigning or remapping. A mouse with six or more buttons can be customized for an easy work process & smooth flow. This article on remapping mouse buttons to keyboard keys will help you reassign mouse buttons on Windows 10.

You can remap your mouse buttons to various settings like:

• You can use the default settings on your device to reverse the button functions.
• You can also disable your mouse button to avoid accidental touch.
• Also, you can assign macros to the mouse buttons using Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center.

Note: Macros are nothing but a series of events, like delays, keypress, and mouse clicks, to perform a function in repeat mode.

Table of Contents

Following are the methods to reassign or remap mouse buttons to keyboard keys.

Option 1: Reverse Mouse Buttons

If you are not a right-handed person, then you would prefer swapping the functions of mouse buttons. Here’s how to reassign mouse buttons in Windows 10 PCs:

1. Press the Windows + I keys simultaneously to open Windows Settings .

2. Then, select Devices settings, as shown.

3. Go to the Mouse settings menu from the left pane.

4. Select your primary button from the drop-down menu as Left or Right , as depicted below.

This will reassign mouse functions from the left button to the right.

Also Read: Fix Mouse Wheel Not Scrolling Properly

Option 2: Reassign Across all Apps

Note: Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center works only for Microsoft mice and keyboards.

Using Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center, you can reassign or remap mouse buttons to keyboard keys as follows:

1. Download Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center compatible with your Windows PC from the Microsoft official website .

2. Then, run the downloaded setup file by double-clicking on it to install the program.

3. Wait for Windows to extract the files then, automatically install the program.

4. Now, Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center app will run automatically, as shown.

5. Click on basic settings .

6. Choose the option Click (default) given under the Left button as shown highlighted.

7. Choose the command for various options under the following heads as per your requirements:

• Most-used commands ,
• Gaming commands ,
• Browser commands ,
• Document commands ,
• Key commands , and others.

Also Read: How to Disable Mouse Acceleration in Windows 10

Option 3: Reassign for Specific Program

You can reassign mouse buttons in Windows 10 for specific applications too.

Note: The program or Windows OS should not be run as administrator for the commands to work for a specific program.

1. Hit the Windows key, type Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center , and click on Open.

2. Go to App-specific settings and click on the Add New button shown highlighted.

3. Choose the desired Program from the list.

Note: Click on the Manually Add a Program at the bottom, if your desired program is not in the list.

4. Now, in the button command list, select a command .

Hereon, you can open this specific program with the newly assigned button. Hence in this way, you can reassign mouse buttons on Windows 10. Easy, isn’t it?

Option 4: How to Set Macros for Mouse Buttons

You can also set a new macro for a mouse button using Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center as explained below:

1. Launch Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center by searching for it as before.

2. Under basic settings , click on the Wheel button as shown.

3. Choose Macro from the list.

4. Click on the Create a new Macro button as shown.

5. Type the name for the macro in the Name: field.

6. In the Editor: section, press the keys needed for the macro.

Note: You can also choose from the Special Keys section displayed on the screen.

For example: Enter Y and choose right-click on the mouse from the special keys below. This combination will perform the wheel button task here onwards. This is how to remap mouse buttons to keyboard keys on Windows 10 PCs.

Also Read: Fix Logitech Mouse Double Click Problem

Option 5: How to Repeat Macros for Mouse Buttons

You can also make a macro repeat itself unless it is stopped by the user. Ways to stop repeating action of the macro include:

• switching between applications,
• or, pressing another macro button.

Follow the given steps to set macros in repeat mode:

1. Launch Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center and navigate to basic settings > Wheel button as earlier.

2. Choose Macro on the next page.

3. Click on the pencil icon i.e. Edit Macro icon to edit the previously created macro.

4. Turn the toggle On for Repeat mode to enable it till stopped.

Note: If you choose the Toggle option in Repeat mode, press the assigned keys to start or stop the macro. 

Also Read: How to Fix iCUE Not Detecting Devices

How to Disable Mouse Buttons

Moreover, Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center allows you to disable a specific mouse button. Here’s how you can do so:

1. Open Microsoft Mouse and Keyboard Center and go to basic settings .

2. Click on the option Click (default) under the Left button , as shown.

3. Choose the command titled Disable this button to disable it.

Also Read: How to Fix Mouse Lag on Windows 10

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. Is there any third-party tool to remap and customize mouse buttons?

Ans. Some famous tools to remap and customize mouse buttons are:

• X-Mouse Button Control,
• Mouse Manager,
• HydraMouse,
• ClickyMouse, and
• AutoHotKey.

Q2. Do changes made through Microsoft keyboard and mouse center applied to all applications?

Ans. Yes , it gets applied to all the applications if the changes are made in basic settings unless you give gaming command to that button. You can also reassign buttons for specific programs.

Q3. Can all the mouse buttons be reassigned?

Ans. No , specialized buttons in some models cannot be reassigned. The user has to work with their default functions.

Recommended:

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• Best IP Address Hider App for Android
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• Fix Inaccessible Boot Device Error in Windows 11

We hope that this guide helped you to reassign, remap or disable mouse buttons in Windows 10 desktops or laptops. If you have any queries/suggestions regarding this article, then feel free to drop them in the comments section.

About The Author

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• Button assignment for a certain key doesn’t work (such as ALT, CTRL key)
• Purchase License
• JoyToKey TOP

2020-10-04 [ FAQ , TIPs ]

You may find that JoyToKey works well for most cases, but the key emulation somehow doesn’t work for a certain key such as ALT or CTRL or arrow keys.

This may be because Windows has more than one keys for certain keys such as CTRL or ALT or arrow keys. For example, there is an ALT key to the Left of the space key, and there is another ALT key to the Right of the space key. So depending on the target application, it may be expecting a different key code such as Left-ALT or Right-ALT key code.

Indeed, JoyToKey supports multiple key codes for certain keys, and it may be worth to try assigning other key codes as shown below.

In the button assignment window, go to “Assign special key codes” section in Keyboard tab, and you’ll see a few variations like “ L-Alt “, “ R-Alt “, and “ R-Alt (for Direct Input) “.

Select one of them and press “Assign” button to use the specific key code.

• L-Alt is meant for the left ALT key
• R-Alt is meant for the right ALT key
• R-Alt (for Direct Input) is yet another key code and sometimes used by games

In case you want to combine the ALT key with another key input, please refer to How to emulate a key input with a CTRL (or ALT) key held down .

Right-click menu

Alternatively, you can also specify different key codes by right-clicking on the assignment text box and selecting the different key code.

Prev: I have multiple controllers and their number (ordering) sporadically changes

Next: How to emulate a key input with a CTRL (or ALT) key held down?

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List of Key/Button Assignments for Keyboard and Joysticks

Does anyone have a list ( hopefully printable ) of the keyboard controls and joysticks? Or, know where they are stored in the PC? Thanks

I would like this info too. And how to map joystick

Mapping the joystick is very tedious. I have the Saitek AV8R, not very sophisticated, and I had to manually enter in each one which I had in my previous version of FS. Lucky I kept a paper list of them. Go to CONTROLS and you will see 3 large tabs; Keyboard, Mouse and Joystick. Click on Options/Controls and select one, say Joystick, navigate down to the control you want to add/adjust and click on either Search box or “Select an Input”. Enter in the key or button desired, click Validate and then be SURE to SAVE at the bottom of screen.

Would you care to share your mappings with us? I haven’t used Flight Simulator since 98! I’d appreciate a quick joystick mapping (recognizing they’re all different, but ANY starting point would be better than the set of blank boxes provided by one of the largest computer companies in the world…

I found some screen shots in reddit. Not sure if I can post the link here: https://old.reddit.com/r/flightsim/comments/icgxcj/sidewinder_2_joystick_mappings_for_you_to_try/

I have the list of bindings at https://aviation.allanville.com/misc/fs20-keyboard-shortcuts and I just created an option to export them to a CSV file which you can import into Excel. Then you can at least fairly easily created your own printed sheet with the layout you want…

Too bad MS has not thought of exposing these lists to Users somehow. HINT to MS!

This is great, nice job. I wonder if it is possible to get something like this but with the bindings I have set instead of the defaults.

Try this: Controls/Keyboard Commands for MSFS (flyawaysimulation.com)

BlueMax9005, Thanks for the great keyboard chart but what I need is operational help with the AP, Thanks

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Logitech G Launches the PRO X 60 Wireless Gaming Keyboard

It’s the brand’s smallest pro-grade esports keyboard and users can assign up to 15 functions per key. it’s like shortcuts on steroids..

Logitech is continuing its push to attract pro-gamers and serious hobbyists with the announcement of its latest gaming peripheral, the Logitech G Pro X 60 LIGHTSPEED, a compact but capable and highly customizable wireless esports keyboard . Owing to both to its build and its many features, Logitech is touting its latest device as being “professional-grade”, with both the refined hardware and the specially developed supporting software adding credence to this.

The Pro X 60 is Logitech’s first 60% keyboard , though where it lacks in size it makes up in functionality. Helping to overcome its fewer buttons is KEYCONTROL, a newly developed tool added to its G HUB software that will allow users to assign up to 15 functions per key. While it’s clear that Logitech is focused on offering more control and customization, the brand claims it “ isn’t merely about reducing size, but ensuring users don’t compromise on performance or customisation options by choosing a smaller form factor.” Amongst KEYCONTROL’s features is the ability to remap the entire keyboard to suit your style or an individual game’s requirements, assigning macros (key combinations), creating shortcuts, as well as adjusting audio and the keyboard’s on-board RGB lighting. 

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Center for Educational Effectiveness

Combining grading efficiency with effective assessment, strategies and techniques for instructors.

• April 11, 2024

When looking for ways to efficiently evaluate student work, instructors can modify their assessments to streamline grading and feedback, while ensuring that the assessment supports student learning. This resource provides guidance and strategies for combining grading efficiency and effective assessment. To frame our discussion, we begin with some guidelines for grading in ways that are efficient for instructors while promoting learning.

Free yourself of the need to grade  everything .  Instructors may feel that it’s necessary to comprehensively evaluate every piece of work that a student produces. While grades can provide students with feedback, the greatest value of an assessment often accrues from the  cognitive and intellectual work that students engage in as they do the assessment. Grades are a byproduct of a much richer cycle of learning and feedback that engages students in the deep learning that is a key part of the university experience. Focus on assessing and providing feedback on those assignments that have the most substantial impact on student learning. Strategies such as  modifying the structure of your grading scheme can assist with this.

Limit grading and substantial feedback to assessments that engage students in higher-order thinking and/or require them to synthesize their learning .  Carefully review your assessments to identify those which ask students to do more critical thinking, analysis, synthesis or other higher-order thinking tasks (see  Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy for a framework for identifying higher- and lower-order thinking skills). Focusing your feedback and grading efforts on assessments that require higher-order thinking will help promote student learning and will be the best use of your feedback and grading time. Examples of tasks that would be comprehensively assessed include research papers, projects, reports, and presentations. The use of  rubrics can greatly increase grading efficiency while also providing students with useful, learning-focused feedback.

Use automated grading systems for assessments that target lower-order thinking skills , for example, memorization of facts, or those cases where quick information retrieval is important.  Multiple choice Canvas quizzes can work well for this ; Canvas question feedback functions can be used to provide students with automatic, formative feedback to improve their learning. Multiple choice exams can also assess higher-level thinking, but require time and careful review of test items. Please visit CEE’s website for  information about CEE consultations on test creation and analysis .

Provide multiple opportunities for feedback.  The instructor is an important source of feedback; however, students can receive helpful feedback from many sources. Varying feedback strategies can help students to engage in more collaborative work ( peer feedback ), gauge their understanding with reference to the rest of the class ( class-level feedback ) and help them develop metacognitive skills necessary to critically evaluate their own academic work ( self-assessment ).

Six Strategies for Streamlining Assessment and Grading  

1. modify grading structures .

Use binary grading (“completed” or “not completed”) for assessments that help students build skills through practice. Examples of this kind of assessment are problem sets in STEM courses, grammar exercises in language classes, and reading guides in courses with a substantial reading component. Instructors can establish a minimum threshold for “completed” by giving students a rubric that sets out the criteria that must be met in order to receive a full-credit grade. Showing students an example of an assignment that meets the full requirement and would receive a grade of “completed” can also help guide students in succeeding with this type of assessment.

Grade a subset of assignments by giving students a choice.  Rather than grade every assignment,  instructors can require students to complete all assignments and allow students to choose a subset of the assignments that they’ll receive a grade and feedback on. This permits students to choose those assessments they feel best represent their work. Requiring students to complete all of the assignments and choose a subset for grading maximizes learning and gives students a larger pool of assessments to choose from.  

2. Automate Formative Feedback through Canvas Quizzes 

Quizzes can be a great formative assessment tool and provide students with instantaneous feedback when designed with certain features in Canvas. When creating a quiz in Canvas, instructors can not only automate quiz scoring but also  pre-load formative feedback into the quiz questions and answer options. Instructors can specify in Canvas when this pre-loaded feedback can be accessed by students. 

When building Quizzes in Canvas, use the color-coded comment boxes underneath each answer to pre-load feedback. Use the green comment box for feedback explaining why this answer is correct and how students might have reasoned toward this answer. Use the red comment box(es) underneath incorrect answer option(s) to provide feedback on why these options are not correct and/or misconceptions that may have led students to these distractors. 

Instructors can also utilize comments for the entire question to provide general feedback, including: how to reason toward the correct answer, common mistakes and/or misconceptions related to the question, and/or relevant course materials to review for further information.  

3. Streamline Feedback with Rubrics & SpeedGrader  

Using Rubrics for Assessment and Feedback: 

Rubrics are a great way to prioritize feedback on only those elements of a student’s assignment that truly matter for the learning outcomes.

Rubrics specify key criteria or standards, levels of proficiency, and descriptions of what each criterion looks like at each proficiency level. Aim for only a few specific and necessary criteria on the rubric. Resist the temptation to include “important but not necessary” criteria in the rubric. 

Rubrics can be the foundation for giving clear and actionable feedback on student work. Streamline feedback by focusing on only those items that are covered in the rubric, which you have already determined to be most necessary. Keep in mind that too many comments can interfere with learning: students lose the signal in the noise. Prioritize the ways in which the work demonstrates particular criteria at relative performance levels. 

Streamlining Assessment Feedback with  SpeedGrader  

Integrating your rubric with the SpeedGrader tool in Canvas can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of feedback. To do this, first  build your rubric in Canvas and then  attach the rubric to the relevant assignment. Once in SpeedGrader, you can utilize the rubric and provide feedback on student work. 

SpeedGrader also allows you to build a  Comment Library for frequent comments. You can preload anticipated comments into your Comment Library as well as save comments to your Comment Library as you interact with student work. 

Typing comments is  one of many options in SpeedGrader, which also includes spoken comments (audio recordings that students can listen to later), video comments (screen capture videos that students can watch later), and speech-to-text comments that translate spoken audio into text (only available in Google Chrome).  

4. Assign Peer Feedback 

Having students review and give feedback on classmates’ work is one strategy for giving timely feedback. Additionally, peer review has many pedagogical benefits, including: increasing engagement and fostering collaboration and community, challenging students to express their thoughts clearly and diplomatically, and reinforcing student learning and metacognition as they reflect on how their thinking changed once reading their classmates’ work.

To streamline the peer feedback process, consider  peer review on assignments or discussions on Canvas . Canvas peer reviews can show student names or display  anonymously . You can  manually  assign peer reviewers or let Canvas  automatically  assign them. You can have students complete a rubric and/or leave a comment in the comment sidebar.

However you decide to have students provide peer feedback, you’ll want to clearly explain how they should (and should not) assess their classmates. Consider modeling appropriate/productive comments.  

5. Save Time with Group- or Class-level Feedback  

Rather than repeating identical comments for multiple students, provide feedback at the group or course level by summarizing trends you notice while grading. Send a classwide e-mail, use the Canvas Announcement tool, or allot time in class to share your feedback.

Besides saving you time and ensuring consistent feedback quality, group feedback also allows students to see where others may be excelling or struggling. This encourages students to self-assess their own work in comparison to the group norms or expectations. Similarly, students can learn from the different perspectives and approaches of their peers. Time saved by efficient collective feedback can go toward tailoring feedback to address specific needs and strengths.

To maximize the benefits of formative assessment, consider a combination of feedback, feed up, and feed forward:

• Feedback helps someone understand what they have or haven't done well based on observations or assessments that have already occurred. It's retrospective, looking back on what has been done to reinforce or correct it.
• Feed up clarifies the objectives or goals by answering the question, "What are we trying to achieve?" Feed up provides a target or standard against which to measure performance. 
• Feed forward includes information or suggestions about what to do next or in the future to improve. Unlike feedback, which looks at past performance, feed forward is future-oriented. It focuses on potential strategies, actions, or behaviors that can enhance future performance. Feed forward offers constructive guidance on how to do better moving forward, rather than just focusing on what went wrong in the past.  

6. Engage Students in Self-Assessment   

This strategy involves students in assessing their own work by engaging in two steps. First, students can review their work by using an answer key or comparing their work to a well-crafted sample assignment. Then, to demonstrate that they’ve fully considered and assessed their work, students can:

• Complete a written reflection based on question(s) provided by the instructor (e.g., “Choose 2-3 areas where you made errors and provide a thoughtful explanation of how you would correct them”). 
• Revise the assignment (or part of the assignment) as part of the self-assessment process, explaining why they made the changes they’ve made. 
• Discuss the reflection with others. The reflection can be used as a point of departure for a pair discussion in class to further increase the learning value of the task, and it can be graded using binary grading to keep the grading load manageable.

Concluding Note: The Necessity of Transparency   

Regardless of the strategies you use to streamline grading and assessment, it is necessary to be transparent with students about your choice of grading methods. Provide a rationale for your practices that are centered on students’ learning and development. 

For example, when using binary grading, it can help to explain to students that you will use this style of grading for those assignments where students are building skills to encourage them to practice, and a more ranked form of grading (e.g., A-F) on major assignments that synthesize their learning in the course. This can reassure them that skills-building assignments have value in and of themselves, even without extensive feedback from the instructor. 

When students understand the expectations for their learning and the reasons behind instructors’ assessment choices, they are more likely to utilize feedback, anticipate challenges, and self-motivate their learning.

Downloadable Version

Resource developed by Erica Bender, Katie Healey, and Patricia Turner for the UC Davis Center for Educational Effectiveness  

Assignment 1: Project Proposal

Due: Tuesday, April 23rd, 2024 at 7PM

This quarter, you're going to reimplement an open-source research system in Rust, trying to achieve similar performance on one or more key metrics. You'll explore and come to understand what makes this easy or hard, and report on your experiences. The overall goal of this assignment is to help start to answer the question:

“What are the most important open research challenges for software systems written in Rust?”

There are three major milestones to your project:

Propose a team and project

Submit a midterm report in Week 6

Write up and submit your results

When you're done with this assignment, you should have

formed a team,

agreed on a system you will re-implement in Rust,

decided on 2-3 key performance metrics you will try to match.

1 Forming a Team

Your team should be 3-4 people, of which at least one, if possible, should have significant prior Rust experience. You can expect that this team member (or members) will spend a good deal of time helping the other team members as they become more familiar with the language. This is an important responsibility, and absolutely a valued intellectual goal of the class; one adage is that the best way to learn something is to teach it, as you need to not only understand it but also be able to explain that understanding.

Your team should explicitly select who will take on two different roles in the project. These people are responsible for this aspect of your project and should have the final say. Having a consistent approach to each is important. Plus by placing this responsibility in one person, they know to keep track of the issues in play and spend some of their time and thought on it. The two roles are:

Software architect : This is the person who will decide how to decompose your project into modules and what the interfaces to those modules are. In Rust terminology, this is means deciding on the structs, enums, and traits, especially the public ones. Of course these will evolve as the project progresses. But the software architect has the design in their head and knows how it comes together. Two people working on different modules that interact through a trait can suggest changes to the architect (e.g., to support a piece of functionality), but it's ultimately up to the architect to sign off on a change.

Project manager : This is the person who decides who works on what and when. They are the person who is ultimately responsible for the system working at the end of the quarter. If development is falling behind, the project manager is the person who decides when to ask one person to stop working on one module, or set a partial completion point, before they shift to work on another. Put anothjer way, the project manager decides how to allocate the programming time of the team.

These two roles should have a single owner because, for both of them, having a consistency in approach is often more important than optimizing the exact approach taken. There are many good software architectures to solve a problem: it's more important that you pick one and stick with it than exactly which (of the good ones) you pick. Similarly, there are many good ways to allocate people to complete a project: what's important is that you pick one strategy and stick with it.

Setting Expectations

As you form your team, you should meet in person and answer the following questions:

What are your goals for the class? Please have each member discuss individually.

What is your Rust background? What parts of it do you find harder or easier?

What are some computer systems research papers you've read that you liked?

How do you like to work? Do you prefer to work solo and occasionally sync up? Do you like pair programming?

Find a Time to Meet

Compare your schedules to find two time blocks of at least one hour each week when you all can meet. Commit to meeting at these times each week and working together. If something comes up and someone can't make it, be sure to schedule another time for that week. The purpose of these meetings is to keep everyone in regular, scheduled communication on progress, discuss each other's code, etc.

Be sure to set up a Slack channel (or any other communication medium you prefer) for lower-latency, low-bandwidth communication and coordination.

Set up a repository on GitLab

Go to Stanford's GitLab and set up a repository for your project. Add all of your team memebrs and the course staff as contributors. Write a README that describes your team and the project.

2 Choosing a System and Metrics

Pick an open-source research system that is open source and not written in Rust. This system should be something that you can run and reimplement without requiring specialized hardware: you'll need to be able to run both the open source and your version. We can probably get access to small amounts of cloud compute (e.g., if you want to run on high-core processors), but not 100-node clusters. Note that you do not need to recreate the evaluation setups in papers on the system. E.g., if you are re-implementing a transaction processing system that was evaluated on a server with 52 cores and 1TB of RAM, you can evaluate it on your laptop and gather meaningful results.

Your goal will be to reimplement the system in Rust, and compare the performance of your Rust implementation with the published one. You should pick 2-3 key performance results from a paper describing the research system (e.g., latency under increasing load, throughput under increasing parallelism, etc.). Your goal will be to meet or exceed the results on these metrics. Writing low-performance code is easy: the challenges often come into play when you are forced to take particular approaches in order to minimize overheads (e.g., don't just Copy everything).

The system in question should be large and compled enough to be a substantial challenge. You have source code to refer to, which will help a good deal. A rough rule of thumb is it should be at least 1,000 lines of code per team member.

3 Handing In

Your proposal should be a 1 page document that states:

Who is in your team, and their Rust experience

Who your software architect and project manager is

Your GitLab repository

What system you will re-implement

A link to the open source for the system you will re-implement

Which performance metrics you will try to match; reference the paper and include the table, stated result, or a high-quality images of the figures.

Send an email to [email protected], with the subject “Team <NAME>”, attaching your proposal as a PDF. Your team name should be the system you are re-implementing.

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Mel Kiper, Jr Fills Two Critical Needs for Giants in Final 2024 Mock Draft

Mel Kiper Jr addresses two key needs for the Giants in his final mock draft of 2024.

• Author: Ezekiel Trezevant IV
• Publish date: Apr 17, 2024

In this story:

Despite a busy off-season, the New York Giants still have a few glaring remaining needs that they're expected to address in next week's draft.

Among the most glaring are WR1 and quarterback, two positions with fans and media split as far as which position the Giants should address in Round 1. Given the depth of both position groups, the Giants will have options. Still, if it's a quarterback that they want from among the projected top prospects (Caleb Williams, Drake Maye, Jayden Daniels, and J.J. McCarthy), they will more than likely have to trade up from the sixth spot to get one of them, a risky yet bold type of move.

Taking that into consideration, ESPN draft analyst Mel Kuper Jr., in his final mock draft of 2024, has the Giants going receiver in the first round in a "stick and pick" scenario and then engaging in a trade-up in the second round to get their quarterback.

In Round 1, Kiper has the Giants taking LSU receiver Malik Nabers at six. He is a yards-after-catch specialist who has WR1 written all over him.

Notes Kiper of the pick: "The Giants' pass offense fell apart last season as they finished 30th in the league in yards per dropback (4.9). Sure, most of that was without quarterback Daniel Jones, but he struggled in his six games before his ACL injury, too, throwing three times as many interceptions (six) as touchdown passes. New York also ranked 30th in yards after the catch (1,601), which showed its need for outside playmakers.

"Nabers could solve that problem, as he's ferocious after the catch. He can run any route, creating separation on even the best cornerbacks. This is how the Giants could instantly turn around their offense."

The Giants have a solid receiver room with Darius Slayton, Wan'Dale Robinson, and Jalin Hyatt all under contract. However, none of them are legitimate WR1s, which, by the way, have been missing from the Giants' offense since the team traded away Odell Beckham Jr. Being able to land a receiver of Nabers' skillset would indeed significantly help the Giants' offense, regardless of who the quarterback is.

In the second round, Kiper projects the Giants trading up to the top of the round, where they would be in a position to grab Oregon quarterback Bo Nix, of whom Kiper wrote, "Nix started a whopping 61 college games in stints at Auburn and Oregon, throwing for 15,352 total yards. He leveled up in 2023, with 45 touchdown passes and three picks while completing 77.4% of his throws."

Nix, like any other draft prospect, has some questions, one of which Kiper notes is arm strength. "He was asked to get the ball out quickly and around the line of scrimmage for the Ducks, putting his receivers in a position to make plays after the catch. That’s why I have a Round 2 grade on him."

Kiper is correct in that the Giants' plan for the coming year, regardless of who they might draft at quarterback (assuming they do draft one), is to allow that prospect to sit for a bit as he acclimates to life in the NFL and, in the interim, roll with incumbent Daniel Jones once he's cleared medically from his torn ACL.

If Jones isn't green-lighted to return, the offense would then be led by Drew Lock, acquired in the off-season to replace Tyrod Taylor.

As for Kiper's suggestion to trade up in Round 2 for Nix, the cost would likely be less than if the Giants tried to trade up from six to four or five in the draft order. The Giants, remember, traded away the higher of their two second-round picks in the Brian Burns acquisition, so they might not want to risk waiting for Nix or, if they like him, Michael Penix Jr to drop to them.

General manager Joe Schoen has shown that he's not afraid to trade up to get the guy he wants, but at the same time, he hasn't been wreckless in going all out while ignoring the other needs he has to fill.

We don't expect this year to be any different, not with the Giants needing a CB2, additional interior defensive line help, a tackle prospect, and a safety, among other things.

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FTX Controversy Derails Top Law Firm’s Bid for Binance Role

By Sabrina Willmer and Ava Benny-Morrison

The Department of Justice is retreating from picking an elite New York law firm for a key assignment overseeing cryptocurrency exchange Binance Holdings Ltd. because of its work for FTX , according to people with knowledge of the matter.

Sullivan & Cromwell was close to winning approval to serve as independent monitor for Binance on behalf of both the Justice Department and the Treasury Department’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Bloomberg reported in February. The monitorships were a condition of the $4.3 billion deal by which Binance pleaded guilty to violating US money-laundering regulations and trade sanctions.

But Justice Department officials ...

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