biomass briquettes research paper philippines

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Waste to Energy: A look into community-based charcoal briquetting in the Philippines

The Philippine government issued Executive Order No. 23, s 2011 declaring a moratorium on the cutting and harvesting of timber in the natural and residual forests, and creating anti-illegal logging task force. This prevents communities engaged in traditional charcoal making from continuing their enterprise. And yet, traditional charcoal is still being sold in the market and is widely utilized by households. This study looks into charcoal briquetting in the country and aims to identify factors that affect the production and marketability of the briquettes. In particular, the challenges experienced by two communities that have received training and financial support from the government and from a non-profit organization to establish a charcoal briquetting facility were investigated. Focused group discussions and key informant interviews were conducted to gather information on the implementation and benefits of charcoal briquetting in community. The study found that the factors leading to the success of charcoal briquetting at the community level include a strong cooperative that oversees the operation of the facility and additional income to community members involved in the production of charcoal briquettes. However, consumers still need to be educated on the benefits of using charcoal briquettes. Despite the availability of the financial and technical supports, and the existence of an established cooperative to run the operations of the facility, the absence of external support in finding a suitable market for these briquettes limits the production and marketing capability of the community.

Related Papers

Energy for Sustainable Development

Tuyeni Mwampamba

ABSTRACT Charcoal briquettes are solid fuel made from carbonized biomass, or densified biomass that is subsequently carbonized. In spite of clear advantages of charcoal briquettes that include price, burn time, environmental sustainability and potential for product standardization, their uptake as a substitute for wood charcoal in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains very limited. By analyzing the experiences of pioneer charcoal briquette producers in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, and Tanzania, we identify factors limiting the growth of the industry in the region and make recommendations for how to address these challenges. Our analysis shows that widespread adoption of charcoal briquettes is unlikely to have a significant effect on demand for wood charcoal within SSA, as has been the case in many Asian countries. To date, the availability of charcoal briquettes has displaced only small volumes of charcoal demand and has increased the energy options for limited consumer groups within niche markets. Limiting factors for the industry include prevailing low prices of wood charcoal, punitive legal and fiscal requirements for briquette producers, and supply-driven (versus market-led) approaches to industry development. Policy, technical and marketing interventions are proposed to address these barriers and stimulate more widespread production and use of charcoal briquettes in the region. Our recommendations include marketing studies to better understand consumer preferences in fuel and stove attributes, better enforcement of existing forestry and charcoal regulations, reduced regulatory hurdles for registering new briquette businesses, targeted tax exemptions, and expansion of consumption to new industrial and other consumers.

Aries Roda Romallosa, ABE, PhD

The study relates to a compact briquetting machine developed in the Philippines that can compress and produce cylindrical briquettes having a hole at the center using biomass and urban wastes with the aid of a hydraulic jack and is semi-automatically returned to start position using a pulling device. The machine can compact 16 cylindrical briquettes in one pressing or about 200 to 240 pcs/hr. The quality of the three types of briquettes produced using waste paper, sawdust and carbonized rice husk, slightly varied. Parameters analyzed like bulk density, heating value, moisture, N and S closely met or has met the requirements of DIN 51731.

Resources - MDPI

A technical and socioeconomic feasibility study of biomass briquette production was performed in Iloilo City, Philippines, by integrating a registered group of the informal sector. The study has shown that the simulated production of biomass briquettes obtained from the municipal waste stream could lead to a feasible on-site fuel production line after determining its usability, quality and applicability to the would-be users. The technology utilized for briquetting is not complicated when operated due to its simple, yet sturdy design with suggestive results in terms of production rate, bulk density and heating value of the briquettes produced. Quality briquettes were created from mixtures of waste paper, sawdust and carbonized rice husk, making these material flows a renewable source of cost-effective fuels. An informal sector that would venture into briquette production can be considered profitable for small business enterprising, as demonstrated in the study. The informal sector from other parts of the world, having similar conditionality with that of the Uswag Calajunan Livelihood Association, Inc. (UCLA), could play a significant role in the recovery of these reusable waste materials from the waste stream and can add value to them as alternative fuels and raw materials (AFR) for household energy supply using appropriate technologies.

Paul Johannes

Ramesh Singh

Nepal still relies heavily on traditional sources of energy for cooking, heating and livestock feeding. In search for alternatives to fuel wood and utilization of waste biomass, briquetting was introduced in 1982 by the private sector to produce charred rice briquettes and rice husk briquette in 1987. A close analysis of the situation during the 1980ies reveals that the entire briquetting efforts came from the private sector, without any government support in terms of policies, incentives and motivation. Also there was no technical backstopping and very little R&D to support briquetting. So because of various techno-economical problems, most of the briquetting industries closed down. The situation in the country after 2010, nearly thirty years later, is entirely different. With the increase in awareness, about briquettes as renewable source of energy; climate change and global warming issues from fossil fuel use and concept of utilizing waste for energy; with the change in kerosene and briquettes fuel prices; briquettes are slowly emerging as a viable alternative source of energy for cooking, heating and many briquetting industries are again being established in the private sector. The Nepali experience on briquetting shows that, almost all of the Biobriquetting technologies have been introduced in the country. R&D institutions have emerged and research and development activities supporting biomass briquetting are constantly increasing. The assessment of agro-forest waste shows that there is a huge raw material base that can be utilized for briquetting. The technological capability in fabrication, reproduction, repair and maintenance has been well developed. Many funding, promotional and R&D organizations are now actively involved in briquetting. The Government through the AEPC is formulating policies, plans and programs, including incentives for the promotion of Biobriquetting. With the introduction proper policies and incentives biomass briquetting has big potentials and scope for the promotion of biobriquettes in near future. INTRODUCTION Nepal still relies heavily on traditional sources of energy to meet its energy demand. In spite of Nepal's huge potential of hydro energy resources, its per capita energy consumption of 15 GJ is one of the lowest in the world. Nepal relies mainly on traditional sources of fuel for cooking, heating and livestock feeding. According to Water and Energy Commission Secretariat (WECS) the traditional fuel accounts for more than 87 percent of the overall energy consumption i.e. fuel wood supplies nearly 78 percent; agricultural residues and animal wastes supply over 9 percent and the imported petroleum products, coal, hydroelectricity and renewable and other forms of energy meet over 12 percent of the total energy demand of the country [1].

Josefina Dizon

Engineering Research Publication

Engineering Research Publication and IJEAS

Guhirwa Sandrine , BENIHIRWE ANGE

During the last two decades, Rwanda has experienced an energy crisis mostly due to lack of investment in the energy sector. Energy from biomass have many roles as it can be used for lighting and cooking, and also its use improves health and economy of the country. Despite various sources of energy available in Rwanda, these sources are not sufficient and effectively exploited due to lack of knowledge about the source, location, quantity of energy and its safe use to preserve and protect the natural environment. Those problems are mainly caused by the lack of documents that show the status of biomass in Rwanda. This study aim at evaluating the status of biomass energy in Rwanda. To achieve the desired objectives, appropriate data which were used in this research were gathered through qualitative method where secondary data were searched from different institutions, intensive research on internet, books, articles and reports on biomass energy. As results, Biomass energy provides 86% of the total energy in the country, wood for charcoal accounts for 23%, wood 57%, agriculture and peat provide 5% and others 15%. Biomass resource available are wood, cow dung and agricultural wastes. 43% of the population has access to electricity; the electricity consumption was found to be 30 kwh/year/inhabitant. The population who use wood energy for lighting was found to be 17% of all households and 99. 5% of households use wood fuels as their main source of cooking energy. In order to improve biomass energy sector, the government should be more conscientious for overcoming technical and commercial barriers, monitoring and fast implementation of projects, providing funds, reducing cost, raising mass awareness and research activities.

Prof. Mercy M . M . Manyuchi (Pr. Eng; CEng, FZweIE)

Tea wastes are generated on a daily basis in tea estates and these pose an environmental threat due to greenhouse gases emissions yet these presents an opportunity of generation of biomass briquettes. In this study, tea wastes were converted to bio char at 300°C and ground to a particle size of less than 8mm. The bio char was compacted to form briquettes with a calorific value of 22-24 MJ/kg and moisture content of less than 10%. The tea waste briquettes can be integrated back into the tea manufacturing system as a co firing agent with coal or as an independent energy generator.

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Feasibility of Biomass Briquette Production from Municipal Waste Streams by Integrating the Informal Sector in the Philippines

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(College of Agriculture, Resources and Environmental Sciences, Central Philippine University, Jaro, Iloilo City 5000, Philippines Biotechnology in Resources Management, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Coudraystr. 7, Weimar 99423, Germany)

(Biotechnology in Resources Management, Bauhaus-Universität Weimar, Coudraystr. 7, Weimar 99423, Germany)

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A comprehensive review on the technical aspects of biomass briquetting

• Review Article
• Published: 13 June 2023

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• S. U. Yunusa   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-5328 1 , 2 ,
• E. Mensah 3 ,
• K. Preko 4 ,
• S. Narra 5 , 6 ,
• A. Saleh 2 &
• Safietou Sanfo 7 , 8  

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Biomass briquetting is gradually emerging as a means of sustainable energy production. The interest in briquetting has been occasioned by the continuous rise in the cost of energy coupled with the need to harness efficient and affordable alternatives. Briquettes are produced through various means, ranging from a simple low-pressured technique to a high-pressured technique. This, including the large-scale availability of biomass materials in many regions of the world, has made the process practicable and affordable. The technology has gained acceptance across the scientific community as it is a means of attaining a circular and green economy especially as it helps to curtail deforestation. Briquetting has advanced and now incorporates the blending of biomass with animal and municipal wastes such as dung, microalgae, plastics, sludge, and food waste. This paper reviewed recent literature spanning over a decade on the technical aspects of biomass briquetting to establish the current state of research. It contains a brief on renewable energy with a focus on biomass energy, as well as the impact of solid fuels on households and the environment. It reviewed briquettes and briquetting technology by highlighting key processes and quality parameters. The paper also reports the economic aspects of various briquetting technology to assess their viability and also reports the combustion process to evaluate the extent of toxic gas emissions and their impact on coal-based power plants. To this end, an overview of recent studies was made followed by a highlight of recent advancements in briquetting technology.

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Arshad Ali, Meena Kumari, … Ravinder Kumar Sahdev

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Application of waste biomass for the production of biofuels and catalysts: a review

Ricardo A. Quevedo-Amador, Blanca Paloma Escalera-Velasco, … A. Bonilla-Petriciolet

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) for funding the study through the West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land use (WASCAL), under the Graduate Research Programme on Climate Change & Land Use (CCLU), College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

This study was funded by the West African Science Service Centre on Climate Change and Adapted Land use (WASCAL).

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WASCAL Graduate Research Programme on Climate Change and Land Use, Department of Civil Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

S. U. Yunusa

Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering Ahmadu, Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

S. U. Yunusa & A. Saleh

Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

Department of Physics, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana

German Biomass Research Center (DBFZ), Leipzig, Germany

Department of Waste and Resource Management, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, 18059, Rostock, Germany

West African Science Service Centre On Climate Change and Adapted Land Use (WASCAL), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Safietou Sanfo

Laboratoire de Développement Agricole Et Transformation de L’Agriculture (DATA), CEDRESS Université Thomas Sankara, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Suleiman Usman Yunusa: conceptualization, literature search, writing; Ebenezer Mensah, Kwasi Preko: supervision, visualization, writing—editing; Satyanarayana Narra, Aminu Saleh, Safietou Sanfo: writing—original draft preparation, editing, methodology. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Yunusa, S.U., Mensah, E., Preko, K. et al. A comprehensive review on the technical aspects of biomass briquetting. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04387-3

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Received : 11 February 2023

Revised : 10 May 2023

Accepted : 22 May 2023

Published : 13 June 2023

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04387-3

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Feasibility of Biomass Briquette Production from Municipal Waste Streams by Integrating the Informal Sector in the Philippines

937  citations

View 5 citation excerpts

Cites background from "Feasibility of Biomass Briquette Pr..."

...   Polychlorinated  dibenzo‐p‐dioxins  (PCDDs),  polychlorinated  dibenzofurans  (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in soils around dumping sites in The  Philippines, India, Cambodia, and Vietnam [73]. ...

... Finally, in Iloilo City (The Philippines), where some 170 tons of waste (about 50% of the total generated) are disposed of in an open dumpsite, approximately 300 households recover recyclable materials for selling them in local markets. ...

... Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in soils around dumping sites in The Philippines, India, Cambodia, and Vietnam [73]. ...

...   Finally,  in  Iloilo City  (The  Philippines), where  some  170  tons  of waste  (about  50%  of  the  total  generated) are disposed of in an open dumpsite, approximately 300 households recover recyclable  materials  for  selling  them  in  local  markets. ...

... Results of the study show that the integration of the informal sector in the production of biomass briquettes can be a good option for implementing integrated plans for including informal recyclers, especially in areas where their activity is forbidden, as in The Philippines [133]. ...

201  citations

73  citations

View 1 citation excerpt

... Recently, Romallosa and Kraft [13] revealed that the simulated fabrication of biomass briquettes derived from the municipal waste stream could result in feasible on-site fuel production. ...

36  citations

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Cites background or methods from "Feasibility of Biomass Briquette Pr..."

... Papers are cellulosic in nature and have a binding ability due to the proteinaceous materials content, with an excellent adhesive property [44]. ...

... A calorific value of 11.66 MJ/kg is sufficient to sustain combustion as observed in Romallosa and Kraft, [44]. ...

...  A calorific value of 11.66  MJ/kg is sufficient to sustain combustion as observed in Romallosa and Kraft, [44]. ...

... 66 MJ/kg is sufficient to sustain combustion as observed in Romallosa and Kraft, [44]. ...

35  citations

1,792  citations

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"Feasibility of Biomass Briquette Pr..." refers background in this paper

... The higher ash yield for Briquette 3 is due to the presence of agricultural biomass like CRH, which contains higher ash yields and, thus, much more ash-forming elements than most of the forestry biomass, like paper and sawdust [28,38]. ...

... The identification and characterization of the chemical and phase composition of a given solid fuel comprised the initial and most important step during the investigation and application of such fuel [28]. ...

1,149  citations

826  citations

View 3 reference excerpts

... They move up the hierarchy making them involved in enterprising rather than just waste picking or reclaiming [17]. ...

... Organizing and training informal recyclers into micro and small enterprises is a very effective way to upgrade their ability to add value to collected materials [17]. ...

... The integration of UCLA waste workers in the briquette production test showed that organizing and training informal recyclers into micro and small enterprises is a very effective way to upgrade their ability to add value to collected materials [17]. ...

495  citations

331  citations

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The primary environmental impacts of biomass briquette production from municipal waste in the Philippines include waste reduction, renewable fuel creation, and potential greenhouse gas emission mitigation.

Charcoal briquettes in the Philippines offer a renewable source of cost-effective fuels and can be profitable for small business enterprising.

The study has shown that the simulated production of biomass briquettes obtained from the municipal waste stream could lead to a feasible on-site fuel production line after determining its usability, quality and applicability to the would-be users.

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