mla cite a speech

How to Cite a Lecture or Speech in MLA Format

Any time you use a fact, a figure, or other information from a source to support your position in a piece of academic writing , you need to cite the source you used for that information. This is true no matter where you got the information, be it a book, an article, a television show, or a live speech. 

“Citing a source” notes information that came from a source other than your own observations or insights. It involves crediting that source’s author and publisher and including any other relevant information about the people and/or groups who created that source. If a piece of information you cite in your work came from a lecture you attended or a speech you listened to, your citation needs to credit the speaker, their platform, and when relevant, any others who contributed to the information you referenced. 

Keep in mind that when you’re citing a review or an article about a speech or lecture, you’re citing a secondary source about the speech. Thus, you need to cite the article according to MLA’s guidelines for citing articles, not speeches.  Cite your sources with confidence Grammarly helps you format your citations Write with Grammarly

The anatomy of an MLA-style speech or lecture citation

In MLA format , just like in other academic styles like APA and the Chicago Manual of Style, there are two ways to cite a source: in text and in the works cited (or bibliography) page. 

In-text citation

In MLA format, an in-text citation for a speech or lecture is fairly simple. It’s the speaker’s last name in parentheses immediately after the cited or quoted information. It looks like this: 

“If you aren’t embracing omnichannel marketing, you’re leaving money on the  table” (Delilo).

There’s no need to start a new paragraph after an in-text citation. 

Works cited page citation

Last name, First name of speaker. “Speech Title.” Conference where speech was presented, Speech date, Hosting Organization/Institution, Location of conference. Presentation type.

Here’s an example of how the citation would look with actual content:

Delilo, Amara. “How to Win at Marketing (and Have Fun while You’re Doing It!).” Marketing Masterminds, 16 March 2021, Media Markets Collective, New York City. Featured speaker presentation. 

What if I read the speech?

When referencing a speech or lecture that you read in print, rather than attended live, cite it using this format:

Last name, First name of speaker, Conference where speech was presented, Speech  date, Location of conference. Location of publisher: Publisher’s name, Publication date. Medium.

Jackson, Anthony, International Semiconductor Conference, 15 January 2020, Louisville. London: Semi Publishers, 2021. Magazine.

When citing sources on your works cited page, list them in alphabetical order by speaker/author’s surname.

Here’s a tip: Citations can be difficult, but they don’t have to trip you up. Grammarly’s Citation Generator ensures your essays have flawless citations and no plagiarism. Try it for tricky MLA citations like plays , keynote speeches , and famous sayings .

How to cite an interview

Citing an interview is similar to citing a speech. However, the format varies depending on whether you conducted or attended the interview live, read or watched a published interview, or read an online-only interview. 

Live interviews

If you conducted the interview you are citing, format your citation like this:

Last name, First name of interviewee. Personal interview. Interview date.

Heredia-Galdamez, Brian. Personal interview. 14 October 2015.

Note how in MLA format, dates are written as “Day Month Year.” 

Print and broadcast interviews

Cite a print or broadcast interview similarly to how you would cite a journal article or an episode of a television series. In fact, if the interview was published in a journal or is otherwise part of a longer series, cite the series. 

Use this format for an interview published in a periodical:

Last name, First name of interviewee. “Interview Title.” Periodical title , volume, number, publication date, page range.

Use this same format for broadcast interviews, substituting the title of the program for the periodical’s title. Instead of a volume and/or a number, include the episode number, if applicable and available. 

If the interview doesn’t have a title, put “Interview by Interviewer’s Name” in place of a title. 

Use this format to cite interviews published in books:

Last name, First name of interviewee. “Interview/Chapter Title.” Book title , Name of author, Publisher’s name, Publication date.

Online-only interviews

Cite online-only interviews similarly to how you’d cite other kinds of interviews, substituting the interview’s URL for the periodical or series title. Here is the format:

Sandoval, Brian. Interview by Pierre Charles. TechMachine, Charles Asks, 4 August 2018, www.charlesasks.com/techmachine/blog/sandoval-brian-engineer.

How to cite a panel discussion or Q&A session

In MLA format, live panel discussions and Q&A sessions are cited a bit differently from formal lectures and presentations . Be sure to include the title “panelists” after the panelists’ names in your citation so your reader has context for the names and information cited. 

Last name, First name of panelist, and Last name, First name of panelist, panelists. Panel discussion. Conference name, Discussion date, Location of conference, Hosting Organization/Institution, Location of host.

Singh, Opall, and Sorenson, Greta, panelists. Panel discussion. YA Publishers Unleashed, 3 April 2017, Student Center, Belloines University, Round Hill, NJ.

This citation format is only for live discussions. Cite recorded panel discussions the same way you would cite a video. 

What if there’s no date listed?

When you don’t know the date a speech or lecture was presented and can’t find this information, simply list n.d. in place of the speech’s date in your citation. This stands for “no date.” Alternatively, you can list the date you accessed the speech, noting as such: “Accessed 5 May 2022.”

What if I don’t know the venue (or one isn’t listed)?

Similarly, if no venue is listed for the speech or lecture you are citing, you can list the database where you accessed it.

Cite your sources with confidence

No matter what kind of academic writing you’re doing, citing your sources correctly is a critical part of the assignment. Before you submit your work to your instructor, always double-check that all your references are cited correctly—and that your work is free from grammatical and spelling mistakes. 

• Library Catalogue

Citing lectures, speeches, or conference proceedings: MLA (9th ed.) citation guide

This guide is based on the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 9th ed. and provides selected citation examples for common types of sources.  For more detailed information, please consult the full manual: available in print and online .

Lecture, speech, reading or address

When citing a live presentation like a speech or lecture from a conference or an event, include the name of the sponsoring/presenting organization (after the title), and the venue (after date and before the wider location) in your works cited. 

Parenthetical (in-text) 

The presenter went to great lengths to prove his point regarding how your brain has been shaped by evolution (Crespi). 

Works cited 

A live lecture  .

Crespi, Bernie. "Darwin and Your Brain." Vancouver Evolution Festival . Simon Fraser University and University of British Columbia, 12 Feb. 2009, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver.

An online recording of a live presentation

Parker, Pardis. “Why Being a Billionaire is a Joke.” TED , Oct. 2022, www.ted.com/talks/pardis_parker_why_being_a_billionaire_is_a_joke.

Conference proceedings

A conference proceeding is the published record of a conference, congress, symposium, or other meeting sponsored by a society or association. The document will look similar to an article or book chapter (and it may in fact be a chapter in a book). To cite a conference proceeding, provide the same information as when citing a book or article , but also include additional information such as the title and date of the conference.

You may be citing an edited book of proceedings (see Edited print books ) or a single presentation, in which you would cite the author(s)/presenter(s), the title of the presentation, and the conference proceeding details similar to a book chapter or journal article .

Parenthetical (in-text)

Social media provides a platform for more minority groups to speak out (Fu).

Works cited

Whole proceedings.

Chang, Steve S., et al., editors. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, February 12–15, 1999: General Session and Parasession on Loan Word Phenomena . Berkeley Linguistics Society, 2000.

A single presentation

Fu, Yige, et al. “Research on the Influences of Social Media to Gender Equality.” SHS Web of Conferences , vol. 148, EDP Sciences, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803026.

Still using MLA 8?

We've now updated our citation guides to MLA 9, but you can still use the printable version of our MLA 8 citation guide. 

Need more help? Check our Ask a Librarian services .

How do I cite an online lecture or speech?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

To cite an online lecture or speech, follow the MLA format template . List the name of the presenter, followed by the title of the lecture. Then list the name of the website as the title of the container, the date on which the lecture was posted, and the URL:  

Allende, Isabel. “Tales of Passion.” TED: Ideas Worth Spreading , Jan. 2008, www.ted.com/talks/isabel_allende_tells_tales_of_passion/ transcript?language=en .

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Why is it Important to Cite Your Sources for Your Research Papers?

Citing sources and creating a Bibliography/Works Cited List:

• ​​​​ Gives credit to the author(s)
• Illustrates your ability to locate & evaluate appropriate sources
• Provides evidence for the arguments and conclusions in your paper
• Prevents plagarism and copyright infringement

What Is Plagiarism?

pla·gia·rism (noun)

The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. Synonyms - copying, infringement of copyright, piracy, theft, stealing. Informal - cribbing "accusations of plagiarism." Source: Google Definition

Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional.

Citation Styles

• MLA Citation Style
• APA Citation Style
• Chicago Citation Style

What is MLA Style?  

MLA (Modern Language Association) style specifies guidelines for formatting papers. MLA style also provides a system for referencing sources through parenthetical citations in essays and Works Cited pages.

• MLA Handbook Plus This link opens in a new window The go-to resource for writers of research papers and anyone citing sources in MLA format. Watch the How to use MLA Handbook video and guide more... less... MLA Handbook Plus includes the full text of the ninth edition of the handbook, the second edition of the MLA Guide to Digital Literacy, and the MLA Guide to Undergraduate Research in Literature, as well as a video course that teaches the principles of MLA documentation style through a series of short videos paired with quizzes, plus a final assessment.

• Success Centers-Chaffey College Need more help? Contact the Success Centers for tutors and workshops on citing your sources.
• MLA Formatting and Style Guide From Owl Purdue University Writing Lab Helps you better understand how to cite sources using MLA Style, including the list of works cited and in-text citations.

What is APA Style?  

APA format is the official style of the  American Psychological Association  (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology, education, and the social sciences.  Most importantly, the use of APA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

• APA 7th Edition References/In-Text Citations
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• Chaffey College Success Centers Need more help? Contact the Success Centers for tutors and workshops on citing sources.
• OWL at Purdue University Writing Lab - APA Formatting and Style Guide Overview of APA (American Psychological Association) style and where to find information with different APA resources.

What is Chicago Style?

The Chicago Manual of Style  sets the standard for scholarly publishing in the Humanities.  Chicago  offers two citation formats, the author-date reference format and the standard bibliographic format, each of which provides conventions for organizing footnotes or endnotes, as well as bibliographic citations.  Most importantly, the use of the Chicago style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism, which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of material by other authors .

• OWL at Purdue University Writing Lab - Chicago Formatting and Style Guide Information on The Chicago Manual of Style method of document formatting and citation.

Avoid Plagiarism by Citing Sources

Bainbridge State College. "Plagiarism: How to Avoid It."  YouTube . YouTube, 5 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Oct. 2014.

A transcript is in process for this video. If you need assistance, please contact the Reference Librarian at  [email protected].

Citations Galore!

https://blog.writersdomain.net/2014/06/17/this-aint-your-high-school-english-class-why-plagiarism-is-a-big-deal/

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• Last Updated: Jan 17, 2024 2:52 PM
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Mla 8th ed. style guide: speeches.

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Speech Found on a Website Format: Transcript (printed copy of the speech) Format: Audio Recording Format: Video Recording

Speech Found in a Book

Speech Found in a Library Database

Speech Heard in Person

Sample Citations - Books

Speech Found on a Website

Format: Transcript (a printed copy of the speech)

The original date of the speech is not required, but it may be included if the date is certain and considered helpful for your reader. The type of source (in this case, “Transcript”) is also optional, and may be included if the format is unexpected.

Format: Audio Recording and Transcript

In this case, Martin Luther King, Jr. is considered the author since this is primarily his speech. The date of the speech and the name of the host are optional elements. The date the show aired should be included since it is clearly stated in the article. The type of source (“Audio” and “Transcript”) are optional, but may be included if this is considered helpful information for your reader.

Format: Video Recording

In this case, “May 2015” refers to when the lecture was posted to the website, not the date of the actual lecture. Therefore, the date comes after the name of the site, pointing back to the element closest to the date.

When speeches are republished in an anthology or book, the original date of the speech is not required, but may be included if it is considered helpful for your reader. The page range is also optional. If the speech is found in an eBook, the name of the database and the URL should be included.

In this case, the date that the speech was given is included in the title, so there is no need to repeat the date.

The terms “Lecture” or “Address” are optional and may be used to indicate that the speech was heard in person.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite “I Have a Dream” Speech

How to Cite “I Have a Dream” Speech

One of the most iconic and prolific speeches ever delivered in US history is Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963, Dr. King spoke in front of a quarter of a million people during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. In a speech that lasted  17 minutes, Dr. King shared his vision and desire for equal civil rights for African Americans.

Quickly cite a speech using our online form here .

Millions of websites display a full transcript of Dr. King’s speech, and YouTube views also rack up into the millions. With Martin Luther King, Jr. Day upon us, it’s possible your teacher or professor asked you to use Dr. King’s famous speech in your work. If you’re unsure how to cite Dr. King’s speech, don’t worry, we’ve got you covered! Included on this page are instructions to cite Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech in MLA 9 format, APA 7 format, and Chicago format.

To cite a transcript of Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech found online, you’ll need the following pieces of information:

• Speaker’s first and last name
• Speech title
• Website title (if applicable)
• Website’s publisher (if different from the website’s title)
• Publication date (for a speech transcript)
• Date the speech was delivered
• URL of the website where the speech’s transcript or recording was found
• Event where the speech was delivered
• Location of the event

Remember, citations help readers find the exact source used. While there are numerous transcripts of Dr. King’s speech available online, your goal is to help the reader easily understand and locate the same exact source you used for your project. Why? This speech could appear in different formats on various sites.

Structure to cite “I Have a Dream” speech in MLA 9:

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Event/Forum Name, Date, Location, City Name.

King, Martin Luther. “I Have a Dream.” March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Aug. 28, 1963, Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC.

Structure to cite a transcript of “I Have a Dream” found online in MLA 9:

Speaker’s Last name, First name. “Title of Speech Transcript.” Website Name , Publisher of the Website (only include if it’s different than the name of the website), Speech Date, URL (remove https:// or https://). Transcript.

You’ll notice elements of an MLA website citation , but with additional information on the speaker.

Here’s an example of how to cite a transcript of “I Have a Dream” found online in MLA 9:

King, Martin Luther. “I Have a Dream by Martin Luther King, Jr; August 28, 1963.” The Avalon Project , Yale Law School: Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008, www.avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp. Transcript.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in an in-text citation in MLA 9:

(Speaker’s Last Name)

Structure to cite a transcript of “I Have a Dream” found online in APA 7:

Speaker Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Date of Speech).  Title of speech  [Speech transcript]. Website Name. URL

Here’s an example of how to cite a transcript of “I Have a Dream” found online in APA citation format :

King, M.L., Jr. (1963, August 28). I have a dream [Speech transcript]. The Avalon Project. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp

Here’s an example of how to cite a speech in an in-text citation in APA 7:

Parenthetical: (Last Name, Year)

(King, 1963)

Narrative: Last Name (Year)

King (1963)

Structure to cite a transcript of “I Have a Dream” found online in the Note-Bibliography format of Chicago Style (17th ed):

• Speaker’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Speech,” Date of speech, Location of speech, Medium, information on where to find the transcript: Website Name, Website Publisher’s Name, URL.

Bibliography

Speaker Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date of Speech. Location of Speech. Medium. Information on where to find the transcript: Website Name, Website Publisher’s Name, URL.

Here’s an example of how to cite a transcript of “I Have a Dream” in Chicago’s note-bibliography style:

• Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” August 28, 1963, Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC, Transcript, The Avalon Project, Yale Law School: Lillian Goldman Law Library, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp.

King, Martin Luther, Jr. “I Have a Dream.” August 28, 1963. Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC, Transcript. The Avalon Project, Yale Law School: Lillian Goldman Law Library, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/mlk01.asp.

Trying to cite Dr. King’s speech from a YouTube or Vimeo video? Maybe you need a parenthetical citation definition ? Or maybe you are trying to learn the basics. For all of the above, try our citation tools at easybib.com .

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To cite a recorded speech in APA and MLA styles, it is important that you know basic information such as the name of the speaker, title of the speech, date the speech was given/published, the website where the speech was accessed, and the URL. Templates and examples for how to cite a recorded speech in APA and MLA styles are included below.

APA reference list entry

Speaker’s Surname, F. M. (Date speech was given). Title of the speech [Description]. Publisher of recording. URL

Roosevelt, F. D. (1933, March 12). First fireside chat [Speech audio recording]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrfirstfiresidechat.html

MLA works cited list entry

Speaker’s Surname, First Name. “Title of the Speech/Recording.” Year speech was given (if different than recording). Website Hosting Recorded Speech , uploaded by Account Name (if applicable), date recording was published, URL.

Roosevelt, Franklin D. “First Fireside Chat.” 1933. American Rhetoric , 26 Feb. 2017, www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrfirstfiresidechat.html.

To cite a famous speech in APA and MLA styles, it is important that you know basic information such as the name of the speaker, title of the speech, date the speech was given, website where the speech was accessed, and the URL. Templates and examples for how to cite a famous speech in APA and MLA styles are included below.

Speaker’s Surname, F. M. (Date speech was given). Title of the speech [Description]. Website Where Speech Was Accessed. URL

Long, H. P. (1934, February 23). Every man a king — Radio speech to the nation [Transcript]. American Rhetoric. https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hueyplongking.htm

Speaker’s Surname, First Name. “Title of the Speech.” Year speech was given. Website Where Speech Was Accessed , date webpage was published, URL. Transcript (if applicable).

Long, Huey P. “Every Man a King — Radio Speech To The Nation.” 1934. American Rhetoric , 26 Feb. 2017, www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/hueyplongking.htm. Transcript.

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Presidents’ Day is celebrated on the third Monday of February each year in the United States—and it offers the perfect opportunity to honor the life and achievements of past American presidents, especially historical standouts like George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln.

The holiday was initially held on February 22nd to honor the life and achievements of George Washington (it coincided with his birthday). So, what better way to commemorate the holiday than by learning to cite one of Washington’s most famous presidential speeches: his farewell address.

Below, we’ve laid out instructions on how to cite any presidential speech in three citation styles: MLA, APA and Chicago. For each style, we’ve cited Washington’s farewell address as an example.

In order to properly cite a presidential speech, you need to know the following pieces of information:

• Speaker’s first and last name
• Speech’s title
• Date the speech was delivered
• Editor’s name (if applicable)

If you found the speech in a book, you should also take note of the following:

• Book’s title
• First and last name of the book’s author
• Book’s publisher
• Book’s year of publication
• City and state the publisher is located in
• Page number(s) of the speech

If you found the speech on the internet, instead pay attention to:

• Title of the article
• Title of the webpage (if it differs from the article name)
• Where the speech was given
• Publisher of the website
• Date the article was posted
• URL of the website where the speech resides

Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in MLA Style

How it would look if found in a book :

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date Speech Delivered. Title of Book, edited or translated by First Name Last Name (if applicable) , Publisher, Year of Publication.

MLA citation example (We used the book shown here ) :

Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 17 Sept. 1796. George Washington’s Farewell Address: Little Books of Wisdom , edited by John Brooks, Applewood Books, 1999.

Online Transcript

How it would look if found in an online transcript :

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Date Speech Was Delivered. Title of Website, Publisher’s Name, Date of Publication, URL (no http:// or https://). Transcript (include if video/audio formats also available).

MLA example :

Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 17 Sept. 1796. The Avalon Project , Lillian Goldman Law Library, 2008, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp. 

Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in APA Style

Title of speech. (Publication Year of Book). In Editor’s Initial. Last Name (Ed.), Book title . City, State: Publisher.

APA citation example :

George Washington’s farewell address. (1999). In J. Brooks (Ed.), George Washington’s farewell addres s: Little books of wisdom . Bedford, MA: Applewood Books.

Author’s Last name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year of Publication for Webpage). Title of the article or individual page [Format]. Retrieved from URL (no http:// or https://).

APA example :

Washington, G. (2008). Washington’s farewell address 1796   [Transcript]. Retrieved from avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.

Citing Washington’s Farewell Address in Chicago Style

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Speech.” Year Speech Was Delivered. In Book Title, edited by Editor’s First Name Last Name. City, State: Publisher, Year Published.

Chicago citation example :

Washington, George. “George Washington’s Farewell Address.” 1796. In George Washington’s Farewell Address: Little Books of Wisdom , edited by John Brooks. Bedford, Massachusetts: Applewood Books, 1999.

Speaker’s Last Name, Speaker’s First Name. “Title of Speech.” Speech, Location Delivered, Date Delivered. “Title of Webpage,” Title of Site . Date Accessed. URL.

Chicago example :

Washington, George. “Washington’s Farewell Address.” Speech, Washington, D.C., 1796. “The Avalon Project: Documents in Law ,History and Diplomacy,” Avalon Project. Accessed November 6, 2018. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/washing.asp.

Need to cite more than what’s outlined above? Cite This For Me has several citing resources including a Harvard referencing generator , a guide on how to do an in-text citation ,  an annotated bibliography example you can learn from, and other bibliographic tools.

To cite a speech from a printed book in the MLA style, use the following format.

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Date Speech Delivered (if available). Title of Book , edited or translated by First and Last Name (if applicable), Publisher, Year.

Prakash, Navya. “An Appeal Against Logic.” The Tyranny of Reason , Thoughtful Books, 2021.

To cite a speech from an online transcript in the MLA style, use the following format.

Speaker’s Last Name, First Name. “Speech Title.” Date Speech Delivered (if available). Title of Website , Publisher Name, Date, URL (without the http(s)://). Transcript. (Include if speech is also in video or audio format)

Prakash, Navya. “An Appeal Against Logic.” The Tyranny of Reason Project , The Laws of Reason Library, 2021, www.thereasonlibrary.edu/tyrannyofreason/an-appeal-against-logic_htm. Transcript.

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Generate accurate citations in MLA format automatically, with MyBib!

😕 What is an MLA Citation Generator?

An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

MLA style is most often used by middle school and high school students in preparation for transition to college and further education. Ironically, MLA style is not actually used all that often beyond middle and high school, with APA (American Psychological Association) style being the favored style at colleges across the country.

It is also important at this level to learn why it's critical to cite sources, not just how to cite them.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Writing citations manually is time consuming and error prone. Automating this process with a citation generator is easy, straightforward, and gives accurate results. It's also easier to keep citations organized and in the correct order.

The Works Cited page contributes to the overall grade of a paper, so it is important to produce accurately formatted citations that follow the guidelines in the official MLA Handbook .

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's MLA Citation Generator?

It's super easy to create MLA style citations with our MLA Citation Generator. Scroll back up to the generator at the top of the page and select the type of source you're citing. Books, journal articles, and webpages are all examples of the types of sources our generator can cite automatically. Then either search for the source, or enter the details manually in the citation form.

The generator will produce a formatted MLA citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall Works Cited page (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for MLA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

MLA Tricky Citations

Most sources you come across for will follow the basic structure for an MLA citation. Even sources you might think are unusual, like a pamphlet, a magazine advertisement, or a message posted to a discussion forum, all can be cited using the same format outlined in our resource on MLA citation basics . There are however, a few sources and situations that might require a slight change to the format. The following examples should help with some of the more common, but still tricky, citations you may be faced with.

Note : All MLA documents, Works Cited pages included, should be double-spaced. The following examples are single-spaced for the purposes of this resource only.

Group/corporate author

When a source has a group or corporation as an author, cite that group name the same as you would an individual author. For Works Cited entries, when the author and publisher are the same, skip the author, and list the title first. Then list the corporate author only as the publisher.

Food literacy can help mitigate childhood obesity because “being food literate empowers us to make informed choices” (Food Literacy Center).

Works cited:

“What is Food Literacy?” Food Literacy Center , 2015, http://www.foodliteracycenter.org/what-food-literacy. Accessed 28 Nov. 2016.

Multiple sources by the same author

To distinguish a source from others by the same author, include a shortened title for the work you are quoting. In the Works Cited, only give the author’s name in the first entry. For all following entries, replace the author’s name with three hyphens. These entries should be alphabetized by title.

We will be better equipped to design valuable education plans at each level if we understand that becoming an effective writer is a long-term, multidimensional process of development (Bazerman, “Understanding”).

Bazerman, Charles. “Understanding the Lifelong Journey of Writing Development.” Infancia y Aprendizaje , vol. 36, no. 4, Nov. 2013, pp. 421-441.

---. “Writing with Concepts: Communal, Internalized, and Externalized.”  Mind, Culture, and Activity , vol. 19, no. 3, 2012, pp. 259-272,  ERIC , doi: 10.1080/10749039.2012.688231.

Speeches, lectures, or other oral presentations

To cite a speech, lecture, or other oral presentation, cite the speaker’s name and the title of the speech (if any) in quotation marks. Follow with the title of the particular conference or meeting, the name of the organization, and the venue and its city (if the name of the city is not listed in the venue’s name). Use the descriptor that appropriately expresses the type of presentation (e.g., Lecture, Reading, Conference Presentation, etc.).

Losh, Elizabeth. “Leave No Trace: Digital Erasure and the Composition Classroom.” Western States Rhetoric and Literacy Conference, 21 Oct. 2016, University of California, San Diego. Keynote Address.

Government document

Cite the author of the publication if the author is identified. Otherwise, start with the name of the national government, followed by the agency (including any subdivisions or agencies) that serves as the organizational author. For congressional documents, include the number of the Congress and the session when the hearing was held or resolution passed as well as the report number.

United States, Congress, Senate, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Hearing on the Geopolitics of Oil. Government Printing Office, 2007. 110th Congress, 1st session, Senate Report 111-8.

To cite an interview you conducted, list the person you interviewed (last name first), identify it as a “Personal Interview” (if conducted in-person), an “Email Interview,” or a “Telephone Interview,” and provide the date of the interview.

Sloane, Sarah. Personal Interview. 12 May 2015.

Dissertation or master's theses

To cite a published dissertation or master's thesis, cite the work as you would a book (with an italicized title), but include the designation Dissertation (or MA/MS thesis) followed by the degree-granting school and the year the degree was awarded. You may also include the University Microfilms International (UMI) order number.

Bishop, Karen Lynn. Documenting Institutional Identity: Strategic Writing in the IUPUI Comprehensive Campaign . Dissertation, Purdue University, 2002. UMI, 2004.

To cite an unpublished dissertation or master's thesis, put the title in quotation marks and end with the date the degree was awarded.

Works  cited:

Graban, Tarez Samra. "Towards a Feminine Ironic: Understanding Irony in the Oppositional Discourse of Women from the Early Modern and Modern Periods." Dissertation, Purdue University, 2006.

Work of art

To cite an original work of art (the primary source, not a reproduction in a book), provide the artist's name, the title of the artwork in italics, the date of composition, and the medium of the piece. Finally, name the institution that houses the artwork followed by the location of the institution (unless the location is included in the title of the institution, e.g., Los Angeles County Museum of Art).

Chagall, Marc.  Rain . 1911, oil and charcoal on canvas, Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice.

Indirect source

To cite a source quoted within another source, identify the original source in your sentence to introduce the quotation and use "qtd. in" to indicate the source you actually consulted. For the Works Cited page, cite the source you consulted not the original source (in this case, cite Koosed and Schumm).

According to Hardin and Hardin, “respect for authority, individualism, sacrifice 'for the team,' and hard work" are key values that come out of American sports and sports media (qtd. in Koosed and Schumm).

Multiple sources in one sentence

To cite multiple sources in the same in-text citation, separate the sources by a semi-colon.

Playing a “pro-social” video game can increase the perceptions of a player’s humanity and increase positive humanity traits (Greitmeyer; Happ, Melzer, and Steffgen).

Authors with the same last name

If two or more authors have the same last name, provide both authors' first initials (or their full names if different authors share initials) in your in-text citation. In the Works Cited page, alphabetize these sources by first name (e.g., Brown, Penelope would come before Brown, Thomas).

Mitigating devices can also show up as hedges (e.g.,  perhaps ) or other means of impersonalizing (P. Brown).

Bayer Informative Research-Based Speech - Careers

• Recommended Resources
• MLA Citation Help

Example Citation from OER

Cite as a chapter in a book:

• Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter."  Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date, page numbers.

So this source would be cited like this:

Elshaikh, Eman.  "Daoism."  World History Project .  pp. 1-5.

Book Full Text Citations

• Book Basic Format
• Book with More Than One Author
• Book by a Corporate Author or Organization
• Book with No Author
• A Multivolume Work

If you are citing the entire work:

• Last Name, First Name. Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

If you are citing a specific part of the work:

Jocobs, Alan. "Reading Today." The Pleasures of Reading in an Age of Distraction . Oxford UP, 2011, pp. 25-45.

Two Authors: Include authors in the order they are presented in the work. Include a label such as editors or translators .

• Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name.  Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

Three or More Authors: List the first listed author and et al.

• Last Name, First Name, et al.  Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

• Corporation. Title of Book . City of Publication, Publisher, Publication Date.

When a work is published without an author’s name, do not list the author as Anonymous . Instead, skip the Author element and begin the entry with the work’s title.

Lazarillo de Tormes , Medina del Campo, 1554.

• Citing a specific volume:

Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes . 2 nd ed., vol. 1, Oxford UP, 2002.

• Citing the entire collection:

Welleck, René.  A history of Modern Criticism, 1750-1950 . Yale UP, 1955-92. 8 vols.

Title. Version. Edited by First Name Last Name of Editor, Publisher, Year of publication.

For in-text citations, use  ( Title , Version or Editor, Chapter and verse)

Provide an entry in the works-cited list for the edition used. Names of scripture such as Bible, Talmud, and Koran are not italicized. Full and shortened titles of specific edition are italicized (The New Jerusalem Bible). Include divisions to identify chapters and verse numbers. 

Example: The New Jerusalem Bible . Henry Wansbrough, general editor, Doubleday, 1985.

Periodical Full Text Citations

• Periodical Basic Format
• Article in a Newspaper
• Anonymous Articles
• An Article in a Scholarly Journal
• An Article in a Special Issue of a Scholarly Journal
• Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical , Day Month Year, pages.

Poniewozik, James. “TV Makes a Too-Close Call.” Time , 20 Nov. 2000, pp.70-71.

If the city of publication is not included in the name of a locally published newspaper, add the city, not italicized, in square brackets after the name.

Beecher, Thomas K. “Brother Anderson.” Herald and Presbyter [Cincinnati], 19 Sept. 1872, p.3.

You do not need to add the city of publication to the name of a nationally published newspaper (e.g., The Wall Street Journal , The Chronicle of Higher Education ).

When a work is published without an author’s name, do not list the author as Anonymous. Instead, skip the Author element and begin the entry with the work’s title.

• Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal , Volume, Issue, Year, pages.

• Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Special Edition , special issue of Title of Journal , Volume, Issue, Year, pages.

Web entries should follow a similar format, and include a URL, DOI, or permalink.

Electronic Full Text Citations

• Citing a Page or Article on a Website
• Citing an Entire Web Site
• Citing a Course or Department Website
• An Article from an Online Database
• Government Department Website
• Online Government Documents
• Image (Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)
• Twitter/Instagram
• A YouTube Video
• Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article or Page.” Title of Website, Day Month Year, url without http://.

*An access date for an online work should generally be provided if the work lacks a publication date or if you suspect that the work has been altered or removed.*

In this example, the website no longer exists.

• Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/ Organization affiliated with the site (sponsor` or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink.

• Give the instructor’s name. Then list the title of the course (or school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Department . School Name, Date of Publication, URL.

• Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume, Number, edition, page numbers, Database name , URL, DOI or permalink.

**You can usually omit ttp:// unless you want to hyperlink them and are working with a software program that doesn't allow hyperlinking without the protocol.

• Country, Department, Sector. Title of Page . Publication Date, url.

Online Government Documents including bills, resolutions, and reports:

Provide the number and session of Congress, the chamber (Senate or House of Representatives), and the type and number of the publication.

• If the work is cited on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use the username for the author.

If an author’s online handle differs from the account name, supply the handle in square brackets after the name.

When the handle and account are similar, you can omit the handle if you include the URL in your entry.

If you do not include the URL, retain the handle.

• “Title.” YouTube , uploaded by uploader’s name, Day Month Year, url without http://.

Other Full Text Citations

• An Interview
• Speeches, Lectures, or Other Oral Presentations (including Conference Presentations)
• A Song or Album
• Film or Movies
• Television Shows
• Podcasts or Audiobooks
• Transcripts

Personal Interviews:

• Last Name, First Name of interviewee. Personal interview. Day Month Year.

Cats, Joe. Personal interview. 17 May 2020.

Published Interviews (print or broadcast):

• Last Name, First Name of interviewee. “Title of Interview.” Publication , Volume, Number, Year of Publication, Page Number.

•  Last Name, First Name of interviewee. “Title of Interview.” Film or Television program , Interviewer, Year of Publication.

Online Only:

• Last Name, First Name of interviewee. By Interviewer, Publication , Day Month Year of Publication, URL.

• Film . Directed by, Studio, Publication Year..

Point of No Return . Directed by John Badham, Warner Bros., 1993.

Edition of film:

Blade Runner . 1982. Director’s cut, Warner Bros., 1992.

• “Episode Title.”  Television show title , created by, season, episode, distributor, Year of Publication.

Audiobooks:

• << Previous: Research Help
• Next: Scrible >>
• Last Updated: Apr 24, 2024 10:53 AM
• URL: https://oprfhs.libguides.com/Bayer_Research_Careers

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

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This is a preprint.

Hierarchical dynamic coding coordinates speech comprehension in the brain.

Speech comprehension requires the human brain to transform an acoustic waveform into meaning. To do so, the brain generates a hierarchy of features that converts the sensory input into increasingly abstract language properties. However, little is known about how these hierarchical features are generated and continuously coordinated. Here, we propose that each linguistic feature is dynamically represented in the brain to simultaneously represent successive events. To test this ‘Hierarchical Dynamic Coding’ (HDC) hypothesis, we use time-resolved decoding of brain activity to track the construction, maintenance, and integration of a comprehensive hierarchy of language features spanning acoustic, phonetic, sub-lexical, lexical, syntactic and semantic representations. For this, we recorded 21 participants with magnetoencephalography (MEG), while they listened to two hours of short stories. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, the brain incrementally represents and simultaneously maintains successive features. Second, the duration of these representations depend on their level in the language hierarchy. Third, each representation is maintained by a dynamic neural code, which evolves at a speed commensurate with its corresponding linguistic level. This HDC preserves the maintenance of information over time while limiting the interference between successive features. Overall, HDC reveals how the human brain continuously builds and maintains a language hierarchy during natural speech comprehension, thereby anchoring linguistic theories to their biological implementations.

The Full Text of this preprint is available as a PDF (2.2M) The Web version will be available soon.

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

• Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
• "Article name in quotation marks."
• Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
• Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
• DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
• Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.