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What Does It Take to Get Into Marquette University?

Marquette University, located at the heart of Milwaukee, is one of the largest Jesuit universities in the country, a total of 11 schools and colleges making up its main campus. Students hail from 50 states and 65 countries to make up a student body of over 8000 undergraduates.

In recent years, Marquette University has established global standing as a respected research institution. In fact, nearly all students on the Marquette campus participate in some form of research or service during their undergraduate experience.

Beyond academics, MU is a tight-knit community with a school spirit not to be trifled with. From the number of students adorned in MU merch to the Golden Eagle apparel on game day, students’ love for their school infuses every inch of campus.

Interested in joining the ranks of the Marquette Golden Eagles? Read on to learn how to give yourself the best chance of acceptance.

Applying to Marquette University: A Quick Review

Admissions to Marquette University is rolling, meaning there is a time period within which you are able to apply and the university will review applications as they come in. Generally, applicants hear back with a decision within two to three weeks.

Here is a comprehensive list of deadlines that will come in handy while applying to MU:

• August 1: Rolling admissions period opens
• December 1: Priority deadline (It is highly recommended that you apply by this deadline. After this point, admissions becomes a far more selective, space-available basis.)
• January 15: Scholarship deadline (Applications submitted after this point are not eligible for MU scholarships)

More information on deadlines can be found here .

Applicants can apply to Marquette via one of two platforms: the Common Application or the Marquette freshman application. If you are already applying to other schools via the Common App, we recommend simply using this platform for Marquette.

Here’s are the steps to follow for a complete application:

• Create an account on the MU Application or add MU to your Common Application
• Fill out all sections of the application, including the extracurricular activities list
• Optional, but highly recommended: Complete the personal statement component of the application
• Complete the Marquette supplemental essays (2)
• Submit your official high school transcript
• Send your ACT or SAT scores via the testing agency’s website
• Submit your letters of recommendation, including the required school counselor recommendation
• Submit the application

Marquette University Acceptance Rate: How Difficult Is It to Get In?

Marquette’s acceptance rate is a fair 74%, not overly selective in the world of admissions. However, this number can be a bit deceiving, as over a third of Marquette students were ranked in the top 10% of their high school class.

While you by no means have to be one of the top students in your class to have a chance at Marquette, it’s important to take the application seriously to give yourself the best chance of acceptance into the university. 

So, How Does One Get Into Marquette?

GPA & Course Load. The number one decider in the Marquette admissions process, as indicated by the website, is high school performance. Namely, they want to see evidence that a student has challenged himself to take a rigorous course load while maintaining strong grades.

On your part, this means finding a balance that works for you. Don’t take so many APs, IBs, or honors that your grades suffer, but push yourself beyond your academic comfort zone as you progress through your high school career.

Tip : Admissions officers love to see an upward trajectory in grades, meaning grades that overall improve year to year. This demonstrates that a student has fine-tuned their academic abilities and possesses a desire to grow and improve. It makes the college feel that by accepting you, they’re accepting the best version of you.

Standardized Testing. Though Marquette does not superscore the ACT or SAT exam, they will only consider the highest composite of either exam. Here’s how Marquette’s freshman performed on the exams:

• Middle 50% ACT: 24-30
• Middle 50% SAT: 1160-1320

Whether you choose to take the SAT or ACT—and Marquette indicates no preference between the two—aim to score as close to the upper end of the above range as possible. Particularly if you feel your transcript is on the weaker side, your standardized test score is a great opportunity to increase your application’s academic strength.

Tip: Because MU considers only your highest composite, it is to your benefit to take the exam several times—using effective test prep between sittings—to improve your score as much as possible. Each increase in your exam score has a very direct boost on your chance of admission.  

Supplemental Essays. Marquette provides two prompts for first-year applicants to respond to, with a word limit on each of about 300 words. As Marquette itself notes, there are no magic words or predetermined formulas for the supplemental essays that will ensure an acceptance. It is more important, therefore, that you simply be yourself.

Within the confines of the word limit and given prompt, you have an opportunity to show MU another side of yourself beyond the numbers on your application. Let your personality shine and show them why they should make you a part of the Marquette family.

Tip: Marquette’s motto is ‘Be the Difference.’ See if you can show the admissions officer—implicitly, of course—why you embody the mission of the university.

Check out these helpful tips provided by Marquette University.

What If You Get Rejected?

Unfortunately, there are no guarantee in college admissions and sometimes, rejection does happen. It’s never fun; in fact, it can downright hurt. But Marquette is one school in a country full of thousands! I have no doubt you will find the school for you.

Here’s a list of schools that are remarkably similar to Marquette University, and whether you’ve been rejected or not, they may be worth considering:

• University of Wisconsin—Madison
• Loyola University
• University of Wisconsin—Milwaukee
• Viterbo University
• Edgewood College

Curious about your chances of acceptance to your dream school? Our free chancing engine takes into account your GPA, test scores, extracurriculars, and other data to predict your odds of acceptance at over 500 colleges across the U.S. We’ll also let you know how you stack up against other applicants and how you can improve your profile. Sign up for your free CollegeVine account today to get started!

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Marquette University Admissions: Everything You Want to and Need to Know

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Overview of Marquette University

Marquette University is a private research university with an acceptance rate of 82%. The institution situated in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Marquette institution, has a large selection of 83 undergraduate and graduate degree programs for students to choose from. Students are backed by a robust 14 to 1 student/faculty ratio, and professors take a personalized approach to the teaching and learning process. Outside of the classroom, students will find plenty of opportunities to engage with the campus community via many clubs and organizations.

• Total Enrollment: 11,605 (8,435 undergraduates)
• Gender Breakdown: 46 percent male/54 percent female
• 96 percent full-time

Cost of Attendance Information

• Tuition and Fees: $43,936
• Books: $816
• Room and Board: $13,200
• Other Expenses: $2,548
• Total Cost: $60,500

Financial Aid Information

• Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percent
• Grants: 100 percent
• Loans: 51 percent
• Grants: $19,330
• Loans: $7,284

Academic Programs Offered

• Most Popular Majors: Business, Management, Marketing, and Related Support Services; Biological and Biomedical Sciences; Engineering; Communication, Journalism, and Related Programs; and Social Sciences

Retention and Graduation

• First-Year Student Retention (full-time students): 87 percent
• 4-Year Graduation Rate: 67 percent
• 6-Year Graduation Rate: 85 percent

NCAA Athletic Programs

• Men’s Sports: Basketball, Cross Country, Golf, Lacrosse, Soccer, Tennis, Track and Field
• Women’s Sports: Basketball, Cross Country, Lacrosse, Soccer, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball
• The Marquette Golden Eagles play in the NCAA Division I Big East Conference. Popular sports include soccer, basketball, Track and Field, lacrosse, and golf.

Overview of Marquette University Admissions

Marquette University accepts more than three-quarters of applicants and has somewhat competitive admissions. Students whose SAT/ACT scores and GPA are within the institution’s requirements have a good chance of being admitted. Applicants must complete an online application and send test scores from either the SAT or ACT and high school transcripts. Glowing recommendation letters can bolster your application, along with being involved with student organizations and attempting a challenging course load. Students with unique talents and accomplishments can still receive strong consideration even if their GPAs are outside of the mean range. After applying, students will receive a message from an admissions counselor about the application process’s next steps. Interested students should check out the university’s website, which has helpful tips and contact information for the admissions offices.

Admissions Data                        

During the 2018-19 admissions phase, Marquette University had an acceptance rate of 82%. For every 100 students who submitted applications, 82 students were accepted, making Marquette’s admissions process somewhat competitive.

SAT Requirements and Scores

During the 2018-19 admissions phase, 32% of admitted students provided SAT scores. Note that beginning with the 2019-20 admissions phase, Marquette University will become test-optional.

This admissions data reveals to us that most of Marquette’s admitted students fall within the top 35% on the SAT. 50% of students admitted to Marquette scored between 580 and 660 on the reading and writing section, while 25% scored below 580, and 25% scored over 660. 50% of admitted students scored between 570 and 660 on the math section, while 25% scored below 570, and 25% scored over 660. Applicants with a cumulative SAT score of 1320 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Marquette.

ACT Requirements and Scores

During the 2018-19 admissions phase, 81% of admitted students provided ACT scores. Note that beginning with the 2019-20 admissions phase, Marquette University will become test-optional.

This admissions data reveals to us that most of Marquette’s admitted students fall within the top 26% on the ACT. The median 50% of students admitted to Marquette University received a cumulative ACT score between 24 and 30, while 25% scored over 30, and 25% scored below 24.

The median 50% of Marquette University’s 2019 class had high school GPAs between 3.38 and 3.86. 25% had a GPA of over 3.86, and 25% had a GPA below 3.38. These results suggest that successful applicants to Marquette University have A and B grades primarily.

Safety Net Schools: Easy to Gain Admission

If past admission data predicts that you would be a competitive candidate for Marquette University, it should be easy to gain admissions to the schools below. If Marquette University is currently out of your reach, then you are sure to be a competitive candidate for the schools below.

Quinnipiac University, Ohio University, University of Alabama, Pace University, University of North Texas, California State University Long Beach, Washington State University

Same Tier: Just As Hard to Gain Admission

If you’re a competitive candidate for Marquette University, you should have an equal chance of gaining admissions at these schools.

Penn State University Park, United States Military Academy, Texas Christian University, Hofstra University, Auburn University, Temple University, Seton Hall University

Reach Institutions: Gaining Admissions Will be More of a Challenge

These schools are more challenging to gain admission into than Marquette University. If you improve your GPA and SAT/ACT scores, you’ll be a competitive candidate.

Stony Brook University, University of Texas at Dallas, University of Connecticut, Rochester Institute of Technology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Syracuse University, Drexel University

Applying to Marquette University

Application Deadline: December 1

Undergraduate Admissions Website:

https://www.marquette.edu/explore/

Undergraduate Application Link(s):

https://www.marquette.edu/explore/apply-today.php

Graduate Admissions Website:

https://www.marquette.edu/grad/

Graduate Application Link(s):

https://graduate.admissions.marquette.edu/apply/

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Marquette.edu  //  Undergraduate Admissions  // 

First-Year Students: Apply Today

Start your marquette application.

You can apply to Marquette using our application or the Common Application . Links to both applications are listed below. There is no preference of one application over the other, so feel free to apply using that application that's best for you. Take a moment to review the deadlines, required materials and additional notes on this page. We look forward to reviewing your application! 

  Marquette's First-Year Student Application

  The Common Application

  Click here if you're applying as a transfer student

Please note , first-year applicants seek to enroll as full-time undergraduate students at Marquette University. Any student enrolled in high school or any full-time-seeking student who has not earned postsecondary college credit may apply as a first-year student. High school students enrolled in college course work while in high school (dual enrollment) are also first-year applicants. 

International students (non-U.S. citizens) who match the characteristics above can apply as first-year students, but have unique requirements and should visit the Office of International Education for instructions.

Deadlines/timeline:

• Complete Early Action applications for Fall 2024 received by November 15 , 2023 will receive a decision by December 15, 2023.
• Complete Regular Decision applications for Fall 2024 received by January 15 , 2024 will receive a decision by February 1, 2024.
• Complete timeline

What you'll need to complete your application:

• Official high school transcript(s) - Required
• Essay - Required (review some  tips here )
• Extracurricular activities list - Required (submitted in application or separately)
• ACT/SAT scores -   Optional   (review the  Test Optional Policy here  and   methods of submission here )

( For a detailed distribution of admitted students' GPA, ACT and SAT data,   visit this page .)

Other items you might submit:

• Additional personal statement
• Letters of recommendation
• College transcripts, upper level IB scores and AP exam scores (These may be sent at a later time and are not needed for freshman application review.)

What's next?

Upon receipt of your application, we will email access information for your online application account. Through this account, you may return to your application and check the status. 

What we look for:

• How we evaluate your application

Application information for

• First-Year Applicants
• Homeschooled Freshmen
• Transfer Students
• Non-Degree Students
• Summer Studies
• Youth Options
• Pre-college Programs
• International Students

SEE AN ISSUE?

If you see an issue with this website, please contact [email protected] .

Application status

Log into your admissions application account to verify the status of your application .

Email - [email protected] Phone - (414) 288-7302 Text -  (414) 622-1888 Find Your Admission Counselor

PROBLEM WITH THIS WEBPAGE?

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To report another problem, please contact [email protected] .

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Frequently Asked Questions

Table of Contents

• General Questions
• Applying for Admission
• Application Process
• Tuition, Scholarships, and Financial Aid

The following frequently asked questions and answers refer primarily to the J.D. admissions process and the application for J.D. admission. Full-time and part-time applicants are subject to the same admission standards, application procedures, requirements, and processing. More information on admission to Marquette University Law School's LL.M. program in sports law for foreign attorneys is available .

GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. Can I contact an admissions officer? We would be happy to assist with your questions. Feel free to call or email us: Email: [email protected] Phone: (414) 288-6767 Fax: (414) 288-0676 Hours: Monday - Friday: 8:00am - 4:30pm

2. May I visit the Law School? We would love to show you around Eckstein Hall ! Further details about planning your visit--whether virtual or in-person--may be found on this website .

3. How do I request a hard-copy brochure? Candidates are encouraged to access the updated Marquette Law School viewbook which may be requested via mail or downloaded .

4. What is your bar passage rate? Please explain diploma privilege . Marquette University Law School prepares its graduates to practice wherever they wish, including states that require bar exams. Marquette Law School graduates are admitted without examination to the practice of law in Wisconsin, thus qualifying for admission as well to the Federal courts in Wisconsin. Upon meeting criteria particular to other states, graduates may qualify for reciprocal bar admission. In other words, all Marquette Law School graduates are admitted to the Wisconsin bar (pending the character and fitness review), while remaining eligible for bar admission in all other states.

5. What is the statistical profile of the most recent entering class, including LSAT scores and undergraduate GPA's, the percentage of women and students of color, the number of enrolled students, etc.? An entering class profile may be found on this website .

6. Do you have a part-time option? A part-time option is available. Part-time students will fulfill their traditional "first-year courses" during the day and over the course of four semesters. Some upper division classes may be offered in the evening. More details on the part-time option are available.

7. How do I apply for a joint degree program? If a candidate will apply for a joint degree program , they must submit two distinct applications, one to the Law School and one to the other school/program, and must fulfill all of the application requirements (entrance examinations, fees, deadlines, etc.) for each program.

8. Do you enroll transfer students? J.D. students who have completed one year of law school at an ABA-accredited law school, who are in good standing and eligible to continue at that law school, may apply for transfer admission. Transfer students may only enroll in the fall semester. Transfer applications are due July 1 preceding fall enrollment. More information on transfer admission may be found on this website .

9. Do you enroll third-year visiting students? Students in good standing and eligible to continue at an ABA-accredited law school may attend Marquette as visiting students provided all coursework taken at Marquette will be applied to degree requirements at their home law schools. More information on visiting student admission may be found on this website.

10. I hold a bachelor's degree from a foreign undergraduate school. May I apply for J.D. admission? Yes. International applicants to the J.D. program must take the LSAT. In addition to the LSAT, international applicants whose first language is not English must take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). International applicants must use the LSAC Credential Assembly Service (CAS). More information on the CAS and on applying as an international student is available . Marquette Law School offers a one-year graduate LL.M. program for foreign-educated attorneys strongly interested in the study of sports law and related fields..

11. May admitted students defer enrollment? No. Offers of admission are for the upcoming academic year only. Applicants offered admission who cannot enroll in the entering class should withdraw their applications; they are welcome to reapply in the following admissions cycle. 

APPLYING FOR ADMISSION

12. How do I request an application? Candidates for J.D. admission must apply online .

13. I'm having difficulty with the online application. Whom should I contact? Please contact the Law School Admission Council (LSAC) directly: FAQs:LSAC electronic applications 662 Penn Street Box 2000 Newtown, PA 18940-0998, USA (215) 968-1001 http://www.lsac.org [email protected] .

14. What are your application deadlines? While the Law School follows a rolling admissions process and does not have strict application deadlines, candidates for either full-time or part-time admission are encouraged to take the LSAT no later than February and to complete an application by April 1. While the Law School will continue to accept and evaluate applications after April 1, early application is strongly encouraged, i.e., earlier than the dates referenced in the previous sentence.  15. May law students enter in the spring or summer? No, law students may only enroll beginning in the fall semester of each academic year.

16. When do you begin accepting applications? Candidates may begin submitting applications September 1.

17. Is my application complete? Marquette Law School utilizes the Applicant Status Online system offered via the LSAC. 

18. How many letters of recommendation do you require? One (1) letter of recommendation is required to complete an application for admission. Applicants should use their own judgment in deciding the appropriate number of recommendations needed to support their applications for admission.

19. What should letters of recommendation address? A letter of recommendation should provide a candid evaluation of your intellectual abilities, moral character, and special talents. We encourage, but do not require, that the letter of recommendation be written by a professor (or instructor) that taught you in a class. A letter of recommendation from an employer may be submitted.

20. How should I submit my letters of recommendation? The Admissions Committee requires that applicants use the LSAC letter of recommendation service . If, for some reason, the use of the service is impossible for a recommender, a recommender may send a signed letter of recommendation directly to the Office of Admissions in hard-copy form via mail; the Admissions Committee does not accept letters of recommendation submitted via email, nor may recommendations be appended to, or inserted ("cut and pasted") into the online application.

21. What should I write my personal statement about? How long should it be? Please select your own topic for your personal statement. As the Admissions Committee does not conduct interviews, the personal statement is each candidate's opportunity to tell the Committee something about themself that it cannot learn from the other parts of the application. The personal statement should not exceed two double-spaced pages; please use standard one-inch margins and a font-size no smaller than 11-point. An applicant may provide an additional optional statement discussing their motivation for applying specifically to Marquette University Law School; ideally, the required personal statement should not be written on that topic.

Transfer and visiting student applicants should provide a statement summarizing the reasons they are requesting to transfer to or visit at Marquette Law School as a personal statement.

22. What is your application fee? How may I submit payment? The application fee is $50.00 U.S., payable by credit or debit card only (American Express, Discover, Mastercard, Visa). Because the application process is entirely electronic and paperless, neither cash nor checks/money orders will be accepted as payment of the application fee.

23. How do I update/amend my application? Applicants who wish to request a change in the status of their application send them in writing to the Law School Office of Admissions (e.g., to change their application division from full-time to part-time, or vice versa, or who will take the LSAT on a date other than the one indicated on their applications). Additional addenda and/or updates to the application should also be submitted in writing. It is preferred that all updates are emailed  in PDF format to the Office of Admissions; please include your full name and LSAC account number. Current law students , please click here for instructions on amending your application after enrollment.

24. How do I reapply? To reapply a candidate must fill out a new online application and pay the application fee. The submission of an entirely new personal statement and an updated resume is strongly encouraged. Most applications made within the last four to five years should still be retained in our electronic archive, and will be pulled from the archive and matched to the new application form. A reapplicant is welcome to submit a new letter(s) of recommendation, although if the previously submitted recommendation(s) remains on file with LSAC, that is acceptable. In most cases, reapplicants should not have to reregister with LSAC CAS as CAS subscriptions are valid for five years. Questions about a CAS subscription should be directed to LSAC .

THE APPLICATION PROCESS

25. Does applying earlier increase my chances of admission? Candidates are encouraged to apply earlier in the process rather than later if possible. While it is impossible to quantify the effect of applying earlier in the cycle on a particular application, as with most things in life, applying earlier is better than applying later.

26. When/how will I be notified of the Admissions Committee's decision? The Law School follows a modified rolling admissions process. Applications are placed before the Committee as they become complete although, typically, the Admissions Committee does not begin meeting until mid-to-late October.

The Admissions Committee notifies applicants of their decisions via regular U.S. mail or international airmail only. Decisions are not released via email, telephone, or facsimile. The members of the Admissions Committee and the staff of the Office of Admissions adhere to this policy in order to protect the confidentiality of each applicant.

Decisions are mailed throughout the winter, spring, and summer. Some candidates may receive decisions comparatively quickly based upon the overall and relative strength of their applications. Some candidates' applications will be "wait-listed" or "held" for consideration and comparison with the larger applicant pool.

27. If I provide a resume and/or supporting academic credentials, via email, for example, can you assess the likelihood of receiving an offer of admission? The staff of the Office of Admissions is not able to assess or predict the likelihood of a candidate's admission based upon a narrative, a resume or C.V., or a summary of academic credentials submitted via email, or in-person, or by telephone or letter. Only the Admissions Committee can make such judgments, and only after reviewing a complete application. The only way to determine if one would be admitted to the Law School is to apply.

That said, we suggest that you review our Application Criteria & Review  process as well as our statistical profile . Together, these might give you some sense of how your credentials compare to recent successful applicants to Marquette University Law School.

28. Do you grant interviews for admission? No. In the interest of equity, no evaluative interviews are conducted as part of the application review process. Applicants are welcome, however, to submit in writing any information they believe is relevant to their applications. Members of the Admission Committee are happy to review all written addenda.

29. Is there any particular undergraduate coursework that the Committee values highly? When reviewing undergraduate transcripts, the Committee looks for a broad range of courses. Courses that require students to develop analytical skills, and/or courses with heavy reading loads that may help students develop their reading and writing skills, can sometimes be of particular value. However, the Committee will not look for nor expect any particular or specific undergraduate major.

30. If I take the LSAT more than once, does the Committee average scores, or consider only the highest score? In the case of an applicant with more than one LSAT score, the Admissions Committee will receive a test score report for the applicant that discloses all LSAT scores and the average of those scores. The Admissions Committee will primarily use the highest score while reviewing an applicant's credentials. A candidate is welcome to write and append to the application a supporting statement regarding multiple LSAT scores if they can provide compelling, convincing evidence explaining why a lower LSAT score should be considered aberrant.

31. What is the latest LSAT Administration date that I can take for the upcoming fall? Candidates for either full-time or part-time admission are strongly encouraged to take the LSAT no later than February. 32. What is the oldest LSAT score you will accept for Fall 2024 admission? The Admissions Committee considers LSAT scores valid for five years preceding the application deadline. Consequently, the oldest LSAT administration considered valid for Fall 2024 admission is the June 2019 administration.

33. What is your median LSAT? A class profile is posted .

TUITION, SCHOLARSHIPS, AND FINANCIAL AID

34. What is the tuition? For full-time students, 2024-2025 tuition is $50,950/year, or $25,475/semester. For part-time students, 2024-2025 tuition is $2,015/credit hour. A complete student budget is posted .

35. How do I apply for scholarships? The Law School awards a limited number of merit-based scholarships to entering students each year. All applicants offered admission to the Law School are automatically considered for merit scholarship awards as long as funds remain available; there is no separate scholarship application to submit. Please review specific details on our scholarship policy .

36. How do I apply for Federal financial aid? Law School students who wish to be considered for Federal financial aid (student loans) at Marquette University need to complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). The FAFSA is available online. Find further details on the FAFSA process .

37. Does the Law School have a Loan Repayment Assistance Program? The Law School recognizes that the legal community has a responsibility to help provide services to people who cannot afford representation.  The Howard and Phyllis Eisenberg Loan Repayment Assistance Program (LRAP)  has been adopted in the hope that it may remove an obstacle to graduates interested in choosing a career serving the poor and underserved. To be considered for funding, applicants should meet the program qualifications .

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Academic Programs Overview

Master’s degree overview.

The master's degree is awarded in recognition of academic accomplishment as demonstrated by a program of course work, passing of the required examinations, or the preparation of a thesis, project or essay.

Master’s Program Planning Form

Master’s degree students must complete the Master’s Program Planning Form with their adviser, have it approved by their adviser and the director of graduate studies or chair, and submit it to the Graduate School before the end of their first term of study. The form is available online at the Graduate School forms website . This form constitutes a formal agreement between students and the university, and outlines what must be done to complete the master’s degree. It may be changed by submitting a revised and approved Master’s Program Planning Form.

Second Language Requirements

Some programs require reading comprehension in one or more additional languages. This requirement is used as an important tool to advance the scholarly and research efforts of students. To determine language requirements for a specific program, consult the Programs section of this bulletin.

There are a number of ways by which students can complete the language requirement(s), including: taking a second language proficiency examination administered by the Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures; taking a three-credit, semester-long second language reading knowledge course (course number xxxx 6204) offered by the Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures; proving to the students' departmental faculty that they have the necessary second language proficiency as evidenced by prior language study; or by taking an exam prepared and graded by the students' academic departments. The 6204 reading knowledge courses may only be taken for credit and may not be audited.

If students choose to take a second language reading knowledge course, the tuition for the course is charged at the normal Graduate School tuition rate in effect at the time the course is being taken, and the language credits are in addition to regular course credits required for that academic program and degree. The grades earned in the second language reading knowledge course is included in the students' term and cumulative credits and grade point average.

Students also have the option of taking a two-hour exam to fulfill a graduate degree program’s language requirement. The exam, graded SNC/UNC, assesses students' reading proficiency in a particular language through translation and comprehension questions about a second language passage. Students must register for the exam just like a regular course, and a $100 fee is assessed. If students receive an unsatisfactory grade assessment, it is recommended that they complete the corresponding 6204 reading knowledge course. If students decide to retake the exam outside of the course, they have to reregister for the exam and pay the $100 exam fee.

Whatever method is chosen, it is the responsibility of the students' home departments to determine what level of language proficiency is sufficient. It is also the departments' responsibility to notify the Graduate School of each student's completion of second language requirements.

Specializations

A specialization (or sub-plan), consisting of a minimum of twelve credits of course work in a specific field, may be required for some master's programs. When a specialization is required, it must be selected from those currently active within approved Marquette University programs. The specialization must be outlined on the Master’s Program Planning Form, found at the Graduate School forms website . For additional information, consult the Programs section of this bulletin.

Comprehensive Examinations

Candidates for a master’s degree in many departments must successfully pass a comprehensive examination on their total graduate program of studies. If students fail, a second and final examination may be given at the discretion of the department, as each department administers its own comprehensive exams.

Students are encouraged to contact their program for specific information including deadlines and procedures. A department may require students to complete a specific course instead of passing a comprehensive exam. Generally speaking, this course may be taken only after students have completed all of the other core course requirements.

Plan A and Plan B

The Graduate School offers the master’s degree under two plans: Plan A, which requires that students write a thesis, and Plan B, which substitutes additional course work, a professional project, essay and/or a comprehensive examination instead of the thesis. Some master’s programs allow students to choose either Plan A or Plan B. For plans offered in each program, consult the Programs section of this bulletin.

Students may submit a petition to the Graduate School requesting a change from Plan A to Plan B (or vice versa) providing they have permission from their program. A new Master’s Program Planning Form, available at the Graduate School forms website , must be completed and submitted to the Graduate School.

If students change plans after completing some or all of the required thesis or project courses, these credits do not automatically apply toward the revised degree requirements.

Plan A — Master’s Degree with Thesis

Minimum credit requirements.

A minimum of 30 credit hours is required and a minimum of 18 credit hours of the course work must be taken in the major field. Some departments require more credit hours; students should consult the Programs section of this bulletin. Courses in the program must be taken at the graduate level (5000-level or above). Consult individual program listings and department advisers to determine the specific requirements for Plan A programs.

Thesis Credits

Students must take six hours of thesis credit. Students who enroll in and pay for thesis credits are not entitled to a refund of tuition for these credits if they should subsequently drop out, withdraw from their program or transfer to a Plan B option.

Thesis Outline Form

Students must submit an outline for the proposed thesis or professional project. (No outline is required by the Graduate School for writing a master’s essay, although some departments may choose to require the form.) The outline lists the committee members which, for a master’s thesis, must contain a minimum of three voting members. Master’s thesis outline forms are available online at the Graduate School forms website .

Master’s Thesis

Although there is no Graduate School requirement that students hold a formal, public defense, it is expected that some type of defense of the thesis be held. The format of this defense is determined by the department. Whatever format is used, the results of the defense must be reported on the Master’s Thesis/Essay/Professional Project/Publication Approval Form, available at the Graduate School forms website . The defense is considered successful, and students passed, if a majority of the voting members of the thesis committee vote to approve the defense and the department chair signs to accept any non-unanimous vote.

In a master’s thesis, students demonstrate familiarity with the tools of research and scholarship in their major field, show thorough knowledge of the subject covered and reflect independence of thought, critical insight and originality. The thesis must also be acceptable in style and composition. Students are required to follow the instructions on the Thesis Directives and thesis submission checklist, available online at the Graduate School forms website . A thesis that does not conform to the directives, including format specifications, is not accepted by the Graduate School.

An electronic copy of the completed master’s thesis must be submitted online through ProQuest, on or before the deadline listed in Marquette's Academic Calendar. Although students retain ownership and copyright privileges, a copy of the approved thesis is considered a public document by Marquette University. The thesis may be placed in the Marquette University library, used by students and faculty, or otherwise released to the public unless restricted by the author. See the electronic theses and dissertations website  for details.

Recording Thesis Defenses

In order to facilitate an open and honest dialogue, thesis defenses are not normally recorded. However, it is the policy of the Marquette University Graduate School to allow, with prior permission, the audio and/or video recording of students' thesis defense.

Common courtesy requires that the thesis committee chair and all committee members must be made aware, in advance of the defense, of students' desire to record the proceedings. Additionally, the chair and all committee members must assent to such a recording. Such written approval must include the signatures of the chair and all committee members, and the signed approval must be submitted to the assistant director for student records in the Graduate School prior to the recording being made.

If a thesis defense is recorded, all questions, statements or other comments, whether verbal or written, remain the property of the person who spoke or wrote them, and any future use of the recording is subject to applicable copyright laws.

Plan B — Master’s Degree Without Thesis

A minimum of 30 credit hours is required and a minimum of 18 credit hours of the course work must be taken in the major field. Some departments require more credit hours; students should consult the Programs section of this bulletin. Courses in the program must be taken at the graduate level (5000-level or above). Consult individual program listings and department advisers to determine the specific requirements for Plan B programs.

Professional Project Credits

Academic units may require students to register for project credits or similar course work. Students who enroll in and pay for project credits are not entitled to a refund of tuition of these credits if they should subsequently drop out of or be withdrawn from their programs.

Professional Project

In a project, students demonstrate familiarity with the tools of research and scholarship in the major field, show thorough knowledge of the subject covered and reflect independence of thought, critical insight and originality. The project must be acceptable to the department in style and composition. Formatting of professional projects is at the discretion of the department. Thesis Directives, found at the Graduate School forms website , may be used as a guide.

An electronic copy of the professional project and the original Master’s Thesis/Essay/Professional Project/Publication Approval Form with appropriate signatures must be submitted to the Graduate School office on or before the deadline listed in the Academic Calendar.

In many graduate programs, a master’s essay may be required even though no formal credit is given for it and no outline is required by the Graduate School. Students should confer with their advisers about topics and guidelines for producing an acceptable paper, including requirements for length and references. Essays must be acceptable to the department in style and composition. Formatting of essays is at the discretion of the department. Thesis Directives, found at the Graduate School forms website , may be used as a guide.

An electronic copy of the essay and the original Master’s Thesis/Essay/Professional Project/Publication Approval Form with appropriate signatures must be submitted to the Graduate School office on or before the deadline listed in the Academic Calendar.

Doctoral Degree Overview

The doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) degree is awarded in recognition of high attainment and ability in a special subject field. Candidates are required to pass examinations that cover general and specific knowledge in their area of expertise and prepare and successfully defend a dissertation based on independent, original and high-quality research that makes a significant contribution of knowledge to the field.

Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program

Faculty from both doctoral and non-doctoral departments may propose interdisciplinary Ph.D. programs for individual students to the University Board of Graduate Studies. This provides students and faculty with opportunities for creative academic programming and research opportunities that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. Since there is no departmental structure to support these programs, certain understandings, commitments, and restrictions, beyond those required in regular doctoral programs, are necessary. Additional information appears in the Programs section of this bulletin. Direct specific questions to the Graduate School.

Application Procedures

Applicants must follow the instructions in the Admission and Readmission section of this bulletin. It is the responsibility of applicants to obtain information about any additional requirements from the Programs section of this bulletin, from the Graduate School or department websites, or from the director of graduate studies in the proposed program. Students with master’s degrees from Marquette are required to submit a new application to the Graduate School if they wish to be considered for doctoral admission.

Doctoral Program Planning Form

Students must prepare a program of study with their advisers that lists the steps and classes needed to complete their doctoral degree. The Doctoral Program Planning Form, available online at the Graduate School forms website , is used for this purpose. The approved Doctoral Program Planning Form constitutes a formal agreement between students, their academic departments, and Marquette University and, once established, may be changed only by formal amendment using the Doctoral Program Planning Form Amendment, available online at the  Graduate School forms website . The Doctoral Program Planning Form should be submitted to the Graduate School prior to the end of the students' first year of doctoral study. Course work, second language and residency requirements are accepted as part of students' doctoral program only after approval of the Doctoral Program Planning Form. If credits for a master's degree from another institution are to be transferred, students must be sure that a final, official transcript is on file at the Graduate School.

Credit Requirements

Depending on previous preparation and the nature of the research undertaken, the number of credits required for individual students, even within the same program, may vary considerably. Minimum credit requirements have, however, been established by the university and the Graduate School.

The doctoral degree is the highest degree conferred by Marquette University. There are significant differences in degree requirements between the physical/natural sciences and other fields, and these are addressed below. However, in all cases, students must complete 12 dissertation credits and must satisfy the university’s residency requirements. The credit requirements listed below are the minimum established by the Graduate School. Individual departments may set their own requirements that meet or exceed these minimums.

Biological Sciences and Chemistry

A minimum of 24 credits of course work beyond the bachelor’s degree is required, plus 12 dissertations credits. In cases in which students enter the program with a master’s degree in the same or closely related field, students may request the department and the Graduate School to allow the master’s degree to satisfy up to 25% of the 24 required credits. In all cases, a minimum of 18 credits of course work exclusive of the dissertation must be taken at Marquette while in the doctoral program.

Any exceptions to the total credits and minimum grade point average requirements for any degree and/or certificate must be approved by the provost.

All Other Programs

A minimum of 45 credits of course work beyond the bachelor’s degree is required, plus 12 dissertation credits. In cases in which students enter the program with a master’s degree from another institution in the same or closely-related field, students may request the department and the Graduate School to allow the master’s degree course work to satisfy up to 50% of the required credits. For such cases, a minimum of 21 credit hours of course work exclusive of the dissertation must be taken at Marquette while in a Ph.D. or D.N.P. program. For cases in which students enter the program with a master’s degree from Marquette University in the same or closely-related field, students may request the department and the Graduate School to allow up to 30 credits of course work from the Marquette master’s degree to satisfy the Ph.D. course credit requirement. Thus, in this latter case, a minimum of 15 credit hours of course work exclusive of the dissertation must be taken at Marquette while in a Ph.D. or D.N.P. program.

Some programs require reading comprehension in one or more additional languages. This requirement is used as an important tool to advance the scholarly and research efforts of students. To determine language requirements for a specific doctoral program, consult the Programs section of this bulletin. If required, students must select one (or more) language(s) in which there is significant scholarly literature in their program field.

There are a number of ways by which students can complete the language requirement(s), including: taking a second language proficiency examination administered by the Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures; taking a three-credit, semester-long second language reading knowledge course (course number xxxx 6204) offered by the Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures; proving to students' departmental faculty that they have the necessary second language proficiency as evidenced by prior language study; or by taking an exam prepared and graded by students' academic departments. The 6204 reading knowledge courses may only be taken for credit and may not be audited.

If students choose to take a second language reading knowledge course, the tuition for the course is charged at the normal Graduate School tuition rate in effect at the time the course is being taken, and the language credits are in addition to regular course credits required for that academic program and degree. The grades earned in the second language reading knowledge course are included in the students’ term and cumulative credits and grade point average.

Students also have the option of taking a two-hour exam to fulfill a graduate degree program’s language requirement. The exam, graded SNC/UNC, assesses students’ reading proficiency in a particular language through translation and comprehension questions about a second language passage. Students must register for the exam just like a regular course, and a $100 fee is assessed. If students receive an unsatisfactory grade assessment, it is recommended that they complete the corresponding 6204 reading knowledge course. If students decide to retake the exam outside of the course, they have to re-register for the exam and pay the $100 exam fee.

Whatever method is chosen, it is the responsibility of the students' home departments to determine what level of language proficiency is sufficient. It is also the departments’ responsibility to notify the Graduate School of each student’s completion of second language requirements.

A specialization (or sub-plan), consisting of a minimum of twelve credits of course work in a specific field, may be required for some doctoral programs. When a specialization is required, it must be selected from those currently active within approved Marquette University programs. The specialization must be outlined on the Doctoral Program Planning Form. For additional information, consult the Programs section of this bulletin.

Residency Requirement

The residency requirement is designed to immerse doctoral students in the campus community of scholars. It must be satisfied in the department in which students are seeking a doctoral degree. Plans for the residency must be included on the Doctoral Program Planning Form. The residency requirement is met when students complete one of the three options below:

• Nine credits of course work, dissertation credits, or its equivalent per term, for two terms within an 18-month period, or alternatively, completes at least 6 credits of course work, or its equivalent per term, for three terms within an 18-month period. The credit load necessary to meet the nine- or six-credit requirement may be met by course work alone or course work in conjunction with dissertation credits.
• Alternative requirements as defined by the department in which students are seeking a doctoral degree. Alternative requirements by the department must be filed with and approved by the dean of the Graduate School.
• In exceptional situations, waivers may be granted on a case-by-case basis with the recommendation from the department in which students are seeking a doctoral degree and with the approval from the dean of the Graduate School. In such cases, the department must make a credible case that students have obtained the intended impact of the residency requirement (i.e., creating an immersion in the campus community of scholars) and stated the experiences through which that impact was achieved.

Doctoral Qualifying Examination

The DQE is an exploration of the students' understanding in the program field and may be written, oral or both. It may also include an explanation of the proposed dissertation. Some departments require students to pass cumulative examinations. Required elements for the DQE are defined by the students' program department. Students must be classified by the university as an active Ph.D. student in the term in which the exam is taken. The DQE is typically scheduled after all course work, language and residency requirements have been completed. Taking the DQE before all requirements have been satisfied requires written permission from the students' department.

The exam is conducted by a committee made up of at least three faculty members from the students' program. If the committee includes a non-Marquette member, the department must note this exception in writing and submit a request and a curriculum vitae for that person to the Graduate School.

Students who fail the examination may, with the consent of the academic department, be eligible to take a second examination after fulfilling all conditions stipulated by the doctoral examining committee. If the second examination is unsatisfactory, no further examination is permitted.

Official Doctoral Candidacy

Students advance to doctoral candidacy upon recommendation of their department, having completed all course work, language, and residency requirements, and passing the DQE. The departments shall notify the Graduate School in writing, using the Advancement to Doctoral Candidacy form found online at the Graduate School forms website , for all students recommended for candidacy.

Dissertation Process

Assembling a dissertation committee.

Candidates select their dissertation committee with the assistance of their adviser. The committee must be comprised of a minimum of three voting members, two of whom must be Marquette tenured or tenure-track faculty; committees may contain fewer Marquette faculty pending approval by the Graduate School dean or their designee. The names of the members, including the chairperson, must be on the Outline for Dissertation, Thesis, Professional Project or Essay form, available online at the Graduate School forms website . Emeriti faculty may be considered as Marquette or department committee members as specified by department guidelines. Emeriti faculty may be considered to serve in the role of co-chair or committee members as specified by department guidelines. At least one of the co-chairs must be a regular tenured or tenure track faculty member. If the committee includes a non-Marquette member, the department must submit a recent curriculum vitae for that member to the Graduate School with their Outline for Dissertation, Thesis, Professional Project or Essay form. The dean of the Graduate School appoints the dissertation committee by approving the outline form.

Doctoral Dissertation Outline Form

Students must submit an outline for the proposed dissertation on the Outline for Dissertation, Thesis, Professional Project or Essay form, typically within the first term that dissertation credits are taken, but no later than the deadline listed in this bulletin. The form is available online at the Graduate School forms website . Outlines must be approved by the students' adviser, the department chairperson, and the Graduate School. If the proposed research involves a real or apparent conflict of interest on the part of students, the dissertation director, or the committee members, it must be declared at the time the outline is submitted.

Dissertation Credits

Students must register for 12 hours of dissertation credits and may enroll for these while working on their doctoral dissertation outline or dissertation. Each department determines the number of credit hours that a candidate may take during any one term. Students who enroll in, and pay for, dissertation credits are not entitled to a refund of tuition of these credits even if they should subsequently drop out of or are withdrawn from their program.

Dissertation Directives

Directions for writing the dissertation and the dissertation submission checklist are available online at the Graduate School forms website . Students are strongly encouraged to consult both and to check with their departments for additional guidelines. The Graduate School updates the directives periodically and students are responsible for using the most recent version. Dissertations that do not conform exactly to the most recent directives will not be accepted by the Graduate School.

Writing the Dissertation

A dissertation demonstrates a students' familiarity with the tools of research and scholarship in the field, shows thorough knowledge of the subject covered and reflects independence of thought, critical insight and originality. The dissertation must exhibit the students' mastery of the literature of the subject and familiarity with the sources and be presented with a satisfactory degree of literary skill. Students are required to follow the instructions in the Dissertation Directives. Dissertations not conforming to the directives, including format specifications, are not accepted by the Graduate School.

An electronic copy of the completed dissertation must be submitted online through ProQuest, and the original, completed Dissertation Approval Form must be turned into the Graduate School office by the date listed in the online Academic Calendar. Students must consult the dissertation submission checklist prior to submitting the dissertation and must consult the Dissertation Directives for a complete list of forms and other requirements that must be turned in to the Graduate School at the time of submission of the dissertation. Although the student retains ownership and copyright privileges, a copy of the approved dissertation is considered the property of Marquette University. Bound or electronic copies may be made available to the public at the Marquette University library unless restricted by the author. See the electronic theses and dissertations website for details.

Public Defense of the Dissertation

A public defense of the dissertation is conducted after candidates have completed all other formal requirements for the doctoral degree. The examination is primarily a defense of the dissertation. It also includes material relevant to the general field in which the dissertation is written, with particular attention to the more recent and significant developments.

The candidate and adviser select a date, during weekday working hours and avoiding public or religious holidays, for the public defense of the dissertation. If students want to graduate the same term the defense is made, the defense must be held before the deadline listed in the Academic Calendar. At least two weeks prior to the scheduled date for the dissertation defense, students must submit a completed and fully signed Announcement for Public Defense of the Dissertation form, available online at the Graduate School forms website . All committee members must sign this form indicating their agreement to the date of the public defense.

The defense is considered successful, and candidates passed, if a majority of the voting members of the dissertation committee vote to approve the defense and if the department chair signs to accept any non-unanimous vote. In the case of an unsuccessful defense, disposition is decided upon after consultation between the academic department or college and the Graduate School.

Recording Dissertation Defenses

In order to facilitate an open and honest dialogue, dissertation defenses are not normally recorded. However, it is the policy of the Marquette University Graduate School to allow, with prior permission, the audio and/or video recording of a students' dissertation defense.

Common courtesy requires that the dissertation committee chair and all committee members must be made aware, in advance of the defense, of the students' desire to record the proceedings. Additionally, the chair and all committee members must assent to such a recording. Such written approval must include the signatures of the chair and all committee members, and the signed approval must be submitted to the assistant director for student records in the Graduate School prior to the recording being made.

If a dissertation defense is recorded, all questions, statements or other comments, whether verbal or written, remain the property of the person who spoke or wrote them, and any future use of the recording is subject to applicable copyright laws.

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2022-23 First Destination Survey results and interactive data visualizations now available  

• April 30, 2024
• < 1 min. read

2022-23 First Destination Survey results and interactive data visualizations are now available online . 

For undergraduates, 82% of bachelor’s degree recipients who graduated in the 2022-23 academic year are engaged in a full-time activity, including those who are employed, enrolled in graduate/professional school, in the military or are in a stipend-paid service position as of six months after graduation. Among full-time employed respondents, 96% indicated that they consider their job to be related to their career goals, very similar to prior cohorts. 

For graduate and Graduate School of Management students who graduated in the 2022-23 academic year, 91.5% of respondents are engaged in a full-time activity. Among full-time employed respondents, 98% indicated that they consider their job to be related to their career goals, very similar to prior cohorts. 

The First Destination Survey investigates the employment and enrollment in graduate/professional school activities of recent degree recipients with the goal of estimating post-graduation outcomes rates. The target population were degree recipients who graduated between July 1, 2022, and June 30, 2023. The undergraduate survey had a 93% response rate, and the graduate/GSM survey had a 67% response rate.  

This survey is a collaboration between the Office of Institutional Research and Analysis and the Career Center. 

OIRA regularly posts reports and statistics for the campus community on its website . For questions about any of these reports or to obtain additional data from institutional surveys, contact Laura MacBride , associate director in the Office of Institutional Research and Analysis.

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Guest Essay

I Thought the Bragg Case Against Trump Was a Legal Embarrassment. Now I Think It’s a Historic Mistake.

By Jed Handelsman Shugerman

Mr. Shugerman is a law professor at Boston University.

About a year ago, when Alvin Bragg, the Manhattan district attorney, indicted former President Donald Trump, I was critical of the case and called it an embarrassment. I thought an array of legal problems would and should lead to long delays in federal courts.

After listening to Monday’s opening statement by prosecutors, I still think the district attorney has made a historic mistake. Their vague allegation about “a criminal scheme to corrupt the 2016 presidential election” has me more concerned than ever about their unprecedented use of state law and their persistent avoidance of specifying an election crime or a valid theory of fraud.

To recap: Mr. Trump is accused in the case of falsifying business records. Those are misdemeanor charges. To elevate it to a criminal case, Mr. Bragg and his team have pointed to potential violations of federal election law and state tax fraud. They also cite state election law, but state statutory definitions of “public office” seem to limit those statutes to state and local races.

Both the misdemeanor and felony charges require that the defendant made the false record with “intent to defraud.” A year ago, I wondered how entirely internal business records (the daily ledger, pay stubs and invoices) could be the basis of any fraud if they are not shared with anyone outside the business. I suggested that the real fraud was Mr. Trump’s filing an (allegedly) false report to the Federal Election Commission, and that only federal prosecutors had jurisdiction over that filing.

A recent conversation with Jeffrey Cohen, a friend, Boston College law professor and former prosecutor, made me think that the case could turn out to be more legitimate than I had originally thought. The reason has to do with those allegedly falsified business records: Most of them were entered in early 2017, generally before Mr. Trump filed his Federal Election Commission report that summer. Mr. Trump may have foreseen an investigation into his campaign, leading to its financial records. He may have falsely recorded these internal records before the F.E.C. filing as consciously part of the same fraud: to create a consistent paper trail and to hide intent to violate federal election laws, or defraud the F.E.C.

In short: It’s not the crime; it’s the cover-up.

Looking at the case in this way might address concerns about state jurisdiction. In this scenario, Mr. Trump arguably intended to deceive state investigators, too. State investigators could find these inconsistencies and alert federal agencies. Prosecutors could argue that New York State agencies have an interest in detecting conspiracies to defraud federal entities; they might also have a plausible answer to significant questions about whether New York State has jurisdiction or whether this stretch of a state business filing law is pre-empted by federal law.

However, this explanation is a novel interpretation with many significant legal problems. And none of the Manhattan district attorney’s filings or today’s opening statement even hint at this approach.

Instead of a theory of defrauding state regulators, Mr. Bragg has adopted a weak theory of “election interference,” and Justice Juan Merchan described the case , in his summary of it during jury selection, as an allegation of falsifying business records “to conceal an agreement with others to unlawfully influence the 2016 election.”

As a reality check: It is legal for a candidate to pay for a nondisclosure agreement. Hush money is unseemly, but it is legal. The election law scholar Richard Hasen rightly observed , “Calling it election interference actually cheapens the term and undermines the deadly serious charges in the real election interference cases.”

In Monday’s opening argument, the prosecutor Matthew Colangelo still evaded specifics about what was illegal about influencing an election, but then he claimed , “It was election fraud, pure and simple.” None of the relevant state or federal statutes refer to filing violations as fraud. Calling it “election fraud” is a legal and strategic mistake, exaggerating the case and setting up the jury with high expectations that the prosecutors cannot meet.

The most accurate description of this criminal case is a federal campaign finance filing violation. Without a federal violation (which the state election statute is tethered to), Mr. Bragg cannot upgrade the misdemeanor counts into felonies. Moreover, it is unclear how this case would even fulfill the misdemeanor requirement of “intent to defraud” without the federal crime.

In stretching jurisdiction and trying a federal crime in state court, the Manhattan district attorney is now pushing untested legal interpretations and applications. I see three red flags raising concerns about selective prosecution upon appeal.

First, I could find no previous case of any state prosecutor relying on the Federal Election Campaign Act either as a direct crime or a predicate crime. Whether state prosecutors have avoided doing so as a matter of law, norms or lack of expertise, this novel attempt is a sign of overreach.

Second, Mr. Trump’s lawyers argued that the New York statute requires that the predicate (underlying) crime must also be a New York crime, not a crime in another jurisdiction. The district attorney responded with judicial precedents only about other criminal statutes, not the statute in this case. In the end, the prosecutors could not cite a single judicial interpretation of this particular statute supporting their use of the statute (a plea deal and a single jury instruction do not count).

Third, no New York precedent has allowed an interpretation of defrauding the general public. Legal experts have noted that such a broad “election interference” theory is unprecedented, and a conviction based on it may not survive a state appeal.

Mr. Trump’s legal team also undercut itself for its decisions in the past year: His lawyers essentially put all of their eggs in the meritless basket of seeking to move the trial to federal court, instead of seeking a federal injunction to stop the trial entirely. If they had raised the issues of selective or vindictive prosecution and a mix of jurisdictional, pre-emption and constitutional claims, they could have delayed the trial past Election Day, even if they lost at each federal stage.

Another reason a federal crime has wound up in state court is that President Biden’s Justice Department bent over backward not to reopen this valid case or appoint a special counsel. Mr. Trump has tried to blame Mr. Biden for this prosecution as the real “election interference.” The Biden administration’s extra restraint belies this allegation and deserves more credit.

Eight years after the alleged crime itself, it is reasonable to ask if this is more about Manhattan politics than New York law. This case should serve as a cautionary tale about broader prosecutorial abuses in America — and promote bipartisan reforms of our partisan prosecutorial system.

Nevertheless, prosecutors should have some latitude to develop their case during trial, and maybe they will be more careful and precise about the underlying crime, fraud and the jurisdictional questions. Mr. Trump has received sufficient notice of the charges, and he can raise his arguments on appeal. One important principle of “ our Federalism ,” in the Supreme Court’s terms, is abstention , that federal courts should generally allow state trials to proceed first and wait to hear challenges later.

This case is still an embarrassment, in terms of prosecutorial ethics and apparent selectivity. Nevertheless, each side should have its day in court. If convicted, Mr. Trump can fight many other days — and perhaps win — in appellate courts. But if Monday’s opening is a preview of exaggerated allegations, imprecise legal theories and persistently unaddressed problems, the prosecutors might not win a conviction at all.

Jed Handelsman Shugerman (@jedshug) is a law professor at Boston University.

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