phd cross reference

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Cross-referencing

Introduction.

Cross-referencing is a powerful tool that can greatly enhance your work. Good cross-referencing allows readers to link quickly to related material elsewhere in your work, adding significant functionality and value.

Pointing to a specific, relevant target is the key to effective cross-referencing, particularly in digital formats.

Please follow these instructions for effective cross-referencing:

• Limit your cross-referencing to one type of target within your work, e.g. headings or paragraph numbers. Ensure the wording for your cross references are consistent. OUP’s preference is for ‘see [para/section/chapter number or heading]’. This need for consistency is particularly important if you are editing a multi-contributor volume.
• Give a clear target for each cross-reference and do not use terms such as ‘see above/below’, ‘infra’/’supra’, ‘ante/post’, or print-specific language such as ‘see overleaf’/'see opposite’. Instead, reference specific headings (see the section ‘ cross-referencing by heading ’).
• Place cross references within the main body of the text, as marginal references are not visible in digital formats.
• Do not include cross references within headings. Headings and cross references are both treated as hyperlinks, and a single link cannot point to more than one place.
• Your submitted manuscript should include (at least) placeholders for all cross references; new cross references cannot be added during the production process.

Cross-referencing figures, tables, and boxes

All figures, tables, and boxes must have a specific call-out from the main body of the text (e.g. ‘see Figure 1.1’). Layout varies in print and digital versions. When a reader needs to locate an exact figure, table, or box in the text, the direction to ‘see figure above/below’ may not be correct, depending on the format and if a hyperlink is used. This is even more important when viewing a publication on a hand-held device and only limited text is visible at any time.

Please do not include call-outs in headings, footnotes, or captions (there are a few exceptions to this rule, in some reference and trade titles). If you are unsure, please discuss this with your OUP editorial contact.

Cross-referencing by heading

Headings offer a clear and specific point to reference or link to that works well in both print and digital formats.  The more specific the cross reference is, the easier it will be for your reader to locate the information that they need. Drill down to the lowest level of heading available and direct your reader to a targeted point.

Cross-referencing via headings doesn’t work with long streams of unbroken text.  Break it up by placing main headings and sub-headings at regular and appropriate intervals. In addition to facilitating cross-referencing, this practice allows your reader to easily read and navigate your work.

Cross-referencing by numbered heading

Heading numbers can be used to point to cross-referencing targets (e.g. ‘see 4.3.2’). They make short, unobtrusive, and specific targets that are not tied to pagination.  This method is especially useful in textbooks and reference works with a lot of cross-referencing, as well as in digital publications. Completing cross-referencing before submission cuts down on queries during the production process.

Figure 9 : An example of using numbered headings for cross-referencing.

Cross-referencing by unnumbered heading

If your manuscript does not use numbered headings, please use the heading itself for cross-referencing:

• When cross-referencing to a section in the same chapter use the heading name: ‘see “An introduction to private enforcement”’.
• Where the cross reference is to material in another chapter, include the chapter number: ‘see “An introduction to private enforcement” in Chapter 3’.
• Because this method of cross-referencing is more cumbersome than with numbered headings, consider using numbered headings in your text If you anticipate much cross-referencing.

Figure 10 : An example of using unnumbered headings for cross-referencing.

Cross-referencing by heading and page number

If page numbers are important for your print edition, a good option is to cross-reference by both heading and page number. The headings enable cross-referencing in the digital edition. If you are using numbered headings, adding page numbers to cross references is unnecessary. The numbered heading is sufficient to provide a specific target that is easy to locate.

Some tips for cross-referencing by headings and page numbers:

• Because page numbers are completed at proof stage, don’t include page numbers from the manuscript in the final script—this could obscure the need for these to be replaced at proof stage. Use ‘p. 000’ instead.
• Always include the relevant heading as well as the page number in your script (e.g. ‘see “An introduction to private enforcement”, p. 000’).
• When cross-referencing to material in another chapter, also include that chapter name (e.g. ‘see Ch. 3, “An introduction to private enforcement”, p. 000’).
• Where you are referencing a discussion over a series of pages, include the heading that covers that entire discussion to enable an appropriate link in the digital version.

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Referencing and citations - OSCOLA: Cross referencing

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Cross-referencing Contents

In a nutshell.

You will only have to give the full/long citation of a source once in your work.

Providing you have given all the details in a footnote the first time you reference, you can, in subsequent footnotes, briefly refer to the source, and then provide a cross-citation in brackets to the footnote in which the full citation can be found.

If the subsequent citation is in the footnote immediately following the full citation, you can generally use ‘ibid’ instead.

Aside from 'ibid', avoid the use of ‘Latin gadgets’ such as supra , infra , ante, id, op cit , loc cit, and contra , which are not widely understood.

Avoid sending the reader off to another part of the text when a short point could as easily be restated. Never make a cross-reference that will be difficult for the reader to find, such as ‘See above’.

Cross-referencing the immediately preceding footnote

Regardless of material type, if a footnote refers to the same source as the IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING footnote, you can indicate this with 'ibid', including a new pinpoint if necessary. You can continue doing this for several footnotes as long as the source doesn't change, eg

22 Robert Stevens, Torts and Rights (OUP 2007).

23 ibid 217-78.

24 ibid 290.

Cross-referencing a case

Give the full citation as per advice for cases the first time you reference it. If you mention the full name of the case in the body of your work you do not need to repeat it in the footnote. If the next citation is to the same case, simply put 'ibid' with a new pinpoint if necessary. If it does not follow on directly, use the short name of the case (usually the first party, or the respondent in criminal cases, or the ship name in some maritime cases) then give the cross reference to the original footnote, eg

1 Austin v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2009] UKHL5, [2009] AC 564.

7 Austin (n 1).

Cross-referencing legislation

Give the full citation as per advice for legislation the first time you reference it, and indicate the 'short form' in brackets at the end - eg FSMA, e-commerce directive. The title and short form do not need to be repeated if specified in the body of your essay. If the next citation is to the same piece of legislation, simply put 'ibid' with a new pinpoint if necessary. If it does not follow on directly, you can now just use the short form of the legislation without cross referencing, eg

32 Council Directive (EC) 93/104 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time [1993] OJ L307/18 (Working Time Directive).

40 Working Time Directive, art 2.

Cross-referencing secondary sources

Give the full citation the first time you reference it. If the next citation is to the same source, simply put ibid, with a new pinpoint if necessary. If it does not follow on directly, put the author's surname followed by a cross reference to the original footnote, eg

1 Robert Stevens, Torts and Rights (OUP 2007).

26 Stevens (n 1) 110.

27 ibid 271–78.

• << Previous: Other sources
• Next: Referencing software >>
• Last Updated: Feb 7, 2024 11:13 AM
• URL: https://libguides.ials.sas.ac.uk/referencing

Citation guides

All you need to know about citations

How to cite a PhD thesis in Harvard

To cite a PhD thesis in a reference entry in Harvard style include the following elements:

• Author(s) of the PhD thesis: Give the last name and initials (e. g. Watson, J.) of up to three authors with the last name preceded by 'and'. For four authors or more include the first name followed by et al., unless your institution requires referencing of all named authors.
• Year of submission: Give the year in round brackets.
• Title of the PhD thesis: Give the title as presented in the source. Only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.
• Degree description: Type of degree.
• Degree-awarding institution: Give the name of the institution.

Here is the basic format for a reference list entry of a PhD thesis in Harvard style:

Author(s) of the PhD thesis . ( Year of submission ) Title of the PhD thesis . Degree description . Degree-awarding institution .

Take a look at our reference list examples that demonstrate the Harvard style guidelines in action:

A PhD thesis with one author

Confait, M. F . ( 2018 ) Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: the case of the Seychelles . PhD thesis . Edith Cowan University .

An unpublished PhD thesis

Bowkett, D . ( 2015 ) Investigating the ligandability of plant homeodomains . Unpublished PhD thesis . University of Oxford .

This citation style guide is based on the Cite Them Right (10 th edition) Harvard referencing guide.

More useful guides

• Harvard Referencing: Theses
• Referencing with Harvard: Thesis or dissertation
• Citing and referencing: Theses/Dissertations

More great BibGuru guides

• AMA: how to cite an annual report
• APA: how to cite a book
• Harvard: how to cite a mobile app

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2" Bore Feeder Cylinder - ML310261

• Robust design for long life
• Drop-in replacement of OEM feeder
• Feeds alumina on modern pot technology
• Available with switching technology

4" Bore Crust Breaker Cylinder - ML311325

• Drop-in 5" bore for greater thrust
• Unique seals and rod bushing for high temperature and low friction
• Designed for older pot technology found in the United States

8" Bore Crust Breaker Cylinder - ML311167

• Rugged design
• 80% air savings potential
• Will not ingest alumina dust
• Onboard valve-manifold eliminates external pneumatic communications

Blanket Wash Cylinder - ML310456

• Drop-in replacement for a Heidelberg blanket wash cylinder
• Rod can be on either side
• Long life seals and bushings

Case Erector Cylinder - ML308600

• Direct drop-in to existing competitor unit
• Mounts into the same space and bolt pattern as FABCO Pancake Cylinder
• Longer life to reduce downtime

Chain Tension Cylinder - ML309911

• Drop-in replacement for a Univer K200-050-0200 FM unit
• Constructed with Series CV Pneumatic ISO Cylinders
• Double power

Chock Lock Cylinder - ML305875

• Long life design for low maintenance
• Custom mount flange
• Field repairable

Compact Cylinder - ML303340

• Pneumatic door lock cylinders
• Switch ready
• Single-acting with spring on extend

Cylinder with PET Plastic Body and Stainless Steel Piston Rod - ML310898

• Fluoroestomer seals
• Compact design

Diverter Cylinder for Garment Sorting - ML306345

• Drop-in replacement for competitor units
• Threaded mountings

Diverter Cylinder for Garment Sorting - ML310223

• Used to divert clothing on overhead conveyors
• Drop-in replacement for Watson units

Double Power Series CV Cylinder for Elevator Lift

• Rod seal retention ring for extreme applications
• Increased piston seal retention for high speed applications
• Design to incorporate non-PHD Rodlok (customer supplied)

Drain Cylinder - ML307798

• Drop-in replacement for Ellis units
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Drain Cylinder - ML311696

• Drop-in replacement for Braun units
• Fully field repairable

Drain Cylinder - ML312115

Electric Variable Pick Head - ML306008

• Ideal for final packaging process
• Motor driven pitch
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Food Grade Cylinder - ML304096

• Complete stainless steel cylinder with stainless steel cover
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Gate Cylinder - Back-to-Back AV2 Cylinder

• Operates the dryer door
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ISO Cylinder with Bolt on Flange Trunnion Mounting for Tire Transfer - ML307574

• Built-in shock pads are standard on all sizes, absorbing impact energy and eliminating metal to metal contact
• Standard alloy steel and optional corrosion resistant stainless steel piston rods are hard chrome plated for maximum life and durability

ISO Series Adjustable Center Trunnion Mount Cylinder for Tire Transfer - ML310107

• Adjustable and fixed trunnions available for 32 - 100 mm bored
• Built in shock pads
• Cushions available
• Corrosion resistance available

ISO/VDMA Pneumatic Cylinder - ML 302733

• 3/8NPT ports in position 1
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Impression Cylinder - ML310417

• Drop-in replacement for a Speedmaster Heidelberg press unit
• Back-to-back
• Long life and consistent response speed

Impression Roll Actuator - ML310595

• Drop-in replacement for Rotoman unit
• Long life and consistent speed

Large Flange Drain Cylinder - ML307675 & ML312728

• Drop-in replacement for Lavatec units
• Designed for long life

Needle Cylinders - Various MLs

• Drop-in replacement for competitor unit
• Mounts into the same space and bolt patterns
• Longer life, reduces downtime

Open Pocket Door Lock Cylinder - ML312117

• High-performance seals for increased life

Open Pocket Drain Cylinder - ML306780

• Special industry coating
• Drop-in replacement for Jensen units

Open Pocket Drain Cylinder - ML311559

Open Pocket Rotary - ML 310566

PVC Cylinder - ML311080

• All PVC construction
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Pick Head - ML304240

• Six bore slide block
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• Vacuum plate attached to end slide assemblies

Pin (Snugger) Cylinder

• Compact, single acting
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• Electroless nickel body, corrosion resistant

Plastic Cylinder - ML308000

• FDA-approved material
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Plastic Cylinder - ML308838 & 309338

• Designed for part production in a deionized water environment
• Simple design, long life
• Constructed of 100% PET plastic

Plastic Cylinder with Hollow Rod - ML310600

• Double hollow rod for vacuum
• Chrome-plated piston rod
• Light weight

Plastic PET Body - Single Acting Volumetric Pump - ML305001

• Designed to be compatible with deionized water
• Single acting motion - material is dispensed with each piston stroke
• Constructed of 100% corrosion-resistant PET plastic and stainless steel

Pocket Latch Cylinder - ML309302 & ML309303

• Drop-in replacement for Heidelberg P15 perfect binder unit
• Actuates the bindery pocket

Polymer PET Plastic Cylinder - ML308838

• Clean room lube available

Press Cylinder - ML310053

• Drop-in replacement for MAN Roland press cylinder
• Long life bushing and wiper seal

Pusher Cylinder on Stacker - ML 308995

• Extends to push finished, stacked, and banded magazines onto conveyor
• PFTE Wear Ring provides piston support and enhances durability
• Long life and consistent speeds

Series A, AV, HV Tie Rod Hydraulic & Pneumatic Cylinders for NFPA Cleanroom

• Wide range of options and sizes makes it fast and easy to select a cylinder to fit your application
• Vacuum port
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Series A, AV, HV Tie Rod Hydraulic & Pneumatic NFPA Cylinder

• Designed to provide long life in many rugged applications
• Modified to adapt to specific clean room specifications
• Wide range of options and sizes

Series A, AV, HV Tie Rod Hydraulic & Pneumatic NFPA Cylinder - Multiple MLs

• Working pressure ranges up to 150 psi air for Series AV and up to 1500 psi hydraulic for Series HV

Series A, AV, HV Tie Rod Hydraulic & Pneumatic NFPA Cylinder - Tom Thumb®

• Used as a knock out cylinder to form cartons, fill cases, wrap cartons, and palletize

Series AV Pneumatic NFPA Cylinder for Cleanroom

• Vacuum port standard

Series AV Tie Rod Hydraulic & Pneumatic NFPA Cylinder

• Used for bag stopping

Series AV2R 4-Position Hydraulic & Pneumatic Cylinder

• Drop-in replacement for FLM Rail Series units
• 4-position cylinder
• Lasts over one million cycles

Series CR Cylinder - ML311706

• Drop-in replacement for Jensen Futurail Bag Stop units
• Bag stopping cylinder
• Double bearing to handle side load

Series CR Cylinder - ML311767

• Drop-in replacement for Jensen Towel Spreading Machine

Series CR Pneumatic Compact Cylinder

• Short cylinder length
• Compact design where space is limited
• Drop-in replacement for Jensen Metricon Series unit
• Up to six switch slots for flush switch mounting

Series CRS Pneumatic Compact Cylinder

• Compact design for applications where space is limited
• Multiple mounting options
• Self-lubricating nitrile piston seal for long cylinder life

Series CTS Guided Pneumatic Compact Cylinder

• Special piston and rod for micrometer adjustability
• Hard-chrome plated guide shafts for anti-rotation and increased side load capacity

Series CV Cylinder - Replacement for Automation Dynamics Bullet Sorter

• Minimum life of 10 million trouble-free cycles

Series CV Cylinder with CNOMO Mounting for Press Lock - ML309773

• Available for 20 - 100 mm bores
• Available with stud mounting on both ends

Series CV Cylinder with Direct Valve Mount - ML302516

• Valve directly mounted for high speed actuation
• Provides rapid repeatable ejection function

Series CV Cylinder with Rodlock for Tire Load/Unload

• Used in loading and unloading of tires into the press
• ISO / VDMA interchange for easy mounting
• Rodlok option for easy and dependable locking of piston rod
• Also used in ply application and tread server in tire build

Series CV Cylinder with Trunnion Mount for Tire Transfer - ML307067

• Front or rear trunnion mounting available on all CV sizes

Series CV ISO/VDMA Pneumatic Cylinder

• May be used for performing pallet turns
• Many options available
• ISO and VDMA standardized

Series CV Pneumatic ISO Cylinder

• SO/VDMA interchange for easy mounting (metric unit)
• Quiet operation
• Conforms to ISO 6432, 6431 and VDMA 24562 specifications
• ISO/VDMA interchange for easy mounting (metric unit)

Series CV Pneumatic ISO Cylinder with Rodlock

• Locks the piston rod while in a stationary position
• PTFE wear ring and built-in shock pads for long cylinder life
• Polymer rod bearing

Series ECP Ingress Protected Electric Cylinder

• IP69K with stainless steel components for food grade washdown environments
• Made with food grade compliant materials and lubricants
• Rotating and non-rotating rod options

Series ECV Ball Screw Electric Cylinder

• ECVA provides a non-rotating rod design, and the ECVR features a rotating rod for applications where rod rotation is prevented by the attached load or tooling
• Rigid construction, high degree of repeatability, and high precision ball screw assemblies
• Your Motor Your Way for online configuration of motor mounting plates

Series HV Cylinder for Mixing Machine

• Use on Banbury® mixing machine - dust ring stop
• NFPA standard mounting for 3/4" and 1"

Series OCK Clamping Cylinder

• Standard flow controls for easy speed adjustment
• Standard magnet for sensing capabilities
• Multiple port locations for installation flexibility
• Mounting matches global standard

Series OCV Pneumatic ISO Cylinder

• Available in 32, 40, and 50 mm bore sizes, stroke lengths available in 25, 50, 100, and 200 mm
• Cushion controls reduce impact at end of stroke
• ISO mounting simplifies installation and provides interchangeability

Series PSP Pneumatic Shot Pin Cylinder

• Adjustable bearing system can be used to make worn-in units "like new"
• Internal porting and shock absorption eliminates the need to adjust cushions or flow controls
• Superior off-center part locating and positioning

Series TD Air/Oil Tandem Tie Rod Cylinder

• Precise speed control operation at low velocities
• NFPA repairable for extended life

Side Loader Hydraulic Shot Pin - ML312116

Slide Gate Cylinder for Conveying - ML302550

• Used to open and close sliding gate on hopper
• Drop-in replacement to existing competitor unit
• Smooth deceleration and quite operation

Specialty Surgery Tool Cylinder - ML310635

• Non-rotating rod
• Used for highly accurate measurements in surgery

Stopping Cylinder - ML306554

• Drop-in replacement for Bosch units
• Spring and button kit available
• Through-hole mounting

Tunnel Drain Cylinder - ML312043

• Drop-in replacement for Milnor 63 x 4.5 units
• Special coated head

Tunnel Drain Cylinder - ML312118

• Drop-in replacement for Milnor 63 x 5.75 units

Unique Cylinder - ML305422

• Low breakaway
• Customer-specified tool plate configuation

Universal Blanket Wash Cylinder - ML311719

• Universal mounting holes

Variable Pick Head - ML306008

• Pneumatically-driven vertical slides

Water Cylinder for Press Lift - ML310536

• Longer life than competitor units
• Piston wear band to maximize piston seal life
• Double rod seal to prevent leakage
• Stainless steel construction to prevent corrosion

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• Should I Do A Masters?
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• Research Vs Taught Masters
• Taught Masters
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References For Your PhD Application

Do not underestimate the power your academic references hold – they are one of the most important parts of the entire application, and can prove to be key in making your PhD application successful.

Within your chosen subject area, staff from all over the world are thrown together at conferences, meaning there's a good chance at least some people in your department will know of a prospective project supervisor. A well-written reference can emphasise your skills and abilities, as well as make up for any weaknesses in an average academic profile.

Therefore, it's extremely important that you choose the right people, ask them politely if they would mind giving you a reference, and make sure they have plenty of time to do you justice.

It's best to try and pick members of staff who have taught you, have read and marked work you have produced, and know you quite well as a person.

It also helps if they have strong connections with your chosen topic and if they are well-known in the field.

However, finding all these factors in potentially up to 3 different people is unfortunately quite unlikely.

Help your referees as much as possible by always offering them samples of your best work and a copy of your personal statement.

You should also try to pay a visit in person so you can have a face-to-face discussion about your goals and reasons for wanting to undertake doctoral study.

The better the picture you can provide of yourself, and more they can write about you and your good qualities! If you are currently studying a Masters programme and you haven't had much contact with staff so far, you may have to spend a bit more and effort on finding suitable referees.

Normally you will find there is someone in the department who is assigned the task of writing references (usually the course director) if you fail to find any suitable members of staff.

However, you should also consider asking personal tutors, subject tutors, staff who teach in your subject area, or any undergraduate tutors who have taught you in the past.

As long as you give yourself plenty of time, finding referees shouldn't be too much of a problem - staff will usually empathise with those who have just started a Masters and are trying to secure a good reference for their doctoral studies. Choosing a good referee that will provide you with an excellent reference allows a selection panel to see that you are hard working, committed, and have shown significant interest in the subject area.

Again, pick your referees carefully, as they can usually make or break a PhD application.

Further information

For more tips and advice on applying for a PhD, please see:

• PhD entry requirements
• How to apply for a PhD
• Choosing a topic
• Choosing a supervisor
• Writing a personal statement
• Writing a CV
• Research proposals

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