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Earthquakes Infographics

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Do you know how you should react if there was an earthquake? Is it better to run away from buildings or to stay in them? Where should you hide? Knowing the answer to these questions can be a lifesaver when in a life-threatening situation like an earthquake. Speak about it all with these infographics that illustrate all concepts related to this physical phenomenon: richter magnitude scales, representations of a building’s structure… they’re all editable and easy to use!

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This Earthquake And Faults PPT template has an excellent picture to demonstrate the concept of the earthquake. SlideEgg has created this sample template to safeguard people at the time of life-threatening disasters. It helps to focus on so many concepts of how earthquakes occur and what is the reason for so many. All these questions can be satisfied in one single picture.

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The Earthquake And Faults PPT template is a four noded slide. This is a multicolor slide with a plain background theme. It has the best natural disaster picture to enhance the Presentation. There are so many creative templates are available to represent the ideas, but this visuals image has the best role to showcase. To download more editable earthquake templates , visit SlideEgg.

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Earthquake focus and epicenter

Mar 16, 2012

1.04k likes | 5.02k Views

Earthquake focus and epicenter. What is an earthquake. Earthquakes and faults Movements that produce earthquakes are usually associated with large fractures in Earth’s crust called faults Most of the motion along faults can be explained by the plate tectonics theory.

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• anderson seismograph
• major earthquake zones
• first p wave
• ocean trenches

Presentation Transcript

What is an earthquake • Earthquakes and faults • Movements that produce earthquakes are usually associated with large fractures in Earth’s crust called faults • Most of the motion along faults can be explained by the plate tectonics theory

Displacement produced by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake

Seismology • The study of earthquake waves, seis-mology, dates back almost 2000 years to the Chinese • Seismographs, instruments that record seismic waves • Records the movement of Earth in relation to a stationary mass on a rotating drum or magnetic tape

A seismograph designed to record vertical ground motion

Seismology • Seismographs • More than one type of seismograph is needed to record both vertical and horizontal ground motion • Records obtained are called seismograms • Types of seismic waves • Surface waves • Travel along outer part of Earth

A seismogram records wave amplitude vs. time

Seismology • Types of seismic waves • Surface waves • Complex motion • Cause greatest destruction • Waves exhibit greatest amplitude and slowest velocity • Waves have the greatest periods (time in-terval between crests)

Seismology • Types of seismic waves • Body waves • Travel through Earth’s interior • Two types based on mode of travel • Primary (P) waves • Push-pull (compress and expand) motion, changing the volume of the intervening material • Travel through solids, liquids, and gases

Seismology • Types of seismic waves • Body waves • Primary (P) waves • Generally, in any solid material, P waves travel about 1.7 times faster than S waves • Secondary (S) waves • Shake" motion at right angles to their direction of travel • Travel only through solids

Primary (P) waves

Seismology • Types of seismic waves • Body waves • Secondary (S) waves • Slower velocity than P waves • Slightly greater amplitude than P waves

Secondary (S) waves

Locating the source of earthquakes • Terms • Focus - the place within Earth where earthquake waves originate • Epicenter – location on the surface directly above the focus • Epicenter is located using the difference in velocities of P and S waves

Locating the source of earthquakes • Locating the epicenter of an earthquake • Three station recordings are needed to locate an epicenter • Each station determines the time interval between the arrival of the first P wave and the first S wave at their location • A travel-time graph is used to determine each station’s distance to the epicenter

A time-travel graph is used to find the distance to the epicenter

Locating the source of earthquakes • Locating the epicenter of an earthquake • A circle with a radius equal to the distance to the epicenter is drawn around each station • The point where all three circles intersect is the earthquake epicenter

The epicenter is located using three or more seismograph

Locating the source of earthquakes • Earthquake belts • About 95 percent of the energy released by earthquakes originates in a few rela-tively narrow zones that wind around the globe • Major earthquake zones include the Circum-Pacific belt, Mediterranean Sea region to the Himalayan complex, and the oceanic ridge system

Distribution of magnitude 5 or greater earthquakes, 1980 - 1990

Locating the source of earthquakes • Earthquake depths • Earthquakes originate at depths ranging from 5 to nearly 700 kilometers • Earthquake foci arbitrarily classified asshallow (surface to 70 kilometers), intermediate (between 70 and 300 kilometers), and deep (over 300 kilometers)

Locating the source of earthquakes • Earthquake depths • Definite patterns exist • Shallow focus occur along the oceanic ridge system • Almost all deep-focus earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt, particularly in regions situated landward of deep-ocean trenches

Relationship of earthquake depth to subduction zones

Measuring the size of earthquakes • Two measurements that describe the size of an earthquake are • Intensity – a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage • Magnitude – estimates the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake

Measuring the size of earthquakes • Intensity scales • Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale was developed using California buildings as its standard • The drawback of intensity scales is that destruction may not be a true measure of the earthquakes actual severity

Measuring the size of earthquakes • Magnitude scales • Richter magnitude - concept introduced by Charles Richter in 1935 • Richter scale • Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded • Accounts for the decrease in wave amplitude with increased distance

Measuring the size of earthquakes • Magnitude scales • Richter scale • Largest magnitude recorded on a Wood-Anderson seismograph was 8.9 • Magnitudes less than 2.0 are not felt by humans • Each unit of Richter magnitude increase corresponds to a tenfold increase in wave amplitude and a 32-fold energy increase

Measuring the size of earthquakes • Magnitudes scales • Other magnitude scales • Several “Richter-like” magnitude scales have been developed • Moment magnitude was developed because none of the “Richter-like” magnitude scales adequately estimates the size of very large earthquakes • Derived from the amount of displacement that occurs along a fault

Earthquake destruction • Amount of structural damage attribu-table to earthquake vibrations depends on • Intensity and duration of the vibrations • Nature of the material upon which the structure rests • Design of the structure

Earthquake destruction • Destruction from seismic vibrations • Ground shaking • Regions within 20 to 50 kilometers of the epicenter will experience about the same intensity of ground shaking • However, destruction varies considerably mainly due to the nature of the ground on which the structures are built

Damage caused by the 1964 Anchorage, Alaska earthquake

Earthquake destruction • Destruction from seismic vibrations • Liquefactionof the ground • Unconsolidated materials saturated with water turn into a mobile fluid • Seiches • The rhythmic sloshing of water in lakes, reservoirs, and enclosed basins • Waves can weaken reservoir walls and cause destruction

Earthquake destruction • Tsunamis, or seismic sea waves • Destructive waves that are often inappropriately called “tidal waves” • Result from vertical displacement along a fault located on the ocean floor or a large undersea landslide triggered by an earth-quake

Earthquake destruction • Tsunamis, or seismic sea waves • In the open ocean height is usually less than 1 meter • In shallower coastal waters the water piles up to heights that occasionally exceed 30 meters • Can be very destructive • Landslides and ground subsidence

Formation of a tsunami

The composition and mechanical layers of Earth

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• Preferences

Faults and Earthquakes - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Faults and Earthquakes

Felt all over east coast, killed several hundred. first widely-known u.s. earthquake ... releases energy over hundreds of kilometers. need to sum energy of ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• 1755 - Lisbon, Portugal
• Killed 70,000, Raised Waves in Lakes all over Europe
• First Scientifically Studied Earthquake
• 1811-1812 - New Madrid, Missouri
• Felt over 2/3 of the U.S.
• Few Casualties
• 1886 - Charleston, South Carolina
• Felt All over East Coast, Killed Several Hundred.
• First Widely-known U.S. Earthquake
• 1906 - San Francisco
• Killed 500 (later studies, possibly 2,500)
• First Revealed Importance of Faults
• 1923 Tokyo - Killed 140,000 in firestorm
• 1964 - Alaska
• Killed about 200
• Wrecked Anchorage.
• Tsunamis on West Coast
• 1976 - Tangshan, China
• Hit an Urban Area of Ten Million People
• Killed 650,000
• 2004 Indian Ocean
• 300,000 killed
• Worst Tsunami Disaster in History
• Not very strong but 200,000 killed
• Location within the earth where fault rupture actually occurs
• Location on the surface above the focus
• Faults Are Classified According to the Kind of Motion That Occurs on Them
• Joints - No Movement
• Strike-Slip - Horizontal Motion
• Dip-Slip - Vertical Motion
• Aseismic No Earthquake Hazard
• Environmentally Important Because They Influence
• Rock Strength
• Landslides and Slope Failure
• Ground Water Movement
• Normal Faults Extension
• Reverse Faults Compression
• Reverse Faults are often called Thrust Faults
• Building Collapse
• Tsunamis (Not Tidal Waves!)
• Small, Wood-frame House - Safest
• Steel-Frame
• Reinforced Concrete
• Unreinforced Masonry
• Adobe - Most Dangerous
• Probably Caused by Submarine Landslides
• Travel about 400 M.p.h.
• Pass Unnoticed at Sea, Cause Damage on Shore
• Warning Network Around Pacific Can Forecast Arrival
• 2004 disaster creates push for global system
• Whether or Not Damage Occurs Depends on
• Direction of Travel
• Harbor Shape
• Tide Weather
• Tokyo, 1923
• San Francisco, 1906
• San Francisco, 1989
• Broken water mains
• Broken gas lines
• Electrical shorts
• Broken or overturned fuel tanks
• Streets blocked
• Old Growth Forests (Peshtigo, 1871)
• Pre-WWII Cities (Dresden, Hamburg, Tokyo)
• Not second growth or modern cities
• Requires several pounds of combustible material per square foot
• A true firestorm is a mesocyclone
• Term often used loosely and inaccurately
• How Strong Earthquake Feels to Observer
• Related to Energy Release
• Determined from Seismic Records
• Rough correlation between the two for shallow earthquakes
• Distance to Quake
• Type of Building
• Varies from Place to Place
• Mercalli Scale- 1 to 12
• I. Only the most sensitive people notice any movement.
• II. A few people notice movement if they are at rest or on the upper floors of tall buildings.
• III. Many people indoors feel movement. Hanging objects swing back and forth. People outdoors might not notice anything.
• IV. Most people indoors feel movement. Dishes, windows, and doors rattle. A few people outdoors may feel movement. Parked cars rock.
• V. Almost everyone feels movement. Sleeping people are awakened. Small objects move or are turned over. Trees might shake. Liquids might spill out of open containers.
• VI. Everyone feels movement. People have trouble walking. Objects fall from shelves. Pictures fall off walls. Furniture moves. Plaster in walls might crack. No major structural damage.
• VII. People have difficulty standing. Drivers feel their cars shaking. Damage is slight to moderate in well-built buildings considerable in poorly built buildings.
• VIII. Drivers have trouble steering. Houses might shift on their foundations. Towers and chimneys might twist and fall. Well-built buildings suffer slight damage. Poorly built structures suffer severe damage.
• IX. Well-built buildings suffer considerable damage. Houses move off their foundations. Some underground pipes are broken. The ground cracks. Reservoirs suffer serious damage.
• X. Most buildings and their foundations are destroyed. Some bridges are destroyed. Dams are seriously damaged. Large landslides occur. Railroad tracks are bent slightly.
• XI. Most buildings collapse. Underground pipelines are destroyed. Railroad tracks are badly bent.
• XII. Almost everything is destroyed. Objects are thrown into the air. The ground moves in waves or ripples.
• Richter Scale
• Exponential
• No Upper or Lower Bounds
• Largest Quakes about Mag. 8.7
• Magnitude-Energy Relation
• 1 Megaton about 7
• 8 - 810,000
• A Seismograph Measures Ground Motion at One Instant But --
• A Really Great Earthquake Lasts Minutes
• Releases Energy over Hundreds of Kilometers
• Need to Sum Energy of Entire Record
• Modifies Richter Scale, doesn't replace it
• Adds about 1 Mag. To 8 Quakes
• The dozen or so events with more than 100,000 fatalities account for a large fraction of the total.
• 2.9 million earthquake fatalities since 1900
• 3.8 million since 1800
• 7.7 million since 1500
• Known total for all recorded earthquakes is around 12.5 million.
• Lengthen Historical Data Base
• Historical Records
• Paleoseismology
• Short-term Prediction
• Long-term Prediction
• Seismic Gaps
• Risk Levels
• Dilatancy - Diffusion
• Stick - Slip
• Crack Propagation

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