presentation on culture of punjab

Punjabi Culture - Traditions and Cultural Diversity of Punjab

Unique, colourful and extravagant, these are the attributes of the heartland of India, Punjab. Popular and distinguished across the globe, the culture of Punjab is indeed overwhelming. The delicious Punjabi food appeases your taste buds like never before. Colourful fancy clothes and Bhangra attract you like nothing else. When you visit Punjab, you can experience hospitable and heartwarming vibes. Punjabis are known to be very helpful, welcoming and proud people. They welcome everyone with open hearts (and of course a glass of Lassi and typical Punjabi food). They celebrate their festivals with great zeal and zest, with great food, music, dances and revelry. The beauty of Punjab is as magical as it becomes.

People of Punjab and Punjabi Sabhyachar

Punjabis are mainly divided into two communities: Khatris and Jats. They've been involved in agriculture for a long time now. But now, trade and commerce have also opened up in the state. A large population still follows the joint family system which has now turned out to be unique. The feeling of togetherness can be easily felt here as they promise to be with each other in moments of sadness and happiness.

Punjabis are very particular about their traditions and relations. Every festival or ceremony have predefined rituals which are strictly followed. May it be birth or wedding, hair cutting or a funeral, the adherence to rituals is a must which according to them strengthens a relation and displays a proper social cordiality.

Food in Punjabi Culture

One of the favourite cuisines of Indians and other communities outside, Punjabi food is rich in flavours and spices. With overflowing ghee on the chapattis, the food here is considered for the strong-hearted! Lassi is the refreshing drink here and is also known as the welcome drink. It's a very heavy dose of milk, especially for those are not from Northern India.

Makke di Roti (maize bread) and Sarson da Saag (mustard leaf curry) is another traditional dish of Punjab. There are many other foods like Chole Bhathure, Rajma Chawal and Paneer Naan, but one of the humongous favourites is Tandoori Chicken!  

Dresses in Punjabi Culture

The traditional dresses of Punjab are very colourful, unique and vibrant. Women wear Salwar kameez (Salwar is the bottom wear and kameez upper). These clothes are intricately designed and beautifully embroidered at homes in multi colours. Men wear a Turban with great pride. Initially, Hindus and Muslims also used to wear turbans, but now Sikhs can be only seen wearing them. Kurta is worn on the upper body, and Tehmat which are the baggy and balloon-ish Pyjamas are worn on the lower portion. Footwear preferred is Jooti which has been the traditional footwear worn by men and women for many years.

Folk Dances of Punjab

There are many folk music and dances which are hugely popular in Punjab and the rest of the country. One of them is Bhangra which has also become immensely popular in the west. This dance form began many years ago when Punjabi farmers used to perform to welcome the harvest season. Giddha and Sammi, Luddhi and Dhamal are some other popular dances in the region. Punjabi music has become popular in Bollywood too. Punjabis are known for their revelry and music forms an essential part of it.

These dance forms are mainly performed in Baisakhi Festival. The performances, especially involving men, are given on the beats of drum and music. People wear Kurta and Tehmat (garments made of silk and cotton) with Turban on their head and a handkerchief in hand during the performances.

Language and Religions

The official language of the state is Punjabi, which is also the local language used for communication. Although there is only one local language, there are many dialects used diverse region to region. Some of the local dialects are Doabi, Ghebi, Malwai, Pahari, Shahpuri, Rachnavi, Hindko, etc. Interestingly the script for Punjabi language is Gurmukhi in India and Shahmukhi in Pakistan.

There are many religions which exist in Punjab. But the major population comprises in the Indian state of Punjab are of Hindus and Sikhs. In Hindus, Khatris are the most prominent, while Brahmin, Rajput and Baniya may also be found. The Sikh population is particularly high in the state owing to the origin of Sikhism. There are many Sikh religious centres in Punjab, not to forget the most famous Golden Temple in Amritsar which witnesses huge footfall from around the world. Some of the people in Indian Punjab are Muslims, Christians, and Jains.

Wedding Customs in Punjab

The prewedding rituals start with the Roka, which is an unofficial engagement signifying the acceptance of the relationship by the two families. Then comes Chunni Chadhai followed by Mangni/Sagai which is the official engagement with the couple exchanging the engagement rings. A couple of days before the wedding, Mehendi artists are called in on the occasion of Mehendi to create intricate designs on the hands of the bride joined by all the female friends and family members. Usually on the same evening is the musical night known as Sangeet which is pretty much the same as a bachelorette party. After the merry and joyful evening of Sangeet, some traditional rituals are set in motion starting with Kangna Bandhna, Followed by Choodha Chadhana and Kalide which take place in the Bride’s house. Haldi and Ghara Ghardoli are two rituals that take place for both, Bride and Groom when they are covered with a thick paste of turmeric and sandalwood mixed with rosewater and mustard oil. Bride and groom visit their nearest temple and are bathed with holy water and start getting ready for the main part of the wedding. Sehrabandi and Ghodi Chadna conclude the pre-wedding rituals.

The main wedding function starts with the Agwani and Milni which is a ritual to welcome the groom and his party to the venue of the wedding. Followed by the welcome is the Varmala or the exchange of the garlands between the bride and the groom. The Groom is then offered a bowl of water and a bowl of a sweet drink called Madhuperk. The ritual of Kanyadaan is fulfilled by the father of the Bride and asks the Groom to take good care of her. After the Heart touching ritual of Kanyadaan is Mangal Phere where the couple circle the sacred fire four times and the couple is declared Married. The wedding day concludes with a sacrificial ritual offering rice flakes to the sacred fire thrice called Lajhom followed by Sindhoor Daan which is the ritual of the groom to anoint the bride's forehead and the hair partition with Sindhoor.

Post-wedding games are the fun part of every wedding where the families and friend from both sides take part actively. After the celebrations and games are the most heart touching moments for the festivities when the bride has to say bye to her parents and tears rolling down the cheeks is a normal scenario in these moments. The bride is welcomed to the groom's house and a final ritual called the Muh Dikhai marks an end to the ceremonies and the start of a happy life together.

Literature and Philosophy

Punjabi Literature mostly comprises the writings from Sikh Gurus and some poetry too. The writings of Guru Nanak also known as The Janamsakhis are one of the oldest literature books found. Some spiritual philosophies of yogis like Gorakshanath and Charpatnah are also available. But the major literature began with the initiation of poetry and Sufi music and ghazals. Some famous stories include Heer Ranjha by Waris Shah, Mirza Sahiba by Hafiz Barkhudar and Sohni Mahiwal by Fazal Shah. Modern Punjabi writers include Bhai Vir Singh, Puran Singh, Dhani Ram Chatrik, Amrita Pritam, Baba Balwanta, Mohan Singh, and Shiv Kumar Batalvi.

Punjabis are high spirited and liberal people. Residing in the heart of India, they are soft natured people who celebrate every event and festival with utmost zest. They are lively and vibrant with a vibrant history and culture. They enjoy liquor and revelry as much as they enjoy Lassi and folk music. Punjabis can now be found in many parts of the world especially the USA and Canada. But suffice it to say, they have shifted the land, but their culture is imbibed in them even today. They celebrate their festivals across the globe and welcome others to be a part of their culture. And to less surprise, Punjabis are loved all over the world.

This post was published by Vishwas Jain

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Punjabi Culture and Traditions – Ultimate Guide Details

• January 19, 2024

Punjab, a region that spans across India and Pakistan, is one of the oldest and renowned for its vibrant and vivacious culture. Punjabi culture is a tapestry woven with traditions, values, and a profound sense of community. It transcends geographical boundaries, reflecting the essence of a people deeply connected to their roots. This article aims to delve into the semantic layers of Punjabi culture, exploring its various facets, from dance and art to cuisine and religious traditions.

Thats, a vital place in Punjab, stands as a proof to a cultural mosaic that encompasses the Punjab province. The very essence of this region is embodied in the multifaceted tapestry of the culture of Punjab — a distinctive blend of traditions, values, and heritage that defines the identity of the state of Punjab. The myriad areas of Punjab, from bustling cities to serene rural landscapes, collectively contribute to shaping what we recognize as Punjabi culture is one.

What is Punjabi Culture?

Punjabi culture is an amalgamation of diverse influences, shaped over centuries by historical events, migrations, and interactions with neighboring cultures. At its core, Punjabi culture is a celebration of life, with an emphasis on community, warmth, and exuberance. The term ‘Punjabi’ itself stems from the Persian words “Panj” (five) and “Aab” (water), signifying the land of five rivers that have nourished the fertile lands of Punjab.

Art, Crafts, and Painting

Religious and secular themes, language and literature, famous personalities.

• Cultural Events & Festivals

Preservation Efforts

Final key takeway.

The heart of Punjabi culture lies in its people—known for their hospitality, resilience, and zest for life. Whether in the bustling cities or the serene villages, Punjabis share a strong sense of community. The concept of ‘Pind’ or village is central, symbolizing a close-knit social structure where everyone knows everyone. This communal spirit is not confined by borders, as Punjabis on both sides of the India-Pakistan divide share a common bond that transcends political boundaries.

People of punjab are recognized for their industriousness, and the agricultural landscape of Punjab reflects their hard work. The quintessential Punjabi farmer, often depicted in folklore and popular culture, is a symbol of perseverance and dedication. In urban centers, the Punjabi diaspora has played a significant role in shaping global communities, contributing to various fields and retaining a strong connection to their cultural roots.

Bhangra, the energetic and rhythmic punjabi dance form, is synonymous with Punjabi culture. Rooted in the agricultural traditions of the region, Bhangra is a lively expression of joy, often performed during harvest festivals and celebrations. The dance involves dynamic footwork, vibrant costumes, and the infectious beat of the dhol, a traditional Punjabi drum. Bhangra has transcended regional boundaries to become a global phenomenon, captivating audiences with its exuberance.

Giddha, another traditional dance form, is performed by Punjabi women and is characterized by graceful movements and rhythmic clapping. These dances are not mere performances but embody the spirit of Punjabi life, reflecting the joy, enthusiasm, and resilience embedded in the culture. Other popular dance forms are  Jhumar, Sammi, Luddi, Malwai Giddha, Dhamaal, Kikli, Jaago, Gatka (martial arts dance) and Jindua.

Punjabi art is a vibrant reflection of the region’s rich cultural heritage. Intricate phulkari embroidery, which originated in Punjab, is a striking example of traditional craftsmanship. The colorful geometric patterns and vibrant threads tell stories of love, life, and nature. Additionally, ‘Punjabi Jutti,’ traditional footwear adorned with elaborate embroidery, showcases the skilled craftsmanship passed down through generations.

Punjabi painting, while less explored in mainstream discourse, has a distinctive style often influenced by religious themes and rural life. The works of renowned artists like Sobha Singh and Amrita Sher-Gil exemplify the depth and diversity of Punjabi artistic expression. Sher-Gil, in particular, is celebrated for her modernist paintings that intertwine European techniques with Indian subject matter, providing a unique perspective on the cultural crossroads in which Punjabi art often finds itself. Art forms in  Pakistan are Multani Pottery, Sindhi Ajrak, Pakistani Truck Art, Hala Embroidery, Pakistani Jutti (footwear), Chiniot Furniture, Punjabi Phulkari Embroidery, Pakistani Ralli Quilts, Pakistani Pashmina Shawls, Pakistani Jharoka Style Woodwork and in India are Amritsari Papier-Mâché, Punjabi Jutti (footwear), Phulkari Embroidery, Patiala Phulkari Dupatta, Punjabi Mud Wall Painting, Punjabi Naqqashi (wood carving), Warli Painting, Madhubani Painting,  Warrior Paintings, Kangra Miniature Painting considered as part of it.

Punjabi culture is deeply rooted in spirituality, with a harmonious blend of religious and secular traditions. The Golden Temple, located in Amritsar, is the spiritual nucleus for Sikh community worldwide and a symbol of communal harmony. The practice of Langar, a community kitchen serving free meals to people from all walks of life, exemplifies the inclusivity embedded in Sikhism—a dominant religion in Punjab.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Guru Angad Dev Ji, Guru Amar Das Ji, Guru Ram Das Ji, Guru Arjan Dev Ji, Guru Hargobind Ji, Guru Har Rai Ji, Guru Harkrishan Ji, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, Guru Gobind Singh Ji These Sikh Gurus played a pivotal role in shaping Sikhism and are revered for their spiritual teachings, leadership, and contributions to the main importance for Sikh community.

Secular festivities like Baisakhi, celebrated with fervor across the region, mark the harvest season and signify the spirit of renewal. The diverse religious landscape, encompassing Sikhism, Hinduism, and Islam, contributes to the cultural mosaic, fostering a sense of unity in diversity.

Punjabi wedding traditions, often extravagant and joyous affairs, are a testament to the cultural richness of the region. The rituals are deeply rooted in tradition and are accompanied by lively music, vibrant clothing, and delectable cuisine. The ‘Anand Karaj’ ceremony, a Sikh wedding ritual conducted in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib, symbolizes the union of two souls in the divine presence.

The ‘Maiyaan’ and ‘Sangeet’ ceremonies, where families come together to celebrate, sing, and dance, add a festive charm to the wedding festivities. The ‘Ghara Gharoli’ ritual, where the bride fetches water from a nearby temple, is a symbol of purity and the beginning of her new life. The colorful ‘Phulkari’ embroidery and elaborate jewelry worn by the bride showcase the artistic and cultural significance embedded in every aspect of a Punjabi wedding. 

Punjabi cuisine, renowned for its bold flavors and hearty dishes, is a culinary delight that has gained global recognition. The iconic “Sarson da Saag” and “Makki di Roti” are winter staples, showcasing the agrarian roots in cuisine of Punjab. The use of rich spices, ghee, and dairy products in adds a distinctive taste to Punjabi food dishes. ‘Butter Chicken,’ ‘Dal Makhani,’ and ‘Paneer Tikka’ are just a few examples of the savory delights that have become synonymous with Punjabi gastronomy.  The commonality between all Punjabi dishes is the liberal use of aromatic spices and bold flavors, creating a culinary experience that is both rich and diverse.

The practice of ‘Langar’ in Sikhism, where free meals are served in gurdwaras, embodies the spirit of community and equality. The emphasis on sharing food and breaking bread together underscores the inclusive nature of Punjabi culture, making every meal a celebration of togetherness. In Pakistan Nihari, Seekh Kebabs, Haleem, Saag, Chapli Kebab, Aloo Keema, Chicken Karahi, Lahori Fish, Peshawari Naan, Shahi Tukda and in India Sarson da Saag with Makki di Roti, Butter Chicken, Dal Makhani, Chole Bhature, Amritsari Kulcha, Paneer Tikka, Tandoori Chicken, Aloo Paratha, Rajma Chawal, Gajar ka Halwa are extensive cuisine of punjab.

Punjabi, a language with a rich literary heritage, serves as a cultural bridge for the people of the region. The works of revered poets like Bulleh Shah and Waris Shah have transcended time, offering profound insights into the human experience. The Punjabi language, written in both Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts, encapsulates the ethos of the region, preserving its stories, wisdom, and punjabi folklore.

Punjabi is the native language of Punjab, serving as both the provincial language and the distinctive means through which the vibrant people of the region speak the Punjabi language.

Punjabi literature is a treasure trove of poetry, short stories, and novels that explore themes ranging from love and spirituality to social issues. The oral tradition of storytelling, often accompanied by folk music, has been a means of passing down cultural values through generations.

Traditional Punjabi dresses are a vibrant expression of the region’s cultural identity. The ‘Patiala Suit’ for women wear and the ‘Kurta Pajama’  and Punjabi Ghagra for men are iconic ensembles, known for their colorful fabrics and intricate embroidery. The ‘Phulkari’ work, with its intricate thread embroidery, is a common feature in Punjabi attire, adding a touch of elegance and tradition.

The attire is not just a form of clothing but a statement of cultural pride and heritage. The vivid hues and elaborate patterns of traditional dresses reflect the vivacity and resilience part of the Punjabi people.

Punjabi music, with its infectious beats and soul-stirring lyrics, is a dynamic reflection of the region’s cultural vibrancy. Bhangra, as a musical genre, has transcended borders and gained international acclaim. The beat of the dhol and the energetic rhythms create an atmosphere of celebration, making Punjabi music a global sensation.

Contemporary Punjabi music has evolved to include a diverse range of genres, from folk and punjabi Sufi music to the more recent trends in Punjabi pop and rap. Renowned artists like Gurdas Maan, Kuldeep Manak, and more recently, Diljit Dosanjh, have made significant contributions to the global recognition of Punjabi music.

Punjab has been a cradle of talent that has left an indelible mark on various fields. From sports icons like Milkha Singh and Harbhajan Singh to literary giants like Amrita Pritam, Punjab has produced individuals who have excelled on the global stage. The film industry, particularly in India, has been graced by the presence of actors like Dharmendra, Dilip Kumar, and the vibrant and versatile Priyanka Chopra.

Punjabi poetry is renowned due to people like  Baba Farid, Bulleh Shah, Sultan Bahu, Waris Shah, Shah Hussain, Ahmad Faraz, Amrita Pritam, Najm Hosain Syed, Safir Rammah, Anwar Masood, Baba Sheikh Farid, Bhai Vir Singh, Amrita Pritam, Shiv Kumar Batalvi, Surjit Patar, Pash (Avtaar Singh), Kartar Singh Duggal, Bhagwant Rasulpuri, Paash (Avtaar Singh), Puran Singh. These are famous poets of punjabi culture in the world.

In the realm of politics, personalities like Manmohan Singh, the former Prime Minister of India, have played pivotal roles in shaping the destiny of the nation. These luminaries not only bring pride to the Punjabi community but also contribute significantly to the diversity and richness of the global cultural landscape.

Cultural Events & Festivals

Punjabi Festivals and cultural events form the heartbeat of Punjabi life, offering moments of joy, reflection, and communal celebration. Events like the Holla Mohalla festival, celebrated with fervor in Anandpur Sahib, showcase martial arts, music, and the spirit of Sikhism on punjab culture day also.. The electrifying atmosphere of the festival resonates with the essence of Punjabi courage and valor. Baisakhi, Lohri, Diwali, Hola Mohalla, Gurpurab, Teej, Maghi, Basant Panchami, Karva Chauth, Raksha Bandhan, Navratri, Phagwah, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Chand Raat, Mela Chiraghan festivals celebrated in punjab region includes also.

Moreover, the colorful celebrations of Baisakhi, Lohri, and Diwali bring communities together, fostering a sense of unity and shared cultural identity. These events not only serve as occasions on punjabi culture day for revelry but also provide opportunities for the transmission of cultural values from one generation to the next.

Preserving Punjabi culture is a collective endeavor that involves the active engagement of communities, institutions, and individuals. Efforts are underway to document and archive traditional practices, oral histories, and artifacts. Museums, cultural centers, and academic institutions play a crucial role in safeguarding the tangible and intangible aspects of Punjabi heritage.

The diaspora, scattered across the globe, also contributes to the preservation of Punjabi culture by fostering connections with their roots. Cultural exchange programs, festivals, and initiatives that promote awareness and understanding help in maintaining a strong link between the past and the present.

In wrapping up this exploration of Punjabi culture, it’s crucial to highlight some of its distinctive features. From attire to the mouthwatering cuisine, Punjab’s cultural panorama is a feast for the senses. The hospitality of its people stand out as a hallmark, embodying a tradition where guests are accorded utmost respect and care.

Situated in northern India, the influence of Punjabi clothing reflects the region’s dynamic spirit, with the iconic Punjabi suit becoming a symbol of cultural pride. Governed by the Government of Punjab, cities like Amritsar and Ludhiana showcase the diverse facets of cities of Punjab, inviting visitors to explore and experience the unique charm of this land. A visit to Punjab unravels the enchanting tale of its rich history, spanning from ancient civilizations to the modern-day, exemplifying the Punjab region of Pakistan and its historical significance.

The density of the culture is palpable in every corner, underscoring why Punjab has more importance than merely being a geographical region; it’s a cultural heartbeat. Punjabi is the provincial language, serving as a linguistic bridge that unites the people in their shared identity. Within this linguistic realm, the cultural ethos of the region is embodied by known Punjabi figures, revered for their contributions to literature, arts, and societal values.

A sensory exploration of Punjab is incomplete without savoring a traditional Punjabi meal, often accompanied by the lively rhythms of Punjabi folk music, creating an immersive experience. The Indian states of Punjab have played a pivotal role in the way Punjabi culture grew, transcending borders and gaining global recognition. Beyond its geographical confines, Punjab is also a reservoir of cultural and religious diversity, exemplifying the fusion of culture and heritage.

Affectionately called Punjabi, this vibrant culture stands as a testament to the enduring values and history deeply rooted in the region. The resilience and unity of the Sikh community from India further amplify the cultural fabric, shaping the narrative of Punjab. In every district of Punjab, one can witness the majority of people in Punjab embracing their cultural identity with pride, whether in the bustling cities or the serene rural areas of Punjab.

The intricate craft of Punjab and the distinct attire of typical Punjabi men showcase the artistic and sartorial expressions embedded in everyday life. A reflection of its diverse populace, popular Punjabi customs and traditions contribute to why Punjab is famous, while its delectable offerings, such as the exclusive traditional Punjabi food, appeal to palates globally. Celebratory occasions, where day is celebrated with fervor, encapsulate the exuberance that is uniquely Punjab.

In my personal journey of delving into Punjab’s cultural nuances, I’ve come to appreciate the richness of traditions and customs that were once taken for granted in my daily life. It was only upon venturing beyond my community’s borders that I realized the extraordinary and unique essence of Punjab’s cultural heritage.

Countless individuals from diverse walks of life have been captivated by Punjab’s cultural allure in my encounters. From the delectable cuisine to the lively punjabi music and dance, there’s an enchanting quality to this heritage that captures hearts and minds universally.

As I offer final reflections and suggestions for immersing oneself in Punjab’s culture, the key is to be open-minded, curious, and respectful. Approach this rich tapestry with wonder and a thirst for learning. Pose questions, embrace new experiences, and, most importantly, bask in the warmth and hospitality that define the Punjabi way of life.

In the wise words of a Punjabi saying, “Jithey Punjab, uthey tabbar” – wherever there is Punjab, there is celebration. Let’s rejoice in this culturally rich and vibrant tapestry, ensuring its traditions and values endure for generations to come.

Welcome to the official author account of words.pk! I am a passionate writer and researcher who loves exploring the rich and diverse culture of Pakistan. Through my writing, I aim to showcase the beauty and complexity of this vibrant nation, from its history and traditions to its art, music, cuisine, and more. With years of experience in blogging, and content creation, I have honed my skills in storytelling and crafting compelling narratives that captivate readers

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Culture of Punjab – Enthralling Tradition, Art, Music, Food and Festivals

• Culture of Indian States

Table of contents

Languages of punjab, traditional dress of punjab, architecture of punjab, handicrafts of punjab, festivals of punjab , dance and music of punjab, punjabi cuisine, tourism in punjab, occupations in punjab.

Punjab has one of the most ancient and diversified cultures on the globe. ‘Punj’ means five, and ‘ab’ means water, hence it’s known as the Land of Five Rivers. The five rivers that flow through this country are the Beas, Sutlej, Chenab, Ravi, and Jhelum, which divide it into three major parts called Doaba, Majha, and Malwa. Punjabi poetry, philosophy, spirituality, education, artwork, music, food, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values, and history all reflect this diversity and distinctiveness. It’s difficult to overlook the compassion and zeal displayed in the Punjabi (Punjabis) way of life. 

Punjab is a vast expanse of natural beauty and majesty. Its language is a valuable asset that is gaining widespread popularity across the country. Punjabi is the state’s official language, and it has a lot of similarities to Hindi. It is the world’s ninth most widely spoken language. The residents of West Punjab, on one hand, speak more Hindi than Punjabi, whilst the situation is reversed in East Punjab.

Gurmukhi, which is based on Devanagari, is the script used in Punjabi. It’s a fusion as well as a tonal language. It is a fusion language because it is formed by the merger of many morphemes (the smallest linguistic unit with semantic meaning). It has a tonal quality due to the fact that the tones identify the words. Punjabi borrows heavily from various languages such as Hindi, Persian, Urdu, and English in modern times. Punjabi has recently travelled to other parts of the world, where it has been adapted to fit the local lexicon.

Surprisingly, the Punjabi language has numerous dialects that have developed according to the place where the language is spoken. Bhattian, Malwai, Pahari, Doabi, Kangri, Hindko, Pothowari, Shahpuri, Rachnavi, Majhi, Thali, Thalochri, Chakwali, and Ghebi are some of the most important dialects. Hindi is a widely spoken and understood language in the state, with practically everyone speaking and understanding it fluently. Even English is a language that many people are familiar with. If you w ant to learn Punjabi , try Ling-app a great platform to learn the language with ease.

Religion in Punjab

In India, Sikhism is the predominant religion in Punjab. It is the world’s fifth largest religion, founded by Guru Nanak Dev and other nine Gurus. Sikhism’s core belief is in “Waheguru,” which means “Universal God.” The religion believes that salvation can be attained by meditating on the Almighty in a disciplined and intimate manner. Sikhs revere the ten Gurus as well as the Holy Scripture Guru Granth Sahib, which is revered as the eleventh and final Guru. Monotheism and a non-anthropomorphic understanding of God are central to Sikhism. Volunteering and community service are seen as essential in a person’s life. The primary rule for leading one’s life is hard effort and sincere dedication. Gurdwaras, which are the Sikhs’ primary place of worship, exist in Punjab. The Golden Temple in Amritsar is a world-famous pilgrimage site that draws people from all over the world.

Though not as frequently practiced as Sikhism, Hinduism is an important religion in Punjab. In fact, it is the state’s second most widely practiced religion. Hindus live a liberal lifestyle, and the majority of them attend gurdwaras to worship. Islam is another prominent religion in Punjab, however it is practiced by just a small percentage of the population. The majority of Muslims in Punjab fled to Pakistan after the split in 1947. Despite the small population of Muslims in the state, there are a large number of mosques. Other minority religions in the state include Christianity, Jainism, and Buddhism.

In Punjab, women’s apparel is known as churidar kurta. The traditional attire is worn by women. Although it is a Punjabi traditional attire, it is currently worn by most young ladies across India with colourful Dupattas. The top portion is a kameez (a sort of loose shirt), while the bottom component is a salwar (a type of pant). In most cases, the dupatta is the same colour as the Salwar Kameez. Beautiful shawls created with Phulkari embroidery can also be seen on women.

Suggested Read –  Traditional Dresses of Punjab, Celebrating the Colors of Vibrancy

In Punjab, the men’s traditional attire is the Kurta Pajama. The Kurta is a long-sleeved shirt with a straight cut. The pajamas are likewise loose and must be fastened around the waist. Few guys choose to wear a Kurta with a Tehmat or Lungi. Pagri or Pugg (Turban) is a religious turban worn by Sikhs in Punjab. Turbans are worn by men in a variety of hues depending on their attire. Jooti is the favored footwear, which has been worn by both men and women for many years.

The Buddhist and Islamic forms of architecture had a huge influence on Punjab. Despite the fact that Sikhism is the most popular religion in Punjab, it does not have its own architectural style. It is a mix of Sufism in Islam and Hinduism. The Gurudwara is the Sikhs’ primary site of worship. The Mughal palace style of construction has been adopted by Sikhism’s followers. Even after independence, Punjab’s architecture has continued to grow. The Maurya Empire is responsible for some of Punjab’s earliest architectural examples. Following the Mughal invasion, Islamic architecture became a part of Punjab.

The Sikhs’ primary place of devotion is Amritsar’s, Golden Temple. Amritsar became the most important city for the Sikhs in the latter half of the 16th century. The Golden Temple was built in 1764, and when Ranjit Singh created the Sikh state in 1802, he plated the ceiling with gold, and what was previously known as the Hari Mandir became known as the Golden Temple. The primary structure is modest and sits in the middle of a tank, giving the impression that it is floating on water. The temple, its marble precincts, and the water in the tank all look to be pure, unique, and amazing. The primary structure is constructed in the late Mughal style. The open terrace-style Mughal garden inspired the Yadavindra garden in Pinjore. The garden’s central water channel is lined with chadars and fountains and runs through seven open terraces and pavilions.

Chandigarh, the state capital, is a fine example of twentieth-century architecture. The city is split into 47 sectors, with the capital complex and civic centre serving as the focal point. It is an excellent ‘garden city’ and a bible for architects because of its ordered design, broad roadways, and well-planned facilities with a modernist lean. Chandigarh has become a symbol of youth, and its residents are proud of the city’s status as a cutting-edge metropolis. Le Corbusier, a French architect and planner, was responsible for Chandigarh’s urban development. Chandigarh is unlike any other city in the world. Chandigarh’s terrace garden is a popular tourist destination. The large sun-screen and three-dimensional look, as well as the interior spaces, create an appropriately spectacular image while remaining true to traditional Indian architecture.

Phulkari , as well as Pidhis, Jootis, Durries, and Parandis, are part of Punjab’s rich handicraft legacy. Phulkari, however, is the most well-known of them all. Many of the crafts are used as household items or ornamental objects in homes, and they reflect the state’s vibrant identity. Mud Works are also an indigenous Punjabi tradition. Women are primarily responsible for weaving durries, and they begin learning the craft as early as childhood. Durries are available in a variety of sizes and patterns here. In addition, the state produces a diverse range of trays, mirror frames, dressing tables, easy chairs, sofa sets, dining tables, and chairs, among other items. Another well-known Punjabi art is the gorgeous Punjabi dolls dressed in elegant gowns. The Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, who work in the city of Amritsar in the Punjab province of India, are known for their brass and copper workmanship, which is recognised on the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Punjab, like the rest of India, celebrates a variety of festivals throughout the year. Each of these festivals is related with one or more religious tales. Punjabi folks believe in going all out for every festive event. Traditional music and folklore create the ideal environment for the celebration, allowing guests to immerse themselves in the infectious spirit of this incredibly intriguing state.

In Punjab, Baisakhi signifies the start of the “New Year ” . It is commemorated to recognise the hard labor of farmers by commemorating the ripening of the winter (rabi) harvest. Every year on the 13th of April, it commemorates a time of celebration and joy for the people of Punjab.

Punjab’s winter harvest festival, Lohri, is widely observed across the state. It is a fertility celebration that is linked to the worship of the God of Fire (Lord Agni). Lohri, according to the Hindu calendar, occurs on the 13th of January each year, when the earth is closest to the sun.  

The name Hola Mohalla comes from the Punjabi word “Mohalla,” which refers to an organised parade in the style of an army column, complete with battle drums and standard-bearers. This event is held in grand style throughout Punjab, particularly at Muktsar and Anandpur Sahib.

Punjab is a theistic and devotional land. Gurus of the Sikh faith are honored throughout the state. Punjabis observe Gurpurab every year solely for the honor and respect of their gurus. Gurpurabs are intended to commemorate the Sikh Gurus’ birthdays or martyrdoms. In Punjab, however, there are a lot of gurpurabs.

Bhai dooj is observed on the second day after Diwali in the month of Kartik (October-November). This celebration also honours a brother’s and sister’s strong bond. To protect her brother from evil, his sister places a ‘tikka’ (mark) of saffron and rice grains on his forehead. There are hymns and prayers for a long life for my brother. As a show of his affection, the brother gives her gifts or money.

Teeyan is a women’s dance festival held in the month of Sawan. This festival features some of the top gidha performances. The celebration runs from the third lunar day of the month through the full moon, with a grand function on the last day.

Karwa Chauth is a fast by women that takes place in the months of October and November. Women participate in the celebration to pray for their husband’s long life. On this day, the Moon God is prayed to.

Dussehra is widely observed throughout Punjab, as it is in the rest of India. It commemorates Lord Rama’s victory over Ravana, signifying the eternal triumph of Good over Evil.

Diwali is observed throughout Punjab in the months of October and November, with the exact date dictated by the lunar calendar. It is commemorated to mark Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after a fourteen-year exile. Every home in Punjab is illuminated with candles or diyas on this day.

Punjab is regarded for having one of India’s most diverse and expressive cultures, with music and dance playing a key role in exhibiting it. Punjabi dances are among the most energizing types of performance art you will ever see. The level of synchronicity in the dances is incredible.

Bhangra began as a springtime festival dance in Punjab villages, and has since grown into a worldwide craze. More than anything else, this dance has spread the name of Punjab across the globe. Bhangra has evolved significantly through time. Bhangra, traditionally, used to be a blend of fast-paced dance moves, songs, and musical instruments like the Dhol, iktar (a single-stringed instrument), and chimta. The songs that are performed in conjunction with the dance are usually about love, patriotism, or social causes. In today’s clubs and discos, Bhangra tunes mixed with hip hop or reggae are quite popular. The performers are dressed in a Kurta with a vest over it. They also wear colourful turbans that are well-made.

If you thought Bhangra was fantastic, Giddha will provide you with the same kind of experience. Giddha is a female-only specialty, similar to Bhangra. This dance is usually performed at important occasions such as weddings or festivals. ‘Viyagula Giddha’ is a type of Giddha that is done during weddings. The performers make a ring by standing in a circle. One woman sits in the ring’s centre, playing the Dhol. The finest part about the dance is that there are no strict restrictions that the dancers must follow. They dance to the beat of the music. The various stages in the lives of Punjabi women are depicted in Gidda.

Punjabi folk music has a lot of variety and is quite rhythmic. Dhoola and mahiya are prevalent forms in the western region, although the popular boli style is performed variably across the region. Punjabi music also includes vocals, as well as instruments such the dhol, tumbi, dhad sarangi, algoza, and Ektara. Punjabi folk idiom can provide insight into the lives and cultures of Punjabis. There is a large collection of music and songs commemorating birth, daily life, and death; songs of love and separation, dancing and joy; marriage, fulfilment, and disappointment. Punjab is separated culturally into three regions: Malwa, Majha, and Doaba. Today, Malwa embodies the authentic essence of Punjabi folklore.

The Punjabi fold idiom is incredibly rich, diverse, and adaptable. It is a wide culture of compassionate, big-hearted people who are free of fanaticism and restricted religious ideologies. The more we learn about the country’s folk music, the more difficult it gets to categories. However, one may be able to draw broad divides for each season, as each of the countless celebratory occasions that occur throughout the year has its own distinct music.

Punjabis are robust people with hearty appetites, and their food is simple, sizable quantities with no extraneous frills or exotic accompaniments, much like the Punjabis themselves. Punjabi tandoori cookery is widely regarded as one of the world’s most popular cuisines. Huge earthen ovens are half-buried in the ground and heated by a coal fire beneath them. This unique oven cooks marinated meat, chicken, fish, paneer, rotis, and naans of all varieties, and the results are incredibly delicious!

Some areas of Punjabi cuisine have been influenced by outside influences. The gravy component of Punjabi cuisine is said to have originated with the Mughals, according to food connoisseurs. Murgh makhani is the most well-known example. Because the state had a lot of pure ghee and butter, combining this impact in its food was a good idea. Murg makhani also helped to balance out the dryness of the tandoori chicken, which had been grilled over charcoal. Punjabi breads include nan and parathas, as well as maize flour rotis. Of course, the roti has evolved over time to include additional variation, such as the rumali roti, naan, and laccha parathas, all baked in the tandoor.

In Punjab, winter ushers in the season of makki ki roti (maize flour bread) and sarson ka saag (mustard leaf gravy). A portion of lassi (a sweet or salted drink prepared with curd) or fresh curd and white butter, which is consumed in big quantities, is required to complete any meal. Maa ki dal, rajma (kidney beans), and stuffed parathas are some of the other notable Punjab-only meals.

Punjab provides a traveller with a trip back in time. You’ll come across forts, palaces, and monuments, each one grander and more ornate than the last. When you visit Punjab, you will notice that the people’s generosity is as genuine as their cuisine. The Golden Temple, one of Punjab’s most renowned tourist destinations, teaches a lesson on universal brotherhood. Jallianwala Bagh, a major historical site, makes the eyes well up, along with palaces and museums that depict its previous splendour. Punjab offers culture, heritage, history, and wildlife as part of a tourist experience.

You’ll come across forts, palaces, and monuments, each one grander and more ornate than the last. Gobindgarh Fort, Rambagh Palace, Qila Mubarak, Old Moti Bagh, Maharaja Sher Singh Palace, and Bahadurgarh Fort are among the most popular forts and palaces in Punjab. There lies the Phillaur Fort, which is noted for its historical significance and functioned as Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s military base. The Qila Mubarak is another fort that warrants special attention. The relics of Guru Gobind Singh, the eleventh Sikh guru, can be found inside the fort. There is plenty of room for exploration with so many forts, palaces, and other ancient structures.

The Golden Temple, commonly known as the Darbar Sahib, offers another unique tourist experience. One of the most important Sikh pilgrimage places, it preaches and, more importantly, practices universal brotherhood, love, and harmony. 

Due to numerous water sources and good quality soils, Punjab’s economy has been predominantly agriculture-based since the Green Revolution; the majority of the state is in a fertile alluvial plain with many rivers and a huge irrigation canal system. Wheat is the most widely grown crop. Rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley, and fruit are among other major crops. Large amounts of livestock and fowl are also raised. Cotton, woolen, and silk textiles, metal products and machinery, food and beverages, and transportation equipment and parts are the industries with the most workers.

While the Punjabis are famed for their tenacity, their culture reflects a diverse range of historical civilizations. In Punjab, guests are treated as God’s representatives and are well looked after. Punjab is a place where artistry surrounds every area of life, and a sense of opulence pervades the atmosphere. Metalwork, needlework, wall paintings, jewellery, mud wall paintings, architecture, folk music, and dances all reflect the affluent culture of this northwestern Indian state. The state’s c ulture is diverse, containing a rich past as well as a thriving social scene. The Punjabi culture, which dates back over a century, is known for its tolerance, progressiveness, and logical attitude to life.

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• Punjabi Culture

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Punjab (the land of five rivers) is the biggest land area of Pakistan and is popularly known for its culture. It shares most of its cultural and carnival values with Indian culture. According to population, 56% of the total population of the country is situated in Punjab Province. It has a total of 36 districts and contributes approximately 50-60 % of the economy.

Punjabi Culture is one of the oldest in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The scope, history, complexity and density of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas of the Punjabi culture include: Punjabi cuisine, philosophy, poetry, artistry, music, architecture, traditions and values and history. Some cities of Punjab have more importance for Sikh community from India. The founder of Sikh religion was born in Nankana Sahib, a district of Punjab so Sikh from different parts of world come and visits Punjab. Jahngir tomb and Badshahi Masjid in Lahore are the important places of Pakistan. Data Sahib is very scared place in Punjab and most of the people come and visit Data sahib every year.

Punjabi people are very warm hearted and fun loving. Punjabis are heterogeneous group comprising of different tribes, clans, communities and are known to celebrate each and every tradition of their culture. People of Punjab have strong beliefs on pir-faqeers, jogi, taweez, manat-ka-dhaga, saint of repute, black magic, and other superstitions, however recently due to increase of literacy, people have become somewhat rational . Punjabis also believe in cast system but as now people are getting educated, the differences are getting blurred. Some popular casts of Punjabi’s are; Jats, Maliks, Mughals, Arains, Gujjars, Awans, Rajputs, Gakhars, Khokhars, Sheikhs, Aheers, Kambohs, Niazis, Legharis, Khosas, Dogars, Thaheem, Mirani, Qureshis, and Syeds.

In villages’ people usually live in small communities (biradaris), however they live in peace and harmony with each other. They take active part in the happiness/grieve of each other and give a great deal of respect to their culture, norms and run their lives according to their set traditions. Punjabi people are famous for their hospitable and loving nature.

Punjabi is the provincial language of Punjab. It is spoken as the first language by majority people in Punjab, even spoken and understood in areas beyond the confines of Punjab. Facts and figures show that Punjabi language is spoken as first language by 44% of Pakistanis. Urdu language is also commonly spoken in this region. Key Punjabi languages/dialects are:

Costumes of Punjab are an indication of the bright and vibrant culture and lifestyle of the people.

The costumes are a mix of colours, comfort and beauty and Punjab is well known for the use of phulkari(embroidery) in its costumes. In most of the villages of Punjab men wear Pagri(turban), dhoti/lacha, kurta, khusa. Women wear gharara, or choridar pajama or colorful shalwar kameez, paranda, choli/duppata, khusa, kola puri chappal or tillay wali jutti. Whereas in urban areas of Punjab men and women follow latest trends and fashion, generally they wear different styles of shalwar kameez.

The extensive cuisine of Punjab can be vegetarian and non-vegetarian. One commonality between all Punjabi dishes is the liberal usage of ghee or clarified butter spices and Punjabis are fond of sweet-meats also. Most Punjabi food is eaten with either rice or roti. There are some dishes that are exclusive to Punjab such as Mah Di Dal, Paratha, Makai ki rotti, Saron Da Saag, and in cities Choley, Haleem, Baryani and other spicy dishes are popular. In beverages, tea is consumed in all seasons and as a custom most of Punjabis serve tea to their guests. Punjabis are also fond of Zarda, Gulab-Jamuns, Kheer, Jalaibi,Samosy, Pakorey etc. During summers people drink lassi, doodh-soda, aloo bokharey ka sharbat, lemonade etc.  These cuisines have become world-wide delicacies with large scale representation.

Punjabi people have fanatical interest in sports. Punjabi’s are fond of kabaddi, and wrestling, which is also popular in other parts of Pakistan and it’s also played on national level. Other games being played in Punjab region include Gilli-Danda, Khoo-Khoo, Yassu-Panju, Pitho-Garam, Ludo, Chuppan-Chupai, Baraf-Panni, Kanchy and some major sports include cricket, boxing, horse-racing, hockey and football. National Horse and Cattle Show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held.

Cultural Festivals

There are numerous festivals which are celebrated by Punjabi people including some religious festivals such as Eid-Milad-Un-Nabi, Jumu’ah, Laylat-ul-Qadr etc. Urcs (devotional fairs),which are held at the shirnes of sufi saints, Melas and Nomaish (exhibitions).The Provincial capital Lahore is widely popular for its entertaining events and activities. Lahori’s are famous all over the country for their celebrations particularly for Basant festival (kite flying) in the spring season. Other festivals celebrated in Punjab region include Baisakhi, Teej, Kanak Katai etc.

Dance and Music

Bhangra is most commonly known Punjabi music genre and dance style. Punjabis passionately love folk songs/music, Qawali and Punjabi music is recognized throughout the world. The Tabla, Dhol, Dholki, Chimta, Flute and Sitar are all common instruments of this delightful culture. Punjabi dance is based around happiness, energy and enthusiasm.Different forms of dance in Punjab are: Loddi, Dhamal, Sammi, Kikli, Gatka, Bhangra, Giddha and Dandiya. Punjabi dances have been embraced by the American culture and others alike and now they are one of the most appreciated art forms.

Custums and Rituals

Some of the customs followed in Punjab have no foundation in Islam. However, the Punjabi culture has adopted those ceremonies and traditions from Hindu culture.

Birth Rituals

Punjabis celebrate birth of their child with great enthusiasm. Grandfather or grandmother or some respected elder member from the family puts honey with their index finger in child’s mouth called Ghutii. Sweets are distributed among friends and relatives and people bring gifts for the child and mother. Generally on 7 th day child’s head is shaven and Aqiqa ceremony is held, also sheep/goat is slaughtered.

Punjabi Weddings

Punjabi weddings are based on traditions and are conducted with strong reflection of the Punjabi culture followed by several pre-wedding customs and rituals (dholki,mayun,ubtan etc.)Punjabi weddings are very loud, energetic, full of music,colors, fancy-dresses, food and dancing. Punjabi weddings have many customs and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. In cities the wedding are celebrated following a blend of modern and traditional customs and the ceremony generally lasts for 3days, Mehndi, Barat (Nikkah+Ruksati) and Walima, followed by Chauti (bringing the bride back to her parents’ home the next day).

Funeral Rituals

At funerals after namaz-e-janaza it is customary to offer lunch to people who came for condolence. On 3 rd day of the funeral, Qul is held and every following thursday the Quran is recited (jumah-e-raat) followed by prayers for deceased and after 40days the chaliswaan is held. After which the funeral is over. Some families observe anniversaries yearly (barsi).There is no formal dress code for Punjabi funerals however people mostly wear shalwar kameez and casual clothing is observed. Funerals of Shia families are more intense. Both men and women wear black shalwar-kameez and rigorous crying and screaming is a common occurrence at such funerals.

Punjab is very rich with literature and Sufis adds more in its literature. Punjabi poetry is renowned for its extremely deep meaning, beautiful and hopeful use of words. The large number of Punjabi poetry is being translated throughout the world into many languages. Some famous poets of Punjabi are Sultan Bahu, Mia Mohammad Baksh, Baba Farid, Shah Hussain, Anwar Masood etc. Waris Shah, whose contribution to Punjabi literature is best-known for his seminal work in Heer Ranjha, known as Shakespeare of Punjabi language.  Bulleh Shah was a Punjabi Sufi poet, a humanist and a philosopher. The verse from Bulleh Shah primarily employed is called the Kafi, a style of Punjabi. Some other popular folk tales of Punjab include Sassi-Punnu, Sohni Mahiwal etc. that are passing through generations.

Arts and Crafts

Punjab is the major manufacturing industry in Pakistan’s economy and here each art enjoys a place of its own. The main crafts created in the highlands and other rural areas of Punjab are basketry, pottery, which are famous for their modern and traditional designs all over the world and are included in the best formations of Punjabis. bone work, textile, cloth woven on handlooms with stunning prints is embroidered in the rural-areas and the weavers produce colorful cloths like cotton,silk etc. embroidery, weaving, carpets, stone craft, jewelry, metal work along with truck art and other wood works. The craft of Punjab is its fundamental soul and its craft create its entity.

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Punjabi Culture

Punjabi cultural heritage is among the oldest cultures in the history of world dating from prehistoric times to modern times. The history, scope, density, and complexity of this culture are broad, and some significant fields of Punjabi culture are Philosophy, Punjabi cuisine, religion, poetry, literature, music, customs, architecture, history and values.

Some of the cities of province Punjab are more important to India’s Sikh community. Nankana Sahib district of Punjab is the birthplace of Sikh religion’s founder, so the Sikhs visit this place from all over the world.  Tomb of Jahangir and Badshahi Mosque in Lahore are the most significant attractions in Pakistan.

Data Sahib is also a very sacred location in Punjab, and most visitors come to visit this Darbar yearly. This article has all the information about Punjabi Culture, including Punjabi Culture History.

Table of Contents

Punjabi Culture History

Historically, the region of Punjab was part of the ‘Sindu Sapta’ a word meaning Seven rivers but, with time, Southern Sindh was converted into a small province, and province Punjab had become a broader and more developed area of the region. The Moghuls proposed the term Punjab in the seventeenth century A.D.

It is a mixture of the Persian terms ‘panj-five’ and ‘aab-water and therefore the land of ‘Five rivers.’ These rivers flowing through Punjab province are the branches of River Indus, namely the Jhelum, Sutlej, Chenab, Sindhu and Ravi rivers.

In the Rigveda, the Vedism’s holy text, the Punjab area is aligned with the historic ‘Sapta Sindhu,’ a land with seven rivers. In comparison, the later Greek people pointed to Punjab province as ‘Pentapotamia’ an inland area of five interlinked rivers. The British called Punjab ‘Our Prussia.’

The Punjab area consists of 79,284 square miles and is the second-biggest province in Pakistan after Baluchistan and is situated on the northwest side of the Indian geological plate in Southern region of Asia. AJK surrounds the area to Northern-East, the Indian territories of Rajasthan and Punjab to east, the Sindh province to South, the Baluchistan province to the southwest,  the KPK to the West, and by the capital of Islamabad to the north.

The largest and capital city is Lahore, that was India’s ancient capital during the Mughal period. Other big cities of province Punjab include Multan, Gujarat, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Rawalpindi and Jhelum. Punjab is predominantly a fertile area along with the network of rivers, while the deserts of the Cholistan in the southern belt are bare land.

The landscape is among the most extensively irrigated area on planet earth and canals could be found in all the province. Temperature extremes are visible from the hot and dry South to the colder peaks of the north. The piedmont of the Himalayas is also located in the far north.

Punjabi Culture Cuisine

Punjab’s complete cuisine can be non-vegetarian and vegetarian. The liberal use of refined butter spices and ghee is common in all Punjabi recipes, and Punjabi people are also fond of sugary-meat dishes. Much of the Punjabi meal is consumed with either roti or rice.

Some recipes which are exclusive to Punjab province are Paratha, Mah Di Dal, Sarron Da Saag, Makai ke rotti, and in urban areas Cholay, Biryani, Haleem, and some other spicy recipes are popular. Tea is served in beverages during all weathers, and as a tradition, most Punjabis present tea to guests.

They are very fond of Gulab-Jamans, Zarda, Jalebi, Kheer, Pakoray, Samosay etc. During the summer season, people enjoy Doodh-Soda, Lassi, Lemonade, and Aloo Bokharay Ka Sherbet etc. These cuisines have been world-wide cuisines with wide-scale representations:

• Sarson Ka Saag with Makai Ke Rotti
• Butter Chicken
• Tandoori Chicken
• Masala Chana
• Cholay Bhature
• Machli Amritsari
• Daal Makhani

Bulleh Shah, one of Punjab’s most renowned Sufi poets, was a great philosopher and philanthropist. His poetry portrays him as somebody offering a solution to the world’s sociological issues as he went through them, explaining the turbulence that Punjab his motherland, was going through while also finding God.

His poetry also portrays his mystic spiritual journey via the 4 phases of Sufism: Shariyat (Path), Tariqat, Haqeeqat (Truth) and Ma’arfat (Union). A significant part of his attractiveness is the ease with which he has been capable of discussing the complex fundamental problems of society and life.

As a result, many people put his kafis to melodies, from modest street singers to legendary Sufi singers such as Pathanay Khan, Nusrat Fateh Ali, Waddali Brothers, Saein Zahoor and Abida Parveen from the qawwali remixes of  Asian artists from the U.K. to Pakistani rock group ‘Junoon.’

Cultural Festival

There are various festivals celebrated by the people of Panjab, including several religious events such as Laila-Tul-Qadar Eid-Milaad-Un-Nabbi. Basant festival is celebrated in spring. Other festivals enjoyed in the province of Punjab include Kamak katae, Teej, Baisakhi, etc.

Traditional Dances

Bhangra is a form of traditional dance typical in Punjab. It includes basic dance steps, and you only have to lift your arms over shoulders and begin to move your body.

Luddi also termed as a Punjabi style of dance, is performed by females of the family on various occasions.

Sammi is evolved from Punjab’s tribal groups. This style is famous in the sandal bar region of Punjab and is performed by the females of Sansi, Bazigar, Lobana, and Rai Tribes.

Jhoomar or Jumar is the conventional Saraiki dance form. The term ‘jhumar’ originates from Jhoom/jhum, that means ‘swaying.’ It is the liveliest forms of dance and music that arose in the Baluchistan and Multan, which also thrived in the sandal bar regions of Pakistan’s Punjab.

Dhamal is performed at Darghas and Sufi Shrines in Punjab and Sindh.

Punjabi Lifestyle

People living in Punjab have diverse casts, as some are Gujjar, Rajput, Syed, Araien, Sheikh. The town of Harappa was the primary location of the Indus civilization in Punjab.

People of Punjab speak Punjabi dialect. Punjabi dialect has its roots in Sanskrit.

Punjabi Culture Dressing

Punjabi suthan is a simple modification of svasthana, which may either be loose or tight to ankles.  It’s also part of Punjabi Ghagra ensemble. Some variations include the combination of Choga and Suthane.

It’s the same as the current Punjabi kurta, having side slits and worn by Punjabi females as do males. The kurta is paired with a shalwar, tehmat, suthan, dhoti, lungi, jeans and Punjabi ghagra.

Multani Shalwaar Suit

The Multani shalwar also called as the ‘ghairay waali’ or ‘Saraiki ghairay waali’ shalwar, as it’s wide across the waist, originated from the area of Multan. The design is the same as Sindhi kancha shalwar, as both are derived from the pantaloon shalwar worn in ‘Iraq’ and followed in these regions during the seventh century A.D.

Phulkari Kurta

Phulkari kurta is adorned with the Phulkari embroidery of the region of  Punjab.

Bandhani Kurta

Bandhani tie-dying is common in the Cholistan Desert of Punjab. The designs are being applied on kurtas.

Pothohari Suit

Another type of Punjabi suit is the wearing the shalwar, which comes from  Pothohar area of Punjab, and is recognized as ‘Pothohari Shalwar.’ The Pothohari salwar contains the width of older Punjabi Suthan and has few folds. The kameez is big, too. Traditionally, the headscarf is broad, identical to the chadar used in the plains of Punjab.

Punjabi inhabitants have a strong interest in games. They are fond of Wrestling and Kabaddi that is also common in other areas of Pakistan and is also played at the national level. Other games of the region include Khoo-Khoo, Gilli Danda, Pittho-Garam, Yassu Panju, Chuppan-Chupae, Ludo, Kanchy and Baraf-Pani.

A few more popular sports are boxing, cricket,  horse-racing, football and hockey. The National Cattle and Horse Shown in Lhr is the largest festival where livestock competitions, entertainment, and exhibitions, etc. are held.

Arts & Crafts

Punjab is the primary industrial sector in the economy of Pakistan, and every art enjoys a position of its own. The significant crafts developed in the rural areas and highlands of Punjab are pottery, basketry, which are known for their traditional and modern designs all around the world and are part of the best Punjabi designs.

Textile, bone work, hand-woven fabric with beautiful designs are embroidered in rural regions, and weavers create colourful clothes such as silk, cotton etc.

Birth and Funeral Rituals

The Punjabis welcome the newborn with immense pleasure. Grandmother or grandfather or an elder places honey with his index finger in the mouth of a kid named Ghutii. Sweets are sent to relatives and friends, and they bring presents for mother and child. Usually, on the seventh day, the head of the infant is shaved, and the Aqiqa ritual is performed. Also, goat and sheep are slaughtered.

At funerals after funeral prayer, it’s customary to give lunch to individuals who come here for consolation.  Qul is held on 3rd after death, and the next Thursday the Holy Quran is read, accompanied by prayers for the dead, and after forty days the Chaliswan is held. Few families observe death anniversaries annually.

Weddings in Punjab are centred on rituals and are performed with a real demonstration of Punjabi culture accompanied by a variety of pre-wedding practices and traditions (mayun, dholki, ubtan etc.). These weddings are quite loud, lively, full of music, fancy clothes, colours, dance, and food.

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Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice

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This interdisciplinary volume seeks to consider the notion of ‘Punjabiyat’, a loosely defined term often used to describe a sentiment of belonging or attachment to Punjab and/or the foundations of a shared, cross-religious, cross-caste, cross-class culture. It takes as its starting point the question of whether, despite political, social, religious—indeed, historical—differences, there are notions of ‘Punjabiyat’/Punjabiness that constitute the Punjab as a region conceptually in history, culture, and practice. The essays in this volume each examine a different Punjabi culture—language-based and literary; religious and those that define a ‘community’; rural, urban, and middle class; historical, contemporary, and cosmopolitan. Together they point to the complex foundations of ‘Punjabiyat’, making this volume a major contribution to the cultural history of a region. The essays in this volume are based on a broad array of colonial and indigenous sources in Punjabi, Persian, Hindi, and Urdu. These sources range from poetry to prose, and from literary to political to religious texts (Sikh, Hindu, and Muslim). The authors draw from their expertise in the disciplines of history, religious studies, comparative literature, and architectural history to provide cogent analyses of aspects of Punjabi early modern, colonial, and post-colonial history, as well as its historiography.

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History and culture of the Punjab Part - 3

Jul 12, 2014

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History and culture of the Punjab Part - 3. 1. MAIN FEATURES OF THE EARLY BRITISH ADMINISTRATION. Formation of the board of Administration

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1.MAIN FEATURES OF THE EARLY BRITISH ADMINISTRATION

Formation of the board of Administration Lord Dalhousie constituted the board of administration by inducting into it the most experienced and seasoned British officers. Henry Lawrence worked as British resident at Lahore Darbar before the second Anglo-Sikh war of 1884-49 A.D. The second member of the Board of Administration was his brother John Lawrence the art of administration like his brother but differed widely in respect of various policies about Punjab. The third member was Charles Mansel who was equally competent. Henry Lawrence was made the President. Board of administration set up by Lord Dalhousie consisted of a President and two member. The Board Administration worked from 1849 to 1853 A.D The only change made in the Board was that in 1851 A.D. Charles mansel was replased by Robert Montogomery as its member.

Division of work between the members Henry Lawrence, was to handle the military and political affairs. John Lawrence was given the charge of land revenue and financial matters. Charles Mansel was to supervise and look after the administration of jistice. Powers of the Board of Administration Unlimited powers it was made the final court of appeal with powers of life and death. British officers drawn from the civil and military services. Problems faced by the Board on its formation in 1849 A.D. • To establish in Punjab peace, law and order. • Disband the sikh army. • Disarm the sikhs in Punjab. • Defensive arrangements for the North-Western Frontiers. • Punjab financially sound by increasing the sources of income. • Organise the administrative set-up of Punjab.

Achievements of the Board of Administration • New innovations affected in the Administration Structure of Punjab. • Disband the Khalsa Army. • General Disarmament of the Sikhs. • Defense and Security of the people. • Re-shaping the financial System of Punjab. • Measures to boost Agriculture. • Works of Public Welfare. • Development of Education. • Judicial Reforms. • Prohibition of Female Infanticide.

John Lawrence as the Chief Commisioner of Punjab John Lawrence was born on 4th March,1811 at Richmond in Yorkshire, England. He was educated at Bristol, London berry, Bath and Haley bury. In took up appointment under the East India Company and served from 1830-46 as a civil administrator, as Magistrate and as a Collector of Delhi. In 1864, he was appointed Commissioner of the newly annexed Jullundur Doab by Governor General Lord Harding. In 1849, he joined the Punjab Board of Administration as a member and after its dissolution in 1853, became the chief commissioner of the Punjab. The Board during its tenure of four years had accomplished much success in numerous field. It had framed many policies to carry on the development works in Punjab.

He enjoyed vast and unlimited powers and he took keen interest in all the departments of administration by personally supervising them and bringing them to a successful pass. • Punjab rolled into a splendid set of administration. • Established personal rapport between the Government and the masses. • Introduced necessary reforms in the Police System. • Checked and crushed the evil of ‘Thugee’. • Efforts to solve the ever turbulent North-Western Frontier. • Land Revenue System and encouragement to Agriculture. • A change in policy towards the Jagirdars . • Reforms in education. • Judicial Reforms. • Works of Public Welfare. • Launched a campaign against Female Infanticide.

2. BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS THE ARMY, AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY, TRADE AND COMMERECE

Army of the English East India Company English East India Company came to India as a trading company, soon started recruiting the native Indians in their security force to safeguard their trade interests. As time rolled by Europeans as soldiers along with the Indians. The company made rapid strides as a trading company and became a strong political power, they started raising their own army on a large scale. The Indigenous army constituted an important pillar and backbone of the British regime in India. It was instrumental in making the British a supreme power in India in due course of time.

Features of the British policy towards army The officers in the East India Company’s army were all British However, the bulk of the company’s sepoys consisted of Indian soldiers, who were subordinate to the lowest class of English officers These soldiers were recruited from different parts of India and were known as Native Indians. The British enlisted them in the army because of the following main reasons: • As compared to the English soldiers, the Indian soldiers low salaries. • The population of England was perhaps too small to provide the large soldiers needed for the conquest of India. So the recruitment of English soldiers for India could not be made in England. • The strength of the of British army in India was more than three lakhs, out of which more than two and a half lakhs were Indians

Discontent in the army before the Revolt of 1857. The British policy after the Great Revolt of 1857. The British policy towards Sikhs soldiers. A change in the old policies. British policy towards industry in India Indian economy on the eve of British conquest. India had also developed her own banking system with shroffs and mahajans at the lower level and Zamindars at higher level. British policy of colonial exploitation: The 18th century. De-industrialization: The decline of Handicraft industry. .

Rise of Modern Industry. British policy toward modern industry. Causes of the growth of Modern Indian Industry. • Charter Act of 1813. • Rebellion of 1857 A.D. • Change in the administrative set-up in 1858 A.D. • British government abolished import duties1879 A.D. • Famine commissions of 1880 and 1901 A.D. • In 1882 A.D. all import levies. • Railway for coal. • Indian national movement 1885 A.D. • Swadeshi movement of 1905 A.D. • The first world war (1914-18). • Many of the English capitalists evinced a great deal of interest in plantation, textile and mining industries. • English wanted to win over the Indians and secure their support in order to meet their own selfish ends.

A brief review of the growth of Modern Industries • Cotton Textile Industry • Jute Industry • Coal Mining Industry • Iron and Steel Industry • Sugar Industry • Plantation Industries • Indigo Industry • Tea Industry • Coffee Plantation Industry The advent of First World War,1914-1918. Protection during Inter War Period(1918-39) Industrial Development, State Policy and Indian Capitalist Class(1939-47)

Main flaws of Industrial Development • Indian craftsmen and artisans reduced to wage earners • Absence of capital • Imbalanced development or unfair distribution of industries • Priority was given to the need based industries • Monopoly of European capitalists over the industry • Lack or encouragement to the small scale industries • Policy of discrimination adopted by the Government • Export of raw material to England • Absence of Industrial facilities • Undeveloped means of transport and communication • Rise of two new classes • Slow pace of Industrial Progress

Important Cottage Industries of Punjab upto 1947 • Handloom Industry • Hosiery Industry – The Pride of Punjab • Iron and Steel Industry • Cotton and Woolen Textile Industry • Brass and Copper Industry • Carving Industry • Mining Industry • Other Industry which were operating in Punjab Procedure adopted to sell the items of Cottage Industries Setting up the Industry Department

Causes for the slow growth of the Industries in Punjab • Paucity o Industrial labor • Scarcity of coal and mineral products • Lack of sound finances and business techniques • Apathy of the Government • Old-dated tools and methods of production • Not keeping pace with the fast changing times • Lack of Technical Education • Absence of a separate Director of Industry till 1920 A.D.

Causes of Backwardness of the Indian Agriculture • Indifferent attitude of the British Government towards the Peasants. • Excessive land revenue • Growth of landlordism • Lack of adequate funds • Fragmentation of holdings • Increasing indebtness • Means of irrigation • Old techniques of farming • Lack of marketing facilities • Exploitation of farmers • Absence of better means of transportations

British policy towards the agriculture • New land tenures • Land settlement in conquered areas • Regulation VII of 1822 • Regulation IX of 1833 • Commercialization of agriculture • Canal irrigation • Lack of mechanization Impact of the British Policies towards Agriculture

Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1901 • Miserable plight of the peasantry • Judicial Repots about the exploitation of the peasantry • Political necessity Provisions of the Punjab Land Alienation Act Impact of the Punjab Land Alienation Act of 1901 • It failed to check the real problem of rural indebtedness • Unwillingness of money-lenders to advance loans • Inefficiency of this act • Obstacle in the way of rich classes willing to buy land • Emergence of a new class of agriculturist money-lenders • It created a wedge between the agriculturists and non-agriculturists • Growth of political consciousness • It sowed the seeds of racial separatism • The Act increased the hardships of the peasantry

Development of Trade and Commerce in Punjab 1850-1947 A.D. Position of trade in Punjab under the English East India Company Colonial manipulation of Indian trade and commerce Position of trade and commerce after 1850 A.D. Factors which helped the trade and commerce to flourish Internal trade in Punjab Import and exports of Punjab External trade Conclusion.

3. SPREAD OF MODERN EDUCATION AT PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND HIGHER LEVELS

History of western education in Punjab till 1947. During the medieval period, education was in a dismal state and hardly any attempt was made by a individual or king to educate the masses. This was because the state never considered itself responsible to educate the masses nor there was any department of education organized and maintained by the state. But this was his personal choice and liking and as such he was not bound to assist such institutions and individuals. One such magnificent and towering personality was Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab, who inspite of this being illiterate, had great fascination and love for education. Under his personal care, education received full government support and steps were taken for spread of literacy. British found to their surprise that percentage of literacy was much higher in Punjab than in many other parts of the British Empire. However, education received a great setback due to the death of Maharaja Ranjitsingh

Education in Punjab at the time of its annexation Three different types of indigenous schools which imparted education to the people. In the schools, managed by the Hindu institution and individuals, the medium of instruction was Hindi. These institutions laid emphasis on the teaching of Arithmetic and Sanskrit. Mohammedan schools taught the Holy Quran, Persian and Arabic. Sikhs institutions laid stress on AdiGranth and it was taught in Gurumukhi through Punjabi script.

Problems faced by the British Government with regard to education Development of Modern Education Early efforts for the spread of Western Education The Charter Act of 1813 A.D. Sir Charles Wood’s Despatch of 1854 and the Re-organization of the education system Appointment of an Education Commission in 1882 or Hunter’s Commission, 1882 • As a result of recommendation, the indigenous Maktabs and Pathshalas were to receive grants in aid if they submitted to state inspection. • Local bodies recently created were entrusted with the care of primary education. • The schools had to be recognized and indigenous schools were to be encouraged.

4. High schools were handed over to the Municipalities in places where they had been set up. 5. A revision in the system of scholarships was recommended and these were to be open for all students. 6. Emphasis was laid on the moral and physical training of the students. 7. Periodic conferences of the education department and officers of the aided schools were to be held to further the cause of education. 8. The education commission drew attention to the inadequate facilities for female education outside the Presidency towns and made recommendation for its spread.

Sargent Scheme (1944) or Post-war Education Sir john Sargant, educational adviser to the government of India, drew up a scheme of University. • Free and compulsory primary education for all children between the age of 6 and 14. The cost of the scheme was estimated at Rs.300 crores. • Intermediate stage should be included in high schools. • Degree course should be of three years. • Admission to colleges should be given to selected students who might benefit from higher education.

5. A university degree should not be considered as essential for the administrative services. 6. A national youth movement, to inculcate among the students the spirit of service to the country, be started. 7. A university grants commission should be constituted which should co-ordinate the work of the various institutions in the country.

Liberal or Graded Education • Primary stage • Secondary stage • Higher level Establishment of the Punjab University The Indian Universities Act of 1904 • Ti enabled the universities to undertake teaching and research work and thus become real seats of learning. But this did not in any way encourage mass education. • Inspection of the colleges was introduced and the affiliation was made more difficult.

3. It also attempted to bring the universities under greater governmental control through largely nominated Senates. The educated indians resented this attempt of introducing official elements in the university. 4. It laid more stress on the teaching of science. This policy of Lord Curzon continued to be followed till 1947. 5. The act laid down that the number of pellows of a university shall not be less than fifty nor more than a hundred and a fellow would normally hold office for a period of six years instead for life.

Other features of the Education System Basic education Training institutes in Punjab Position of Technical education in Punjab Women education Position of Muslim education in Punjab Contribution of Non-official Institutions Conclusion

4. THE FOUNDATION, PROGRAMME AND IMPACT OF SOCIO-RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS: ARYA SAMAJ, SINGH SABHA, ANJUMANS

Swami DayandadSaraswati Swami Dayanand was born in 1824 A.D. in village of “Tankara” in Gujrat. His father ShriAmbaShanker and mother was Amrita Ben. Swami Dayanand ‘s childhood name was Mool Shankar. Early in his childhood he left his family and took up Sanyas. His moto was “Back to the Vedas”.His memorable granth called the “SatyarathPrakash” which he compiled in 1874. Swami Dayanand died at Ajmer in 1883 A.D.

AryaSamaj Movement The AryaSamaj Movement was a great socio-religious movement which aimed at reconstructing the modern Hindu Society on the ideas Contained in the four vedas. It was founded by Swami Dayanan, who was one of the most socio-religious reformers in the history of India. Foundation of the Arya samaj1875 The greatest achievement of Swami Dayanand was the Foundation of the AryaSamaj in Bombay in 1875 A.D. Two year later its another branch was opened at Lahore in 1877 where it achieved a great success. Soon the branches of AryaSamaj were opened in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Gujrat and Maharashtra

Teachings of AryaSamaj • Ten principles of AryaSamaj • God is primary sources of all true knowledge. • God is formless, omnipotent, just, kind, birthless, limitless, timeless, omnipresent, fearless and creator of the universes. • The veda is the source of all true knowledge. • Truth • Dharma • The welfare of the world. • Love and justice.

8. Knowledge of science. 9. Individualism and altruism. 10.Subordination of liberty. • Opposed idol worship • No belief in useless religious practice • Opposed the caste system • Equality to the women

Programmes of the AryaSamaj • Social Programmes and Activities • Opposed to caste system and untouchability. • Opposed to child marriage, sati system, purdah system, dowry system. • It promoted quality between men and women. • Progress of depressed classes. • Simple ceremonies for marriage, birth and death. • Creation of a feeling of social service. • Opening of old age home, widow home and orphanages. • It advocated widow remarriage.

Religious Programmes and Activities • AryaSamaj restored the lost glory of Vedas. • It took up the task of “Shuddhi” reconversion of non-hindus to hindus. • It advocates “Sandhya” (worship of god) every morning and evening. • Also the importance of “Swadhya” (self-study). • It recommended the ideal of service to mankind.

Educational work of the AryaSamaj They prayed to God(O God, lead us unto light i.e. knowledge). • In 1886 A.D., a Dayanand Anglo Vedic (DAV) School was founded at Lahore (Punjab). • In 1889 A.D the D.A.V. Colleges was started at Lahore itself. • Afterwards D.A.V. Schools and College were founded at places like Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Kanpur, Amritsar, Lusdhiana, Batala, Moga, Nawanshahr, Patiala, Chandigarh etc. • In 1902 established GurukulMahavidyalaya at Haridwar by Swami Shradhanand.

AryaSamaj and Policies • It was he who first of all, by raising the slogans “India for Indians” and “Swaraj” i.e. own government.” • He wrote in “SatyarthPrakash” that no foreign government, howsoever good, can be equal to self government. Singh Sabha Movement After the Nirankari and Namdhari movements of 19th century, the fresh century was about to witness the rise of a new movement called Singh Sabha. SardarHarbanssingh in The Heritage of Sikhs says that, “The Singh Sabha which followed them had a much deeper impact. It influenced the entire Sikh community and re-oriented its outlook and spirit. Since the days of the Gurus,

nothing so vital had transpired to fertilize the consciousness of the Sikhs. The Singh Sabha by leavening the intellectual and cultural processes brought a new dimension to the inner life of the community and enlarged its heritage. Starting in the seventies of the last century, it marked a turning point in the Sikh history. It touched Sikhism to its very roots and made it a living force once again. The stimulus it provided has shaped the sikhs attitude and aspiration over the past one hundred years.”

The rise of the Singh Sabha Movement • The emergence of the Namdhari Movement • Moral degradation and degeneration of the Sikhs • Efforts of the Christian Missionaries to propagate their faith in Punjab • Threat from the AryaSamaj • The two rival groups: Sanatam Sikhs and the Tat Khalsa • Immediate reasons

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