dissertation question ouverte

La Classe du Littéraire

Explications de textes, biographies d'auteurs, méthodologie, grammaire … Tout pour le Bac de Français et les études littéraires.

La Méthode de la Dissertation pour le Bac de Français

En suivant la bonne méthode, il est tout à fait possible d’ avoir une excellente note à l’épreuve de la dissertation du Bac de Français .

Ceci étant dit, c’est une épreuve complexe, dense, et qui implique de nombreuses compétences. Il est donc nécessaire de la préparer sérieusement tout au long de l’année.

Mais pourquoi travailler toute l’année une épreuve quand on sait qu’on aura le choix entre deux sujets à la fin ?

Pour rappel, l’épreuve écrite du Bac de Français laisse le choix aux candidats entre le commentaire littéraire ou la dissertation sur une oeuvre .

La majorité des élèves choisit le commentaire. Pourtant, une dissertation bien menée permet à certains candidats de tirer leur épingle du jeu et d’avoir une note excellente en se démarquant des autres.

De plus, il est possible de tomber sur un texte très difficile au commentaire … dans ce cas, heureux celui qui sera capable de traiter le sujet de dissertation.

Dans cet article, vous apprendrez les étapes pour rédiger une bonne dissertation littéraire .

À travers cette méthodologie de la dissertation en français , vous découvrirez les bases comme les différents types de sujets , les éléments de l’introduction ou encore la présentation du développement .

Je vous partagerai également des astuces pour éviter d’être en panne d’idées , pour toujours trouver des arguments et, in fine , être capable de rendre une bonne copie à coup sûr !

Méthode Bac Français : Les objectifs de la dissertation

Avant d’entrer dans le détail de cette méthodologie, commençons par comprendre le but de l’épreuve.

Il s’agit de l’une des deux modalités proposées par le ministère pour évaluer les acquis des élèves à l’issue du tronc commun de français.

En d’autres termes, la dissertation littéraire doit permettre au correcteur d’apprécier les compétences développées par le candidat depuis qu’il étudie la littérature française (la grammaire étant évaluée à l’oral).

Mais quelles sont donc ces compétences que tout élève est censé avoir acquis à l’issue de sa scolarité ?

Eh bien tout d’abord, la culture littéraire . En effet, le correcteur s’intéressera aux références mobilisées par le candidat. Après des années à étudier des textes littéraires, il convient au Bac d’être capable de les faire dialoguer.

Ensuite, la dissertation évalue l’élève en tant que lecteur . Dans quelle mesure le candidat s’est-il approprié l’oeuvre au programme ? Est-il capable de faire référence à des passages précis ? Connait-il bien les personnages, les enjeux, le contexte littéraire, l’auteur ?

Enfin, de manière générale, cette épreuve évalue la capacité du candidat a développer une réflexion construite et argumentée . Pour cela, il doit puiser dans différentes compétences comme l’orthographe , la culture et l’esprit de synthèse .

Comprendre et prendre en compte ces objectifs est fondamental pour réussir une bonne dissertation en français.

Donner au correcteur ce qu’il attend, c’est s’assurer une bonne note.

C’est pourquoi il est primordial de comprendre ce qui est attendu d’un exercice avant de chercher à travailler sa méthodologie.

Méthode Bac Français : Les textes officiels sur la dissertation

Plongeons maintenant dans les textes officiels qui nous apprennent en détails ce qui est attendu des élèves lors de la dissertation au bac de français.

Qu’est-ce qu’une dissertation de français ?

La dissertation en français est un exercice argumentatif amenant le candidat à répondre à une question ou à discuter un point de vue en mobilisant sa culture littéraire. La dissertation littéraire peut porter sur une oeuvre ou sur une question littéraire générale.

Dans le cadre des nouveaux programme du Bac, la dissertation en français porte sur l’une des oeuvres au programme et sur le parcours associé.

Comment se passe la dissertation au bac de français ?

La dissertation en français fait l’objet d’une épreuve de 4h se déroulant vers la mi-juin. Les élèves la passent en fin de 1ère. Lors de l’épreuve, ils ont le choix entre plusieurs sujets : un commentaire littéraire ou une dissertation sur l’oeuvre du programme qu’ils ont étudiée.

Comment rédiger une bonne dissertation littéraire ?

Pour rédiger une bonne dissertation littéraire lors du bac de français, il faut développer un raisonnement construit, argumenté, étayé par des références littéraires concrètes liées à l’oeuvre et au parcours étudiés en classe. Le sujet doit être analysé, problématisé et discuté.

Voyons donc d’un peu plus près ce que disent exactement les textes.

La dissertation consiste à conduire une réflexion personnelle organisée sur une question littéraire portant sur l’une des œuvres et sur le parcours associé figurant dans le programme d’œuvres. Le candidat choisit l’un des trois sujets de dissertation, chacun étant en rapport avec l’une des œuvres du programme et son parcours associé. Pour développer son argumentation, le candidat s’appuie sur sa connaissance de l’œuvre et des textes étudiés dans le cadre de l’objet d’étude concerné, ainsi que sur ses lectures et sa culture personnelles. Cette production écrite est notée sur 20. Extrait de la note de service n° 2019-042 du 18 avril 2019

On lit ici clairement une attente forte en termes de culture et de restitution. Le candidat doit mobiliser le fruit de son travail de l’année, mais également des connaissances personnelles.

Des références à des lectures variées ainsi que d’autres types d’oeuvres d’art sont attendues.

Voici les 4 objectifs principaux tels qu’ils sont synthétisés sur éduscol :

• La compréhension du sens et des enjeux du sujet proposé ;
• Un développement pertinent et cohérent, organisé en plusieurs parties, proposant un traitement progressif et argumenté du sujet ;
• Une connaissance suffisamment précise de l’œuvre et de ses contextes pour permettre de justifier et d’exemplifier le propos ;
• Une expression correcte et juste, au service de la réflexion sur la question posée.

On voit que la méthodologie attendue est assez libre. Le développement doit cependant rester “organisé en plusieurs parties” et “cohérent”.

Ainsi, nous travaillerons sur une méthodologie rigoureuse permettant de répondre à chacun des attendus et de guider l’élève dans sa composition.

Pour en savoir plus sur les attendus de correction, vous pouvez consulter le document mis à disposition des professeurs pour le travail de la dissertation .

Méthode Dissertation Français : Le travail préparatoire

Mais assez préambulé ! Il est temps de voir concrètement comment réussir la dissertation du bac de français .

Identifier le type de sujet

Une fois le sujet distribué, vous allez vous retrouver face à une feuille qui ressemblera à ça :

La première chose à faire est de trouver le sujet qui correspond à l’oeuvre que vous avez travaillée.

Pour chaque objet d’étude, il y a 3 oeuvres au choix du professeur. Vous choisirez donc le sujet qui correspond à l’oeuvre étudiée entre les sujets A, B et C.

Une fois le bon sujet trouvé, il s’agit de déterminer s’il porte sur une citation (c’est le cas des sujets A et C) ou sur une question seule.

On regardera également si la question du sujet est ouverte ou fermée. Si on peut répondre par oui / non, la question est fermée, si on ne peut pas, elle est ouverte.

Exemple de question fermée :

Cette première étape d’identification du type de sujet va permettre d’adapter votre plan aux attentes du correcteur.

En effet, dans le cadre d’une question fermée, on adoptera plutôt un plan dialectique alors que pour une question ouverte on choisira un plan thématique.

Voir la section “trouver un plan” ci-dessous pour plus de détails sur les types de plans.

De plus, si le sujet porte sur une citation, il sera nécessaire, si possible, de recontextualiser cette citation, sinon, à minima, de l’analyser en profondeur et de la reformuler.

Exemples de sujets

Pour découvrir davantage d’exemples de sujets, je vous invite à vous rendre sur ce site qui recense toutes les annales de l’épreuve

Analyser le sujet

Une fois le sujet bien lu et bien compris, il va falloir l’analyser. C’est à dire suivre trois étapes importantes :

Éclaircir les références

Le sujet cherche peut-être à activer des connaissances littéraires vues en cours. Il faut trouver lesquelles. Commencez par observer la citation s’il y en a une et demandez-vous si vous l’avez déjà lue.

Si oui, dans quel livre ? Quel passage du livre ? Que voulait dire l’auteur ? À quel contexte historique ou littéraire se référait-il ?

Si vous ne connaissez pas la citation (ce n’est pas grave !), demandez-vous pourquoi elle vous est proposée. Dans l’exemple ci-dessus sur Manon Lescaut, qui est Tiberge ? Quel est son rôle dans le roman ? Qu’a-t-il à voir avec l’idée d’immoralité au centre de la question ?

Définir les mots importants

Un sujet va toujours centrer le questionnement autour d’une idée. Il n’est pas possible de tout dire sur l’oeuvre, et ce n’est pas ce qui est demandé.

Il faut donc identifier les mots qui vous semblent les plus importants, et en noter une définition. Cette étape est importante pour éviter l’écueil du hors-sujet.

Identifier les cas de polysémie

Dans certains sujets, un mot peut avoir plusieurs sens. Identifier cette polysémie permet d’emblée de donner de la consistance à votre réflexion.

Aussi, il ne faut pas chercher à fuir la polysémie, mais au contraire à l’interroger : le mot a plusieurs sens ? Questionnez ce choix sémantique et le lien entre les différents sens et l’oeuvre au programme. Cela vous donnera peut-être des idées d’axes.

Prenons l’exemple du mot “immoralité” dans le sujet sur Manon Lescaut.

Quel est le sens actuel de ce mot ? a-t-il évolué depuis la parution du roman ? les personnages de l’oeuvre se sentent-ils immoraux ? si l’immoralité fait le plaisir de la lecture, l’oeuvre est-elle dessinée à un public de lecteurs sans morale ?

Vous voyez les pistes qui peuvent s’ouvrir à partir d’un seul mot …

Formuler une problématique

Comme dans tout travail argumenté, il est nécessaire de problématiser une dissertation. C’est à dire d’extraire le questionnement contenu dans le sujet.

Cependant, il ne s’agit pas d’une simple reformulation du sujet, mais d’une explicitation du questionnement.

Si le sujet est une citation, il faut reformuler la citation, puis l’exprimer sous la forme d’une question. Il faut envisager dans la problématique l’antithèse, qui n’est pas toujours exprimée dans le sujet.

Par exemple, pour le sujet « l’art doit il rejeter toute forme d’utilité ? » on pourrait imaginer une problématique comme : L’idée d’utilité est-elle obligatoirement en conflit avec l’art ? L’art perd-il son statut dès lors qu’il devient un moyen et non une fin en soi ? etc.

Toujours sur notre sujet sur Manon Lescaut , on pourrait imaginer la problématique suivante :

Dans Manon Lescaut , le personnage de Tiberge incarne la morale et cherche sans cesse à ramener Des Grieux dans le droit chemin en l’éloignant de Manon. C’est ainsi que Musset, dans son poème “Namouna”, en fait un personnage ennuyeux.

Aussi, on peut se demander si ce personnage droit est condamné à la platitude. En d’autres termes, la saveur du personnage de Manon et de la lecture du roman tient-elle à l’immoralité qui y est mise en scène ?

Trouver un plan

Une fois le sujet problématisé, il faut trouver le plan.

Ici, retour à l’analyse du sujet.

En effet, le type de plan choisit dépend du type de sujet proposé.

Il existe 2 types de plan principaux pour la dissertation littéraire.

Le plan dialectique 

Il sert à envisager les deux opinions d’un sujet, puis il les dépasse, ou synthétise, afin d’arriver à une réponse finale construite. 

Il faut essayer de rester fin, la deuxième partie ne doit pas entièrement infirmer la première, il ne s’agit pas de vous contredire, mais de faire avancer le raisonnement.

Enfin, le slogan « thèse, antithèse, synthèse » ne fonctionne pas réellement. Il ne s’agit pas de dire oui, non, un peu oui et un peu non en même temps , mais bien de construire un raisonnement, d’envisager les limites d’une thèse et de les dépasser. 

Il est utilisé pour un sujet qui vous demande d’envisager les deux opinions, ex : le sujet sur Manon Lescaut

• Oui, parce-que …………..
• En revanche il faut garder à l’esprit que ………….
• Finalement, on comprend que l’un n’exclut pas l’autre et que ……………

Le plan thématique

Il permet de décliner différents thèmes pour répondre à un sujet. 

Ce type de plan suppose tout de même une progressivité, on cherche à aller du thème le plus simple et évident au plus complexe.

Il est utilisé dans le cas d’un sujet qui demande d’étayer une thèse et non de la discuter, ex : Le sujet A sur Gargantua

• Parce que …………..

Une fois que l’on a trouvé de quel plan on va avoir besoin, il reste encore à le remplir.

Comment trouver des arguments pour une dissertation ?

Pour trouver des arguments pour une dissertation, on commence par créer un tableau avec les grands axes du plan, puis on cherche les exemples vus en cours et appartenant à notre culture personnelle qui peuvent s’intégrer aux différents axes. Ensuite, on affine et on discute ces exemples.

En d’autres termes, il faut faire feu de tout bois.

C’est à dire noter au brouillon tout ce qu’on se souvient avoir étudié qui peut avoir à voir de près ou de loin à l’oeuvre sur laquelle porte le sujet.

On note ensuite l’ensemble des éléments trouvés sur une feuille, puis on les redistribue aux différents axes du plan.

Normalement, vous travaillez pendant l’année sur un parcours thématique lié à l’oeuvre du programme choisie. Ainsi, tout ce que vous voyez en classe peut être mobilisé pour la dissertation au bac.

Vous verrez qu’une fois vos souvenirs bien creusés, il ne vous reste que peu de trous dans le plan.

C’est à ce moment que vous devez procéder en sens inverse : de quoi ai-je besoin pour remplir cette partie ? Qu’est-ce que je connais qui pourrait répondre à la question ?

Pour trouver des idées, il ne faut pas reculer face aux questions difficiles.

Faites dialoguer les textes, les films, les séries, les tableaux ou les autres oeuvres que vous connaissez. Par exemple, le personnage de Manon Lescaut est immoral, à l’instar du personnage de Georges Duroy dans Bel-Ami de Maupassant.

Leurs différences peuvent être étudiées pour apporter de la profondeur à votre raisonnement.

Un dernier point important : la dissertation vise à vous évaluer, montrez donc tout ce que vous savez, ne vous limitez pas et envisagez tous les aspects de la question qui vous est posée.

Méthode Dissertation Français : La rédaction

Une fois le travail préalable effectué au brouillon, vous avez fait le plus difficile.

Il vous reste à développer vos arguments à l’écrit et à rédiger l’ensemble du devoir en suivant une structure rigoureuse qui reflète votre raisonnement.

Quelle est la structure de la dissertation ?

La structure de la dissertation comprend une introduction en un paragraphe suivie d’au moins 6 paragraphes représentant chacun une sous-partie (3 axes avec 2 sous-parties ou 2 axes avec 3 sous-parties). À la fin vient la conclusion, elle aussi composée d’un seul paragraphe.

Ça vous dit quelque chose ?

C’est normal : c’est la même chose que pour le commentaire littéraire .

Voyons tout cela de plus près :

Chaque paragraphe commence par un alinéa 

• Introduction  :

1 paragraphe (retours à la ligne possibles, mais pas de sauts de ligne)

• Phrase d’accroche
• Citation du sujet
• Analyse des mots clés
• Problématique
• Annonce du plan

Le tout doit être le plus fluide possible, chaque point de l’introduction doit découler du précédent, pour ne pas paraître trop mécanique. 

• Développement  :

Vous rédigez le contenu de votre plan détaillé, attention, il ne faut pas écrire le titre des parties et sous-parties . Seule la construction du devoir et la clarté du découpage en paragraphes des sous-parties permet de reconstituer le plan. 

La fin d’une sous-partie sert de transition à la suivante, en une ou deux phrases pour amener la suite de manière fluide. 

• 1 paragraphe par sous-partie
• 1 ligne entre chaque sous-partie 
• 2 lignes entre chaque grande partie
• Conclusion  :
• Résumé du raisonnement
• Réponse à la problématique
• Éventuellement une ouverture

Pour vous aider à mémoriser, voici un schéma représentant la structure d’une dissertation :

Dernier point important concernant la rédaction d’une dissertation : comme pour le commentaire littéraire, on évite le “je” et on lui préfère la forme impersonnelle : “il” / “on” et éventuellement “nous”.

Méthode : L’introduction de la dissertation en français

L’introduction de votre devoir est la première chose que lira le correcteur.

Certains disent que c’est la partie la plus importante.

Quoi qu’il en soit, il importe d’y apporter un soin particulier, c’est-à-dire de respecter scrupuleusement ses différentes étapes et de soigner votre rédaction et votre style.

• La phrase d’accroche permet situer le sujet dans un contexte plus large (Histoire, chronologie, étymologie, actualité, etc.)
• La citation du sujet permet de faire le pont entre votre accroche générale et la problématique précise à laquelle vous allez répondre
• L’analyse des mots clés du sujet vous permet de lancer la réflexion et de montrer que vous êtes capable d’en proposer une lecture fine
• La problématique va guider tout le reste de votre devoir et montre que le sujet fait sens pour vous et que vous êtes capable de le reformuler
• L’annonce du plan permet à votre correcteur d’avoir une première idée du sens que va prendre votre réflexion

Attention, toutes les étapes de l’introduction doivent s’enchaîner de la manière la plus naturelle possible. Il n’est pas possible d’écrire dans un format prise de notes comme dans l’exemple ci-dessous :

Problématique : l’immoralité de Manon Lescaut fait-elle le plaisir du lecteur ? Plan : I. Oui parce que … II. Non parce que … À ne pas reproduire !

Pour aller plus loin, consultez mon article sur l’introduction de la dissertation en français .

Méthode : Le développement de la dissertation en français

Pour le développement, vous serez évalué sur votre capacité à présenter vos arguments de manière construite et logique.

Chaque idée doit être étayée par un exemple précis, cité, dans la mesure du possible, avec ses sources (auteur, oeuvre, date).

Dans le cadre d’un exemple faisant référence à un passage entier d’une oeuvre, pas besoin de citer mot pour mot le texte, simplement de présenter la situation.

En revanche, quelques citations précises sont attendues.

Quand vous rédigez, gardez bien en tête la structure suivante : Argument – Exemple – Justification

Vous la reproduirez plusieurs fois dans chaque partie, et pouvez par conséquent y apporter des modifications : Argument principal – Exemple 1 – Justification – Exemple 2 – Argument 2 – Justification comparant les 2 exemples .

Une fois encore, tout est question de nuance. Il n’y a qu’en vous exerçant que vous arriverez à développer vos compétences rédactionnelles et logiques !

Méthode : La conclusion de la dissertation en français

Comme dans la plupart des exercices argumentés, la conclusion se compose de 2 étapes nécessaires et d’une étape facultative.

• Le résumé du développement permet de rappeler à la mémoire du correcteur (et à la vôtre après plus de trois heures de travail) les différents arguments mobilisés.
• La réponse à la question permet de faire la synthèse de ces argument pour dégager une réponse claire à la problématique posée en introduction.
• L’ouverture consiste à élargir le raisonnement et le questionnement vers de nouveaux horizons. Vous pouvez vous en servir pour mentionner une autre oeuvre à laquelle le sujet vous fait penser, un sujet d’actualité ou une question proche qui vous semble pertinente.

Ne pas oublier la relecture !

La relecture est primordiale dans tout travail rédigé long.

Gardez au moins 20 minutes en fin d’épreuve pour relire attentivement votre copie.

Procédez en plusieurs relectures : visez d’abord les fautes d’accord, puis les fautes de conjugaison, et enfin les fautes d’orthographe, par exemple.

Vous pouvez aussi accorder une relecture à la syntaxe et à la qualité de l’expression. Vérifiez que vos phrases ne sont pas trop longues, qu’elles sont bien claires et qu’elles n’ont pas de double-sens fortuit.

Enfin, profitez-en pour vous assurer que vous avez bien souligné les titres d’oeuvres et mis les citations entre guillemets.

Quelle que soit la méthode choisie, l’important est de vous relire. Après 3h30 de rédaction, vous pouvez être sûr qu’il reste d’énormes erreurs dans votre travail, même si vous avez une orthographe irréprochable. Alors prenez votre courage à deux mains et traquez ces dernières fautes !

Fiche Méthode Dissertation Français en PDF

J’ai cherché à présenter dans cet article une méthode générale pour la dissertation en français .

Aussi, l’article peut-il sembler long et touffu aux élèves qui débutent dans l’exercice.

C’est pourquoi je vais m’attacher à résumer les étapes importantes ci-dessous, puis les proposer dans une fiche méthode PDF en bas de page.

Résumé de la Méthode de la Dissertation en Français

Voici la méthode de la dissertation pour le bac de français en 9 étapes simples :

• Lire le sujet et entourer les mots importants
• Déterminer si le sujet appelle un plan dialectique (question fermée) ou thématique (question ouverte)
• Reformuler le sujet sous la forme d’une question qui sera la problématique du devoir
• Trouver un plan et l’alimenter avec des idées et exemples issus de vos cours et de votre culture personnelle
• Rédiger l’introduction au brouillon de manière fluide et naturelle (accroche, sujet, définitions, problématique et plan)
• Rédiger au propre le développement (minimum 6 paragraphes au total)
• Rédiger la conclusion (résumé, réponse à la problématique, ouverture)
• Vérifier la structure du devoir (sauts de lignes, alinéas)
• Relire l’ensemble du devoir (orthographe et syntaxe)

Besoin d’une aide personnalisée ?

Je propose également des cours particuliers pour tous niveaux :

• Préparation d’examens
• Stages méthodologiques
• Révisions culture littéraire
• Grammaire et orthographe
• Et bien d’autres possibilités

Le tout en 100% distanciel (par WebCam) à partir de 50 euros / heure .

N’hésitez pas à me contacter ( [email protected] ) pour davantage de renseignements, et pour réserver votre premier cours !

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Apprendre la philosophie

Découvrir la philosophie pas à pas

Comment traiter les sujets ouverts ? (méthode de la dissertation)

Bienvenue sur Apprendre la philosophie ! Si vous êtes nouveau ici, vous voudrez sans doute lire mon livre qui vous explique comment réussir votre épreuve de philosophie au bac : cliquez ici pour télécharger le livre gratuitement ! 🙂

Bienvenue sur Apprendre la philosophie ! Comme ça n'est pas la première fois que vous venez ici, vous voudrez sans doute lire mon livre qui vous explique comment réussir votre épreuve de philosophie au bac : cliquez ici pour télécharger le livre gratuitement ! 🙂

Dans cet article, je vais vous expliquer comment problématiser et traiter les sujets ouverts. Mais d’abord : qu’est-ce qu’un sujet ouvert ? Un sujet ouvert c’est tout simplement un sujet auquel vous ne pouvez pas répondre par oui ou par non. Typiquement tous les sujets en « Pourquoi » et les sujets en « Qu’est-ce que » sont des sujets ouverts, vous ne pouvez pas y répondre par oui ou pas non.

Alors comment faire ? Je vais d’abord prendre les sujets en « Pourquoi » qui ont une petite particularité, puis nous verrons les sujets en « Qu’est-ce que ». Je prends un exemple avec le sujet : « Pourquoi travaillons-nous ? ».

Les deux sens des sujets en « Pourquoi »

Première chose : « Pourquoi » peut avoir deux sens possibles qu’il faut envisager car cela vous donne des idées de réponses. Cela peut signifier d’abord : « pour quelle cause, pour quelle raison ? ». Cela donnerait donc pour quelle raison travaillons nous ?

Mais le pourquoi peut également signifier : « dans quel but ». C’est alors comme si vous disiez Pour quoi, dans quel objectif ? Et là aussi cela peut avoir un sens intéressant : Dans quel but travaillons nous ?

Cette nuance va vous donner des idées. Il va être facile de répondre à la première question que ce qui nous pousse à travailler c’est la nécessité de vivre et de gagner de quoi satisfaire nos besoins. Et à la deuxième question, vous allez pouvoir répondre que néanmoins le but que nous visons quand nous travaillons peut aussi être une forme d’épanouissement personnel ou le sentiment d’être utile à la société.

Formuler la problématique des sujets ouverts

La difficulté avec les sujets ouverts c’est que les deux premiers moments de la problématique ne vous apparaissent pas facilement, il n’y a pas un oui et un non qui s’opposent pour faire un problème. Mais il faut trouver une opposition quand même ! C’est donc à vous de trouver deux réponses possibles au sujet qui vont s’opposer .

Ici, vous pourriez défendre que nous travaillons par nécessité et seulement par nécessité car le travail est quelque chose de pénible dont nous nous passerions bien. Mais vous pouvez également défendre que nous travaillons pour nous améliorer parce que travailler c’est aussi faire des efforts pour développer des compétences, des savoir-faire et que cela peut nous rendre meilleurs et plus heureux. Vous voyez qu’en faisant cela, vous pouvez formuler une problématique disant :

A première vue , nous travaillons par nécessité et seulement par nécessité car le travail est une activité plutôt pénible grâce à laquelle nous satisfaisons nos besoins mais dont nous nous passerions bien. Mais , ne travaillons nous pas aussi et surtout parce que cela nous rend plus heureux ? En effet, le travail nous pousse à faire des efforts pour améliorer nos compétences, ainsi nous devenons meilleurs dans ce que nous faisons et cette progression nous procure de la satisfaction.

Vous voyez qu’ici j’ai donné deux réponses qui s’opposent à la question : « pourquoi travaillons-nous ? ». J’ai donc formulé une problématique. Pour le plan le même principe s’applique, il faut que vous fassiez un plan dialectique, donc faire des parties qui s’opposent.

Les sujets ouverts en « Qu’est-ce que ».

Quand vous avez un sujet en « qu’est-ce que », le même principe s’applique, il n’y a pas d’ambiguïté sur le sens de qu’est-ce que, on va vous demander d’élaborer une définition et ce sera évidemment sur une notion qui pose un problème, où il va y avoir un débat sur la définition.

Par exemple, vous pouvez avoir « Qu’est-ce qu’une vie heureuse ? »

Sur ce sujet, vous pouvez évidemment trouver des réponses et des conceptions de la vie heureuse qui vont s’opposer radicalement à commencer par la conception de la vie heureuse d’un hédonisme comme Calliclès qui défend que pour être heureux il faut multiplier plaisirs et désirs. Vous pouvez opposer cette conception à la conception de Socrate qui considère au contraire que la vie heureuse est une vie réglée qui limite désirs et plaisirs et où l’on se satisfait de ce que l’on possède déjà.

Le but est donc de montrer que la réponse ne va pas de soi, que cela pose un problème. Ensuite il faut faire un plan avec des réponses qui s’opposent. Par exemple, vous pourriez dire d’abord :

I) La vie heureuse est une vie de désirs et de plaisirs  (Calliclès – Rousseau)

II) Au contraire c’est une vie où l’on sait limiter les désirs car ceux-ci rendent plutôt malheureux  (Epicure – Platon – les stoïciens)

III) Une vie heureuse est plutôt une vie de progression et de création où l’on n’est pas heureux constamment mais où l’on a le sentiment de s’améliorer (Bergson – John Stuart Mill)

Évidemment, ça n’est qu’un exemple, vous pouvez faire un autre plan ! Mais il faut que vous proposiez une réponse différente dans chaque partie et que vos parties s’opposent. 

 J’espère que vous avez compris comment traiter les sujets ouverts. Si vous souhaitez d’autres conseils de méthode sur la dissertation, je vous conseille de consulter cette page et si vous préférez une méthode en vidéos c’est ici !

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• C'est quoi une dissertation ?
• Comment faire une dissertation ?
• Comment faire un plan de dissertation ?
• Comment faire une introduction de dissertation ?
• Comment faire une conclusion de dissertation ? 
• Quelles sont les dissertations les plus demandées par les profs ?

Au lycée, la dissertation est toujours un exercice qui fait peur. Les consignes et les attentes des profs paraissent souvent abstraites. C’est pourquoi, lors de l’ épreuve du bac , les élèves choisissent majoritairement le commentaire de texte. Pourtant, la dissertation permet plus facilement de décrocher une mention. D’abord parce qu’on se démarque des autres et ensuite parce que les correcteurs sont souvent plus indulgents. Mais alors comment s’y prendre ?  Est-ce qu’il faut donner son avis ou simplement réciter son cours ? Comment construire un plan et rédiger l’intro ? GoStudent te guide dans toutes les étapes de ta dissertation !

1 - C'est quoi une dissertation ?

Dissertation définition .

La dissertation est un exercice d’argumentation qui consiste à répondre à la question posée en suivant un plan (généralement organisé en trois parties) et après avoir dégagé une problématique.

Petite histoire de la dissertation

La dissertation existait déjà au Moyen Âge ! Appelé « disputatio », l’exercice consistait en un débat durant lequel les étudiants devaient répondre à une question en trois grandes parties. C’est de là que vient le fameux plan « thèse / antithèse / synthèse ». 💡

Reprise par Descartes, la dissertation devient le symbole de la raison, valeur centrale de la pensée humaniste à la Renaissance.

Aujourd’hui, cet exercice n’est proposé qu’à partir du lycée. D’abord en français et en histoire-géographie, puis en philosophie. Le but n’est pas de réciter son cours. Il faut organiser sa pensée, suivre un fil conducteur, choisir des arguments pertinents et apporter des exemples. 

La dissertation au bac 

La dissertation de français est l’un des sujets proposés aux élèves de la série générale et technologique. L’autre étant le commentaire de texte . Concrètement, au bac de français, tu as quatre heures pour traiter un sujet, noté sur 20 et de coefficient 10.

Pour réussir, il est indispensable de bien maîtriser son cours et toutes les notions au programme. Par exemple, en Français, tu dois bien maîtriser les différents procédés littéraires et les figures de style. En philosophie, il faut connaître les concepts fondamentaux relatifs à des thèmes tels que l’État, la justice, le langage, la liberté, la vérité, etc.

À lire aussi : Comment rédiger un essai parfait ?

2 - Comment faire une dissertation ?

Pour un contrôle d’histoire-géo ou pour l’ épreuve du bac de Français , la méthode de la dissertation est assez comparable. 

Dans un premier temps, tu dois analyser le sujet. Est-ce une question à laquelle on peut répondre par oui ou par non, ou est-ce une question ouverte ?   Cela va influencer la façon de construire le plan. 🛠

Ensuite, tu peux commencer à traiter le sujet et à dégager un plan. Pour cela, il est conseillé de noter des arguments et des exemples au brouillon pour bien structurer tes idées et te permettre de rédiger une introduction.

1 - L’introduction

Si l’on suit la méthodologie de la dissertation , l’introduction a deux grands objectifs : attirer l’attention du lecteur, formuler et dégager une problématique.

2 - Le développement 

Les différentes parties du développement (deux ou trois) sont subdivisées en plusieurs paragraphes qui visent à répondre à la problématique grâce à des arguments.

3 - La conclusion 

La conclusion fait le bilan des grandes idées soutenues dans ton développement. 

Avant de rendre ta copie, l’étape de la relecture est nécessaire pour corriger toutes tes fautes de grammaire ! 🧐

Exemples de dissertation

Pour bien comprendre ce qu’on attend de toi et pour t’entraîner sur des sujets de dissertation , plusieurs sites validés par notre rédaction te propose des exemples de dissertation et leurs corrigés : 

• La référence dans le domaine est Annabac. En version Web ou papier, tu as accès à des fiches de révision sur tous les thèmes du programme ainsi qu’aux annales des dernières années.
• Studyrama te propose des exemples de dissertations corrigés en histoire-géo.
• la-philosophie.com publie également des sujets de dissertation et te guide étape par étape.

3 - Comment faire un plan de dissertation ?

Trois grands types de plan de dissertation s’offrent à toi pour organiser tes idées :

1 # Le plan dialectique est le plus connu : thèse / antithèse / synthèse. C’est celui qu’il faut choisir si le sujet est une question fermée. C’est un plan qui invite à la confrontation des idées. 🥊

Par exemple, pour le sujet « l’intérêt du roman est-il de décrire le réel ?», on pourrait suivre ce plan  :

I - Le roman permet de décrire le réel (on commence par soutenir cette thèse).

II - Mais un roman n’est pas réductible à description du réel (on nuance la thèse).

III - L’intérêt du roman n’est-il pas justement de donner une dimension réelle à l’imagination de l’auteur ? (On dépasse la contradiction).

2 #  Le plan thématique est utilisé en réponse à une question ouverte. Chaque partie présente une réponse possible à la question. Le but est donc de soutenir un point de vue en donnant des arguments. Il ne s’agit pas d’entrer dans une confrontation. En règle générale, il est conseillé d’organiser ses idées de la plus générale à la plus précise.

3 #  Le plan analytique n’est pas utilisé en Français, mais il peut l’être en SES ou en histoire-géo, par exemple. La structure typique se présente sous la forme « problème - causes - conséquences ». 

4 - Comment faire une introduction de dissertation ?

L’introduction de la dissertation est une partie décisive dans laquelle tu présentes le sujet, tu exposes la problématique et tu présentes les différentes parties de ton raisonnement. Il faut à la fois retenir l’attention du lecteur et montrer la pertinence du sujet. 📝

Structure de l'introduction

L’introduction elle-même se divise en plusieurs sous-parties :

• Une phrase d’accroche qui permet d’entrer dans le sujet. C’est souvent un chiffre, un fait divers ou une citation.
•  La reformulation du sujet . Il s’agit de reformuler la question avec tes propres mots pour présenter le sujet et montrer que tu as compris de quoi on parle.
• La problématisation consiste en une phrase qui pose le problème soulevé par la question.
• L’ annonce du plan . En une ou deux phrases, tu présentes les grandes parties de ton développement, en utilisant des connecteurs logiques : « dans un premier temps », « puis dans une seconde partie », etc.

Les erreurs à ne pas faire 

Parmi les pièges à éviter, il ne faut pas :

• Répondre à la problématique dès l’introduction.
• Oublier de suivre le plan annoncé.
• Faire une phrase d’accroche trop longue.
• Rédiger une problématique hors sujet.

5 - Comment faire une conclusion de dissertation ? 

Quelle que soit la discipline (français, philo, SES, etc.), rédiger une conclusion parfaite obéit toujours aux mêmes règles :

• En quelques phrases, tu fais la synthèse des idées que tu as développées dans  ta rédaction.
• Dans un second temps, il faut répondre à la problématique que tu as soulevé.
• Enfin, tu dois rédiger une phrase d’ouverture. Celle-ci consiste en un « élargissement » du sujet. Concrètement, il s’agit d’une nouvelle question que tu te poses à la fin de ton travail. Pour cela, tu peux à la fois te baser sur la dissertation que tu viens de faire et sur ta culture générale . 📚

N’oublie pas que la mise en forme de la conclusion d’une dissertation est aussi importante que pour le reste de la copie. Par exemple, il faut sauter deux lignes entre la fin de ta dernière partie et le début de ta conclusion,  faire des transitions et ne pas négliger l’orthographe.

6 - Quelles sont les dissertations les plus demandées par les profs ?

Parmi les nombreux sujets de dissertations, on retrouve quelques grands classiques que les professeurs donnent pendant l’année scolaire ou le jour du bac. 

Dissertation la princesse de Cleve

Au programme du bac de Français 2022, La Princesse de Clève est un roman écrit par Madame de La Fayette et publié anonymement en 1678. Pourquoi anonymement ? Parce qu’au 17ème siècle, il n’était pas admis qu’une femme puisse signer une oeuvre de son nom. 🚫

Pour t’entraîner sur un exemple de sujet, tu peux te rendre sur le site de sujetscorrigésbac.fr . 

Dissertation les fleurs du mal

Charles Baudelaire et Les fleurs du mal , recueil de poèmes publié en 1857, font partie de l’objet d’étude « Le roman et le récit du Moyen Âge au XXIe siècle », au programme de français dans le parcours « Alchimie poétique : la boue et l'or ». 

Et comme l’indique le nom du parcours, tu peux t’attendre à un sujet qui parle de boue et d’or ! 

Exemples de sujet : 

• « Tu m’as donné ta boue et j’en ai fait de l’or»
• « Le poète doit-il nécessairement tremper sa plume dans la boue ? » 
• « S’agit-il de tremper sa plume au plus profond de l’âme humaine pour en faire une œuvre d’art ?  »

Dissertation le malade imaginaire

Au programme de l’objet d’étude « Le théâtre du XVIIe siècle au XXIe siècle », parcours « Spectacle et comédie », Le malade imaginaire de Molière interroge les élèves sur le rapport au spectacle. 

Exemples de sujets de dissertation :

• « Toute comédie est-elle un divertissement ? »
• « Le Malade Imaginaire : une comédie fantaisiste ? »

Dissertation les fausses confidences

Toujours dans l’objet d’étude « Le théâtre du XVIIe siècle au XXIe siècle », Les fausses confidences est une comédie de Marivaux jouée pour la première fois en 1737. Tu pourras être interrogé sur un  sujet tels que : « Le stratagème est-il un ressort du comique ? »

Un dernier conseil

On te dit toujours de ne pas attendre la dernière minute pour réviser . Mais, on ne va pas se mentir, c’est difficile de se motiver. Surtout quand on voit le soleil qui brille dehors ! ☀️

Alors, pour te faire gagner du temps et pour mettre toutes les chances de ton côté, n’hésite pas à prendre quelques heures de soutien scolaire avec nos professeurs particuliers . Disponibles même au dernier moment, ils sauront répondre à toutes tes questions pour rédiger une super dissertation !

Vous souhaitez essayer les cours particuliers pour votre enfant ? Réservez une leçon d'essai gratuite avec nos meilleurs professeurs.

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• Dissertation
• Plan de dissertation

Plan de dissertation : méthodologie et exemples

Publié le 27 novembre 2018 par Justine Debret . Mis à jour le 14 février 2022.

Le plan d’une dissertation est la structure ou le “squelette” de votre dissertation.

Table des matières

Combien de parties pour un plan de dissertation , plan de dissertation : apparent ou pas , les types de plan pour une dissertation, exemple de plan pour une dissertation (de philosophie), le plan d’une dissertation juridique, le plan d’une dissertation de philosophie.

Nous conseillons de faire un plan en trois parties (et deux sous-parties) pour les dissertations en général.

Toutefois, ce n’est pas obligatoire et vous pouvez le faire en deux parties (et trois sous-parties).

C’est différent pour les dissertations de droit ! Pour les dissertations juridiques, le plan doit contenir deux parties (et pas trois).

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Le plan d’une dissertation peut être apparent ou non, tout dépend du type de dissertation rédigé.

Les dissertations de philosophie n’ont en général pas de plan apparent. Les titres apparaissent dans une phrase introductive.

Attention ! Pour les dissertations juridiques, les titres doivent être apparents et ils ne doivent pas comporter des verbes conjugués.

Il en existe plusieurs et chaque type de plan de dissertation a ses spécificités.

1. Le plan d’une dissertation dialectique

Le plan dialectique (ou critique) est un plan « thèse, antithèse et synthèse ». Il est utilisé lorsque l’opinion exprimée dans le sujet de dissertation est discutable et qu’il est possible d’envisager l’opinion inverse.

Le plan d’une dissertation dialectique suit le modèle suivant :

I. Exposé argumenté d’une thèse. II. Exposé argumenté de la thèse adverse. II. Synthèse (dépassement de la contradiction)

2. Le plan de dissertation analytique

Le plan analytique permet d’analyser un problème qui mérite une réflexion approfondie. Vous devez décrire la situation, analyser les causes et envisager les conséquences. Il est possible de faire un plan « explication / illustration / commentaire ».

Le plan d’une dissertation analytique suit généralement le modèle suivant :

I. Description/explication d’une situation II. Analyse des causes/illustration III. Analyse des conséquences/commentaire

3. Le plan de dissertation thématique

Le plan thématique est utilisé dans le cadre de questions générales, celles qui exigent une réflexion progressive.

I. Thème 1 II. Thème 2 III.Thème 3

4. Le plan de dissertation chronologique

Le plan chronologique est utilisé dans le cas d’une question sur un thème dont la compréhension évolue à travers l’histoire.

I. Temporalité 1 II. Temporalité 2 III. Temporalité 3

Voici un exemple de plan analytique pour une dissertation sur le thème «  l’Homme est-il un animal social ? « .

1. La nature en nous 1.1. L’être humain, un animal parmi les autres ? 1.2. Les pulsions humaines comme rappel de notre archaïsme ? 2. La personne humaine : un être de nature ou de culture ? 2.1. La société comme impératif de survie : l’Homme est un loup pour l’Homme 2.2. La perfectibilité de l’Homme l’extrait de la nature 3. Plus qu’un animal social, un animal politique 3.1. L’Homme, un être rationnel au profit du bien commun 3.2. La coexistence humaine et participation politique du citoyen

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Les dissertations juridiques sont construites en deux parties et ont un plan apparent.

Le plan a une forme binaire  : deux parties (I et II), deux sous-parties (A et B) et parfois deux sous-sous-parties (1 et 2). Votre plan de dissertation doit reposer sur quatre idées principales.

Plus d’informations sur le plan d’une dissertation juridique

Les dissertations de philosophie sont construites en trois parties (en général) et n’ont pas de plan apparent.

Chaque partie est introduite avec une phrase d’introduction.

Plus d’informations sur le plan d’une dissertation de philosophie

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Debret, J. (2022, 14 février). Plan de dissertation : méthodologie et exemples. Scribbr. Consulté le 8 avril 2024, de https://www.scribbr.fr/dissertation-fr/plan-de-dissertation/

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Les sujets de dissertation

I. le sujet « x est-il y  », ii. le sujet « peut-on…  », iii. le sujet « doit-on…  », iv. le sujet « faut-il…  », le sujet en question ouverte, dans la pratique….

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• Dissertation

What Is a Dissertation? | 5 Essential Questions to Get Started

Published on 26 March 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 5 May 2022.

A dissertation is a large research project undertaken at the end of a degree. It involves in-depth consideration of a problem or question chosen by the student. It is usually the largest (and final) piece of written work produced during a degree.

The length and structure of a dissertation vary widely depending on the level and field of study. However, there are some key questions that can help you understand the requirements and get started on your dissertation project.

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Table of contents

When and why do you have to write a dissertation, who will supervise your dissertation, what type of research will you do, how should your dissertation be structured, what formatting and referencing rules do you have to follow, frequently asked questions about dissertations.

A dissertation, sometimes called a thesis, comes at the end of an undergraduate or postgraduate degree. It is a larger project than the other essays you’ve written, requiring a higher word count and a greater depth of research.

You’ll generally work on your dissertation during the final year of your degree, over a longer period than you would take for a standard essay . For example, the dissertation might be your main focus for the last six months of your degree.

Why is the dissertation important?

The dissertation is a test of your capacity for independent research. You are given a lot of autonomy in writing your dissertation: you come up with your own ideas, conduct your own research, and write and structure the text by yourself.

This means that it is an important preparation for your future, whether you continue in academia or not: it teaches you to manage your own time, generate original ideas, and work independently.

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During the planning and writing of your dissertation, you’ll work with a supervisor from your department. The supervisor’s job is to give you feedback and advice throughout the process.

The dissertation supervisor is often assigned by the department, but you might be allowed to indicate preferences or approach potential supervisors. If so, try to pick someone who is familiar with your chosen topic, whom you get along with on a personal level, and whose feedback you’ve found useful in the past.

How will your supervisor help you?

Your supervisor is there to guide you through the dissertation project, but you’re still working independently. They can give feedback on your ideas, but not come up with ideas for you.

You may need to take the initiative to request an initial meeting with your supervisor. Then you can plan out your future meetings and set reasonable deadlines for things like completion of data collection, a structure outline, a first chapter, a first draft, and so on.

Make sure to prepare in advance for your meetings. Formulate your ideas as fully as you can, and determine where exactly you’re having difficulties so you can ask your supervisor for specific advice.

Your approach to your dissertation will vary depending on your field of study. The first thing to consider is whether you will do empirical research , which involves collecting original data, or non-empirical research , which involves analysing sources.

Empirical dissertations (sciences)

An empirical dissertation focuses on collecting and analysing original data. You’ll usually write this type of dissertation if you are studying a subject in the sciences or social sciences.

• What are airline workers’ attitudes towards the challenges posed for their industry by climate change?
• How effective is cognitive behavioural therapy in treating depression in young adults?
• What are the short-term health effects of switching from smoking cigarettes to e-cigarettes?

There are many different empirical research methods you can use to answer these questions – for example, experiments , observations, surveys , and interviews.

When doing empirical research, you need to consider things like the variables you will investigate, the reliability and validity of your measurements, and your sampling method . The aim is to produce robust, reproducible scientific knowledge.

Non-empirical dissertations (arts and humanities)

A non-empirical dissertation works with existing research or other texts, presenting original analysis, critique and argumentation, but no original data. This approach is typical of arts and humanities subjects.

• What attitudes did commentators in the British press take towards the French Revolution in 1789–1792?
• How do the themes of gender and inheritance intersect in Shakespeare’s Macbeth ?
• How did Plato’s Republic and Thomas More’s Utopia influence nineteenth century utopian socialist thought?

The first steps in this type of dissertation are to decide on your topic and begin collecting your primary and secondary sources .

Primary sources are the direct objects of your research. They give you first-hand evidence about your subject. Examples of primary sources include novels, artworks and historical documents.

Secondary sources provide information that informs your analysis. They describe, interpret, or evaluate information from primary sources. For example, you might consider previous analyses of the novel or author you are working on, or theoretical texts that you plan to apply to your primary sources.

Dissertations are divided into chapters and sections. Empirical dissertations usually follow a standard structure, while non-empirical dissertations are more flexible.

Structure of an empirical dissertation

Empirical dissertations generally include these chapters:

• Introduction : An explanation of your topic and the research question(s) you want to answer.
• Literature review : A survey and evaluation of previous research on your topic.
• Methodology : An explanation of how you collected and analysed your data.
• Results : A brief description of what you found.
• Discussion : Interpretation of what these results reveal.
• Conclusion : Answers to your research question(s) and summary of what your findings contribute to knowledge in your field.

Sometimes the order or naming of chapters might be slightly different, but all of the above information must be included in order to produce thorough, valid scientific research.

Other dissertation structures

If your dissertation doesn’t involve data collection, your structure is more flexible. You can think of it like an extended essay – the text should be logically organised in a way that serves your argument:

• Introduction: An explanation of your topic and the question(s) you want to answer.
• Main body: The development of your analysis, usually divided into 2–4 chapters.
• Conclusion: Answers to your research question(s) and summary of what your analysis contributes to knowledge in your field.

The chapters of the main body can be organised around different themes, time periods, or texts. Below you can see some example structures for dissertations in different subjects.

• Political philosophy

This example, on the topic of the British press’s coverage of the French Revolution, shows how you might structure each chapter around a specific theme.

This example, on the topic of Plato’s and More’s influences on utopian socialist thought, shows a different approach to dividing the chapters by theme.

This example, a master’s dissertation on the topic of how writers respond to persecution, shows how you can also use section headings within each chapter. Each of the three chapters deals with a specific text, while the sections are organised thematically.

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Like other academic texts, it’s important that your dissertation follows the formatting guidelines set out by your university. You can lose marks unnecessarily over mistakes, so it’s worth taking the time to get all these elements right.

Formatting guidelines concern things like:

• line spacing
• page numbers
• punctuation
• title pages
• presentation of tables and figures

If you’re unsure about the formatting requirements, check with your supervisor or department. You can lose marks unnecessarily over mistakes, so it’s worth taking the time to get all these elements right.

How will you reference your sources?

Referencing means properly listing the sources you cite and refer to in your dissertation, so that the reader can find them. This avoids plagiarism by acknowledging where you’ve used the work of others.

Keep track of everything you read as you prepare your dissertation. The key information to note down for a reference is:

• The publication date
• Page numbers for the parts you refer to (especially when using direct quotes)

Different referencing styles each have their own specific rules for how to reference. The most commonly used styles in UK universities are listed below.

You can use the free APA Reference Generator to automatically create and store your references.

APA Reference Generator

The words ‘ dissertation ’ and ‘thesis’ both refer to a large written research project undertaken to complete a degree, but they are used differently depending on the country:

• In the UK, you write a dissertation at the end of a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and you write a thesis to complete a PhD.
• In the US, it’s the other way around: you may write a thesis at the end of a bachelor’s or master’s degree, and you write a dissertation to complete a PhD.

The main difference is in terms of scale – a dissertation is usually much longer than the other essays you complete during your degree.

Another key difference is that you are given much more independence when working on a dissertation. You choose your own dissertation topic , and you have to conduct the research and write the dissertation yourself (with some assistance from your supervisor).

Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:

• An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000–15,000 words
• A master’s dissertation is typically 12,000–50,000 words
• A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000–100,000 words

However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.

At the bachelor’s and master’s levels, the dissertation is usually the main focus of your final year. You might work on it (alongside other classes) for the entirety of the final year, or for the last six months. This includes formulating an idea, doing the research, and writing up.

A PhD thesis takes a longer time, as the thesis is the main focus of the degree. A PhD thesis might be being formulated and worked on for the whole four years of the degree program. The writing process alone can take around 18 months.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, May 05). What Is a Dissertation? | 5 Essential Questions to Get Started. Scribbr. Retrieved 8 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/what-is-a-dissertation/

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Other students also liked, how to choose a dissertation topic | 8 steps to follow, how to write a dissertation proposal | a step-by-step guide, what is a literature review | guide, template, & examples.

Dissertation Structure & Layout 101: How to structure your dissertation, thesis or research project.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) Reviewed By: David Phair (PhD) | July 2019

So, you’ve got a decent understanding of what a dissertation is , you’ve chosen your topic and hopefully you’ve received approval for your research proposal . Awesome! Now its time to start the actual dissertation or thesis writing journey.

To craft a high-quality document, the very first thing you need to understand is dissertation structure . In this post, we’ll walk you through the generic dissertation structure and layout, step by step. We’ll start with the big picture, and then zoom into each chapter to briefly discuss the core contents. If you’re just starting out on your research journey, you should start with this post, which covers the big-picture process of how to write a dissertation or thesis .

*The Caveat *

In this post, we’ll be discussing a traditional dissertation/thesis structure and layout, which is generally used for social science research across universities, whether in the US, UK, Europe or Australia. However, some universities may have small variations on this structure (extra chapters, merged chapters, slightly different ordering, etc).

So, always check with your university if they have a prescribed structure or layout that they expect you to work with. If not, it’s safe to assume the structure we’ll discuss here is suitable. And even if they do have a prescribed structure, you’ll still get value from this post as we’ll explain the core contents of each section.  

Overview: S tructuring a dissertation or thesis

• Acknowledgements page
• Abstract (or executive summary)
• Table of contents , list of figures and tables
• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Literature review
• Chapter 3: Methodology
• Chapter 4: Results
• Chapter 5: Discussion
• Chapter 6: Conclusion
• Reference list

As I mentioned, some universities will have slight variations on this structure. For example, they want an additional “personal reflection chapter”, or they might prefer the results and discussion chapter to be merged into one. Regardless, the overarching flow will always be the same, as this flow reflects the research process , which we discussed here – i.e.:

• The introduction chapter presents the core research question and aims .
• The literature review chapter assesses what the current research says about this question.
• The methodology, results and discussion chapters go about undertaking new research about this question.
• The conclusion chapter (attempts to) answer the core research question .

In other words, the dissertation structure and layout reflect the research process of asking a well-defined question(s), investigating, and then answering the question – see below.

To restate that – the structure and layout of a dissertation reflect the flow of the overall research process . This is essential to understand, as each chapter will make a lot more sense if you “get” this concept. If you’re not familiar with the research process, read this post before going further.

Right. Now that we’ve covered the big picture, let’s dive a little deeper into the details of each section and chapter. Oh and by the way, you can also grab our free dissertation/thesis template here to help speed things up.

The title page of your dissertation is the very first impression the marker will get of your work, so it pays to invest some time thinking about your title. But what makes for a good title? A strong title needs to be 3 things:

• Succinct (not overly lengthy or verbose)
• Specific (not vague or ambiguous)
• Representative of the research you’re undertaking (clearly linked to your research questions)

Typically, a good title includes mention of the following:

• The broader area of the research (i.e. the overarching topic)
• The specific focus of your research (i.e. your specific context)
• Indication of research design (e.g. quantitative , qualitative , or  mixed methods ).

For example:

A quantitative investigation [research design] into the antecedents of organisational trust [broader area] in the UK retail forex trading market [specific context/area of focus].

Again, some universities may have specific requirements regarding the format and structure of the title, so it’s worth double-checking expectations with your institution (if there’s no mention in the brief or study material).

Acknowledgements

This page provides you with an opportunity to say thank you to those who helped you along your research journey. Generally, it’s optional (and won’t count towards your marks), but it is academic best practice to include this.

So, who do you say thanks to? Well, there’s no prescribed requirements, but it’s common to mention the following people:

• Your dissertation supervisor or committee.
• Any professors, lecturers or academics that helped you understand the topic or methodologies.
• Any tutors, mentors or advisors.
• Your family and friends, especially spouse (for adult learners studying part-time).

There’s no need for lengthy rambling. Just state who you’re thankful to and for what (e.g. thank you to my supervisor, John Doe, for his endless patience and attentiveness) – be sincere. In terms of length, you should keep this to a page or less.

Abstract or executive summary

The dissertation abstract (or executive summary for some degrees) serves to provide the first-time reader (and marker or moderator) with a big-picture view of your research project. It should give them an understanding of the key insights and findings from the research, without them needing to read the rest of the report – in other words, it should be able to stand alone .

For it to stand alone, your abstract should cover the following key points (at a minimum):

• Your research questions and aims – what key question(s) did your research aim to answer?
• Your methodology – how did you go about investigating the topic and finding answers to your research question(s)?
• Your findings – following your own research, what did do you discover?
• Your conclusions – based on your findings, what conclusions did you draw? What answers did you find to your research question(s)?

So, in much the same way the dissertation structure mimics the research process, your abstract or executive summary should reflect the research process, from the initial stage of asking the original question to the final stage of answering that question.

In practical terms, it’s a good idea to write this section up last , once all your core chapters are complete. Otherwise, you’ll end up writing and rewriting this section multiple times (just wasting time). For a step by step guide on how to write a strong executive summary, check out this post .

Need a helping hand?

Table of contents

This section is straightforward. You’ll typically present your table of contents (TOC) first, followed by the two lists – figures and tables. I recommend that you use Microsoft Word’s automatic table of contents generator to generate your TOC. If you’re not familiar with this functionality, the video below explains it simply:

If you find that your table of contents is overly lengthy, consider removing one level of depth. Oftentimes, this can be done without detracting from the usefulness of the TOC.

Right, now that the “admin” sections are out of the way, its time to move on to your core chapters. These chapters are the heart of your dissertation and are where you’ll earn the marks. The first chapter is the introduction chapter – as you would expect, this is the time to introduce your research…

It’s important to understand that even though you’ve provided an overview of your research in your abstract, your introduction needs to be written as if the reader has not read that (remember, the abstract is essentially a standalone document). So, your introduction chapter needs to start from the very beginning, and should address the following questions:

• What will you be investigating (in plain-language, big picture-level)?
• Why is that worth investigating? How is it important to academia or business? How is it sufficiently original?
• What are your research aims and research question(s)? Note that the research questions can sometimes be presented at the end of the literature review (next chapter).
• What is the scope of your study? In other words, what will and won’t you cover ?
• How will you approach your research? In other words, what methodology will you adopt?
• How will you structure your dissertation? What are the core chapters and what will you do in each of them?

These are just the bare basic requirements for your intro chapter. Some universities will want additional bells and whistles in the intro chapter, so be sure to carefully read your brief or consult your research supervisor.

If done right, your introduction chapter will set a clear direction for the rest of your dissertation. Specifically, it will make it clear to the reader (and marker) exactly what you’ll be investigating, why that’s important, and how you’ll be going about the investigation. Conversely, if your introduction chapter leaves a first-time reader wondering what exactly you’ll be researching, you’ve still got some work to do.

Now that you’ve set a clear direction with your introduction chapter, the next step is the literature review . In this section, you will analyse the existing research (typically academic journal articles and high-quality industry publications), with a view to understanding the following questions:

• What does the literature currently say about the topic you’re investigating?
• Is the literature lacking or well established? Is it divided or in disagreement?
• How does your research fit into the bigger picture?
• How does your research contribute something original?
• How does the methodology of previous studies help you develop your own?

Depending on the nature of your study, you may also present a conceptual framework towards the end of your literature review, which you will then test in your actual research.

Again, some universities will want you to focus on some of these areas more than others, some will have additional or fewer requirements, and so on. Therefore, as always, its important to review your brief and/or discuss with your supervisor, so that you know exactly what’s expected of your literature review chapter.

Now that you’ve investigated the current state of knowledge in your literature review chapter and are familiar with the existing key theories, models and frameworks, its time to design your own research. Enter the methodology chapter – the most “science-ey” of the chapters…

In this chapter, you need to address two critical questions:

• Exactly HOW will you carry out your research (i.e. what is your intended research design)?
• Exactly WHY have you chosen to do things this way (i.e. how do you justify your design)?

Remember, the dissertation part of your degree is first and foremost about developing and demonstrating research skills . Therefore, the markers want to see that you know which methods to use, can clearly articulate why you’ve chosen then, and know how to deploy them effectively.

Importantly, this chapter requires detail – don’t hold back on the specifics. State exactly what you’ll be doing, with who, when, for how long, etc. Moreover, for every design choice you make, make sure you justify it.

In practice, you will likely end up coming back to this chapter once you’ve undertaken all your data collection and analysis, and revise it based on changes you made during the analysis phase. This is perfectly fine. Its natural for you to add an additional analysis technique, scrap an old one, etc based on where your data lead you. Of course, I’m talking about small changes here – not a fundamental switch from qualitative to quantitative, which will likely send your supervisor in a spin!

You’ve now collected your data and undertaken your analysis, whether qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods. In this chapter, you’ll present the raw results of your analysis . For example, in the case of a quant study, you’ll present the demographic data, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics , etc.

Typically, Chapter 4 is simply a presentation and description of the data, not a discussion of the meaning of the data. In other words, it’s descriptive, rather than analytical – the meaning is discussed in Chapter 5. However, some universities will want you to combine chapters 4 and 5, so that you both present and interpret the meaning of the data at the same time. Check with your institution what their preference is.

Now that you’ve presented the data analysis results, its time to interpret and analyse them. In other words, its time to discuss what they mean, especially in relation to your research question(s).

What you discuss here will depend largely on your chosen methodology. For example, if you’ve gone the quantitative route, you might discuss the relationships between variables . If you’ve gone the qualitative route, you might discuss key themes and the meanings thereof. It all depends on what your research design choices were.

Most importantly, you need to discuss your results in relation to your research questions and aims, as well as the existing literature. What do the results tell you about your research questions? Are they aligned with the existing research or at odds? If so, why might this be? Dig deep into your findings and explain what the findings suggest, in plain English.

The final chapter – you’ve made it! Now that you’ve discussed your interpretation of the results, its time to bring it back to the beginning with the conclusion chapter . In other words, its time to (attempt to) answer your original research question s (from way back in chapter 1). Clearly state what your conclusions are in terms of your research questions. This might feel a bit repetitive, as you would have touched on this in the previous chapter, but its important to bring the discussion full circle and explicitly state your answer(s) to the research question(s).

Next, you’ll typically discuss the implications of your findings? In other words, you’ve answered your research questions – but what does this mean for the real world (or even for academia)? What should now be done differently, given the new insight you’ve generated?

Lastly, you should discuss the limitations of your research, as well as what this means for future research in the area. No study is perfect, especially not a Masters-level. Discuss the shortcomings of your research. Perhaps your methodology was limited, perhaps your sample size was small or not representative, etc, etc. Don’t be afraid to critique your work – the markers want to see that you can identify the limitations of your work. This is a strength, not a weakness. Be brutal!

This marks the end of your core chapters – woohoo! From here on out, it’s pretty smooth sailing.

The reference list is straightforward. It should contain a list of all resources cited in your dissertation, in the required format, e.g. APA , Harvard, etc.

It’s essential that you use reference management software for your dissertation. Do NOT try handle your referencing manually – its far too error prone. On a reference list of multiple pages, you’re going to make mistake. To this end, I suggest considering either Mendeley or Zotero. Both are free and provide a very straightforward interface to ensure that your referencing is 100% on point. I’ve included a simple how-to video for the Mendeley software (my personal favourite) below:

Some universities may ask you to include a bibliography, as opposed to a reference list. These two things are not the same . A bibliography is similar to a reference list, except that it also includes resources which informed your thinking but were not directly cited in your dissertation. So, double-check your brief and make sure you use the right one.

The very last piece of the puzzle is the appendix or set of appendices. This is where you’ll include any supporting data and evidence. Importantly, supporting is the keyword here.

Your appendices should provide additional “nice to know”, depth-adding information, which is not critical to the core analysis. Appendices should not be used as a way to cut down word count (see this post which covers how to reduce word count ). In other words, don’t place content that is critical to the core analysis here, just to save word count. You will not earn marks on any content in the appendices, so don’t try to play the system!

Time to recap…

And there you have it – the traditional dissertation structure and layout, from A-Z. To recap, the core structure for a dissertation or thesis is (typically) as follows:

• Acknowledgments page

Most importantly, the core chapters should reflect the research process (asking, investigating and answering your research question). Moreover, the research question(s) should form the golden thread throughout your dissertation structure. Everything should revolve around the research questions, and as you’ve seen, they should form both the start point (i.e. introduction chapter) and the endpoint (i.e. conclusion chapter).

I hope this post has provided you with clarity about the traditional dissertation/thesis structure and layout. If you have any questions or comments, please leave a comment below, or feel free to get in touch with us. Also, be sure to check out the rest of the  Grad Coach Blog .

Psst… there’s more (for free)

This post is part of our dissertation mini-course, which covers everything you need to get started with your dissertation, thesis or research project. 

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36 Comments

many thanks i found it very useful

Glad to hear that, Arun. Good luck writing your dissertation.

Such clear practical logical advice. I very much needed to read this to keep me focused in stead of fretting.. Perfect now ready to start my research!

what about scientific fields like computer or engineering thesis what is the difference in the structure? thank you very much

Thanks so much this helped me a lot!

Very helpful and accessible. What I like most is how practical the advice is along with helpful tools/ links.

Thanks Ade!

Thank you so much sir.. It was really helpful..

You’re welcome!

Hi! How many words maximum should contain the abstract?

Thank you so much 😊 Find this at the right moment

You’re most welcome. Good luck with your dissertation.

best ever benefit i got on right time thank you

Many times Clarity and vision of destination of dissertation is what makes the difference between good ,average and great researchers the same way a great automobile driver is fast with clarity of address and Clear weather conditions .

I guess Great researcher = great ideas + knowledge + great and fast data collection and modeling + great writing + high clarity on all these

You have given immense clarity from start to end.

Morning. Where will I write the definitions of what I’m referring to in my report?

Thank you so much Derek, I was almost lost! Thanks a tonnnn! Have a great day!

Thanks ! so concise and valuable

This was very helpful. Clear and concise. I know exactly what to do now.

Thank you for allowing me to go through briefly. I hope to find time to continue.

Really useful to me. Thanks a thousand times

Very interesting! It will definitely set me and many more for success. highly recommended.

Thank you soo much sir, for the opportunity to express my skills

Usefull, thanks a lot. Really clear

Very nice and easy to understand. Thank you .

That was incredibly useful. Thanks Grad Coach Crew!

My stress level just dropped at least 15 points after watching this. Just starting my thesis for my grad program and I feel a lot more capable now! Thanks for such a clear and helpful video, Emma and the GradCoach team!

Do we need to mention the number of words the dissertation contains in the main document?

It depends on your university’s requirements, so it would be best to check with them 🙂

Such a helpful post to help me get started with structuring my masters dissertation, thank you!

Great video; I appreciate that helpful information

It is so necessary or avital course

This blog is very informative for my research. Thank you

Doctoral students are required to fill out the National Research Council’s Survey of Earned Doctorates

wow this is an amazing gain in my life

This is so good

How can i arrange my specific objectives in my dissertation?

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Questions ouvertes et question fermées - Exemples et définition

La meilleure façon d'éclaircir n'importe quel doute qui peut nous survenir, c'est de poser la question. Que ce soit pour apprendre, dissiper un doute, éclaircir un concept ou obtenir une information, interroger sous forme de question est les inconnues qui nous préoccupent tant. C'est pourquoi il est important de connaître la notion de questions ouvertes et de questions fermées, qui sont les types de question existantes dans notre langage, pour ainsi pouvoir les utiliser au moment opportun.

Il existe des questions ouvertes, des questions fermées, y compris un mélange des deux. Chaque type de question a ses avantages et ses limites, il est donc utile de savoir ce qu'ils signifient. Pour tout savoir sur les questions ouvertes et les questions fermées, en quoi elles consistent et des exemples illustrant notre propos, chez toutCOMMENT nous vous recommandons de vous installer confortablement afin de poursuivre la lecture de cet article.

Définition d'une question ouverte et d'une question fermée

Question ouverte - exemple, question fermée - exemple, différence entre questions ouvertes et fermées.

Pour poser des questions ouvertes et fermées, il est important de connaître la signification des deux. Les questions ouvertes sont des questions qui servent à poser une question sans proposer de liste précise de réponses . Lors d'une enquête, il est possible de laisser une zone de texte vide pour que la personne chargée de répondre puisse le faire librement.

Pour éviter les réponses très longues, vous pouvez limiter le temps de réponse ou, s'il est écrit, le nombre de caractères. L'un des grands avantages des questions ouvertes est que les personnes aptes à y répondre peuvent s'exprimer librement sur un ou plusieurs sujets . De cette manière, il est possible d'établir un schéma de pensée chez les personnes interrogées, ce qui permet d'identifier l'émergence de nouveaux courants d'opinion ou de nouvelles pratiques.

S'agissant de questions ouvertes, la réponse donnée par la personne interrogée sera argumentée et fournie, permettant ainsi de transmettre la véritable nature de son ressenti et des sentiments impliqués dans sa réponse. La personne posant la question disposera alors d'un élément qui lui confère la possibilité d'obtenir des informations sur les processus de pensée du destinataire et des suggestions pour résoudre un conflit ou dissiper tout doute persistant.

Les questions fermées , en revanche, sont utilisées dans le but d'offrir une liste de réponses concrètes qui sera proposée par la suite à la personne interrogée. La rédaction de ce type de question nécessite une liste de réponses bien élaborée. Il doit donc s'agir d'un ensemble intégré et équilibré.

La personne interrogée doit pouvoir exprimer son propre point de vue sur le sujet. La cohérence des procédures d'intervention correspondantes doit également être assurée. Pour ce faire, les réponses proposées aux questions fermées doivent suivre une logique identique liée à la question proposée . Si cette condition n'est pas remplie, il y a un risque de réponses incohérentes et disparates.

L'utilisation de questions fermées entraîne un traitement des données ou des réponses collectées plus simple que celui offert par les questions ouvertes.

En offrant une liberté de réponse , les questions ouvertes permettent d'obtenir des informations plus variées que dans le cas des questions fermées. Voici quelques exemples de questions ouvertes :

• Comment définiriez-vous le bonheur ?
• Selon vous, que devrait faire le gouvernement actuel pour améliorer le système éducatif ?
• Quelles sont les chances de l'équipe nationale française de football pour remporter la prochaine Coupe du monde ?
• Pourquoi pensez-vous être le meilleur candidat pour ce poste ?
• Comment vous sentez-vous en ce moment ?
• Pourquoi refusez-vous de partir en vacances à la montagne ?
• Quel film voulez-vous voir au cinéma ?
• Quels sont vos projets pour l'année à venir ?
• Quels sont vos sports préférés ?
• Quels sont vos objectifs professionnels pour cette année ?
• Qui est l'actuel président de France ?
• Que faites-vous dans la vie ?
• Quel pays aimeriez-vous visiter ?
• Quel livre lisez-vous en ce moment ?

Les questions fermées peuvent être de différents types en fonction des options de réponse proposées. Voici quelques exemples :

• Choix unique : Possédez-vous une voiture ? Oui/Non. Fumez-vous ? Oui/Non. Avez-vous déjà fait des achats dans un magasin ? Oui/Non.
• Choix multiple : Pratiquez-vous l'un de ces sports ? Marquez toutes les réponses correctes. 1-Soccer, 2-Basketball, 3-Tennis, 4-Natation.
• Échelle : De 1 à 10, 1 correspondant à mauvais et 10 étant excellent, comment noteriez-vous votre expérience au restaurant de l'hôtel ?
• Classement : classez les plats suivants en fonction de vos préférences. 1-Entrecôte de bœuf, 2-Omelette de pommes de terre, 3-Spaghetti à la bolognaise, 4-Sushis, 5-Poulet au four, 6-Cassoulet, 7-Légumes sautés, 8-Raclette.

Il existe, bien entendu, quelques différences notables entre les questions ouvertes et les questions fermées :

• Les questions ouvertes permettent à la personne interrogée de mettre des mots sur sa réponse, sans avoir à restreindre ou à limiter sa pensée . Elles ne sont pas aussi dominantes et objectives que les questions fermées.
• La question fermée , contrairement à la question ouverte, propose une liste de réponses simplifiées .
• Les questions fermées et ouvertes constituent différentes tâches pour les personnes interrogées. Dans le cas des questions fermées , elles concentrent toute leur attention sur les réponses concrètes choisies par la personne posant la question, tandis que pour les questions ouvertes , il est possible de prendre son temps afin de réfléchir et de coucher sur papier ce que nous pensons ou toute information disponible dans notre esprit.
• Poser une question identique dans les deux formats conduit presque toujours à des résultats différents. Peu de répondants choisissent des catégories telles que "autre", car ils préfèrent prendre le temps de réfléchir et de rédiger des réponses qui diffèrent des options de réponse énumérées.

Maintenant que vous avez acquis une meilleure compréhension des questions ouvertes et fermées, voici un article sur ce qu'est la question rhétorique et un autre article sur 201 questions difficiles .

Si vous souhaitez lire plus d'articles semblables à Questions ouvertes et question fermées - Exemples et définition , nous vous recommandons de consulter la catégorie Formation .

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Plan thématique : la méthode

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Le premier réflexe à avoir, face à une question, est de te demander si la question appelle une réponse fermée ou ouverte :

• Si le libellé du sujet de dissertation pose une question fermée (on peut y répondre par oui ou par non), tu vas te tourner vers un plan dialectique (thèse – antithèse – synthèse).
• Si la question de dissertation est une question ouverte (on ne peut pas y répondre par oui ou non), il faut alors te tourner vers un plan thématique (également appelé plan notionnel)

Méthode du plan thématique

Le principe du plan thématique ?

Chaque partie de ta dissertation est une réponse possible au sujet ou une définition de la notion du sujet.

1 – Explore toutes les facettes d’un thème ou d’une notion

Prenons le sujet suivant :

D’où provient, selon vous, l’émotion que l’on ressent à la lecture d’un texte poétique ?

Comme il n’est pas possible de répondre par oui ou par non à cette question, il s’agit d’une question ouverte qui appelle un plan thématique .

Pour élaborer ce plan, cherche plusieurs réponses possibles à la question et ordonne-les de la plus simple à la plus subtile.

Voici des exemples d’arguments qui peuvent te venir à l’esprit pour répondre à ce sujet :

• L’émotion que l’on ressent à la lecture d’un texte poétique peut venir du travail réalisé sur la forme et la langue (sonorités, rythmes…)
• L’émotion que l’on ressent à la lecture d’un texte poétique peut venir du langage poétique, condensé, créateur, surprenant.
• L’émotion que l’on ressent à la lecture d’un texte poétique peut venir des thèmes évoqués qui touchent à l’universel.

Comme tu le vois, le plan thématique s’apparente à un exposé .

Il n’est plus question, comme dans le plan dialectique, d’opposer une thèse et une antithèse.

Le but du plan thématique est d’explorer un thème ou une notion , d’en faire le tour et de l’étayer avec des arguments et des exemples pertinents.

Pour faire jaillir les idées, ne t’autocensure pas : note au brouillon toutes les réponses et impressions auxquelles tu songes.

S’il y en a beaucoup, note-les toutes puis regroupe celles qui vont ensemble et organise-les de la plus simple à la plus subtile .

Pour la question ci-dessus, on peut par exemple aboutir au plan suivant :

I – La forme du texte poétique est propice au surgissement de l’émotion II – Le langage poétique est un puissant vecteur d’émotion III – Par les thèmes abordés, qui permettent de toucher à l’universel, la poésie fait surgir l’émotion

2 – Ordonne tes arguments du plus simple au plus complexe

Tu te demandes peut-être comment distinguer les idées les plus simples des plus subtiles.

C’est facile : les arguments les plus simples sont ceux empreints de préjugés ou ceux qui seraient proposées par des personnes peu intéressées par la littérature.

Par exemple, une personne qui ne s’intéresse pas à la poésie aura tendance à réduire la poésie à sa forme.

Une personne qui s’intéresse davantage à la poésie va prendre conscience d’autres aspects : le pouvoir créateur du langage poétique, les thèmes abordés…

Il est donc plus progressif de commencer par évoquer l’émotion que dégage la forme d’un poème (idée la plus simple) avant d’aborder le pouvoir créateur du langage ou les thèmes poétiques traditionnels (idée plus subtile).

Exemples de sujets de dissertation appelant un plan thématique

• Comment la littérature amène-t-elle le lecteur à faire évoluer sa vision du monde ?

→ La question est ouverte : impossible d’y répondre par oui ou par non.

Elle n’invite pas à une confrontation de deux points de vue opposés.

Elle te demande au contraire de confirmer et étayer la thèse présente dans le libellé selon laquelle la littérature amène le lecteur à faire évoluer sa vision du monde.

Tu vas donc chercher des arguments et des exemples pour étayer cette thèse. Ton plan sera thématique.

• Pourquoi une pièce de théâtre est-elle efficace pour présenter un conflit moral ?

→ Ce sujet de dissertation pose une question ouverte qui n’invite pas à la controverse.

La question est ouverte et se prête à un plan thématique.

Tu dois chercher directement les raisons pour lesquelles une pièce de théâtre est efficace pour présenter un conflit moral.

• Pour quelles raisons les mythes antiques inspirent-ils durablement les arts et les lettres ?

→ Cette question est ouverte et n’invite pas à une discussion ou à un débat.

Elle contient bien un présupposé : les mythes antiques inspirent durablement les arts et les lettres.

Mais la formulation de la question ne t’invite pas à remettre en cause ou à réfuter ce présupposé.

Tu vas donc utiliser un plan thématique en t’interrogeant sur les causes de cette inspiration.

Tu veux réussir tes plans de dissertation ? Regarde aussi :

♦ Le plan dialectique (méthode) ♦ Quiz : sauras-tu trouver le bon plan de dissertation ?

Les 3 vidéos préférées des élèves :

• La technique INCONTOURNABLE pour faire décoller tes notes en commentaire [vidéo]
• Quel sujet choisir au bac de français ? [vidéo]
• Comment trouver un plan de dissertation ? [vidéo]

Tu entres en Première ?

Commande ton livre 2024 en cliquant ici ⇓.

Qui suis-je ?

Amélie Vioux

Je suis professeur particulier spécialisée dans la préparation du bac de français (2nde et 1re).

Sur mon site, tu trouveras des analyses, cours et conseils simples, directs, et facilement applicables pour augmenter tes notes en 2-3 semaines.

Je crée des formations en ligne sur commentairecompose.fr depuis 12 ans.

Tu peux également retrouver mes conseils dans mon livre Réussis ton bac de français 2024 aux éditions Hachette.

J'ai également publié une version de ce livre pour les séries technologiques ici.

8 commentaires

Bonjour je me posais une question sur le plan thématique, doit-on faire des sous-parties à nos grandes parties et si oui environ combien, merci

merci pour le contenu ainsi publié, J’ai beaucoup apprecié même s’il y a quelques approfondissements que vous n’avez pas faits sur le plan de dissertation thématique ou encore notionnel.Un grand merci à vous.

Merci pour ce précieux contenu

Bonjour, J’adore votre contenu, toutes vos vidéos m’aident beaucoup! Néanmoins, je bloque sur mon sujet, pourriez-vous m’aider? Je ne trouve pas de plan pour le sujet de dissertation suivant: « Sur quoi repose, selon vous, l’audace et l’efficacité argumentative de la DDFC d’Olympe de Gouges ? » Merci d’avance!

Bonjour. Je comprends ta question et j’étudie cette oeuvre en ce moment. Personnellement j’aurais évoqué la biographie d’OG, car son vécu est une source majeure d’inspiration dans ses écrits. C’est aussi une femme forte, pionnière du féminisme qui impose clairement ses idées et ses revendications, cela lui cause même des insultes : « Virago ». Ensuite, elle est aussi femme de lettre (comme son père), ce qui lui accorde déjà d’avoir des connaissances d’écriture abouties et fonctionnelles. Dans le cas de la DDFC, elle a réécris la DDHC, elle a donc pu réutiliser une syntaxe et une structure.

J’espère que ça aura peut-être pu t’éclairer. J’ai moi même des difficultés en français donc je comprends tout à fait ta question.

Bonsoir J’ai un plan de dissertation en français et j’ai opté pour un plan thématique et grâce à ton site ça m’a beaucoup aidé merci

Je tenais simplement à dire que pour l’ensemble des leçons sur « Comment faire un plan de dissertation? », tout était à la fois clair et simple à comprendre. Moi qui n’avais pratiquement pas abordé le sujet des différents types de plans dans une dissertation, je dois dire que je suis tout particulièrement étonnée d’avoir assimilé si vite! (Même si je n’ai pas encore fais l’essai…). Encore merci pour ce cours pertinent qui m’a énormément éclairée sur la technique de la dissertation.

Merci Sharleen !

Laisse un commentaire ! X

Merci de laisser un commentaire ! Pour des raisons pédagogiques et pour m'aider à mieux comprendre ton message, il est important de soigner la rédaction de ton commentaire. Vérifie notamment l'orthographe, la syntaxe, les accents, la ponctuation, les majuscules ! Les commentaires qui ne sont pas soignés ne sont pas publiés.

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Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Road Map from Beginning to End

Student resources, 101 qualitative dissertation questions.

These questions and answers correlate to pages in Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Road Map from Beginning to End, Third Edition , which you have purchased.

As teachers of qualitative research and advisors of doctoral students, we have witnessed and experienced many of the frustrations of students confronted with the academic challenge of writing a dissertation. The questions below have been raised time and again in conversations with students and research colleagues. The intent of including these questions in the companion website for Completing Your Qualitative Dissertation: A Road Map From Beginning to End is that they will hopefully stimulate critical thinking, reflection, and dialogue, thereby motivating doctoral students or prospective doctoral students to seek and consult additional relevant texts and resources in order to delve deeper into the many issues raised. These questions might also be used to prompt discussion between doctoral students and their advisors.

One caveat in compiling this list of questions is to demystify the dissertation process but not to sacrifice intellectual rigor for the sake of simplification. Completing a qualitative dissertation indeed is a rigorous and demanding process, and understanding the process means grasping many complex and interrelated issues.  As a second caveat, one must remember that while most institutions will approach the dissertation in common ways, at the same time there are differences in terms of the organization and presentation, as well as distinct differences in terms of what and how qualitative language and terminology are used. This book presents information as guidelines that are meant to be flexible per institutional expectations and requirements, and subject to modification depending on your institution, department, and program. As such, students should always consult with their advisors and committee members to ascertain specific or particular institutional or departmental requirements.

The questions and answers correspond to the book’s structure and are divided into eight parts:

Parts 1–2 cover conceptual information; that is, the thinking and planning aspects of the dissertation. Parts 3–6 cover the practical aspects involved in preparing to actually write the dissertation. Part 7 includes the detailed requirements related to each of the chapters that compose the dissertation. Part 8 provides the information that one needs regarding the various activities that occur after writing the dissertation. 

• Part 1: Planning and Gearing Up
• Part 2: Choosing an Appropriate Qualitative Approach
• Part 3: Preparing and Writing the Proposal

Part 4: Conducting the Research: Data Collection

Part 5: conducting the research: data analysis, part 6: conducting the research: interpretation and synthesis.

• Part 7: Writing Up and Presenting the Research

Part 8: Planning for the Dissertation Defense and Beyond

Part 9: preparing for the defense, part 1: planning and gearing up.

1. How does qualitative research and quantitative research differ, and what are the defining features of qualitative research? 

Rather than determine cause and effect, or predict or describe the distribution of an attribute among a population, qualitative researchers are interested in understanding how people interpret their experiences and how they construct their worlds. The two paradigms or orientations that inform qualitative research, namely Interpretivism and Critical Theory, place emphasis on seeking understanding of the meanings of human actions and experiences, and on generating accounts of meaning from the viewpoints of those involved. Both paradigms assume that reality is socially constructed and that there is no single observable reality, but rather multiple realities or interpretations. For more information regarding the key defining features of qualitative research, see pages 37–44; 53–55 .

2. What is implied by “rigor” in qualitative research, and what does it mean to conduct a “rigorous” qualitative study?

Sound research requires a systematic and rigorous approach to the design and implementation of the study, the collection and analysis of data, and the interpretation and reporting of findings. Central to the rigor of qualitative research is whether participants’ perspectives have been authentically represented in the research process, and whether the findings are coherent in the sense that they “fit” the data and social context from which they were derived. Because rigor is about being very transparent, evaluating the quality of qualitative research includes criteria that are concerned with good practice in the conduct of the research (methodological rigor), as well as criteria related to the trustworthiness of interpretations made (interpretive rigor). For more information regarding rigor vis-à-vis qualitative research, refer to pages 162–164; 240–242 .

3. Writing a qualitative dissertation is a long and iterative process. What exactly is this “process,” and what should a student expect?

Writing a dissertation is a process but not one that is neat and linear. This work is intellectually rigorous—requiring intensive thinking, preparation, and planning—and is very much a matter of having tenacity, perseverance, and patience. For most people, conducting research and writing a document such as this is a first-time endeavor, an undertaking for which there is little experience. For a broad overview of the qualitative dissertation process, see page 3 .

4. How does one manage data in the most efficient and practical manner throughout the dissertation process?

As you proceed with your research, you will begin to gather and accumulate a diverse array of material that has potential relevance. You certainly do not want to lose any of your material, nor do you want to drown in it. Organizing and managing dissertation-related “stuff” right from the beginning is essential to getting on track and staying focused. For more information regarding data management strategies, see pages 19–20; 65–66 .

5. How can I start thinking about planning my time and resources?

The ability to focus, problem-solve, and make informed decisions at every step of the way will bring your study to completion. Because the time commitment required is substantial, you will need to pace yourself from the beginning. For some practical strategies, suggestions, and tips, see pages 20–23.

6. What would be a realistic timeline in which to complete my dissertation, and how can I remain practical about this?

If you work on your dissertation only when you feel like it, the project will most likely never be completed. Scheduling your time allows you to develop a plan for writing, and also helps reduce the pressure associated with deadlines, as well as the tendency to procrastinate. Moreover, setting a schedule also helps integrate your writing into the rest of your life. There are some basic principles for developing an effective writing schedule, and these can be found on pages 35–36.

7. Journaling is said to be an integral aspect of the qualitative dissertation process. Why is this necessary?   Aside from keeping track of information, you also need to keep track of your thinking. One way to ensure that you preserve your reasoning and thinking and are able to spell out the development of your ideas, is to keep a research journal. The rationale for recording your thinking is explained on page 23.  

8. What is the actual starting point of any qualitative dissertation?

The starting point for any research project, and indeed the first major challenge in conducting research, involves identifying and developing a sound topic. How to go about selecting a worthy and researchable topic and considering potential options is described on page 24.

 9. Does my selected topic need to be original or unique?

A dissertation should be an original piece of research and should make a significant contribution to the field. However, it is important to remember that making an original contribution does not imply that there need be an enormous “breakthrough.” In social science research, the discovery of new facts is rarely an important or even challenging criterion. Rather, research is a process of searching or re-searching for new insights; it is about advancing knowledge or understanding of a practice or phenomenon. More information on going about selecting a topic is provided on page 27.

10.  Once I have decided on an area of interest, how do I go about developing and refining a researchable topic? 

Once you have identified a general area of interest, you will need to begin narrowing your topic. The process of developing a researchable topic is a process of idea generation—the movement from a general interest “out there” toward a more clearly refined idea around a researchable problem. More about this “narrowing” process is discussed on pages 28–30.

Part 2: Choosing an Appropriate Qualitative Approach 

11. What are the most common traditions or genres of qualitative research, and what are the key differences between them? 

There are numerous qualitative traditions or genres, each of which has ways of defining a research topic, critically engaging the literature on that topic, identifying significant research problems, designing the study, and collecting, analyzing, and presenting the data so that it will be most relevant and meaningful. Understanding the logic behind a research approach allows your study to be appropriately positioned within an inquiry tradition and also lays the foundation for supporting your study’s findings. Pages 44–45 offer a descriptive and critical overview of some of the most current qualitative traditions.  

12. What are the key characteristics of Case Study methodology, and how do I conduct a case study?

As a form of qualitative research methodology, case study is an intensive description and analysis of a bounded social phenomenon (or multiple bounded phenomena)—be this a social unit or a system such as a program, institution, process, event, or concept. Case study is at the same time both a methodology (a type of design in qualitative inquiry) and an object of study. Case study is an exploratory form of inquiry that affords significant interaction with research participants, providing an in-depth picture of the unit of study. More information can be found on pages 46–47.

13. What is Ethnography and how is an ethnographic study conducted?

Ethnography, as both a method and a product, has multiple intellectual traditions located in diverse disciplines. The researcher studies a cultural or social group in its natural setting, closely examining customs and ways of life, with the aim of describing and interpreting cultural patterns of behavior, values, and practices. Rooted in cultural anthropology, ethnography involves extended observations of the group, most often through the researcher as a participant observer becoming immersed in the day-to-day lives of the participants. More information can be found on pages 47–48.

14. What is Phenomenology, and what are the characteristics of a phenomenological study?

Phenomenology is both a philosophy and a method, the purpose of which is to investigate the meaning of the lived experience of people to identify the core essence of human experience or phenomena as described by research participants. Phenomenology does not endeavor to develop a theory to explain the world; rather, the aim is to facilitate deeper insight to help us maintain greater contact within the world. Phenomenologists focus on describing what all participants have in common, the basic purpose of research being to reduce individual experiences with a phenomenon to a description of the universal essence. More information can be found on pages 48–49.

15. What is Grounded Theory, and what does a grounded theory study look like?

The purpose of grounded theory is to inductively generate theory that is grounded in, or emerges from, the data. A core component of grounded theory is to move beyond description and to have the researcher generate or discover a theory that is “grounded” in data from the field—especially in actions, interactions, and social processes. Research involves multiple recurrent stages of data collection and the refinement of abstract categories of information. More information can be found on pages 49–50.

16. What is Narrative Inquiry, and how does one go about conducting this type of research?

Narrative research has many forms, incorporates a variety of practices and applications, and is rooted in different social disciplines. As a method, narrative research begins with the experiences as expressed in lived and told stories of individuals or cultures. In this form of research, the researcher studies the lives of one or more individuals through the telling of stories, including poetry, play, or performance. Paramount to all narrative work is the centrality of relationship in the research process and recognition of the sacredness of the stories that participants share and trust within the research environment. Uncertainty and tension guide the work, and rather than produce conclusive findings, the process is intended to offer understanding and meaning. More information can be found on pages 50–51.

17. What is Action Research, and what is an action research study?

Action research is a systematic orientation toward inquiry that seeks effective solutions to complex problems that people confront in their communities and organizations. Especially valuable to those involved in professional, organizational, and community research, action research focuses on specific situations that people encounter by engaging them in collaborative relationships and working on developing localized solutions. Action research, being about collaborative and democratic practices, makes it essentially political because it aims to influence processes of change. Action research is an intervention because it promotes actual change. More information can be found on pages 51–52.

18. What are Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, and Critical Theory Research?

In the past two decades, a critical turn has taken place in the social sciences, humanities, and applied fields, with scholars challenging the historical assumptions of neutrality in inquiry, asserting that all research is fundamentally political. It is increasingly argued that research involves issues of power and that traditionally conducted social science research has silenced, marginalized, and oppressed groups in society by making them the passive objects of inquiry. Postmodernism views the world as complex and reality as transitional. In recognition of the socially constructed nature of the world, meaning rather than knowledge is sought because knowledge is seen as constrained by the discourses that were developed to protect powerful interests. Poststructuralism, with its emphasis on language, forms a subset of postmodernism. More information on these genres can be found on pages 52–53.

19. With all the different options available, how do I go about choosing an appropriate qualitative research approach for my study?

The choice of research approach is directly tied to one’s research problem and purpose. A research problem should not be modified to fit a particular research approach; nor can you assume a particular qualitative approach regardless of your research problem. Having decided on a qualitative research approach, you will proceed to appropriately design your study within the framework of one of the traditions or genres of qualitative inquiry. Thus, the components of the design process (e.g., the theoretical framework, research purpose, and methods of data collection and data analysis) reflect the principles and features that characterize that tradition. More information can be found on pages 55–56.

Part 3: Preparing and Writing the Proposal 

20. What exactly is the dissertation proposal, and what is its function and purpose?

The proposal is an integral and very distinct segment of the dissertation process. It is a well-thought-out written action plan that identifies a narrowly defined problem; a purpose that describes how the problem will be addressed; research questions that are tied to the purpose and, when answered, will shed light on the problem; a review of the literature and relevant research to determine what is already known about the topic; and data collection and data analysis methods. More information regarding the content and process of the dissertation proposal can be found on pages 61–62.

21. How do I go about developing my proposal, and what are the key components of a qualitative dissertation proposal?

As mentioned at the outset of this book, and as you will be reminded throughout, while most institutions approach the proposal and dissertation in common ways, at the same time there are differences in terms of the organization and presentation, and distinct differences in terms of what and how qualitative language and terminology are used. This book presents information as guidelines that are meant to be flexible per institutional expectations and requirements, and subject to modification depending on your institution, department, and program. You will no doubt have to attend carefully to the variations that reflect the expectations and requirements of your particular institution. More information pertaining to the core elements of a qualitative proposal (introduction, literature review, and methodology) can be found on pages 63–65.

22. What are some additional elements that I should be aware of when preparing my proposal?

In addition to the three key parts of the proposal (introduction, literature review, methodology), there are some other elements that you will need to address, and information regarding these elements can be found on pages 65–66.

23. What is an elevator speech?

You may have heard the term "elevator speech." This refers to your ability to clearly and concisely answer the question "what is your study about?" A few points about an elevator speech and its relationship vis-a-vis your proposal are presented on page 66.

24. The idea of a “literature review” really scares me! There seems to be so much that is required! How do I even begin to think about it? 

Literature review is a distinct form of academic writing, a skill that doctoral candidates must master to demonstrate knowledge of the literature landscape that surrounds any given dissertation research problem. Right from the beginning, the literature review is an essential, integral, and ongoing part of the research process. Producing good reviews is a test of your ability to manage the relevant texts and materials, analytically interpret ideas, and integrate and synthesize ideas and data with existing knowledge. Guidelines and suggestions regarding undertaking, managing, and operationalizing literature reviews are provided on pages 105–108.

25. What are some of the most important guidelines regarding academic writing?

A dissertation demonstrates your ability to write a coherent volume of intellectually demanding work. It involves the combination of performing research and writing about your research to describe and explain it. As a researcher/writer, knowing how to best express your ideas in written form to convey them to the reader becomes an essential skill. The dissertation requires a high level of scholarly writing, and as such you will have to get into the mode of writing for a particular audience, that is, the academic community. Further information regarding academic writing requirements is presented on pages 66–68.

26. What are the general format and style requirements for a qualitative dissertation?

A research report must consistently follow a selected system for format and style. Format refers to the general pattern of organization and arrangement of the report. Style refers to appropriate writing conventions and includes rules of grammar, spelling, capitalization, and punctuation to be followed in preparing the report. Most colleges and universities require the use of a specific style—either their own or that in a published style manual. You will need to make inquiries regarding your particular department’s recommended style preference. Regardless of which style manual you use, you are expected to adhere to its rules meticulously. Further information regarding format and style is presented on pages 68–70.

27. What are some of the most important aspects of academic integrity, and what constitutes plagiarism?

The strength of your writing rests on your ability to refer to and incorporate the work of others. It is imperative, however, that you attribute recognition to all and any sources of information that you use. Integrity matters! There are few intellectual offenses more serious than plagiarism in academic and professional contexts. A charge of plagiarism can have severe consequences, including expulsion from a university or loss of a job, not to mention a writer’s loss of credibility and professional standing. Further information regarding academic integrity and strategies for avoiding plagiarism is presented on pages 71–73.

28. What is Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, and why is it necessary?

Any research designed to research human subjects, interact with human subjects, provide interventions for human subjects, obtain identifiable information about living subjects, or observe and record private behavior of human subjects, must come under the jurisdiction of the governing board of Institutional Research. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have emerged in accredited academic institutions of higher education as bureaucratic entities responsible for the regulation, governance, and enforcement of significant research ethics. While there are some variations across disciplines and national boundaries, IRB approval is a stamp of credibility backed by a legitimate academic institution. This credibility is valuable both for the researcher and for the research participants. Further information regarding application for IRB approval is discussed on pages 74–75.

29. What are the differences between “methodology” and “research methods”?

Methodology determines how the researcher thinks about a study, how decisions about the study are made, and how researchers position themselves to engage firstly with participants and then with the data that are generated. The term methods commonly denote specific techniques, procedures, or tools used by the researcher to generate and analyze data. The methods that a qualitative researcher chooses are informed by both the research design and the research methodology so that there is a conceptual fit across all levels. More about methodology and methods, and the interrelationship between them, can be found on page 157 .

30. What is meant by “methodological congruence”?

As the researcher, you actively create the link among problem, purpose, and approach through a process of reflecting on problem and purpose, focusing on researchable questions and considering how to best address these questions. Thinking along these lines affords a research study “methodological congruence.” In essence, the position of the researcher is the bridge between philosophy, methodology, and the application of methods. Thus, the alignment between the research question, chosen methodology and personal philosophy, and the ability of the researcher to be reflexive in relation to the research is critical to ensure congruence in the study that will be manifested in the products of the research. More information regarding the notion of methodological congruence can be found on pages 153–154.

31. What are the most commonly used methods of data collection in qualitative research?

Based on the research questions, specific data collection methods are chosen to gather the required information in the most appropriate and meaningful way. A solid rationale for the choice of methods used is crucial, as this indicates methodological congruence, and illustrates that the choice of methods is grounded in the study’s overall research design. Details pertaining to some of the most commonly used methods of data collection (e.g., interviews, focus groups, observation, critical incidents, surveys, and document review) can be found on pages 154–157.

32. What is meant by “triangulation” of methods, and how important is this?

Triangulation enhances the quality of data from multiple sources (e.g., people, events) in multiple ways (e.g., interviews, observations, document review) with the idea that this will illuminate different facets of situations and experiences, and help portray them in their entirety and complexity. More about triangulation strategies and the significance thereof in qualitative research can be found on page 154.

33. What are some of the most important considerations when writing up the methods section?

To show that you have done a critical reading of the literature, and to acknowledge that data collection methods are not without some advantages, your discussion should be sufficiently detailed. More information pertaining to these necessary details is presented on page 158.

34. The idea of “researcher as instrument” is often portrayed as problematic. How do I best understand this phenomenon, and how can I go about defending this perspective to those who see qualitative research as limited and subjective?

“Researcher as instrument” raises important ethical, accountability, and social justice issues, including inter-subjectivity, power, positioning, and voice. Importantly, the reflexive researcher understands that all research is value-bound and that a reflective stance is therefore imperative; that is, reflexivity implies the explicit self-consciousness on the part of the researcher, including social, political, and value positions. Reflexivity is defined as the researcher’s conscious awareness of her or his cognitive and emotional filters comprising their experiences, world-views, and biases that may influence their interpretation of participants’ perceptions. More information on this key qualitative research issue can be found on pages 54–55; 242–243.

35. What is qualitative data analysis really all about?  

Qualitative data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure, and meaning to the masses of data you have collected. Although there are stages dedicated to formal analysis, analysis is an inherent and ongoing part of the research and writing process. Many students become overwhelmed at this point of the dissertation process, having completed or still being immersed in data collection and faced with mounds and mounds of “stuff” and unsure about what needs to be done first. Indeed, there can be a really vast amount of data that need to be transcribed, organized, and reduced. More on qualitative data analysis can be found on pages 187–189.

36. What advice is there for student researchers to best prepare themselves for the huge task of data analysis?

The data generated by qualitative methods are voluminous, and the sheer quantity of raw data can indeed be quite daunting. The best piece of advice I can offer is that if data are to be thoroughly analyzed, they must be well organized . Attention to detail in managing data is important at every stage of the research process. This notion becomes all too clear when it is time to write up the research. Strategies regarding data management in preparation for data analysis are presented on pages 189–190.

37. What does it mean to develop an “analytic mindset”?

Qualitative research does not purport to be objective nor is this a goal of qualitative research. However, to be rigorous, qualitative research does strive to be transparent, and to openly and clearly document and communicate all decisions taken throughout the research process. This must become an integral part of your thinking and mindset. More about ways of maintaining transparency, and hence ensuring the rigor of your study, is discussed on pages 158–159; 188–189.

38. There are many different ways to go about doing qualitative data analysis. How do I decide on the best approach for my specific study?

Different qualitative research traditions or genres promote specific strategies for data analysis. Whatever approach you choose to use should be suited to the research tradition that you have adopted. In addition, the preference of your advisor and your department will of course need to be taken into consideration. Different analytic strategies are discussed on pages 190–193.

39. What are “codes,” and what are their role and function in the qualitative data analysis process?

Much is made about coding as a fundamental skill for qualitative analysis. Although there is really nothing that mysterious about it, the literature on data analysis and coding in particular is voluminous, and the vast amount of information can certainly be overwhelming. Details pertaining to codes and the overall coding process are provided on pages 197–199.

40. What is the procedure for coding data?

The reason you have spent so much time and energy talking to participants is to find out what their experience is and to endeavor to understand it from their perspective. You, as the researcher, will be exercising judgment as to what you think is significant in each interview transcript. Some passages may stand out because they are striking to you in some way. Others may stand out because they are contradictory and seem inconsistent with your conceptual framework. In this regard, you must be vigilant in not only seeking material that supports your own opinions but also remaining open to the unexpected. All of the aspects of coding your material are presented on pages 201–202.

41. What do you do once you have coded your data?

Once you have coded your material, you are ready to categorize your units of information. What is imperative is that your coding scheme and conceptual framework continue to remain flexible. All aspects of the process of assigning your codes to categories are presented on pages 202–204.

42. What is content analysis, and how does it differ from coding?

In traditional content analysis studies, counting the number of times a particular set of codes occurs is an important measure in assessing the frequency of items or phenomena. However, in the qualitative analysis process, frequency of occurrence is not necessarily an indicator of significance. The analytic approaches for most coding methods do not ask you to count; they ask you to ponder, speculate, assess, integrate, and synthesize. Qualitative analysis therefore goes way beyond simply counting . See pages 199–200 for further discussion on this distinction.

43. There is a lot of talk around computer software analysis programs? What types are available, and are these preferable than conducting a manual “old fashioned” analysis of my data?

If you choose to make use of computer aided software, then searching for the most appropriate program is important so that it directly supports and is usable in terms of your study’s research design and methodology. Information regarding the most common software currently in use, including benefits and limitations, is provided on pages 205–207.

44. How does “data analysis” differ from “interpretation of findings”?

By way of data analysis , you are forming a record of frequently occurring phenomena or patterns of behavior. Once you have established patterns, these patterns need to be explained.  This is where interpretation of findings comes into play. Whereas the chapter of data analysis presents the findings of your research by organizing data from various sources into categories to produce a readable narrative, the purpose of the chapter dealing with interpretation of findings is to provide interpretative insights into your study’s findings. You now have an opportunity to communicate to others what you think your findings mean and integrate your findings with literature, research, and practice. More about this is discussed on pages 233–236.

45. What essentially is “interpretation” in qualitative research? How do I go about interpreting what I have found?

Qualitative research begins with questions, and its ultimate purpose is learning. To inform the questions, the researcher collects data . Data are like building blocks that, when grouped into patterns, become information , which in turn, when applied or used, becomes knowledge . The challenge of qualitative analysis lies in making sense of large amounts of data—reducing raw data, identifying what is significant, and constructing a framework for communicating the meaning of your findings. This is discussed on pages 240–243.

46.  How and in what ways does analysis of findings differ among the various qualitative research traditions?

Analytical approaches are linked to particular forms of data collection and are underpinned by specific conceptual and philosophical traditions. These differences are discussed on page 238.

47. How and in what ways does interpretation of findings differ among the various qualitative research traditions?

Just as there are clear analytic distinctions among traditions or genres demanding that the researcher will have to think about data analysis in a particular way, so are interpretation and representation strategies specific to each tradition. These differences are discussed on page 241.

48. How do I prepare myself for analysis and interpretation?

You might ask yourself what the chapter on interpretation of findings is really all about and what it should constitute. Since findings are not to be taken at face value, how does one go about seeking the deeper meanings behind the findings? What is really involved? And how does one get started? How to begin thinking about your analysis and interpretation is presented on page 236.

 49. How do I begin to go about analyzing and interpreting my findings? 

You are most likely asking yourself what the chapter on analysis of findings is really all about and what it should constitute. How does one get started, and what is really involved? You may want to structure your thinking according to three interrelated activities: (a) Seeking significant patterns and themes among the findings, (b) making use of description and interpretation, and (c) providing some sort of synthesis or integration. More about these activities and how to go about “peeling back” the many layers in order to explain the meaning behind your findings is provided on pages 236–244.

50. What are the limitations of my credibility in the analytic and interpretive process? After all, I bring my own perspectives and experiences, and hence assumptions, subjectivity and biases!

Whereas in quantitative research the role of the researcher is detached with the aim of being as objective as possible, in qualitative research, the researcher is personally involved, believing that research is always value-bound. Factors that enhance the credibility of a qualitative study are discussed on page 244.

51. A lot is made about the notion of “synthesis.” What are the implications of synthesizing findings in qualitative research?

Qualitative research involves moving from a holistic perspective to individual parts (analysis) and then back to a holistic look at the data (synthesis). Whereas the findings chapter splits apart and separates out pieces and chunks of data to tell the “story of the research,” the analysis chapter is an attempt to reconstruct a holistic understanding of your study. Analysis is intended to ultimately depict an integrated picture. More details are presented on pages 243–244.

Part 7: Writing Up and Presenting the Research 

You will notice that the questions in Part 7 below are organized around particular standard dissertation chapters. Please be aware that different institutions have different expectations and requirements with regard to the structure and flow of dissertation chapters. Students will need to consult with their advisors in this regard. 

7.1 Introduction to the Study 

52. What is the overall purpose of Chapter One (the study’s Introduction), and what are the key components of this chapter?

The first chapter of your dissertation is the most critical, and everything that follows hinges on how well this chapter is constructed. The introductory chapter therefore sets the stage for the study; it also makes a case for the significance of the problem, contextualizes the study, and provides an introduction to its basic components—most specifically, directing the reader to the research problem, research purpose, and research questions. This first chapter of the dissertation also forms part of the proposal. The various elements that comprise this chapter are discussed on pages 9–10; 85.

53. How do I move from identifying a research topic to developing and articulating a viable research problem?

The sooner you can begin to narrow your research interests (topic) and identify and develop a topical focus (research problem), the better.  Beginning researchers often confuse a topic with a research problem. A topic refers to a general area of interest. A research problem is more specific; it seeks to understand some aspect of the general topic. More on how to begin narrowing down a research topic and developing a clear research problem is discussed on pages 86–88.

54. What is the research problem, and how does this inform the development of research purpose and research questions?

At the heart of a dissertation is the articulation of the research problem. This is the place where most committee members go first to understand and assess the merits of a proposal or a dissertation. More on the research problem and how it informs the research questions is discussed on pages 88–91.

55. How do I go about developing and honing my research problem statement?

The problem statement serves a foundational role in that it communicates what is the formal reason for engaging in the dissertation in the first place. The problem statement is the discrepancy between what we already know and what we want to know. The problem statement also illustrates why we care; that is, why your study should be conducted. More details about what constitute a viable problem statement, and how to go about assessing viability, is discussed on pages 87–89.

56. What is the purpose statement, and how do I articulate this?

Once you have identified your own narrowly defined topic and concise problem statement, you are ready to formulate your purpose statement. The purpose statement is the major objective or intent of the study ; it enables the reader to understand the central thrust of the research.  More about the purpose statement and how to go about developing this is discussed on pages 88–90.

57. How do I develop and articulate effective and relevant research questions?

The research questions are directly tied to the research purpose. Answering the questions must accomplish the study’s purpose and contribute to shedding light on and addressing the problem. One must be able to trace all the ideas in the research questions back through the purpose statement to the problem statement; this underscores that you must ask relevant and effective questions. Details regarding how to craft research questions are included in pages 90–92.

58. What are some other additional elements that need to be included in the introductory chapter?

The first chapter of your dissertation (and of your proposal) introduces and describes the critical components that set in place a research study: problem, purpose, and research questions. In addition, there are some other associated elements or subsections. It should be noted that there may be some variations in required subheadings depending on individual programs and/or universities, and you should be sure to check for this. An outline of typical subheadings that compose Chapter One is presented on pages 92–94.

7.2 The Literature Review Chapter

59. What is the function and purpose of the literature review chapter in the qualitative dissertation?

The literature review is a sophisticated form of research in its own right that requires a great deal of research skill and insight. You are expected to identify appropriate topics or issues, justify why these are the appropriate choice for addressing the research problem, search for and retrieve the appropriate literature, analyze and critique the literature, create new understandings of the topic through synthesis, and develop a conceptual framework that will provide the underlying structure for your study. More on the function and purpose of the literature review chapter is presented on pages 104–105.

60. What is the scope of the literature review chapter in the dissertation? In other words, how extensive is the review meant to be?

The major purpose of reviewing the literature is to determine what has already been done that relates to your topic. This knowledge not only prevents you from unintentionally duplicating research that has already been conducted, but it also affords you the understanding and insight needed to situate your topic within an existing framework. Therefore, a thorough search and reading of related literature is, in a very real sense, part of your own academic development—part of becoming an “expert” in your chosen field of inquiry. Given all of this, you might be asking, “What is the scope of a literature review, and how extensive will this review need to be?” These questions are responded to on pages 105–108.

61. How do I start preparing for the literature review?  

Thinking about the entire literature review may be overwhelming and intimidating. Instead of viewing it as one big whole, try to think of it as a series of steps—and steps within those steps—and prepare to tackle each topic one by one, setting small achievable goals within each topic area. The different stages of the literature review process, and all the key elements involved in digesting scholarly sources, are discussed on pages 108–118.

62. What is the idea of “synthesis” vis-à-vis the literature review? And how is synthesis different from summary?

Synthesis and summary are strategies that are used in reading, review, and research. Both are important skills or techniques in making sense of what one is reading, and each one plays an important role in the qualitative research process. However, they are very different activities. Each has a different purpose, process, and outcome. This is discussed on pages 121–122.

63. What should I know about and be aware of with regard web/online resources?

Although not always scholarly, the Internet will more than likely be your initial starting point for topic ideas and information. However, anyone anywhere can put information on the web, so any information from the Internet should be cited with caution. Remember that using the Internet to find academic information takes a lot of hard work to carefully evaluate and determine if a web resource is a reliable, authoritative, or even a scholarly information resource. Criteria for evaluating the credibility, accuracy, currency, and legitimacy of web resources are discussed on pages 113–114.

64. How do I present my literature review in the dissertation?

Qualitative researchers use existing literature to guide their studies in various ways depending on the type of study being conducted. There are also differences regarding the purpose and process for presenting the review of the literature with respect to each of the research traditions. Guidelines for presenting a literature review are discussed on pages 122–124.

65. So much is made of the conceptual framework. What is it, and how can I start thinking about this?

Graduate students often lack a clear understanding of the nature of the conceptual framework; what it is, its purpose, where it is derived from, how it is developed, how it is used, and what effect it has on research. Thus, they find themselves at a loss in the process of developing a conceptual framework. Moreover, oftentimes experienced researchers and advisors encounter challenges in guiding candidates as to what constitutes a rigorous and meaningful conceptual framework. As such, the structure and function of a conceptual framework continues to mystify and frustrate. More information on this is presented on pages 124–127.

66. What are the role, function, and application of the conceptual framework in the dissertation?

The conceptual framework plays a central role throughout the entire research process, and, most important, in the final analysis. A well-conceived conceptual framework is influenced by and at the same time influences the research process at all levels and at all stages. There are a set of distinct roles and functions of the conceptual framework in a qualitative dissertation, and these are discussed on pages 127–128.

67. What is the essential value of the dissertation’s conceptual framework? And are there any limitations associated with a conceptual framework?

The conceptual or theoretical framework strengthens your study in many ways, and there are also some caveats to be aware of. The value and limitations are explained on pages 128–130.

68. How do I go about developing and presenting my study’s conceptual framework? Does this have to be an elaborate diagram?

In acknowledging the conceptual framework as an integral element of the research process, as a qualitative researcher, you need to know how to develop and create a conceptual or theoretical framework and where to introduce this in the dissertation. The term is somewhat an abstract notion, conjuring up a “model” or “diagram” of some sort. Moreover, there is no uniform and consistent definition, and discussions in the literature around conceptual frameworks are not clear or precise. Strategies for developing the conceptual framework and ideas for presenting it in the dissertation are discussed on pages 130–132. 

7.3 The Methodology Chapter

69. What is the purpose of the Methodology chapter?

The Methodology chapter of the dissertation presents the research design and the specific procedures used in conducting your study. In this chapter, you will show the reader that you understand the methodological implications of the choices you have made and, in particular, that you have thought carefully about the linkages between your study’s purpose and research questions, and the research approach and research methods that you have selected. More details regarding the purpose of this chapter are presented on pages 143–145.

70. What are the key components of the Methodology chapter?

The dissertation’s methodology chapter covers a lot of ground. In this chapter, you will document each step that you have taken in designing and conducting the study. This chapter situates the study within a particular methodological tradition and provides a detailed description of all aspects of the design and procedures of the study. While your headings and subheadings in this chapter are contingent on your particular university’s requirements, make sure your sections are in a logical sequence and what you write is comprehensive, clear, precise, and sufficiently detailed. An overview of the elements that would constitute a comprehensive and sound methodology chapter is presented on pages 11–12; 146–147.

71. What is the research sample, and how is this different from the research population?

The research sample is a subset of the population. Identifying your research sample, and the method you used to select that sample, provides the reader with some sense of the scope of your study. In addition, your study’s credibility relies on the quality of procedures you have used to select the research participants. Further information regarding qualitative research samples is provided on page 147.

72. How do I go about selecting my research sample, and how large does it need to be?

In qualitative research, selection of the research sample is purposeful . The logic of purposeful sampling lies in selecting information-rich cases, with the objective of yielding insight and understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. This method is in contrast to the random sampling procedures that characterize quantitative research, which is based on statistical probability theory. Further information regarding purposeful sampling and sample size is discussed on pages 148–149.

73. What kinds of information am I going to need from the research site and research sample?

Four areas of information are typically needed for most qualitative studies: contextual, perceptual, demographic, and theoretical. Additional details regarding the types of information needed, and how to go about collecting that information, are discussed on pages 149–151.

74. What is “research design,” and what are the implications of the choice of research design for my study?

Engaging in research involves choosing a study design that corresponds with your study’s problem, purpose, research questions, choice of site, and research sample. This calls to the fore the concept of methodological congruence, whereby all the study’s components are interconnected and interrelated so that the study itself is a cohesive whole rather than the sum of fragmented or isolated parts. You will also need to consider whether the design is a comfortable match with your worldview and your skills. How to go about developing the research design of your study and the criteria to take into consideration in doing so are presented on pages 151–152.

75. What are the key ethical considerations in conducting qualitative research?

In any research study, ethical issues relating to the protection of the participants are of vital concern. As researchers, we are morally bound to conduct our research in a manner that minimizes potential harm to those involved in the study. For the most part, issues of ethics focus on establishing safeguards that will protect the rights of participants and include informed consent, on protecting participants from harm, and on ensuring confidentiality. As a qualitative researcher, you need to remain attentive throughout your study to the researcher–participant relationship, which is determined by roles, status, and cultural norms. Central issues with regard to ethics in qualitative research are discussed on pages 161–162.

76.  How do I best understand issues of “trustworthiness” or “legitimation” regarding qualitative research?

Qualitative research is based to a large degree on reflection and interpretation. The researcher as instrument brings her or his experience and perspective to the table. Qualitative research does not purport to be objective, nor is this a goal of qualitative research. However, to be rigorous, qualitative research does strive to be transparent and to openly, legitimately, and clearly document and communicate all decisions taken throughout the research process. Issues of trustworthiness in qualitative research (credibility, dependability, and confirmability) and how these compare with quantitative research criteria are discussed on pages 162–163.

77. How can I better understand conflicting reports about the generalizability of qualitative research?

Although generalizability is not the intended goal of qualitative research, what must be addressed is the issue of transferability ; that is, the ways in which your reader determines whether and to what extent some of the elements of your study can be used as a way to understand similar elements of another context. Exactly what transferability implies and how to account for transferability in your qualitative study are discussed on page 164.

78. What is meant by “limitations” and “delimitations” in a qualitative research study, and what is the difference between these two concepts?

Limitations of the study are the characteristics of design or methodology that expose the conditions that may weaken the study. Delimitations refer to the initial choices made about the broader, overall design of your study and are those characteristics that define and clarify the conceptual boundaries of your research . More about limitations and delimitations and how to account for these in your study is discussed on pages 164–166.

7.4. Analyzing Data and Reporting Findings 

79. What constitutes the dissertation’s findings analysis chapter?

In this chapter, you present the analysis of your raw data, which are your findings. You have now moved beyond data to information . The challenge of qualitative analysis lies in making sense of large amounts of data, identifying what is significant, and constructing a framework for communicating the essence of what the data reveal. This chapter lays the foundation for the analysis, conclusions, and recommendations that will appear in subsequent chapters. Factors to take into consideration when preparing and writing this chapter, as well as a suggested outline, are provided on pages 13; 187–189.

80. What is the procedure involved in qualitative data analysis, and what is the role of the conceptual framework?

Data analysis demands a heightened awareness of the data and an open mind to recurring and common threads, some of which may be subtle. The process can be repetitious, tedious, and time consuming. While there is a somewhat systematic and stepwise procedure to prepare and analyze the data, the interrelationship among these steps is not necessarily linear. The phases involved in data analysis and the integral function of your conceptual framework are presented on pages 193–197.

81. How are research findings to be presented in a qualitative dissertation?

As the researcher, your goal is to tell a story that should be vivid and interesting, while also accurate and credible. In your report, the events, the people, and their words and actions are made explicit so that readers can experience the situation in a similar way to the researcher, as well as experience the world of the research participants.

Qualitative analysis is a creative and ongoing process that requires thoughtful judgments about what is significant and meaningful in the data. General guidelines for presenting this chapter are presented on pages 207–208.

82. What does this mean to present findings by way of quotation categories, and how do I go about doing this?

In qualitative research, interviewing is usually the major source of the data needed for understanding the phenomenon under study. The findings of qualitative research are typically reported in a narrative manner. Reports of qualitative studies usually include extensive samples of quotations from participants, and these provide the detail and substantiate the story that you are telling. An overwhelming question facing any researcher embarking on the write-up of the research report is, “Where do I begin to tell my story?” The various steps involved in this process are discussed on pages 208–212.

83. What is meant by thematic presentation of findings?

While the standard form of presenting quotes in qualitative research is to weave the quotes into your narrative, this is not the only form. Quotes can also be presented within charts, tables, or figures, with the overall goal to convey the story-line of your research according to the most predominant themes. More about this way of presenting findings can be found on pages 212–213.

7.5 Analysis and Interpretation of Findings 

84. What is the role and function of the analysis and synthesis chapter?

The previous chapter of the dissertation involved the analysis of data to produce the study’s findings. Organizing, preparing, and presenting the findings of your research is a somewhat objective exercise; the researcher is, in this instance, a reporter of information. This chapter involves the analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of those findings . Both chapters involve analytic decisions, and these two chapters together should convince a reader that you, the researcher, are sufficiently knowledgeable about the interlocking analytic processes that constitute qualitative research. Further details pertaining to this chapter’s place in the dissertation are provided in pages 13–14; 233–236.

85. What does it mean to seek patterns and themes?

Qualitative analysis is essentially about searching for patterns and themes; that is, the trends that you see emerging from among your findings. Now again, when you are analyzing your findings, you look for themes once again—this time not in raw data but in the findings that have emerged. Bear in mind that analytical approaches are linked to particular forms of data collection and are underpinned by specific conceptual and philosophical traditions. Each tradition provides a perspective on reality that is specific to that tradition. More on this is discussed on pages 238–240.

86. Once I have established patterns and themes, how do I go on to describe and interpret my study’s findings?

A qualitative dissertation should not only provide sufficient description to allow the reader to understand the basis for an interpretation but also provide meaningful interpretation to allow the reader to appreciate the description. An interpretive reading of your data involves constructing a version of what you think the findings mean or represent or what you think you can infer from the findings . Interpretation, in effect, moves the whole analytic process to a higher level. Guidelines for interpreting your material are presented on pages 240–243.

7.6 Conclusions and Recommendations Chapter

87. Formulating the study’s conclusions and recommendations constitute the final chapter of the dissertation. What should I be aware of regarding this chapter?

The final chapter of the dissertation presents a set of concluding statements and recommendations. By way of the conclusions, the story of your research is wrapped up , bringing it to its logical finale. Recommendations are the application of those conclusions. Writing conclusions and providing recommendations will draw on your ability to be a critical and, at the same time, creative thinker. Characteristics of worthy conclusions and recommendations are presented on pages 15; 269–270.

 88. How do I begin thinking about developing trustworthy conclusions?

When you were developing the study’s key findings, you engaged in critical thinking and reflection about all the potential deeper meanings behind these findings. As such, you were able to brainstorm a number of possible interpretations that explained your findings. In generating conclusions, you now need to go back to your findings and interpretations. A process to stimulate thinking about developing conclusions and making sure that your findings, interpretations, and conclusions are all aligned is presented on pages 270–271.

89. How do I write up my study’s conclusions?

As a general rule of thumb, you should provide at least one conclusion for each finding. However, the process is not altogether linear, and so it is possible that one conclusion can (but does not always) cut across more than one finding. It is important to bear in mind when thinking about and formulating each of your conclusions that they must be logically tied to one another . More about writing conclusions, as well as a tool for generating conclusions, is presented on pages 271–272.

90. How can I go about I developing actionable recommendations?

Recommendations follow your findings and conclusions. They are the application of those conclusions. A tool for generating the study’s recommendations is presented on pages 272–273.

91. How do I write up my recommendations?

You make recommendations based on your own experiences in conducting the research, as well as in any other professional capacity. Recommendations can have implications for policy and practice, as well as for further research. Further details pertaining to providing recommendations are presented on page 273.

92.     Will I have an opportunity to reflect on my research and findings?

Most certainly! As you near the end of your study, you may want to pause and reflect on the long qualitative journey you have undertaken. You may include this reflection in the last chapter, following your conclusions and recommendations. Suggestions about this piece of the dissertation are provided on pages 273–274.

93. Why is alignment such an important component to consider, and why should this be revisited as I near completion of the dissertation?  

You will have known throughout your research about the importance of alignment among the first three core critical elements: problem, purpose, and research questions. As you reach the final stages of writing your dissertation, it is crucial that you once again make certain that all the necessary elements that constitute your dissertation are aligned with one another. This will ensure that your study is tight and that you have taken an important step in ensuring methodological integrity ; this is extremely important for the defense when, among other things, the methodological integrity of your research is finely scrutinized. More about alignment is presented on pages 283–284.

 94. How do I craft my study’s title?

The title of your dissertation should catch the readers’ attention while at the same time properly informing them of the main focus of your study. Crafting an effective title is an iterative and ongoing exercise. A title has many uses. Most important, it should accurately reflect your work. More details about the title are provided on pages 284–285.

95. How do I prepare an Abstract?

Writing a good abstract requires that you explain what you did and what you found in simple, direct language. The abstract needs to be dense with information but also readable, well organized, concise and specific, focused, and coherent.  Abstracts can differ in terms of style and word count. It is suggested that you consult with your advisor, departmental regulations, and the relevant style manual regarding abstract requirements. More about the abstract is provided on pages 285–289.

96. What is the essential purpose of the dissertation defense?

The defense, in effect, moves your dissertation from the private domain into the arena of public discourse, providing you with some sense of closure. Actual procedures for conducting the meeting and the formalities involved are discussed on pages 302–303.

97. What is the process for selecting a defense committee?

Be aware that each university or college has a different system regarding dissertation committee structure and the process of preparing for that structure. Each institution has its own way of going about setting up the defense meeting, and it is recommended that you consult with your institution’s office of doctoral studies with regard to the correct procedures and protocol. Some general guidelines are provided on pages 300–301.

98. How can I best prepare myself for this milestone event, and what are some beneficial pre-defense strategies that I should know about?

Because this is the culminating aspect of a rigorous, traditional, and long-standing ritual, you are likely to approach the defense with some sense of anxiety. This is certainly understandable! Therefore, the more you can frame the defense as an opportunity to present your research publicly and the more you take a proactive position, the better the experience is likely to be. Guidelines toward this end are provided on pages 302–306.

99. Following the defense and all necessary revisions to my dissertation, what opportunities can I pursue regarding publishing my research?  

The dissertation process comes to a definitive end when the final document is submitted and the doctoral degree is awarded. At this juncture, you might consider looking beyond the dissertation and think of how you can share what you have researched with a broader audience than the academic community. Publishing your findings is a way to contribute to the ongoing knowledge base and work toward advancing your professional career. Details regarding publishing your research are provided on pages 308–309.

100. Following the defense and all necessary revisions to my dissertation, what opportunities can I pursue regarding presenting my research?

In addition to publications, completion of the dissertation provides you with  opportunities to present your study in other academic settings and research forums, such as graduate seminars and professional associations. Details regarding presenting your research are provided on page 310.

101. It is sometimes said that “the best dissertation is a DONE dissertation.”  However, how does one actually evaluate the quality of a qualitative dissertation?

I have no doubt that you will ask yourself whether there are key criteria or pointers that can help you determine the quality of your work as you navigate this long and intense journey. The short answer to this question is yes!  Once you have some idea of the core elements that are required for the various sections of your dissertation, an evaluation rubric is included for your convenience on pages 316–325 . Please be sure to use this rubric as a broad set of guidelines only in checking your work at different points along the way and in assessing or evaluating the quality of your work overall once completed. Hopefully this tool will be useful to you in determining where limitations may lie and where improvements can be made. 

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How to Choose a Dissertation Topic | 8 Steps to Follow

Published on November 11, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 20, 2023.

Choosing your dissertation topic is the first step in making sure your research goes as smoothly as possible. When choosing a topic, it’s important to consider:

• Your institution and department’s requirements
• Your areas of knowledge and interest
• The scientific, social, or practical relevance
• The availability of data and resources
• The timeframe of your dissertation
• The relevance of your topic

You can follow these steps to begin narrowing down your ideas.

Table of contents

Step 1: check the requirements, step 2: choose a broad field of research, step 3: look for books and articles, step 4: find a niche, step 5: consider the type of research, step 6: determine the relevance, step 7: make sure it’s plausible, step 8: get your topic approved, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about dissertation topics.

The very first step is to check your program’s requirements. This determines the scope of what it is possible for you to research.

• Is there a minimum and maximum word count?
• When is the deadline?
• Should the research have an academic or a professional orientation?
• Are there any methodological conditions? Do you have to conduct fieldwork, or use specific types of sources?

Some programs have stricter requirements than others. You might be given nothing more than a word count and a deadline, or you might have a restricted list of topics and approaches to choose from. If in doubt about what is expected of you, always ask your supervisor or department coordinator.

Start by thinking about your areas of interest within the subject you’re studying. Examples of broad ideas include:

• Twentieth-century literature
• Economic history
• Health policy

To get a more specific sense of the current state of research on your potential topic, skim through a few recent issues of the top journals in your field. Be sure to check out their most-cited articles in particular. For inspiration, you can also search Google Scholar , subject-specific databases , and your university library’s resources.

As you read, note down any specific ideas that interest you and make a shortlist of possible topics. If you’ve written other papers, such as a 3rd-year paper or a conference paper, consider how those topics can be broadened into a dissertation.

After doing some initial reading, it’s time to start narrowing down options for your potential topic. This can be a gradual process, and should get more and more specific as you go. For example, from the ideas above, you might narrow it down like this:

• Twentieth-century literature   Twentieth-century Irish literature   Post-war Irish poetry
• Economic history   European economic history   German labor union history
• Health policy   Reproductive health policy   Reproductive rights in South America

All of these topics are still broad enough that you’ll find a huge amount of books and articles about them. Try to find a specific niche where you can make your mark, such as: something not many people have researched yet, a question that’s still being debated, or a very current practical issue.

At this stage, make sure you have a few backup ideas — there’s still time to change your focus. If your topic doesn’t make it through the next few steps, you can try a different one. Later, you will narrow your focus down even more in your problem statement and research questions .

There are many different types of research , so at this stage, it’s a good idea to start thinking about what kind of approach you’ll take to your topic. Will you mainly focus on:

• Collecting original data (e.g., experimental or field research)?
• Analyzing existing data (e.g., national statistics, public records, or archives)?
• Interpreting cultural objects (e.g., novels, films, or paintings)?
• Comparing scholarly approaches (e.g., theories, methods, or interpretations)?

Many dissertations will combine more than one of these. Sometimes the type of research is obvious: if your topic is post-war Irish poetry, you will probably mainly be interpreting poems. But in other cases, there are several possible approaches. If your topic is reproductive rights in South America, you could analyze public policy documents and media coverage, or you could gather original data through interviews and surveys .

You don’t have to finalize your research design and methods yet, but the type of research will influence which aspects of the topic it’s possible to address, so it’s wise to consider this as you narrow down your ideas.

It’s important that your topic is interesting to you, but you’ll also have to make sure it’s academically, socially or practically relevant to your field.

• Academic relevance means that the research can fill a gap in knowledge or contribute to a scholarly debate in your field.
• Social relevance means that the research can advance our understanding of society and inform social change.
• Practical relevance means that the research can be applied to solve concrete problems or improve real-life processes.

The easiest way to make sure your research is relevant is to choose a topic that is clearly connected to current issues or debates, either in society at large or in your academic discipline. The relevance must be clearly stated when you define your research problem .

Before you make a final decision on your topic, consider again the length of your dissertation, the timeframe in which you have to complete it, and the practicalities of conducting the research.

Will you have enough time to read all the most important academic literature on this topic? If there’s too much information to tackle, consider narrowing your focus even more.

Will you be able to find enough sources or gather enough data to fulfil the requirements of the dissertation? If you think you might struggle to find information, consider broadening or shifting your focus.

Do you have to go to a specific location to gather data on the topic? Make sure that you have enough funding and practical access.

Last but not least, will the topic hold your interest for the length of the research process? To stay motivated, it’s important to choose something you’re enthusiastic about!

Most programmes will require you to submit a brief description of your topic, called a research prospectus or proposal .

Remember, if you discover that your topic is not as strong as you thought it was, it’s usually acceptable to change your mind and switch focus early in the dissertation process. Just make sure you have enough time to start on a new topic, and always check with your supervisor or department.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Methodology

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

• Researchability
• Feasibility and specificity
• Relevance and originality

All research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

You can assess information and arguments critically by asking certain questions about the source. You can use the CRAAP test , focusing on the currency , relevance , authority , accuracy , and purpose of a source of information.

Ask questions such as:

• Who is the author? Are they an expert?
• Why did the author publish it? What is their motivation?
• How do they make their argument? Is it backed up by evidence?

A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.

It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.

Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

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