thesis statement in abstract or introduction

How to write a fantastic thesis introduction (+15 examples)

The thesis introduction, usually chapter 1, is one of the most important chapters of a thesis. It sets the scene. It previews key arguments and findings. And it helps the reader to understand the structure of the thesis. In short, a lot is riding on this first chapter. With the following tips, you can write a powerful thesis introduction.

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Elements of a fantastic thesis introduction

Open with a (personal) story, begin with a problem, define a clear research gap, describe the scientific relevance of the thesis, describe the societal relevance of the thesis, write down the thesis’ core claim in 1-2 sentences, support your argument with sufficient evidence, consider possible objections, address the empirical research context, give a taste of the thesis’ empirical analysis, hint at the practical implications of the research, provide a reading guide, briefly summarise all chapters to come, design a figure illustrating the thesis structure.

An introductory chapter plays an integral part in every thesis. The first chapter has to include quite a lot of information to contextualise the research. At the same time, a good thesis introduction is not too long, but clear and to the point.

A powerful thesis introduction does the following:

• It captures the reader’s attention.
• It presents a clear research gap and emphasises the thesis’ relevance.
• It provides a compelling argument.
• It previews the research findings.
• It explains the structure of the thesis.

In addition, a powerful thesis introduction is well-written, logically structured, and free of grammar and spelling errors. Reputable thesis editors can elevate the quality of your introduction to the next level. If you are in search of a trustworthy thesis or dissertation editor who upholds high-quality standards and offers efficient turnaround times, I recommend the professional thesis and dissertation editing service provided by Editage . 

This list can feel quite overwhelming. However, with some easy tips and tricks, you can accomplish all these goals in your thesis introduction. (And if you struggle with finding the right wording, have a look at academic key phrases for introductions .)

Ways to capture the reader’s attention

A powerful thesis introduction should spark the reader’s interest on the first pages. A reader should be enticed to continue reading! There are three common ways to capture the reader’s attention.

An established way to capture the reader’s attention in a thesis introduction is by starting with a story. Regardless of how abstract and ‘scientific’ the actual thesis content is, it can be useful to ease the reader into the topic with a short story.

This story can be, for instance, based on one of your study participants. It can also be a very personal account of one of your own experiences, which drew you to study the thesis topic in the first place.

Start by providing data or statistics

Data and statistics are another established way to immediately draw in your reader. Especially surprising or shocking numbers can highlight the importance of a thesis topic in the first few sentences!

So if your thesis topic lends itself to being kick-started with data or statistics, you are in for a quick and easy way to write a memorable thesis introduction.

The third established way to capture the reader’s attention is by starting with the problem that underlies your thesis. It is advisable to keep the problem simple. A few sentences at the start of the chapter should suffice.

Usually, at a later stage in the introductory chapter, it is common to go more in-depth, describing the research problem (and its scientific and societal relevance) in more detail.

You may also like: Minimalist writing for a better thesis

Emphasising the thesis’ relevance

A good thesis is a relevant thesis. No one wants to read about a concept that has already been explored hundreds of times, or that no one cares about.

Of course, a thesis heavily relies on the work of other scholars. However, each thesis is – and should be – unique. If you want to write a fantastic thesis introduction, your job is to point out this uniqueness!

In academic research, a research gap signifies a research area or research question that has not been explored yet, that has been insufficiently explored, or whose insights and findings are outdated.

Every thesis needs a crystal-clear research gap. Spell it out instead of letting your reader figure out why your thesis is relevant.

* This example has been taken from an actual academic paper on toxic behaviour in online games: Liu, J. and Agur, C. (2022). “After All, They Don’t Know Me” Exploring the Psychological Mechanisms of Toxic Behavior in Online Games. Games and Culture 1–24, DOI: 10.1177/15554120221115397

The scientific relevance of a thesis highlights the importance of your work in terms of advancing theoretical insights on a topic. You can think of this part as your contribution to the (international) academic literature.

Scientific relevance comes in different forms. For instance, you can critically assess a prominent theory explaining a specific phenomenon. Maybe something is missing? Or you can develop a novel framework that combines different frameworks used by other scholars. Or you can draw attention to the context-specific nature of a phenomenon that is discussed in the international literature.

The societal relevance of a thesis highlights the importance of your research in more practical terms. You can think of this part as your contribution beyond theoretical insights and academic publications.

Why are your insights useful? Who can benefit from your insights? How can your insights improve existing practices?

Formulating a compelling argument

Arguments are sets of reasons supporting an idea, which – in academia – often integrate theoretical and empirical insights. Think of an argument as an umbrella statement, or core claim. It should be no longer than one or two sentences.

Including an argument in the introduction of your thesis may seem counterintuitive. After all, the reader will be introduced to your core claim before reading all the chapters of your thesis that led you to this claim in the first place.

But rest assured: A clear argument at the start of your thesis introduction is a sign of a good thesis. It works like a movie teaser to generate interest. And it helps the reader to follow your subsequent line of argumentation.

The core claim of your thesis should be accompanied by sufficient evidence. This does not mean that you have to write 10 pages about your results at this point.

However, you do need to show the reader that your claim is credible and legitimate because of the work you have done.

A good argument already anticipates possible objections. Not everyone will agree with your core claim. Therefore, it is smart to think ahead. What criticism can you expect?

Think about reasons or opposing positions that people can come up with to disagree with your claim. Then, try to address them head-on.

Providing a captivating preview of findings

Similar to presenting a compelling argument, a fantastic thesis introduction also previews some of the findings. When reading an introduction, the reader wants to learn a bit more about the research context. Furthermore, a reader should get a taste of the type of analysis that will be conducted. And lastly, a hint at the practical implications of the findings encourages the reader to read until the end.

If you focus on a specific empirical context, make sure to provide some information about it. The empirical context could be, for instance, a country, an island, a school or city. Make sure the reader understands why you chose this context for your research, and why it fits to your research objective.

If you did all your research in a lab, this section is obviously irrelevant. However, in that case you should explain the setup of your experiment, etcetera.

The empirical part of your thesis centers around the collection and analysis of information. What information, and what evidence, did you generate? And what are some of the key findings?

For instance, you can provide a short summary of the different research methods that you used to collect data. Followed by a short overview of how you analysed this data, and some of the key findings. The reader needs to understand why your empirical analysis is worth reading.

You already highlighted the practical relevance of your thesis in the introductory chapter. However, you should also provide a preview of some of the practical implications that you will develop in your thesis based on your findings.

Presenting a crystal clear thesis structure

A fantastic thesis introduction helps the reader to understand the structure and logic of your whole thesis. This is probably the easiest part to write in a thesis introduction. However, this part can be best written at the very end, once everything else is ready.

A reading guide is an essential part in a thesis introduction! Usually, the reading guide can be found toward the end of the introductory chapter.

The reading guide basically tells the reader what to expect in the chapters to come.

In a longer thesis, such as a PhD thesis, it can be smart to provide a summary of each chapter to come. Think of a paragraph for each chapter, almost in the form of an abstract.

For shorter theses, which also have a shorter introduction, this step is not necessary.

Especially for longer theses, it tends to be a good idea to design a simple figure that illustrates the structure of your thesis. It helps the reader to better grasp the logic of your thesis.

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Writing an Abstract

What is an abstract.

An abstract is a 150- to 250-word paragraph that provides readers with a quick overview of your essay or report and its organization. It should express your thesis (or central idea) and your key points; it should also suggest any implications or applications of the research you discuss in the paper.

According to Carole Slade, an abstract is “a concise summary of the entire paper.”

The function of an abstract is to describe, not to evaluate or defend, the paper.

The abstract should begin with a brief but precise statement of the problem or issue, followed by a description of the research method and design, the major findings, and the conclusions reached.

The abstract should contain the most important key words referring to method and content: these facilitate access to the abstract by computer search and enable a reader to decide whether to read the entire dissertation.

Note: Your abstract should read like an overview of your paper, not a proposal for what you intended to study or accomplish. Avoid beginning your sentences with phrases like, “This essay will examine...” or “In this research paper I will attempt to prove...”  

(The examples above are taken from Form and Style (10th ed.), by Carole Slade; The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers (5th ed.); and the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).)

Note: The following are specifications for an abstract in APA style, used in the social sciences, such as psychology or anthropology. If you are in another discipline, check with your professor about the format for the abstract.

Writing an Abstract for an IMRaD Paper

Many papers in the social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering sciences follow IMRaD structure: their main sections are entitled Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. People use the abstract to decide whether to read the rest of the paper, so the abstract for such a paper is important.

Because the abstract provides the highlights of the paper, you should draft your abstract after you have written a full draft of the paper. Doing so, you can summarize what you’ve already written in the paper as you compose the abstract.

Typically, an abstract for an IMRaD paper or presentation is one or two paragraphs long (120 – 500 words). Abstracts usually spend

25% of their space on the purpose and importance of the research (Introduction)

25% of their space on what you did (Methods)

35% of their space on what you found (Results)

15% of their space on the implications of the research

Try to avoid these common problems in IMRaD abstracts:

1. The abstract provides a statement of what the paper will ask or explore rather than what it found:

X This report examines the causes of oversleeping. (What did it find out about these causes?) √ Individuals oversleep because they go to bed too late, forget to set their alarms, and keep their rooms dark.

2. The abstract provides general categories rather than specific details in the findings:

X The study draws conclusions about which variables are most important in choosing a movie theater. (What, specifically, are these variables?)

√ The study concludes that the most important variables in choosing a movie theater are comfortable seats and high-quality popcorn.

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Abstract Vs Introduction: Key Similarities and Differences

Is an abstract the same as an introduction? This is one of the questions we receive most frequently, so we thought it would be a good idea to write an article about the abstract vs introduction problem. Most students don’t know how to differentiate between the two, especially if they are new to academic writing. Even though the two things are somewhat similar, there is at least one major difference between introduction and abstract. In this article, we will discuss the similarities and differences between the two. What is the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Let’s find out!

The Abstract Vs Introduction Problem

Introduction vs abstract: which one does what? Because many professors don’t explain these two terms to their students, it’s easy to confuse them. We consider that this is not the students’ fault. If they don’t know the difference between an abstract and an introduction, it’s easy to make a grave mistake. Of course, you will get penalized harshly for this. This blog post aims to provide information about abstract vs introduction scientific paper writers need to make sure they don’t get an F on their next essay.

Abstract and Introduction: What Are They?

So, let’s discuss abstract vs introduction APA style. An abstract is basically a summary of a complex paper (such as a thesis or a research paper).

The abstract summarizes all the different parts of the paper, including the research problem, the objectives, the methods, the results, and the conclusion. After reading the abstract, the reader should know exactly what the paper is about and how it is structured. The length of an abstract is around 250-300 words. The introduction, on the other hand, is there to give your readers an idea of what you are about to talk about and introduce your thesis statement.

It can contain a bit of background information, but it does not delve into the specifics of your research methods or results. Also, the introduction does not discuss the conclusion of the paper in any way.

The Key Difference Between Abstract and Introduction

OK, but what is the major difference between abstract and introduction? In simple terms, the abstract is a summary of the entire research paper. It briefly discusses the methods, results and conclusion. The introduction, on the other hand, is there to entice the reader to read the entire paper. It discusses just the background of the problem and the objectives of the paper. You will never see the conclusion being discussed in an introduction.

Is an APA abstract vs introduction different from MLA or other types of academic writing? No, the abstract and the introduction are just as different regardless of the academic writing style. You should never confuse one for the other because the consequences can be a rejected paper or at the very least a very low grade.

Introduction vs Abstract: The Similarities

Now that you know the main difference between an abstract and introduction, it’s time to talk about similarities. This should help you avoid any confusion:

• Both the introduction and the abstract are placed at the beginning of a research paper. In fact, an abstract can be considered a de-facto introduction.
• Both the abstract and the introduction are there to provide some information about the subject and about the objectives of your research paper.
• Both can be used as a way to attract the interest of a reader.

However, this is where the similarities end. Never assume that you can write an introduction in place of an abstract. Of course, you can’t write an abstract in place of an introduction either. This is the information about abstract vs introduction lab report writers need to know before they start writing their first paper. We know that sometimes writing an abstract can be more difficult than the introduction to abstract algebra in high school. However, with practice, you will quickly get the hang of it.

Abstract and Introduction Examples

To help you understand the meaning and role of an abstract better, we have written an example abstract for you and broken it down into pieces:

As of 2023, residual herbicide that is accumulating in certain crops is posing a growing threat to the rice-wheat rotation in northern India. (The background part) When it comes to pesticides and pesticide metabolites, green manure has been shown to stimulate ample co-mineralization. By incorporating it into the soil, the effects of the herbicide residue can be mitigated. (The objectives part) During a three-year study at the North Indian Wheat Research Institute, Azolla Pinata and A. Carolingiana have been used as green manure. The effects of the green manure on the Propanil and Buthachlor herbicides has been evaluated, as well as the mineralization and co-metabolization of the herbicides, using a process known as liquid chromatography. (The material and methods part) Initial results indicate that Azolla Pinata caused the Propanil herbicide to co-mineralize in 14 days. However, the green manure did not have the intended effect on the Buthachlor herbicide during the study. (The findings part) After analyzing the findings of the study, we can say for certain that Azolla Pinata used as green manure can prevent residual Propanil accumulation. (The conclusion part)

An example introduction for the paper would look something like this:

Residual herbicides are posing a growing threat to the systems of rice-wheat rotation in Northern India. According to a recent study by the North Indian Wheat Research Institute, Azolla Pinata is able to co-mineralize some herbicides. Understanding the process by which this happens is important for the future of Indian rice and wheat crops. This research paper aims to answer the following question: how does green manure co-mineralize certain herbicides? We will first analyze the soil and the herbicide accumulation, then we will discuss the effects of green manure, and finally we will analyze the potential applications.

Need Assistance?

Abstract versus introduction: I still don’t understand the difference! No problem, you are certainly not the only one. Many students are emailing us to get more information about these two important parts of their research papers. Instead of struggling to write something you don’t understand, why don’t you get some one on one help from our academic writing experts? In case you don’t know how to write the abstract or are struggling to write an excellent introduction for your paper, we can help you.

We can not only write you an abstract introduction, but also help you with the research and analysis part of your paper. It goes without saying that our writers and editors can also write your paper from scratch from start to finish. You will get an awesome essay that will thrill your professor. Getting a top grade is now easier than ever with our help.

We know that you are probably reluctant to get help from an online academic writing service. However, we can assure you that our experts will do a great job. All our papers are 100% original, written from scratch. We do not sell pre-written papers, period. And remember, getting quality assistance with your introduction and abstract is just one message away. What are you waiting for?

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How to write a thesis statement + examples

What is a thesis statement?

Is a thesis statement a question, how do you write a good thesis statement, how do i know if my thesis statement is good, examples of thesis statements, helpful resources on how to write a thesis statement, frequently asked questions about writing a thesis statement, related articles.

A thesis statement is the main argument of your paper or thesis.

The thesis statement is one of the most important elements of any piece of academic writing . It is a brief statement of your paper’s main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about.

You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the question with new information and not just restate or reiterate it.

Your thesis statement is part of your introduction. Learn more about how to write a good thesis introduction in our introduction guide .

A thesis statement is not a question. A statement must be arguable and provable through evidence and analysis. While your thesis might stem from a research question, it should be in the form of a statement.

Tip: A thesis statement is typically 1-2 sentences. For a longer project like a thesis, the statement may be several sentences or a paragraph.

A good thesis statement needs to do the following:

• Condense the main idea of your thesis into one or two sentences.
• Answer your project’s main research question.
• Clearly state your position in relation to the topic .
• Make an argument that requires support or evidence.

Once you have written down a thesis statement, check if it fulfills the following criteria:

• Your statement needs to be provable by evidence. As an argument, a thesis statement needs to be debatable.
• Your statement needs to be precise. Do not give away too much information in the thesis statement and do not load it with unnecessary information.
• Your statement cannot say that one solution is simply right or simply wrong as a matter of fact. You should draw upon verified facts to persuade the reader of your solution, but you cannot just declare something as right or wrong.

As previously mentioned, your thesis statement should answer a question.

If the question is:

What do you think the City of New York should do to reduce traffic congestion?

A good thesis statement restates the question and answers it:

In this paper, I will argue that the City of New York should focus on providing exclusive lanes for public transport and adaptive traffic signals to reduce traffic congestion by the year 2035.

Here is another example. If the question is:

How can we end poverty?

A good thesis statement should give more than one solution to the problem in question:

In this paper, I will argue that introducing universal basic income can help reduce poverty and positively impact the way we work.

• The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina has a list of questions to ask to see if your thesis is strong .

A thesis statement is part of the introduction of your paper. It is usually found in the first or second paragraph to let the reader know your research purpose from the beginning.

In general, a thesis statement should have one or two sentences. But the length really depends on the overall length of your project. Take a look at our guide about the length of thesis statements for more insight on this topic.

Here is a list of Thesis Statement Examples that will help you understand better how to write them.

Every good essay should include a thesis statement as part of its introduction, no matter the academic level. Of course, if you are a high school student you are not expected to have the same type of thesis as a PhD student.

Here is a great YouTube tutorial showing How To Write An Essay: Thesis Statements .

An Abstract or an Introduction — What’s the Difference?

Are you working on a paper or scholarly article? Need to know the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Here’s what you need to know. 

An abstract and an introduction are two different sections of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. An abstract is a short summary of the entire piece, and it comes before the table of contents. An introduction is a full-length chapter, and often includes a layout of the rest of the piece.

Abstract vs. Introduction — Key Takeaways

An abstract.

• Can be very short — a basic abstract only needs four sentences.
• A summary of the entire work. 
• Used in scholarly, academic, or scientific papers and articles.
• Comes before the table of contents. The page is not numbered.

An Introduction

• Is a full-length chapter.
• Often includes a map or layout of the piece to come. 
• Found in papers, articles, books, essays, compendiums, and more.
• After the table of contents. Considered a part of the work itself.

An abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper, that provides a concise overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, an abstract may be “as many as a few hundred words but often much shorter.” 

It should be able to stand alone as a summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests.

An Example Abstract Format

For those in the sciences, the American Medical Association says, “Abstracts should summarize the main point(s) of an article and include the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a study.”

In the arts and humanities — my field — a basic abstract format includes four statements:

• They say/I say

Methodology

What do these all mean? Let’s dive in.

They Say/I say

This is where you position your research within the broader field of scholarship. For example: 

Many scholars believe that vampires don’t like sunshine (they say), but most aren’t considering all the vampires who do like sunshine (I say). Tweet

This is where you discuss the kind of research you did. For example:

Over the course of one year, I trekked across Transylvania looking at ancient records and interviewing contemporary vampires.

This is where you summarize the main argument (thesis) that your paper asserts. For example:

This paper reveals that 77% of vampires do in fact tolerate or even enjoy sunshine.

The takeaway answers the question, So what? This is where you make a case for the broader implications of your claim. For example:

By understanding the diurnal (daytime) nature of most vampires, we can renovate our understanding of their culture and begin to break down barriers between vampires and non-vampires.

Introductions

As opposed to an abstract, which comes before a paper, the introduction is the first section of the paper , which introduces the research question, provides background information on the topic, and outlines the purpose and objectives of the study. The introduction sets the stage for the research and helps readers understand why the research was conducted and what it hopes to achieve. I had a professor who used to say that the introduction “sets the table for the meal of the paper to come.”

Information from the abstract may appear in the introduction, but it will be expanded upon and more detailed. 

The Format of an Introduction

An introduction, unlike most abstracts, will contain multiple paragraphs. While the abstract comes before the table of contents, the introduction comes after, and, according to the Oxford Style guide and common academic practice, begins on page #1. 

An introduction will often include the following information:

• Opening Gambit — An anecdote, joke, personal narrative, etc. to ‘hook’ the reader.
• They Say/I say — Position your work in the broader field of study. This will be more fleshed out than in the abstract. 
• Thesis Statement — Your main argument.
• Methodology — An overview of the kind of research you conducted. (Note that the methodology comes after the thesis statement in an introduction, unlike in the abstract.)
• Map of the Paper — This is where you tell your reader what to expect from each section of the paper. “In chapter 1, I look at…” etc.
• Restate the Thesis — Restate your main argument.

As to the “map of the paper,” I should note that not everyone agrees on this — the Chicago Manual of Style advises against it. And yet, it is a common academic practice. When in doubt, always check with your teacher or publisher.

Abstracts and Introductions

The main difference between an abstract and an introduction is that an abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper which appears before the table of contents, while an introduction provides a more in-depth view of the research question, background information, and the purpose of the study. Unlike abstracts, many introductions include a map of the paper that follows.

Need Help with Abstracts, Introductions, and More?

EditorNinja is here to help! We’re a team of professional content editors, across line editing, copy editing, and proofreading. All EditorNinja editors are MFA trained and look forward to editing your written content!

Schedule a free editorial assessment today to see how using EditorNinja can save you days of time, buy back hours that you can use to create more content or work on other things, and make on average a 3.5x ROI, or at least $12,000+,  on your investment.

Michael Blackwood

• Manuscript Preparation

Differentiating between the abstract and the introduction of a research paper

• 3 minute read
• 46.5K views

Table of Contents

While writing a manuscript for the first time, you might find yourself confused about the differences between an abstract and the introduction. Both are adjacent sections of a research paper and share certain elements. However, they serve entirely different purposes. So, how does one ensure that these sections are written correctly?

Knowing the intended purpose of the abstract and the introduction is a good start!

What is an abstract?

An abstract is a very short summary of all the sections of your research paper—the introduction, objectives, materials and methods, results, and conclusion. It ends by emphasising the novelty or relevance of your study, or by posing questions for future research. The abstract should cover all important aspects of the study, so that the reader can quickly decide if the paper is of their interest or not.

In simple terms, just like a restaurant’s menu that provides an overview of all available dishes, an abstract gives the reader an idea of what the research paper has to offer. Most journals have a strict word limit for abstracts, which is usually 10% of the research paper.

What is the purpose of an abstract?

The abstract should ideally induce curiosity in the reader’s mind and contain strategic keywords. By generating curiosity and interest, an abstract can push readers to read the entire paper or buy it if it is behind a paywall. By using keywords strategically in the abstract, authors can improve the chances of their paper appearing in online searches.

What is an introduction?

The introduction is the first section in a research paper after the abstract, which describes in detail the background information that is necessary for the reader to understand the topic and aim of the study.

What is the purpose of an introduction?

The introduction points to specific gaps in knowledge and explains how the study addresses these gaps. It lists previous studies in a chronological order, complete with citations, to explain why the study was warranted.

A good introduction sets the context for your study and clearly distinguishes between the knowns and the unknowns in a research topic.

Often, the introduction mentions the materials and methods used in a study and outlines the hypotheses tested. Both the abstract and the introduction have this in common. So, what are the key differences between the two sections?

Key differences between an abstract and the introduction:

• The word limit for an abstract is usually 250 words or less. In contrast, the typical word limit for an introduction is 500 words or more.
• When writing the abstract, it is essential to use keywords to make the paper more visible to search engines. This is not a significant concern when writing the introduction.
• The abstract features a summary of the results and conclusions of your study, while the introduction does not. The abstract, unlike the introduction, may also suggest future directions for research.
• While a short review of previous research features in both the abstract and the introduction, it is more elaborate in the latter.
• All references to previous research in the introduction come with citations. The abstract does not mention specific studies, although it may briefly outline previous research.
• The abstract always comes before the introduction in a research paper.
• Every paper does not need an abstract. However, an introduction is an essential component of all research papers.

If you are still confused about how to write the abstract and the introduction of your research paper while accounting for the differences between them, head over to Elsevier Author Services . Our experts will be happy to guide you throughout your research journey, with useful advice on how to write high quality research papers and get them published in reputed journals!

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• How to Write an Abstract for a Dissertation or Thesis
• Doing a PhD

What is a Thesis or Dissertation Abstract?

The Cambridge English Dictionary defines an abstract in academic writing as being “ a few sentences that give the main ideas in an article or a scientific paper ” and the Collins English Dictionary says “ an abstract of an article, document, or speech is a short piece of writing that gives the main points of it ”.

Whether you’re writing up your Master’s dissertation or PhD thesis, the abstract will be a key element of this document that you’ll want to make sure you give proper attention to.

What is the Purpose of an Abstract?

The aim of a thesis abstract is to give the reader a broad overview of what your research project was about and what you found that was novel, before he or she decides to read the entire thesis. The reality here though is that very few people will read the entire thesis, and not because they’re necessarily disinterested but because practically it’s too large a document for most people to have the time to read. The exception to this is your PhD examiner, however know that even they may not read the entire length of the document.

Some people may still skip to and read specific sections throughout your thesis such as the methodology, but the fact is that the abstract will be all that most read and will therefore be the section they base their opinions about your research on. In short, make sure you write a good, well-structured abstract.

How Long Should an Abstract Be?

If you’re a PhD student, having written your 100,000-word thesis, the abstract will be the 300 word summary included at the start of the thesis that succinctly explains the motivation for your study (i.e. why this research was needed), the main work you did (i.e. the focus of each chapter), what you found (the results) and concluding with how your research study contributed to new knowledge within your field.

Woodrow Wilson, the 28th President of the United States of America, once famously said:

The point here is that it’s easier to talk open-endedly about a subject that you know a lot about than it is to condense the key points into a 10-minute speech; the same applies for an abstract. Three hundred words is not a lot of words which makes it even more difficult to condense three (or more) years of research into a coherent, interesting story.

What Makes a Good PhD Thesis Abstract?

Whilst the abstract is one of the first sections in your PhD thesis, practically it’s probably the last aspect that you’ll ending up writing before sending the document to print. The reason being that you can’t write a summary about what you did, what you found and what it means until you’ve done the work.

A good abstract is one that can clearly explain to the reader in 300 words:

• What your research field actually is,
• What the gap in knowledge was in your field,
• The overarching aim and objectives of your PhD in response to these gaps,
• What methods you employed to achieve these,
• You key results and findings,
• How your work has added to further knowledge in your field of study.

Another way to think of this structure is:

• Introduction,
• Aims and objectives,
• Discussion,
• Conclusion.

Following this ‘formulaic’ approach to writing the abstract should hopefully make it a little easier to write but you can already see here that there’s a lot of information to convey in a very limited number of words.

How Do You Write a Good PhD Thesis Abstract?

The biggest challenge you’ll have is getting all the 6 points mentioned above across in your abstract within the limit of 300 words . Your particular university may give some leeway in going a few words over this but it’s good practice to keep within this; the art of succinctly getting your information across is an important skill for a researcher to have and one that you’ll be called on to use regularly as you write papers for peer review.

Keep It Concise

Every word in the abstract is important so make sure you focus on only the key elements of your research and the main outcomes and significance of your project that you want the reader to know about. You may have come across incidental findings during your research which could be interesting to discuss but this should not happen in the abstract as you simply don’t have enough words. Furthermore, make sure everything you talk about in your thesis is actually described in the main thesis.

Make a Unique Point Each Sentence

Keep the sentences short and to the point. Each sentence should give the reader new, useful information about your research so there’s no need to write out your project title again. Give yourself one or two sentences to introduce your subject area and set the context for your project. Then another sentence or two to explain the gap in the knowledge; there’s no need or expectation for you to include references in the abstract.

Explain Your Research

Some people prefer to write their overarching aim whilst others set out their research questions as they correspond to the structure of their thesis chapters; the approach you use is up to you, as long as the reader can understand what your dissertation or thesis had set out to achieve. Knowing this will help the reader better understand if your results help to answer the research questions or if further work is needed.

Keep It Factual

Keep the content of the abstract factual; that is to say that you should avoid bringing too much or any opinion into it, which inevitably can make the writing seem vague in the points you’re trying to get across and even lacking in structure.

Write, Edit and Then Rewrite

Spend suitable time editing your text, and if necessary, completely re-writing it. Show the abstract to others and ask them to explain what they understand about your research – are they able to explain back to you each of the 6 structure points, including why your project was needed, the research questions and results, and the impact it had on your research field? It’s important that you’re able to convey what new knowledge you contributed to your field but be mindful when writing your abstract that you don’t inadvertently overstate the conclusions, impact and significance of your work.

Thesis and Dissertation Abstract Examples

Perhaps the best way to understand how to write a thesis abstract is to look at examples of what makes a good and bad abstract.

Example of A Bad Abstract

Let’s start with an example of a bad thesis abstract:

In this project on “The Analysis of the Structural Integrity of 3D Printed Polymers for use in Aircraft”, my research looked at how 3D printing of materials can help the aviation industry in the manufacture of planes. Plane parts can be made at a lower cost using 3D printing and made lighter than traditional components. This project investigated the structural integrity of EBM manufactured components, which could revolutionise the aviation industry.

What Makes This a Bad Abstract

Hopefully you’ll have spotted some of the reasons this would be considered a poor abstract, not least because the author used up valuable words by repeating the lengthy title of the project in the abstract.

Working through our checklist of the 6 key points you want to convey to the reader:

• There has been an attempt to introduce the research area , albeit half-way through the abstract but it’s not clear if this is a materials science project about 3D printing or is it about aircraft design.
• There’s no explanation about where the gap in the knowledge is that this project attempted to address.
• We can see that this project was focussed on the topic of structural integrity of materials in aircraft but the actual research aims or objectives haven’t been defined.
• There’s no mention at all of what the author actually did to investigate structural integrity. For example was this an experimental study involving real aircraft, or something in the lab, computer simulations etc.
• The author also doesn’t tell us a single result of his research, let alone the key findings !
• There’s a bold claim in the last sentence of the abstract that this project could revolutionise the aviation industry, and this may well be the case, but based on the abstract alone there is no evidence to support this as it’s not even clear what the author did .

This is an extreme example but is a good way to illustrate just how unhelpful a poorly written abstract can be. At only 71 words long, it definitely hasn’t maximised the amount of information that could be presented and the what they have presented has lacked clarity and structure.

A final point to note is the use of the EBM acronym, which stands for Electron Beam Melting in the context of 3D printing; this is a niche acronym for the author to assume that the reader would know the meaning of. It’s best to avoid acronyms in your abstract all together even if it’s something that you might expect most people to know about, unless you specifically define the meaning first.

Example of A Good Abstract

Having seen an example of a bad thesis abstract, now lets look at an example of a good PhD thesis abstract written about the same (fictional) project:

Additive manufacturing (AM) of titanium alloys has the potential to enable cheaper and lighter components to be produced with customised designs for use in aircraft engines. Whilst the proof-of-concept of these have been promising, the structural integrity of AM engine parts in response to full thrust and temperature variations is not clear.

The primary aim of this project was to determine the fracture modes and mechanisms of AM components designed for use in Boeing 747 engines. To achieve this an explicit finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the environment and parameters that the engine is exposed to during flight. The FE model was validated using experimental data replicating the environmental parameters in a laboratory setting using ten AM engine components provided by the industry sponsor. The validated FE model was then used to investigate the extent of crack initiation and propagation as the environment parameters were adjusted.

This project was the first to investigate fracture patterns in AM titanium components used in aircraft engines; the key finding was that the presence of cavities within the structures due to errors in the printing process, significantly increased the risk of fracture. Secondly, the simulations showed that cracks formed within AM parts were more likely to worsen and lead to component failure at subzero temperatures when compared to conventionally manufactured parts. This has demonstrated an important safety concern which needs to be addressed before AM parts can be used in commercial aircraft.

What Makes This a Good Abstract

Having read this ‘good abstract’ you should have a much better understand about what the subject area is about, where the gap in the knowledge was, the aim of the project, the methods that were used, key results and finally the significance of these results. To break these points down further, from this good abstract we now know that:

• The research area is around additive manufacturing (i.e. 3D printing) of materials for use in aircraft.
• The gap in knowledge was how these materials will behave structural when used in aircraft engines.
• The aim was specifically to investigate how the components can fracture.
• The methods used to investigate this were a combination of computational and lab based experimental modelling.
• The key findings were the increased risk of fracture of these components due to the way they are manufactured.
• The significance of these findings were that it showed a potential risk of component failure that could comprise the safety of passengers and crew on the aircraft.

The abstract text has a much clearer flow through these different points in how it’s written and has made much better use of the available word count. Acronyms have even been used twice in this good abstract but they were clearly defined the first time they were introduced in the text so that there was no confusion about their meaning.

The abstract you write for your dissertation or thesis should succinctly explain to the reader why the work of your research was needed, what you did, what you found and what it means. Most people that come across your thesis, including any future employers, are likely to read only your abstract. Even just for this reason alone, it’s so important that you write the best abstract you can; this will not only convey your research effectively but also put you in the best light possible as a researcher.

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Thank you. payment completed., you will receive an email from us to confirm your registration, please click the link in the email to activate your account., there was error during payment, orcid profile found in public registry, download history, structuring your research paper: knowing the difference between abstract, introduction, and conclusion.

• 18 October, 2023

Research papers serve as essential tools in the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of academic disciplines. Academic papers follow a well-defined structure and format that assists readers in comprehending the content efficiently. They adhere to a well-defined structure and format, which is often referred to as IMRaD: Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion. In addition to these core elements, there are three crucial components; the Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion, which enhance the deliverance of your research rationale and findings. Understanding the nuanced functions of these sections is crucial for researchers seeking to enhance their paper's clarity, engagement, and influence in the academic and scientific community.

These three components play distinct roles in the structure and communication of a written work, be it a research paper, a thesis, a report, or an article. To write effectively, it's essential to grasp the unique functions and structure of each.

What is an Introduction?

The introduction serves as the opening of your written work, where you set the stage for what is to come. It helps to make the first impression on your readers. Its primary purpose is to provide readers with an overview of the subject matter and the context in which your work exists. 

Furthermore, a well-written introduction outlines the research problem and introduces the main thesis or argument. Some journals may refer to this section as 'Background,' and in others, it might not have a separate heading.

Key elements of an introduction include:

1. Opening Sentence: A compelling hook or opening sentence that grabs the reader's attention and motivates them to continue reading.

2. Thesis Statement: A concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument, purpose, or objective of your work.

3. Background Information: Necessary background information or context to help readers understand the topic.

4. Scope and Significance: A brief discussion of what will be covered and why it is relevant or important.

An introduction should be clear, engaging, and give readers a sense of what to expect. While it provides some insight into the content, it does not delve into the details or findings of the work.

What is an Abstract?

The abstract is a concise summary of the entire document. Its primary purpose is to give readers a quick overview of the key points, methods, findings, and conclusions of the work. They are typically found at the beginning of research papers and articles and are often used by readers to determine whether they want to read the full text. It serves as a preview of the work and helps readers quickly gauge its relevance.

Key elements of an abstract include:

1. Objective: A clear statement of the research objective or purpose.

2. Methods: A brief description of the research methods or approach used.

3. Results: Summary of the key findings or results.

4.  Conclusions: A concise statement of the main conclusions or implications.

These elements are usually presented in a standalone paragraph or a few paragraphs, depending on the specific journal's guidelines.

The length of an abstract varies, often ranging from 150 to 250 words, though it can be longer for some longer papers or theses. Furthermore, it also depends on the style and guidelines of the publication.

Watch this FREE informative webinar to learn more about writing strong abstracts and structuring your research article for publication. 

What is a Conclusion?

The conclusion, as the name suggests, marks the end of your written work. Its primary purpose is to summarize and reiterate the main points and findings discussed in the body of the text. 

Key elements of a conclusion include:

1. Restatement of Thesis: A restatement of the main thesis or argument.

2. Summary of Findings: A brief summary of the key findings and results.

3. Implications: Discussion of the implications of the findings and their significance.

4. Closing Thoughts: A final thought or reflection on the subject matter.

The conclusion is the final part of the paper, summarizing the key findings, their implications, and the main takeaways. In some formats, this section follows the 'Discussion' and may not have a distinct heading.

The conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure and a clear understanding of the key takeaways. It is not the place to introduce new information or ideas but rather to reinforce the ideas presented in the body of the work.

What’s the Difference Between Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion?

To better understand the distinctions and relationships between these three sections, here is a table comparing the features or characteristics of the abstract, introduction, and conclusion for your better understanding:

While these sections serve different functions, it's crucial to avoid repeating the same information. The abstract provides an overview, the introduction sets the stage, and the conclusion wraps up the key points. Repetition can bore readers and waste valuable space. Make each section unique and tailored to its purpose.

The abstract, introduction, and conclusion are the pillars that support the structure and impact of research papers. Understanding their differences and functions is fundamental to effective academic writing. By delving into their relevance, we can uncover their true significance, ensuring that the message of our research reaches its intended audience with clarity and impact. 

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Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Elements for Successful Research Papers

Home » Blog » Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Elements for Successful Research Papers

Understanding the Purpose: Abstract and Introduction

When you’re diving into the world of scientific manuscripts, it’s like stepping into a whole new universe, right? Especially when it comes to crafting the perfect research paper. Now, let’s talk about two crucial parts of your paper – the Abstract and Introduction. They may seem similar at a glance, but trust me, they’re as different as apples and oranges.

First off, let’s clear the air about what each part is meant to do. The Abstract, in simple terms, is your research paper in a nutshell. It’s like a movie trailer – giving the audience (in this case, the readers) a quick preview of what’s in store. The goal? To lure them in and make them want to read the whole thing.

The Introduction, on the other hand, is more like the opening scene of the movie. It sets the stage, introduces the main characters (or key concepts), and starts to build up the story (your research). It’s your chance to grab the reader’s attention and give them a reason to stay.

So, why is understanding the difference between these two so crucial? Well, it’s simple. If you nail your Abstract, your paper is more likely to get picked up and read. Get your Introduction right, and your readers will stick around till the end.

In the next sections, we’re going to dissect each part, giving you the lowdown on how to make both your Abstract and Introduction stand out. We’ll be discussing how to structure them, what to include (and what not to), and some insider tips to make your research paper as compelling as possible.

The Abstract: A Snapshot of Your Research

Picture this: you’re at a busy conference, surrounded by countless research papers. What makes you pick one up? The Abstract. Think of the Abstract as your research’s elevator pitch. It’s short, sweet, and packs a punch. In a few concise sentences, it needs to summarize your entire study – the problem, methods, results, and conclusion. Phew, sounds like a tall order, right?

But fear not! Here’s how you can make your Abstract stand out:

• Be Concise : Usually, you have about 150-250 words to play with. Every word counts, so make them meaningful.
• Clarity is Key : Use plain language that can be easily understood by a broad audience. You’re not trying to impress with jargon; you’re trying to communicate effectively.
• Highlight the Big Stuff : Focus on the main aspects of your research. What was the problem? How did you approach it? What did you discover? And why does it matter?
• No Spoilers : While you need to include results, avoid the temptation to delve into detailed discussions or conclusions. Leave that for the main body of your paper.

Remember, a well-written Abstract can be the difference between someone reading your full paper or passing it by. It’s your first impression – make it count!

Crafting a Compelling Introduction

The Introduction is where the magic starts. It’s your opportunity to hook your readers and give them a glimpse of the exciting journey they’re about to embark on. Unlike the abstract, which is a bird’s-eye view of your study, the introduction is where you start zooming in.

Here’s how to craft an introduction that not only informs but also engages:

• Start with a Bang : Begin with a statement or a fact that grabs attention. It could be a startling statistic, a provocative question, or an intriguing quote. You want your reader to think, “Wow, I need to know more about this!”
• Set the Scene : Provide some background. Why is this research important? What’s the broader context? Think of it as setting the stage for your main act – your research.
• State the Problem : Clearly articulate the problem your research addresses. This helps readers understand the purpose and significance of your study.
• Outline Your Approach : Briefly mention how you’ve tackled the problem. This is a teaser, not the full story – you’ll get into the nitty-gritty in the methodology section.
• Establish the Thesis : What’s the main argument or hypothesis of your paper? The introduction is where this star should shine.
• Map It Out : Lastly, give your readers a roadmap of what to expect in the paper. It’s like showing them the menu before they enjoy the meal.

A compelling introduction sets the tone for the rest of your paper. It should be engaging, clear, and informative, leading your reader smoothly into the heart of your research.

Key Differences Between the Abstract and Introduction

Understanding the distinction between the abstract and introduction is crucial for any researcher. While they both serve important roles in your paper, they are fundamentally different in purpose and structure. Here’s a breakdown to help you differentiate the two:

• Purpose and Content : The abstract is a mini-version of your paper. It summarizes the entire research, including your findings and conclusions. The introduction, however, is more about setting up the research. It introduces the problem, provides background, and outlines the approach without revealing the conclusions.
• Length and Detail : Abstracts are typically much shorter, often limited to 250 words or less. They’re a quick read. The introduction, however, can be several pages long and provides a detailed background and rationale for the study.
• Audience Expectations : Readers often use the abstract to decide whether to read the full paper. It’s like a trailer to a movie. The introduction, on the other hand, is for those who’ve decided to watch the movie. It starts to tell the story in a more detailed and nuanced way.
• Writing Style : In an abstract, every word must count due to the word limit. It’s more factual and to the point. The introduction allows for a more narrative style, setting the scene and building a connection with the reader.
• Placement and Function : The abstract acts as a standalone summary, often read independently of the full paper. The introduction, however, is the beginning of the paper itself, leading the reader into the main text.

By clearly understanding these differences, you can ensure that both your abstract and introduction are effectively tailored to their respective purposes, providing a clear and engaging entry point into your research.

Structuring Your Abstract for Maximum Impact

The abstract is your research paper’s frontman – it’s the first thing people read, and it can make or break their interest in the rest of your work. So, how do you structure it to make sure it hits all the right notes? Here are some key elements to include for an impactful abstract:

• Background : Set the stage. Provide a brief context for your research. Why did you start this study? What gap in knowledge are you trying to fill?
• Objective : What was the aim of your research? This part should be crystal clear – readers want to know what you were trying to achieve.
• Methodology : Give a quick overview of how you conducted your research. Did you do experiments, surveys, or analysis? Keep it brief but informative.
• Results : What did you find? This is often what readers are most interested in. Highlight your key findings without getting bogged down in details.
• Conclusions : What do your results mean? Summarize the implications of your findings and their importance to the field.
• Keywords : Don’t forget to include keywords that will help others find your paper in searches.

Remember, while your abstract needs to be concise, it also needs to be complete. Readers should get a full picture of your research – from the why to the so what – in a nutshell.

Setting the Stage: Elements of a Strong Introduction

The introduction is more than just a starting point of your paper – it’s where you draw your readers in and build the framework for your research story. A well-crafted introduction should include several key elements:

• Hook : Start with something intriguing – a startling statistic, a compelling question, or an interesting anecdote. Your goal is to grab the reader’s attention and pique their curiosity.
• Background Information : Provide enough context to understand the research. What is the broader field of study? What are the key concepts or theories?
• Research Gap : Highlight the current knowledge gap that your research aims to fill. Why is this gap significant? What hasn’t been explored or solved yet?
• Research Question or Hypothesis : Clearly state the research question or hypothesis you’re investigating. This gives the reader a clear idea of what you’re aiming to uncover or prove.
• Objective and Scope : Define the objective of your research and its scope. What are you aiming to achieve and within what bounds?
• Significance : Explain why your research is important. What value does it add to the field? Why should the reader care?
• Outline of the Paper : Briefly outline how your paper is structured. What can the reader expect in the subsequent sections?

Remember, your introduction is your chance to set the tone for your entire paper. It should be engaging, informative, and clearly lay out what the reader can expect.

Abstract Writing Do’s and Don’ts

Crafting the perfect abstract for your research paper can be a bit of a tightrope walk. You want to include enough information to be informative but not so much that it becomes overwhelming. Here are some key do’s and don’ts to keep in mind:

Do’s:

• Be Clear and Concise : Use simple language and get straight to the point. An abstract is a summary, not a detailed explanation.
• Follow the Structure : Stick to the classic structure – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion.
• Include Key Findings : Make sure your main results and their significance are clearly stated.
• Use Keywords : Include keywords relevant to your topic to make your paper searchable.
• Reflect Your Paper : Ensure your abstract accurately represents what is in your paper. No false advertising!

Don’ts:

• Avoid Over-Complexity : Don’t use jargon or overly complex language. Keep it accessible.
• Don’t Exceed Word Limits : Abstracts are typically 250 words or less. Stick to the limit.
• Avoid Adding New Information : Only include information that is present in the paper.
• Don’t Get Too Detailed : Leave the in-depth explanations and discussions for the main body of your paper.
• Don’t Forget to Proofread : Typos and grammatical errors can undermine the credibility of your work.

By following these guidelines, you can create an abstract that effectively summarizes your research and encourages readers to delve deeper into your paper.

Introduction: Laying the Foundation for Your Research Paper

The introduction of your research paper is where you lay the groundwork and build the framework for your entire study. It’s not just about starting your paper; it’s about setting the tone, providing context, and preparing the reader for what’s to come. Here’s how to make your introduction a solid foundation:

• Start with a Clear, Engaging Hook : Your opening sentences should capture the reader’s interest. Whether it’s a surprising fact, a pertinent question, or an interesting anecdote, your hook should be relevant and thought-provoking.
• Provide Background Information : Before diving into your research, give your readers a backdrop. What is the broader context of your study? How does it fit into the existing body of knowledge?
• Identify the Research Gap : What’s missing in the current literature or field of study? Clearly articulate the gap your research intends to fill. This not only shows the relevance of your work but also positions it within the larger conversation.
• State Your Research Question or Hypothesis : Clearly and concisely present the question your research seeks to answer or the hypothesis you intend to test. This is the guiding star of your entire paper.

Objectives and Significance

• Outline Your Research’s Objectives : What are you aiming to achieve with your study? Be clear about your objectives, as they will direct your methodology and analysis.
• Highlight the Significance of Your Study : Why is your research important? Whether it’s a practical application or a contribution to academic knowledge, make sure your readers understand the value of your work.
• Preview the Structure of the Paper : Give a brief overview of what each section of your paper will cover. This roadmap helps readers navigate your research journey.

By carefully crafting your introduction, you’re not just starting your paper; you’re inviting your readers on an intellectual journey. A well-structured introduction sets the stage for a compelling and insightful research paper.

Tips for Synthesizing Information in Your Abstract

Creating an abstract that succinctly synthesizes the essence of your research paper is a skill. It’s about distilling complex ideas and extensive research into a digestible, brief summary. Here are some tips to help you do just that:

• Focus on Key Elements : Remember, your abstract should include the core aspects of your research – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions. Stick to these elements and avoid extraneous details.
• Be Selective with Your Information : Choose the most significant findings and the primary objectives of your research to include in your abstract. You don’t need to mention every minor detail or secondary result.
• Use Active Voice and Strong Verbs : Active voice makes your writing more direct and dynamic. Strong verbs help you convey a lot of information in fewer words.
• Write for Accessibility : Your abstract should be understandable even to those outside your specific field of study. Avoid jargon and technical terms that might not be familiar to all readers.
• Make Every Word Count : With a limited word count, every word in your abstract needs to serve a purpose. Be concise and clear, and avoid unnecessary adjectives and adverbs.
• Ensure Coherence and Flow : Your abstract should read smoothly. Use transitional phrases where necessary and ensure that your sentences flow logically from one to the next.
• Reflect the Paper Accurately : The abstract should be a true reflection of what’s in your paper. Avoid including information in the abstract that isn’t present in the main text.
• Revise and Edit : Don’t underestimate the power of revision. Read over your abstract multiple times, refine it, and make sure it clearly and effectively summarizes your research paper.

By following these tips, you can craft an abstract that serves as a compelling and accurate snapshot of your research, enticing readers to delve into the full details of your paper.

Hooking Your Reader: Introduction Strategies

The introduction of your research paper is more than just a formal start; it’s your first chance to engage and captivate your audience. To make sure you grab and hold your reader’s attention, consider these strategies:

• Start with a Compelling Hook : Open with a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, or a brief story related to your research. This can pique the reader’s interest and draw them into the subject matter.
• Use Relevant Quotes or Anecdotes : A well-chosen quote or a brief anecdote that illustrates your research topic can be very effective. It adds a human element and can make complex topics more relatable.
• Pose a Provocative Question : Asking a question can be a powerful way to start. It engages the reader by prompting them to think about the answer and anticipate what your research might reveal.
• Present a Startling Statistic : Starting with a statistic that highlights the significance of your research topic can be a strong opener. It immediately shows the relevance and importance of your study.
• Create a Vivid Image : Use descriptive language to create a vivid picture in the reader’s mind. This can be particularly effective for topics related to natural sciences, social studies, or humanities.
• Challenge Common Assumptions : If your research challenges commonly held beliefs or existing theories, stating this upfront can be a compelling start. It sets the stage for presenting your new insights or findings.
• Bridge the Gap Between Known and Unknown : Start by summarizing what is already known about your topic, then transition into what your research will add to this knowledge. This highlights the contribution of your work.
• Keep It Brief and Engaging : Remember, the introduction should be concise and to the point. While being engaging, it should not stray into unnecessary details or background information.

By employing these strategies, you can create an introduction that not only informs but also excites and intrigues your readers, encouraging them to continue reading your paper with keen interest.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Abstract and Introduction

Writing the abstract and introduction for your research paper can be a bit tricky. It’s easy to fall into some common traps. Being aware of these can help you create more compelling and effective sections. Here are some mistakes to watch out for:

In the Abstract:

• Being Too Vague : Your abstract should be clear and specific, providing a concise overview of your research. Avoid being too broad or general.
• Including Too Much Detail : Remember, the abstract is a summary. Avoid the temptation to include every detail of your study. Stick to the main points.
• Using Technical Jargon : While your paper might be aimed at a specialized audience, the abstract should be accessible to a broader readership. Minimize technical language.
• Forgetting Key Components : Ensure that your abstract covers all the essential elements – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion.
• Writing the Abstract First : It’s often easier to write an effective abstract after you have completed the main body of the paper.

In the Introduction:

• Starting Too Slowly : You need to grab your reader’s attention right away. Avoid long-winded and overly general openings.
• Lacking a Clear Thesis Statement : Your introduction should clearly state the purpose and main argument of your paper. Don’t leave readers guessing.
• Overloading with Background Information : While some context is necessary, too much can overwhelm the reader. Stick to information that’s directly relevant to your research.
• Repeating the Abstract : The introduction should not be a repeat of the abstract. It should provide new, more detailed context and setup for your paper.
• Neglecting the Research Gap : Make sure to clearly articulate the gap in the existing research that your paper addresses. This highlights the importance of your study.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can ensure that your abstract and introduction effectively set the stage for your research paper, engaging your audience from the very beginning.

Perfecting Your Research Paper: Bringing It All Together

Writing a research paper is like putting together a complex puzzle. Each piece must fit perfectly to present a clear, comprehensive picture of your research and findings. Here’s how you can bring it all together:

• Ensure Consistency Across Sections : Your paper should flow logically from the abstract and introduction through to the body and conclusion. Each section should seamlessly lead to the next, maintaining a consistent tone and style.
• Revisit Your Thesis or Hypothesis Regularly : Throughout your paper, continuously refer back to your thesis or hypothesis to ensure that your arguments and findings stay aligned with your initial premise.
• Integrate Your Results with the Discussion : Your results shouldn’t just be a list of data points. Integrate them with your discussion, interpreting what they mean in the context of your research question.
• Tie Back to the Introduction : In your conclusion, refer back to the points you raised in your introduction. This creates a full circle, reinforcing the relevance and impact of your research.
• Highlight the Significance and Implications : Clearly articulate the significance of your findings. How do they contribute to the field? What are the broader implications? This is your chance to showcase the importance of your work.
• Identify Limitations and Future Research Directions : No study is without limitations. Acknowledging these not only adds credibility to your work but also provides a launchpad for future research.
• End with a Strong Conclusion : Your conclusion is your final word. Make it count by summarizing your key findings and their implications in a compelling way.
• Proofread and Revise : The final step in perfecting your paper is thorough proofreading and revision. Ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness in every part of your paper.

By paying attention to these aspects, you can create a research paper that is well-structured, coherent, and impactful, effectively communicating the value and significance of your work.

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What Is the Difference Between an Abstract and a Thesis Statement?

How to Write a Thesis & Introduction for a Critical Reflection Essay

College assignments, specifically the requirements when writing papers, can cause confusion for new students. Both forms of relaying information are utilized for different reasons but can be found within the same writing piece on occasion. Understanding the difference between two formats of information such as an abstract and thesis statement is important in professional writing at the college level. A strong thesis statement allows the reader to know what the stance of the writer is before reading through the full paper. An abstract allows the reader to understand at a glance what the full article is about.

An abstract is a short body of writing that is used to summarize a longer piece of writing. A dissertation for a doctoral program contains an abstract. The abstract information varies on the discipline that the writing addresses. In 1997, Philip Koopman from Carnegie Mellon University highlighted common considerations of an abstract to include the motivation, approach, problem statement, results and conclusion summarized into a brief document. The abstract is used to index the larger work or to simply describe the larger work. Abstracts allow researchers or readers to grasp the overall content of the full piece of writing within a paragraph or two.

Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is a claim by the writer that can be argued or disputed by others. The statement is typically one sentence but may contain more in rare circumstances. The sentence(s) will describe what the writer wants to specifically discuss about the central topic. The rule of thumb is not to state a fact but to take a position regarding the facts. Thesis statements appear in a variety of writing pieces from small writing assignments within a college course or a major submission for degree requirements.

Similarities

Although the thesis statement and abstract are different entities, they share a number of similarities. John December and Susan Katz who wrote for the Rensselaer Writing Center and the University of North Carolina highlight that both the abstract and thesis statement should be written after the significant body of the paper is complete. Both require significant research and consideration before formulation. It is also not uncommon to find both a thesis statement and abstract within the same writing piece.

Differences

The significant difference between an abstract and a thesis statement is the purpose behind each. While the abstract summarizes the important aspects of a complete writing piece, the thesis statement lays out only the position a writer is offering within the document. The abstract is longer in length and contains at least five factors regarding the writing it introduces. The thesis statement is short and contains one significant piece of information to inform the reader.

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• Carnegie Mellon University; How to Write an Abstract; Philip Koopman; 1997
• Harvard University Writing Center; Developing a Thesis; Maxine Rodburg et al., 1999

Steph Radabaugh has been writing on gardening and mental health care since 2005. Her articles have helped people create beautiful gardens and sparked the interest of state lawmakers in Iowa's health-care organizations. Radabaugh has a Master of Science in industrial organizational psychology and has pursued her Doctor of Philosophy in research psychology.

• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Abstract and Introduction

On the other hand, the abstract is like a short summary of an academic article or research paper, which discusses the purpose of the study and the outcome of the research. It usually summarizes the research topic, questions, participants, methods, outcome, data collected, analysis and conclusions. The article excerpt given hereunder discusses the difference between abstract and introduction.

Content: Abstract Vs Introduction

Comparison chart, definition of abstract.

An abstract can be described as a concise summary, often found in research work like thesis, dissertations, research articles, review, etc. which helps the reader to have an instant idea of the main purpose of the work. It is about a paragraph long of 150 to 250 words in general.

The information contained in the abstract should be sufficient enough to help the readers judge the nature and importance of the topic, the reasonableness of the strategy used in the investigation, nature of results and conclusions.

An abstract serves a number of purposes such as it allows the readers to get the gist of your paper, so as to decide whether to go through with the rest of the work. It is usually written after the writing of the paperwork is over and that too in the past tense.

An abstract rolls all the important information of the work into a single page, such as the context, general topic, central questions, problem under study, main idea, previous research findings, reasons, research methodology, findings, results, arguments, implications, conclusion and so on. To create an abstract one should pick the main statements from the above-mentioned sections, to draft an abstract.

Types of Abstract

• Descriptive Abstract : It briefly describes the abstract and the length is usually 100-200 words. It indicates the type of information contained in the paper, discusses the purpose of writing, objectives and methods used for research.
• Informative Abstract : As the name suggests, it is a detailed abstract which summarizes all the important points of the study. It includes results and conclusions, along with the purpose, objective, and methods used.

Definition of Introduction

Introduction means to present something to the readers, i.e. by giving a brief description or background information of the document. It is the first and foremost section which expresses the purpose, scope and goals, concerning the topic under study. As an introduction gives an overview of the topic, it develops an understanding of the main text.

An introduction is a gateway to the topic, as it is something which can create interest in the readers to read the document further. It is the crux of the document, which states what is to be discussed in the main body.

Elements of Introduction

An introduction has four basic elements namely: hook, background information, connect and thesis statement.

• Hook is the preliminary sentence of the introduction which is used to fasten the attention of the readers, and so it has to be interesting, attention-grabbing, and readable of course, so as to stimulate the readers to read the complete text.
• Background Information is the main part of the introduction, which presents the background of the research topic, including the problem under study, real-world situation, research questions, and a sneak peek of what the readers can expect from the main body.
• Connect , is a simple line which is used to link or say relate the background information with the research statement, by using words ideas or phrases, so as to ensure the flow and logic of writing the text.
• Thesis statement is the central point of the argument, which is usually a single sentence, whose points of evidence are to be talked about in the following text, i.e. the main body.

Key Differences Between Abstract and Introduction

The difference between abstract and introduction are discussed in the points:

• An abstract is a concise and accurate representation which gives an overview of the main points from the entire document. On the other hand, Introduction is the first section which makes the reader aware of the subject, by giving a brief description of the work, i.e. why the research is needed or important.
• While an abstract will give you an immediate overview of the paper, the introduction is the initial exposure to the subject under study.
• An abstract reports key points of the research, as well as it states why the work is important, what was the main purpose of research, what is the motivation behind choosing the subject, what you learned from the research, what you found out during the research and what you concluded, in a summarized way. As against, an introduction presents a direction to understand what exists in the upcoming portion of the document or book.
• As an abstract has its own introduction, main body and conclusion, it is a standalone document which summarizes the result of the findings and not just the list of topics discussed. As against, the introduction is not a standalone document or piece.
• The main purpose of an abstract is to provide a succinct summary of the research. Conversely, introduction aims at convincing the reader about the need for the research.
• An abstract contains the purpose, problem, methods used, result and conclusion. On the contrary, the introduction includes a hook, background information, connect and thesis statement.
• While abstract is found in a research paper, thesis and dissertations, the introduction is found in a wide range of texts.

An abstract gives a preview of the work, outlines the main points and helps the audience in decision making, i.e. whether they want to read the complete text or not. On the other hand, an introduction is the very first section of the work, which clarifies the purpose of writing.

Without an abstract and introduction, the readers might not be able to know what the work contains and what is the reason or motivation behind the research. So, these two are like thread which goes through the writing and creates an understanding in the reader about the topic under study. While writing these two, one should ensure that they accurately reflect what you cover in the document or book.

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September 20, 2023 at 1:15 am

fantastic explanations

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How to Write an Essay Introduction (with Examples)   

The introduction of an essay plays a critical role in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. It sets the stage for the rest of the essay, establishes the tone and style, and motivates the reader to continue reading. 

Table of Contents

What is an essay introduction , what to include in an essay introduction, how to create an essay structure , step-by-step process for writing an essay introduction , how to write an introduction paragraph , how to write a hook for your essay , how to include background information , how to write a thesis statement .

• Argumentative Essay Introduction Example: 
• Expository Essay Introduction Example 

Literary Analysis Essay Introduction Example

Check and revise – checklist for essay introduction , key takeaways , frequently asked questions .

An introduction is the opening section of an essay, paper, or other written work. It introduces the topic and provides background information, context, and an overview of what the reader can expect from the rest of the work. 1 The key is to be concise and to the point, providing enough information to engage the reader without delving into excessive detail. 

The essay introduction is crucial as it sets the tone for the entire piece and provides the reader with a roadmap of what to expect. Here are key elements to include in your essay introduction: 

• Hook : Start with an attention-grabbing statement or question to engage the reader. This could be a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or a compelling anecdote. 
• Background information : Provide context and background information to help the reader understand the topic. This can include historical information, definitions of key terms, or an overview of the current state of affairs related to your topic. 
• Thesis statement : Clearly state your main argument or position on the topic. Your thesis should be concise and specific, providing a clear direction for your essay. 

Before we get into how to write an essay introduction, we need to know how it is structured. The structure of an essay is crucial for organizing your thoughts and presenting them clearly and logically. It is divided as follows: 2  

• Introduction:  The introduction should grab the reader’s attention with a hook, provide context, and include a thesis statement that presents the main argument or purpose of the essay.  
• Body:  The body should consist of focused paragraphs that support your thesis statement using evidence and analysis. Each paragraph should concentrate on a single central idea or argument and provide evidence, examples, or analysis to back it up.  
• Conclusion:  The conclusion should summarize the main points and restate the thesis differently. End with a final statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader. Avoid new information or arguments. 

Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write an essay introduction: 

• Start with a Hook : Begin your introduction paragraph with an attention-grabbing statement, question, quote, or anecdote related to your topic. The hook should pique the reader’s interest and encourage them to continue reading. 
• Provide Background Information : This helps the reader understand the relevance and importance of the topic. 
• State Your Thesis Statement : The last sentence is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and directly address the topic of your essay. 
• Preview the Main Points : This gives the reader an idea of what to expect and how you will support your thesis. 
• Keep it Concise and Clear : Avoid going into too much detail or including information not directly relevant to your topic. 
• Revise : Revise your introduction after you’ve written the rest of your essay to ensure it aligns with your final argument. 

Here’s an example of an essay introduction paragraph about the importance of education: 

Education is often viewed as a fundamental human right and a key social and economic development driver. As Nelson Mandela once famously said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.” It is the key to unlocking a wide range of opportunities and benefits for individuals, societies, and nations. In today’s constantly evolving world, education has become even more critical. It has expanded beyond traditional classroom learning to include digital and remote learning, making education more accessible and convenient. This essay will delve into the importance of education in empowering individuals to achieve their dreams, improving societies by promoting social justice and equality, and driving economic growth by developing a skilled workforce and promoting innovation. 

This introduction paragraph example includes a hook (the quote by Nelson Mandela), provides some background information on education, and states the thesis statement (the importance of education). 

This is one of the key steps in how to write an essay introduction. Crafting a compelling hook is vital because it sets the tone for your entire essay and determines whether your readers will stay interested. A good hook draws the reader in and sets the stage for the rest of your essay.  

• Avoid Dry Fact : Instead of simply stating a bland fact, try to make it engaging and relevant to your topic. For example, if you’re writing about the benefits of exercise, you could start with a startling statistic like, “Did you know that regular exercise can increase your lifespan by up to seven years?” 
• Avoid Using a Dictionary Definition : While definitions can be informative, they’re not always the most captivating way to start an essay. Instead, try to use a quote, anecdote, or provocative question to pique the reader’s interest. For instance, if you’re writing about freedom, you could begin with a quote from a famous freedom fighter or philosopher. 
• Do Not Just State a Fact That the Reader Already Knows : This ties back to the first point—your hook should surprise or intrigue the reader. For Here’s an introduction paragraph example, if you’re writing about climate change, you could start with a thought-provoking statement like, “Despite overwhelming evidence, many people still refuse to believe in the reality of climate change.” 

Including background information in the introduction section of your essay is important to provide context and establish the relevance of your topic. When writing the background information, you can follow these steps: 

• Start with a General Statement:  Begin with a general statement about the topic and gradually narrow it down to your specific focus. For example, when discussing the impact of social media, you can begin by making a broad statement about social media and its widespread use in today’s society, as follows: “Social media has become an integral part of modern life, with billions of users worldwide.” 
• Define Key Terms : Define any key terms or concepts that may be unfamiliar to your readers but are essential for understanding your argument. 
• Provide Relevant Statistics:  Use statistics or facts to highlight the significance of the issue you’re discussing. For instance, “According to a report by Statista, the number of social media users is expected to reach 4.41 billion by 2025.” 
• Discuss the Evolution:  Mention previous research or studies that have been conducted on the topic, especially those that are relevant to your argument. Mention key milestones or developments that have shaped its current impact. You can also outline some of the major effects of social media. For example, you can briefly describe how social media has evolved, including positives such as increased connectivity and issues like cyberbullying and privacy concerns. 
• Transition to Your Thesis:  Use the background information to lead into your thesis statement, which should clearly state the main argument or purpose of your essay. For example, “Given its pervasive influence, it is crucial to examine the impact of social media on mental health.” 

A thesis statement is a concise summary of the main point or claim of an essay, research paper, or other type of academic writing. It appears near the end of the introduction. Here’s how to write a thesis statement: 

• Identify the topic:  Start by identifying the topic of your essay. For example, if your essay is about the importance of exercise for overall health, your topic is “exercise.” 
• State your position:  Next, state your position or claim about the topic. This is the main argument or point you want to make. For example, if you believe that regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health, your position could be: “Regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.” 
• Support your position:  Provide a brief overview of the reasons or evidence that support your position. These will be the main points of your essay. For example, if you’re writing an essay about the importance of exercise, you could mention the physical health benefits, mental health benefits, and the role of exercise in disease prevention. 
• Make it specific:  Ensure your thesis statement clearly states what you will discuss in your essay. For example, instead of saying, “Exercise is good for you,” you could say, “Regular exercise, including cardiovascular and strength training, can improve overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.” 

Examples of essay introduction 

Here are examples of essay introductions for different types of essays: 

Argumentative Essay Introduction Example:  

Topic: Should the voting age be lowered to 16? 

“The question of whether the voting age should be lowered to 16 has sparked nationwide debate. While some argue that 16-year-olds lack the requisite maturity and knowledge to make informed decisions, others argue that doing so would imbue young people with agency and give them a voice in shaping their future.” 

Expository Essay Introduction Example  

Topic: The benefits of regular exercise 

“In today’s fast-paced world, the importance of regular exercise cannot be overstated. From improving physical health to boosting mental well-being, the benefits of exercise are numerous and far-reaching. This essay will examine the various advantages of regular exercise and provide tips on incorporating it into your daily routine.” 

Text: “To Kill a Mockingbird” by Harper Lee 

“Harper Lee’s novel, ‘To Kill a Mockingbird,’ is a timeless classic that explores themes of racism, injustice, and morality in the American South. Through the eyes of young Scout Finch, the reader is taken on a journey that challenges societal norms and forces characters to confront their prejudices. This essay will analyze the novel’s use of symbolism, character development, and narrative structure to uncover its deeper meaning and relevance to contemporary society.” 

• Engaging and Relevant First Sentence : The opening sentence captures the reader’s attention and relates directly to the topic. 
• Background Information : Enough background information is introduced to provide context for the thesis statement. 
• Definition of Important Terms : Key terms or concepts that might be unfamiliar to the audience or are central to the argument are defined. 
• Clear Thesis Statement : The thesis statement presents the main point or argument of the essay. 
• Relevance to Main Body : Everything in the introduction directly relates to and sets up the discussion in the main body of the essay. 

Writing a strong introduction is crucial for setting the tone and context of your essay. Here are the key takeaways for how to write essay introduction: 3  

• Hook the Reader : Start with an engaging hook to grab the reader’s attention. This could be a compelling question, a surprising fact, a relevant quote, or an anecdote. 
• Provide Background : Give a brief overview of the topic, setting the context and stage for the discussion. 
• Thesis Statement : State your thesis, which is the main argument or point of your essay. It should be concise, clear, and specific. 
• Preview the Structure : Outline the main points or arguments to help the reader understand the organization of your essay. 
• Keep it Concise : Avoid including unnecessary details or information not directly related to your thesis. 
• Revise and Edit : Revise your introduction to ensure clarity, coherence, and relevance. Check for grammar and spelling errors. 
• Seek Feedback : Get feedback from peers or instructors to improve your introduction further. 

The purpose of an essay introduction is to give an overview of the topic, context, and main ideas of the essay. It is meant to engage the reader, establish the tone for the rest of the essay, and introduce the thesis statement or central argument.  

An essay introduction typically ranges from 5-10% of the total word count. For example, in a 1,000-word essay, the introduction would be roughly 50-100 words. However, the length can vary depending on the complexity of the topic and the overall length of the essay.

An essay introduction is critical in engaging the reader and providing contextual information about the topic. To ensure its effectiveness, consider incorporating these key elements: a compelling hook, background information, a clear thesis statement, an outline of the essay’s scope, a smooth transition to the body, and optional signposting sentences.  

The process of writing an essay introduction is not necessarily straightforward, but there are several strategies that can be employed to achieve this end. When experiencing difficulty initiating the process, consider the following techniques: begin with an anecdote, a quotation, an image, a question, or a startling fact to pique the reader’s interest. It may also be helpful to consider the five W’s of journalism: who, what, when, where, why, and how.   For instance, an anecdotal opening could be structured as follows: “As I ascended the stage, momentarily blinded by the intense lights, I could sense the weight of a hundred eyes upon me, anticipating my next move. The topic of discussion was climate change, a subject I was passionate about, and it was my first public speaking event. Little did I know , that pivotal moment would not only alter my perspective but also chart my life’s course.” 

Crafting a compelling thesis statement for your introduction paragraph is crucial to grab your reader’s attention. To achieve this, avoid using overused phrases such as “In this paper, I will write about” or “I will focus on” as they lack originality. Instead, strive to engage your reader by substantiating your stance or proposition with a “so what” clause. While writing your thesis statement, aim to be precise, succinct, and clear in conveying your main argument.  

To create an effective essay introduction, ensure it is clear, engaging, relevant, and contains a concise thesis statement. It should transition smoothly into the essay and be long enough to cover necessary points but not become overwhelming. Seek feedback from peers or instructors to assess its effectiveness. 

References  

• Cui, L. (2022). Unit 6 Essay Introduction.  Building Academic Writing Skills . 
• West, H., Malcolm, G., Keywood, S., & Hill, J. (2019). Writing a successful essay.  Journal of Geography in Higher Education ,  43 (4), 609-617. 
• Beavers, M. E., Thoune, D. L., & McBeth, M. (2023). Bibliographic Essay: Reading, Researching, Teaching, and Writing with Hooks: A Queer Literacy Sponsorship. College English, 85(3), 230-242. 

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Abstract Vs. Introduction — Do you know the difference?

Ross wants to publish his research. Feeling positive about his research outcomes, he begins to draft his manuscript. After completing the abstract, he proceeds to write the introduction. That’s when he pauses in confusion. Do the abstract and introduction mean the same? How is the content for both the sections different?

This is a dilemma faced by several young researchers while drafting their first manuscript. An  abstract  is similar to a summary except that it is more concise and direct. Whereas, the  introduction  section of your paper is more detailed. It states why you conducted your study, what you wanted to accomplish, and what is your hypothesis.

This blog will allow us to learn more about the difference between the abstract and the introduction.

What Is an Abstract for a Research Paper?

An abstract provides the reader with a clear description of your research study and its results without the reader having to read the entire paper. The details of a study, such as precise methods and measurements, are not necessarily mentioned in the abstract. The abstract is an important tool for researchers who must sift through hundreds of papers from their field of study.

The abstract  holds more significance  in articles without open access. Reading the abstract would give an idea of the articles, which would otherwise require monetary payment for access. In most cases, reviewers will read the abstract to decide whether to continue to review the paper, which is important for you.

Your abstract should begin with a background or objective to clearly state why the research was done, its importance to the field of study, and any previous roadblocks encountered. It should include a very concise version of your methods, results, and conclusions but no references. It must be brief while still providing enough information so that the reader need not read the full article. Most journals ask that the abstract be no more than 200–250 words long.

Format of an Abstract

There are two general   formats — structured and unstructured. A  structured abstract   helps the reader find pertinent information  very quickly. It is divided into sections clearly defined by headings as follows:

• Background : Latest information on the topic; key phrases that pique interest (e.g., “…the role of this enzyme has never been clearly understood”).
• Objective : The research goals; what the study examined and why.
• Methods : Brief description of the study (e.g., retrospective study).
• Results : Findings and observations.
• Conclusions : Were these results expected? Whether more research is needed or not?

Authors get tempted to write too much  in an abstract but it is helpful to remember that there is usually a maximum word count. The main point is to relay the important aspects of the study without sharing too many details so that the readers do not have to go through the entire manuscript text for finding more information.

The  unstructured abstract  is often used in fields of study that do not fall under the category of science. This type of abstracts does not have different sections. It summarizes the manuscript’s objectives, methods, etc., in one paragraph.

Related: Create an impressive manuscript with a compelling abstract.   Check out these resources and improve your abstract writing process!

Lastly, you must check the author guidelines of the target journal. It will describe the format required and the maximum word count of your abstract.

What Is an Introduction?

Your introduction is the first section of your research paper . It is not a repetition of the abstract. It does not provide data about methods, results, or conclusions. However, it  provides more in-depth information  on the background of the subject matter. It also explains your hypothesis , what you attempted to discover, or issues that you wanted to resolve. The introduction will also explain if and why your study is new in the subject field and why it is important.

It is often a good idea to wait until the rest of the paper is completed before drafting your introduction. This will help you to stay focused on the manuscript’s important points. The introduction, unlike the abstract, should contain citations to references. The information will help guide your readers through the rest of your document. The key tips for writing an effective introduction :

• Beginning:  The importance of the study.
• Tone/Tense:  Formal, impersonal; present tense.
• Content:  Brief description of manuscript but without results and conclusions.
• Length:  Generally up to four paragraphs. May vary slightly with journal guidelines.

Once you are sure that possible doubts on the difference between the abstract and introduction are clear, review and submit your manuscript.

What struggles have you had in writing an abstract or introduction? Were you able to resolve them? Please share your thoughts with us in the comments section below.

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Greeting from Enago Academy! Thank you for your positive comment. We are glad to know that you found our resources useful. Your feedback is very valuable to us. Happy reading!

Really helpful as I prepare to write the introduction to my dissertation. Thank you Enago Academy

This gave me more detail finding the pieces of a research article being used for a critique paper in nursing school! thank you!

The guidelines have really assisted me with my assignment on writing argument essay on social media. The difference between the abstract and introduction is quite clear now for me to start my essay…thank you so much…

Quite helpful! I’m writing a paper on eyewitness testimony for one of my undergraduate courses at the University of Northern Colorado, and found this to be extremely helpful in clarifications

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I am grateful for the assistance rendered me. I was mystified over the difference between an abstract and introduction during thesis writing. Now I have understood the concept theoretically, I will put that in practice. So thanks a lots it is great help to me.

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