problem solving with flowchart

Problem-Solving Flowchart: A Visual Method to Find Perfect Solutions

Lucid Content

Reading time: about 7 min

“People ask me questions Lost in confusion Well, I tell them there's no problem Only solutions” —John Lennon, “Watching the Wheels”

Despite John Lennon’s lyrics, nobody is free from problems, and that’s especially true in business. Chances are that you encounter some kind of problem at work nearly every day, and maybe you’ve had to “put out a fire” before lunchtime once or twice in your career.

But perhaps what Lennon’s saying is that, no matter what comes our way, we can find solutions. How do you approach problems? Do you have a process in place to ensure that you and your co-workers come to the right solution?

In this article, we will give you some tips on how to find solutions visually through a problem-solving flowchart and other methods.

What is visual problem-solving?

If you are a literal thinker, you may think that visual problem-solving is something that your ophthalmologist does when your vision is blurry. For the rest of us, visual problem-solving involves executing the following steps in a visual way:

• Define the problem.
• Brainstorm solutions.
• Pick a solution.
• Implement solutions.
• Review the results.

How to make your problem-solving process more visual

Words pack a lot of power and are very important to how we communicate on a daily basis. Using words alone, you can brainstorm, organize data, identify problems, and come up with possible solutions. The way you write your ideas may make sense to you, but it may not be as easy for other team members to follow.

When you use flowcharts, diagrams, mind maps, and other visuals, the information is easier to digest. Your eyes dart around the page quickly gathering information, more fully engaging your brain to find patterns and make sense of the data.

Identify the problem with mind maps

So you know there is a problem that needs to be solved. Do you know what that problem is? Is there only one problem? Is the problem sum total of a bunch of smaller problems?

You need to ask these kinds of questions to be sure that you are working on the root of the issue. You don’t want to spend too much time and energy solving the wrong problem.

To help you identify the problem, use a mind map. Mind maps can help you visually brainstorm and collect ideas without a strict organization or structure. A mind map more closely aligns with the way a lot of our brains work—participants can bounce from one thought to the next defining the relationships as they go.

Mind mapping to solve a problem includes, but is not limited to, these relatively easy steps:

• In the center of the page, add your main idea or concept (in this case, the problem).
• Branch out from the center with possible root causes of the issue. Connect each cause to the central idea.
• Branch out from each of the subtopics with examples or additional details about the possible cause. As you add more information, make sure you are keeping the most important ideas closer to the main idea in the center.
• Use different colors, diagrams, and shapes to organize the different levels of thought.

Alternatively, you could use mind maps to brainstorm solutions once you discover the root cause. Search through Lucidchart’s mind maps template library or add the mind map shape library to quickly start your own mind map.

Create a problem-solving flowchart

A mind map is generally a good tool for non-linear thinkers. However, if you are a linear thinker—a person who thinks in terms of step-by-step progression making a flowchart may work better for your problem-solving strategy. A flowchart is a graphical representation of a workflow or process with various shapes connected by arrows representing each step.

Whether you are trying to solve a simple or complex problem, the steps you take to solve that problem with a flowchart are easy and straightforward. Using boxes and other shapes to represent steps, you connect the shapes with arrows that will take you down different paths until you find the logical solution at the end.

Flowcharts or decision trees are best used to solve problems or answer questions that are likely to come up multiple times. For example, Yoder Lumber , a family-owned hardwood manufacturer, built decision trees in Lucidchart to demonstrate what employees should do in the case of an injury.

To start your problem-solving flowchart, follow these steps:

• Draw a starting shape to state your problem.
• Draw a decision shape where you can ask questions that will give you yes-or-no answers.
• Based on the yes-or-no answers, draw arrows connecting the possible paths you can take to work through the steps and individual processes.
• Continue following paths and asking questions until you reach a logical solution to the stated problem.
• Try the solution. If it works, you’re done. If it doesn’t work, review the flowchart to analyze what may have gone wrong and rework the flowchart until you find the solution that works.

If your problem involves a process or workflow , you can also use flowcharts to visualize the current state of your process to find the bottleneck or problem that’s costing your company time and money.

Lucidchart has a large library of flowchart templates to help you analyze, design, and document problem-solving processes or any other type of procedure you can think of.

Draw a cause-and-effect diagram

A cause-and-effect diagram is used to analyze the relationship between an event or problem and the reason it happened. There is not always just one underlying cause of a problem, so this visual method can help you think through different potential causes and pinpoint the actual cause of a stated problem.

Cause-and-effect diagrams, created by Kaoru Ishikawa, are also known as Ishikawa diagrams, fishbone diagrams , or herringbone diagrams (because they resemble a fishbone when completed). By organizing causes and effects into smaller categories, these diagrams can be used to examine why things went wrong or might go wrong.

To perform a cause-and-effect analysis, follow these steps.

1. Start with a problem statement.

The problem statement is usually placed in a box or another shape at the far right of your page. Draw a horizontal line, called a “spine” or “backbone,” along the center of the page pointing to your problem statement.

2. Add the categories that represent possible causes.

For example, the category “Materials” may contain causes such as “poor quality,” “too expensive,” and “low inventory.” Draw angled lines (or “bones”) that branch out from the spine to these categories.

3. Add causes to each category.

Draw as many branches as you need to brainstorm the causes that belong in each category.

Like all visuals and diagrams, a cause-and-effect diagram can be as simple or as complex as you need it to be to help you analyze operations and other factors to identify causes related to undesired effects.

Collaborate with Lucidchart

You may have superior problem-solving skills, but that does not mean that you have to solve problems alone. The visual strategies above can help you engage the rest of your team. The more involved the team is in the creation of your visual problem-solving narrative, the more willing they will be to take ownership of the process and the more invested they will be in its outcome.

In Lucidchart, you can simply share the documents with the team members you want to be involved in the problem-solving process. It doesn’t matter where these people are located because Lucidchart documents can be accessed at any time from anywhere in the world.

Whatever method you decide to use to solve problems, work with Lucidchart to create the documents you need. Sign up for a free account today and start diagramming in minutes.

Lucidchart, a cloud-based intelligent diagramming application, is a core component of Lucid Software's Visual Collaboration Suite. This intuitive, cloud-based solution empowers teams to collaborate in real-time to build flowcharts, mockups, UML diagrams, customer journey maps, and more. Lucidchart propels teams forward to build the future faster. Lucid is proud to serve top businesses around the world, including customers such as Google, GE, and NBC Universal, and 99% of the Fortune 500. Lucid partners with industry leaders, including Google, Atlassian, and Microsoft. Since its founding, Lucid has received numerous awards for its products, business, and workplace culture. For more information, visit lucidchart.com.

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Blog Business

What is a Problem-Solving Flowchart & How to Make One

By Danesh Ramuthi , Aug 10, 2023

Problem-Solving Flowcharts, contrary to what many believe aren’t just aesthetic wonders — they’re almost like magical blueprints for troubleshooting those pesky problems that many of us face.

Flowcharts take business challenges and turn them into a navigable pathway. In this post, I will guide you on key aspects of problem-solving flowcharts such as what it is, the advantages of problem-solving flowcharts, how to create one and more.

Besides, you’ll also discover how to create problem-solving flowcharts with the help of Venngage’s Flowchart Maker.

And for those of you thinking, “I’m no designer, how can I create one?” worry not! I’ve got you covered. Just hop on Venggage’s Flowchart Templates and you’ll be charting your way to problem-solving glory in no time.

Click to jump ahead:

What are problem-solving flowcharts?

When to use problem-solving flowcharts, what are the advantages of flowcharts in problem-solving, what are the 7 steps of problem-solving flowcharts.

• 5 different types of problem-solving flowcharts

Best practices for designing effective problem-solving flowcharts

How to make a flowchart using venngage , problem-solving flowcharts faqs.

• Final Thoughts

Problem-Solving Flowcharts is a graphical representation used to break down problem or process into smaller, manageable parts, identify the root causes and outline a step-by-step solution. 

It helps in visually organizing information and showing the relationships between various parts of the problem.

This type of flowcharts consists of different symbols and arrows, each representing different components or steps in the problem-solving process. 

By following the flow of the chart, individuals or teams can methodically approach problem, analyze different aspects of it and come to a well-informed solution.

Problem-Solving Flowcharts is a versatile tool that can be used in various scenarios. Here’s when to consider utilizing one:

• Complex Problems: When faced with a multifaceted issue that involves multiple steps or variables, flowcharts can help break down the complexity into digestible parts.
• Team Collaboration: If you’re working with a team and need a common understanding of problem and its potential solutions then a flowchart provides a visual that everyone can refer to.
• Analyzing Processes: In a situation where you need to understand a particular process, whether it’s within a project or a part of regular operations then mapping it out in a flowchart can offer clarity.
• Decision Making: When various paths or decisions might be taken, a flowchart can outline the potential outcomes of each aiding in making an informed choice.
• Training and Onboarding: Flowcharts can be used in training materials to help new employees understand complex processes or procedures which makes the learning curve smoother.
• Identifying Root Causes: If you’re looking to identify the underlying causes of problem then a flowchart can facilitate a systematic approach to reaching the root of the issue.

Related: How to Use Fishbone Diagrams to Solve Complex Problems

Problem-solving flowcharts can offer several benefits to the users who are looking to solve a particular problem. Few advantages of flowcharts in problem solving are: 

Visual Clarity

When you’re dealing with multifaceted problems or processes, words alone can make the situation seem even more tangled. Flowcharts distill these complexities into easily understandable visual elements. 

By mapping out each phase or component of problem, flowcharts offer a bird’s eye view enabling individuals to grasp the bigger picture and the finer details simultaneously.

Sequential Representation

Flowcharts excel in laying out the sequence of events or actions. By indicating a clear starting point and illustrating each subsequent step, they guide users through a process or solution path methodically. 

This linear representation ensures that no step is overlooked and each is executed in the right order.  

Collaboration

Problem-solving often requires team effort and flowcharts are instrumental in fostering collaborative environments. 

When a team is discussing potential solutions or trying to understand problem’s intricacies, a flowchart serves as a collective reference point. 

It aids in synchronizing everyone’s understanding, minimizing miscommunications and promoting constructive discussions. 

Read more about: Flowcharts Symbols and Meaning

1. Define the Problem  

Before anything else, it’s essential to articulate the problem or task you want to solve clearly and accurately. By understanding exactly what needs to be addressed you can ensure that subsequent steps align with the core issue.

2. Identify the Inputs and Outputs  

Determine what inputs (such as data, information or resources) will be required to solve the problem and what the desired outputs or outcomes are. Identifying these factors will guide you in structuring the steps needed to reach the end goal and ensure that all necessary resources are at hand.

3. Identify the Main Steps  

Break down the problem-solving process into its main steps or subtasks. This involves pinpointing the essential actions or stages necessary to reach the solution. Create a roadmap that helps in understanding how to approach the problem methodically.

4. Use Decision Symbols  

In problem-solving, decisions often lead to different paths or outcomes. Using standard symbols to represent these decision points in the flowcharts allows for a clear understanding of these critical junctures. It helps visually present various scenarios and their consequences.

5. Add Descriptions and Details  

A well-designed flowcharts is concise but clear in its labeling. Using arrows and short, descriptive phrases to explain what happens at each step or decision point ensures that the flowcharts communicates the process without unnecessary complexity. 

6. Revise and Refine  

Creating a flowcharts is not always a one-and-done process. It may require revisions to improve its clarity, accuracy or comprehensiveness. Necessary refinement ensures that the flowcharts precisely reflects the problem-solving process and is free from errors or ambiguities.

7. Use Flowchart Tool  

While it’s possible to draw a flowcharts manually, using a flowcharts tool like Venngage’s Flowchart Maker and Venngage’s Flowchart Templates can make the process more efficient and flexible. These tools come with pre-designed templates and intuitive interfaces that make it easy to create, modify and share flowcharts. 

5 different types of problem-solving flowcharts 

Let’s have a look at 5 most common types of flowcharts that individuals and organizations often use. 

1. Process Flowchart s

A process flowcharts is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and decisions involved in executing a particular process or procedure. 

It serves as a blueprint that showcases how different stages or functions are interconnected in a systematic flow and it highlights the direction of the process from its beginning to its end.

Process flowcharts are instrumental in training and onboarding, sales process , process optimization, documentation, recruitment and in any scenario where clear communication of a process is crucial.

2. Flowcharts Infographic 

A flowcharts infographic is a great way to showcase the process or a series of steps using a combination of graphics, icons, symbols and concise text. It aims to communicate complex information in a clear and easy-to-understand manner, making it a popular tool for conveying information, data and instructions in a visually engaging way.

For example, you can use this flowchart to illustrate a health insurance process that visually explains the steps involved from finding a provider to paying for your healthcare provider. 

3. Circular Flowcharts

A circular flowcharts is used to illustrate the flow of information, goods, services or money within a closed system or process. It gets its name from its circular shape, which emphasizes the continuous and cyclical nature of the flow. 

Circular flowcharts are widely used in various fields such as economics, business, engineering and process management to help visualize and understand complex systems.

In a circular flowcharts , elements are represented using various shapes and connected with arrows to indicate the direction of flow. The circular arrangement indicates that the process is ongoing and repeats itself over time.

4. Swimlane flowcharts

Swimlane flowcharts , also known as cross-functional flowcharts are a specific type of flowchart that organizes the process flow into lanes or “swimlanes.” 

Each lane represents a different participant or functional area involved in the process and the flowchart shows how activities or information move between these participants. 

Swimlane flowcharts are particularly useful for illustrating complex processes that involve multiple stakeholders or departments.

In a swimlane flowcharts, the process is divided horizontally into lanes and each lane is labeled with the name of the department, person or role responsible for that part of the process. Vertically, the flowchart displays the sequence of steps or actions taken in the process.

5. Decision Flowchart s

Decision flowcharts, also known as decision trees or flow diagrams are graphical representations that illustrate the process of making decisions or solving problems. 

They are widely used in various fields such as computer science, business mapping , engineering and problem-solving scenarios. 

Decision flowcharts help break down complex decision-making processes into simple, sequential steps, making it easier to understand and follow.

A decision tree is a specialized flowchart used to visually represent the process of decision-making. 

Businesses and other individuals can employ a decision tree analysis as a tool to aid in evaluating different options and the possible consequences associated with each choice.

Decision trees Infographics can be used to create a more nuanced type of flowchart that is more informative and visually appealing by combining a decision flowchart and the flowchart infographic. 

Decision flowcharts are valuable tools for visualizing decision-making processes, analyzing complex problems and communicating them effectively to others.

Designing effective problem-solving flowcharts involves careful consideration of various factors to ensure clarity, accuracy and usability. Here are some best practices to create efficient and useful problem-solving flowcharts:

• Understand the problem first & clearly define it
• Keep it simple
• Use standard & recognizable symbols
• Ensure that the flowchart follows a logical and sequential order
• Clearly label each decision point, action and outcome
• Verify the flowchart’s accuracy by testing it
• Clearly state the decision criteria that lead to different branches
• Provide context when the flowchart is part of a larger process or system
• Review and revise the flowchart

Creating problem-solving flowchart on Venngage is incredibly simple. All you have to do is:

• Start by Signing Up and Creating an Account with Venngage
• Choose a flowchart template that best suits your needs from our library.
• Start editing your flowchart by choosing the desired shapes, labels and colors.
• You can also enhance your flowchart by incorporating icons, illustrations or backgrounds all of which are readily available in our library.
• Once done, you will have 2 options to choose from, either sharing it online for free or downloading your flowchart to your desktop by subscribing to the Premium or Business Plan. 

Is flowchart the representation of problem solutions?

Flowcharts are not the representation of problem solutions per se; rather, they are a visual representation of processes, decision-making steps and actions taken to arrive at a solution to problem.

What are the 3 basic structures of flowcharts?

3 Basic Structures of Flowcharts are:

• Sequence: Simplify Complexity
• Selection (Decision): Embrace Choices
• Repetition (Loop): Emphasize Iteration

What are the elements of a good flowchart?

A good flowchart should exhibit clarity and simplicity, using consistent symbols and labels to depict a logical sequence of steps. It should be readable, with appropriate white space to avoid clutter while eliminating ambiguity through well-defined decision criteria and paths.

Can flowcharts be used for both simple and complex problem-solving?

Yes, flowcharts can be used for both simple and complex problem-solving scenarios. Flowcharts are versatile visual tools that can effectively represent various processes, decision-making steps and problem-solving approaches regardless of their complexity.

In both cases, flowcharts offer a systematic and visual means of organizing information, identifying potential problems and facilitating collaboration among team members.

Can problem-solving flowcharts be used in any industry or domain?

Problem-solving flowcharts can be used in virtually any industry or domain. The versatility and effectiveness of flowcharts make them applicable to a wide range of fields such as Business and Management, Software Development and IT, Healthcare, Education, Finance, Marketing & Sales and a lot more other industries. 

Final thoughts

Problem-solving flowcharts are a valuable and versatile tool that empowers individuals and teams to tackle complex problems with clarity and efficiency.

By visually representing the step-by-step process of identifying, analyzing and resolving issues, flowcharts serve as navigational guides simplifying intricate challenges into digestible parts.

With the aid of modern tools like Venngage’s Flowchart Maker and Venngage’s Flowchart Templates , designing impactful flowcharts becomes accessible to all while revolutionizing the way problems are approached and solved.

How to create a problem-solving flow chart

Problem-solving is one of those topics that we’ve often discussed on this site (check out our Problem Solving guide ). We think it’s one of  THE  vital skills of business. Why? Because you’ll come across problems every day, and you need to arm yourself with the right tools to solve them.

A problem-solving flowchart is one of those tools. It’ll help you take a problem statement, break the problem down into likely causes helping you get to the bottom of what’s gone wrong.

In this post, we’ll cover

• What is a Problem Solving Flow Chart
• How to create a Problem Solving flow chart
• Example 1 of Problem Solving flow chart
• Example 2 of Problem Solving Flow chart
• What flow chart shapes to use
• When should you use a flow chart
• 7 tips on creating your Problem Solving chart

Key Benefits & Likely issues with the tool

Let’s get started!

What is a Problem Solving Flowchart

A Problem Solving flow chart is a diagram that uses shapes, arrows, and text to show a moving sequence of actions and/or activities that help solve a problem.  

How to create a Problem Solving flowchart

• Describe your problem.
• Pose Yes/No Questions that can help identify the cause of the problem
• Question each stage of the process until it is fully examined
• Repeat steps 2 & 3 until you have identified a solution
• Try the solution; if it is successful in addressing the root cause, then you’ve fixed your problem. If not, repeat the process until you have a solution that works.

A problem-solving flowchart attempts to identify a root cause/solution to the trigger that is causing the problem allowing you to change the process and prevent the problem from occurring. 

Let’s now demonstrate the effectiveness of a problem solving flowchart by showing some examples.

Example 1 Problem solving flow chart

In our first example, we’re going to start with something simple to show you the principle of the tool.

We have been given a cup of tea and we don’t like it!  

Let’s use a problem-solving flow chart to find out what’s gone wrong.

We’ve used Excel to capture this flow chart using flowchart shapes (insert –> shapes), you can, of course, use other applications to do this, you don’t’ have to have specialized flow chart software to do this. ( there’s a great flowchart in Excel video here ). Or you can simply use a pen and paper.

Use a rectangle and add your problem statement.

Remember to keep your problem statement unambiguous and straightforward. Here we’ve used “I don’t like my cup of tea.”

Now that we’ve got our problem statement, we’re going to start asking questions.

We’re going to examine the variables that go into a cup of tea in an attempt to find out what’s gone wrong.

** TIP** – Work through your process – rather than start from scratch, if you have a documented process, work through that examining each step to ascertain if there are issues. If not, you might find it useful to research and sketch out the process before starting with your flowchart.

We have a process for the cup of tea, which is:

1/ Boil Water

2/ Place Breakfast Tea teabag in the cup

3/ Add Water

4/ Leave to sit for 2 mins

4/ Remove teabag

5/ Add milk

6/ Add sugar

So our problem solving flow chart needs to examine each of those steps to determine where the failure has occurred. 

We’ll add a question shape (diamond), connect out problem statement to it using an arrow to check if we boiled the kettle. Our Diagram will now look like:

As a question, we want two possible routes – Yes and No.

Our process asks us to boil the kettle if we did, and the answer is Yes, then we can go to the next process step.

If the answer is No, then we have a problem. Our tea will be cold. 

Here we can do one of two things. We can terminate the flow chart, or we can add an activity to rectify the problem (this might be to remake the drink or to perhaps heat the drink up in the microwave).

Our flow chart now looks like this:

Step 2 in our Tea making process was to add a Breakfast-tea tea bag.

So, once again, we’ll ask a question about that step.

“Did we add an English Breakfast teabag.”

As before, we’ll use a question shape, using Yes or No answers. If we performed the process step correctly, we’d move on. If we didn’t, we’ll either end the problem solving (we’ve found the root cause), or we’ll add a corrective action.

Now we’ll repeat this process until we’ve reviewed the whole process.

Our finished flowchart looks like this.

However, we’re not finished.

What happens if we follow the flow chart, and we find we didn’t use boiled water. We remake the tea using boiled water, and we still don’t like it?  

We need to ask some further questions.

We need to update our flow chart to validate that we solved the problem and what to do if we didn’t.

So for each step of the process, our problem solving flowchart now looks like this.

Here’s our completed flow chart.

As you can see, we’ve identified the problem, and we’ve described a corrective action.

But there’s a problem here. With this flowchart, you can still follow it, validating the process, and still end up with a cup of tea that’s unsatisfactory. 

Why is that?

Well, it’s perfectly possible that we started out with a process that’s incorrect. What happens if the process called for using an incorrect tea bag from the start?

So we’ll simplify things by adding a block at the end that if you’re still not happy at the end of reviewing the steps, a full review of the process will be undertaken. This is a simple answer to this problem, and I would expect that you would expand this section in more detail if you were creating a flowchart yourself.

So what does a more complex process look like, how about we look at a business problem?

Example 2 Problem Solving flow chart

OK, so example 1 may have been a bit simple, and you are maybe looking for something in a business context.

So in Example 2, let’s look at a scenario that’s a little more complex.

Let’s assume that your organization has received a non-conforming part. You have been assigned to work with the Vendor to:

• Find out what went wrong
• Prevent recurrence

We’re going to use a problem solving flow chart to help us do that.

As with the first example, we’re going to state the problem.

“The part is non conforming.”

Using the production process from the Vendor, we’ll work through the stages to see if we can spot what’s gone wrong.

The diagram below shows an analysis of the first two steps of the production process using a problem-solving flow chart.

The first thing you’ll notice is that on one process step, there may be many questions to ascertain the potential issue.  

Some of these may be complex and require careful thought.

There may be multiple variables (systems, processes, tools, inputs, etc.) that may require attention.

You will need to analyze each process step, in full, to be sure you have caught all the possible causes of the fault.

Which Flow chart shapes should you use.

A problem solving flow chart usually utilizes only a small number of shapes. We show these in the table below.

When should you use a Problem Solving flow chart

There are many many problem tools available.

A flow chart lends itself to be used when:

• You are looking for a tool that is simple to use
• You are looking to use a tool that does not require complex software
• You want to validate a  process.
• You want something that facilitates collaboration
• You want something that you can use to communicate with others

7 Tips on creating great problem solving flow charts

1/ Use standard shapes!

2/ Make it easy to follow!

3/ Keep things on one page

4/ Don’t overload your boxes with text

5/ Go into enough detail. Don’t try and simplify activities as it might hide problems from being seen.

6/ Collaborate. Where you can utilize a team to help document the problem and the activities do so. The more knowledge of the process, the better chance you’ll have of locating the issue.

7/ Use a consistent direction to flow your process, moving things around the page can confuse people who might look at it.

A flow chart can provide you with a great advantage when looking to solve problems. Some of the key benefits include

• A visual aide that’s easy to understand
• Simple to use, does not require hours and hours of training
• A tool that facilitates collaboration
• Effective for aiding communication
• Provides an effective method of analysing a process

However, as with everything, there are some issues to look out for

• Flowchart fails to capture all process steps and therefore root cause analysis is hit and miss
• Lack of knowledge of the process by the individual compiling the flowchart results in inaccurate problem solving
• Inconsistent flow of process makes maps confusing
• Complex processes may be better suited to other tools (fishbone etc)
• Inconsistent formatting and/or use of shapes result in flowchart that is difficult to utilise.

There are a great many tools out there for problem-solving, and flow charts can be used either as a stand-alone tool or conjunction with one of these other tools.

Flowcharts can make for a great problem-solving tool.  

They’re simple to use, effective, and facilitate collaboration.

We hope you’ve found our article useful, in particular the example walkthroughs.

If you’re looking to use the tool, we’d love some feedback from you and hearing how you’ve got on. Why not fire us a message on twitter or use the comments section below.

This article is part of our Problem Solving Guide.   

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Flowchart Tutorial (with Symbols, Guide and Examples)

A flowchart is simply a graphical representation of steps. It shows steps in sequential order and is widely used in presenting the flow of algorithms, workflow or processes. Typically, a flowchart shows the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows.

What is a Flowchart?

A flowchart is a graphical representations of steps. It was originated from computer science as a tool for representing algorithms and programming logic but had extended to use in all other kinds of processes. Nowadays, flowcharts play an extremely important role in displaying information and assisting reasoning. They help us visualize complex processes, or make explicit the structure of problems and tasks. A flowchart can also be used to define a process or project to be implemented.

Flowchart Symbols

Different flowchart shapes have different conventional meanings. The meanings of some of the more common shapes are as follows:

The terminator symbol represents the starting or ending point of the system.

A box indicates some particular operation.

This represents a printout, such as a document or a report.

A diamond represents a decision or branching point. Lines coming out from the diamond indicates different possible situations, leading to different sub-processes.

It represents information entering or leaving the system. An input might be an order from a customer. Output can be a product to be delivered.

On-Page Reference

This symbol would contain a letter inside. It indicates that the flow continues on a matching symbol containing the same letter somewhere else on the same page.

Off-Page Reference

This symbol would contain a letter inside. It indicates that the flow continues on a matching symbol containing the same letter somewhere else on a different page.

Delay or Bottleneck

Identifies a delay or a bottleneck.

Lines represent the flow of the sequence and direction of a process.

When to Draw Flowchart?

Using a flowchart has a variety of benefits:

• It helps to clarify complex processes.
• It identifies steps that do not add value to the internal or external customer, including delays; needless storage and transportation; unnecessary work, duplication, and added expense; breakdowns in communication.
• It helps team members gain a shared understanding of the process and use this knowledge to collect data, identify problems, focus discussions, and identify resources.
• It serves as a basis for designing new processes.

Flowchart examples

Here are several flowchart examples. See how you can apply a flowchart practically.

Flowchart Example – Medical Service

This is a hospital flowchart example that shows how clinical cases shall be processed. This flowchart uses decision shapes intensively in representing alternative flows.

Flowchart Example – Simple Algorithms

A flowchart can also be used in visualizing algorithms, regardless of its complexity. Here is an example that shows how flowchart can be used in showing a simple summation process.

Flowchart Example – Calculate Profit and Loss

The flowchart example below shows how profit and loss can be calculated.

Creating a Flowchart in Visual Paradigm

Let’s see how to draw a flowchart in Visual Paradigm. We will use a very simple flowchart example here. You may expand the example when finished this tutorial.

• Select Diagram > New from the main menu.

• Enter the name of the flowchart and click OK .

• Enter Add items to Cart as the name of the process.

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Article • 9 min read

Flow Charts

Identify and communicate your optimal process.

By the Mind Tools Content Team

How often have you thought about streamlining a process in your organization but not been sure where to start? Or perhaps you've struggled to understand a process when it's described to you in detail.

Flow charts are a useful tool in these situations, as they make a process easy to understand at a glance. Using just a few words and some simple symbols, they show clearly what happens at each stage and how this affects other decisions and actions.

In this article and video, we look at how to create and use flow charts, and explore how they can help you to solve problems in your processes.

What Is a Flow Chart?

Flow charts are easy-to-understand diagrams that show how the steps of a process fit together. American engineer Frank Gilbreth is widely believed to be the first person to document a process flow, having introduced the concept of a "Process Chart" to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1921.

Flow charts tend to consist of four main symbols, linked with arrows that show the direction of flow:

1. Elongated circles, which signify the start or end of a process.

2. Rectangles, which show instructions or actions.

3. Diamonds, which highlight where you must make a decision.

4. Parallelograms, which show input and output. This can include materials, services or people.

You can use many other symbols in a flow chart but remember that these diagrams are used for communication . If you use symbols that only a few people understand, you may fail to get your message across. So, be sure to keep things simple !

When to Use a Flow Chart

All manner of organizations use flow charts to:

• Define a process.
• Standardize a process.
• Communicate a process.
• Identify bottlenecks or waste in a process.
• Solve a problem .
• Improve a process.

For example, software developers can use them to work out how the automated and manual parts of a process join up. Inexperienced team members might follow a flow chart to help them to complete activities in the right order. A manufacturer could ensure that it keeps to its values by applying a quality-control flow chart that presents questions and decision points. And an HR department might combine a flow chart with an organogram to show people who to contact about issues and when.

Why Use Flow Charts?

This tool's simplicity makes communicating and documenting a process quick and clear, so that the process will more likely be understood and applied correctly and consistently. It can also help you to estimate the timescale of the process, as you're better able to gauge the time needed for each task along the way. And you'll more likely identify who you should involve and at what stage, such as senior management or a compliance authority.

But you can also benefit from the process of creating a flow chart itself, as you build it step by step. You'll be able to focus on the detail of each individual stage, without feeling overwhelmed by the rest of the process, and then "zoom out" again to see the wider picture.

If your process or project involves several people or teams, you might find it more useful to use a Swim Lane Diagram rather than a flow chart – this helps you to show process flows between people and teams.

How to Create a Flow Chart

Follow these four steps:

Step 1: Identify Tasks

Begin by listing all of the tasks in a process in chronological order. Ask questions such as, "What happens next in the process?" or, "Do you need to make a decision before the next step?" or, "What approvals are required before you move on to the next task?"

Put yourself in the shoes of the person using the process, possibly for the first time. Talk to team members who work with the process directly, and get their opinions on where improvements could be made. Better yet, take a hands-on approach and go through the procedure yourself, and think about the practicalities of each stage. Use Customer Experience Mapping if your flow chart focuses on customer service, so that you can gain a better understanding of the process.

Step 2: Organize and Document Tasks

Next, start your flow chart by drawing the elongated circle shape and labeling it "Start."

Then, work through your whole process, and show the actions and decisions in the order that they happen. Link them with arrows to illustrate the flow of the process.

Where you need to make a decision, draw arrows from the decision diamond to each possible solution, and then label each arrow with the decision made. Remember to show the end of the process by using an elongated circle labeled "Finish."

Step 3: Double-Check the Process

When you've completed your flow chart, go back to the start and try it out to make sure that you haven't overlooked anything. Work through each step, and ask yourself whether you've represented the sequence of actions and the decisions involved correctly. Are there more decisions to be made at certain stages?

Then show your flow chart to other people, especially those who work directly with the process. Ask them to test that it works and to tell you if there are any problems or omissions.

Step 4: Challenge the Flow Chart

Finally, you might want to improve the process rather than just record it. So, see whether any of the steps that you've described are unnecessary or overly complicated. Identify any major bottlenecks , and deal with them to improve performance.

Are there any missing steps, no matter how small or seemingly insignificant, that you should add? And have you assigned tasks and decisions to the right people or automated them where it's most appropriate? Make any changes and then challenge the chart again.

As you challenge your flow chart, you might also be challenging your team members' tried and tested ways of working. So, take time to win support for your ideas, and don't expect to change people's habits overnight.

You may find that SIPOC diagrams will give you the detailed information that you need to introduce change in a controlled and effective way.

Flow Chart Software

You'll likely start with drawing flow charts by hand, but it's often more convenient to use a diagramming app to save, amend and share your charts.

Such apps vary from the simple and free, such as draw.io , creately and Pencil Project , to the more complex and paid-for, such as gliffy™ , Lucidchart , SmartDraw™ , and Visio® .

Flow charts can quickly become long and complicated, so that you can't represent them on a single piece of paper. This is where you can use "connectors" (shown as numbered circles) to link the flow when moving from one page to another. The user can follow the matching numbers to trace the flow of the process.

The image below shows part of a flow chart for how the receptionists in an example company should route incoming phone calls to the correct department:

Flow charts are simple diagrams that map out a process, so that you can easily communicate it to other people. You can also use them to define and analyze a process, build a step-by-step picture of it, and then standardize or improve it.

To draw a flow chart, identify the tasks and decisions that you make during a process, and write them down in order.

Then, arrange these steps in the flow chart format, using the appropriate symbols.

Finally, check and challenge your flow chart to make sure that it accurately represents the process, and that it shows the most efficient way of doing the job.

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Nine essential problem solving tools: The ultimate guide to finding a solution

October 26, 2023 by MindManager Blog

Problem solving may unfold differently depending on the industry, or even the department you work in. However, most agree that before you can fix any issue, you need to be clear on what it is, why it’s happening, and what your ideal long-term solution will achieve.

Understanding both the nature and the cause of a problem is the only way to figure out which actions will help you resolve it.

Given that most problem-solving processes are part inspiration and part perspiration, you’ll be more successful if you can reach for a problem solving tool that facilitates collaboration, encourages creative thinking, and makes it easier to implement the fix you devise.

The problem solving tools include three unique categories: problem solving diagrams, problem solving mind maps, and problem solving software solutions.

They include:

• Fishbone diagrams
• Strategy maps
• Mental maps
• Concept maps
• Layered process audit software
• Charting software
• MindManager

In this article, we’ve put together a roundup of versatile problem solving tools and software to help you and your team map out and repair workplace issues as efficiently as possible.

Let’s get started!

Problem solving diagrams

Mapping your way out of a problem is the simplest way to see where you are, and where you need to end up.

Not only do visual problem maps let you plot the most efficient route from Point A (dysfunctional situation) to Point B (flawless process), problem mapping diagrams make it easier to see:

• The root cause of a dilemma.
• The steps, resources, and personnel associated with each possible solution.
• The least time-consuming, most cost-effective options.

A visual problem solving process help to solidify understanding. Furthermore, it’s a great way for you and your team to transform abstract ideas into a practical, reconstructive plan.

Here are three examples of common problem mapping diagrams you can try with your team:

1. Fishbone diagrams

Fishbone diagrams are a common problem solving tool so-named because, once complete, they resemble the skeleton of a fish.

With the possible root causes of an issue (the ribs) branching off from either side of a spine line attached to the head (the problem), dynamic fishbone diagrams let you:

• Lay out a related set of possible reasons for an existing problem
• Investigate each possibility by breaking it out into sub-causes
• See how contributing factors relate to one another

Fishbone diagrams are also known as cause and effect or Ishikawa diagrams.

2. Flowcharts

A flowchart is an easy-to-understand diagram with a variety of applications. But you can use it to outline and examine how the steps of a flawed process connect.

Made up of a few simple symbols linked with arrows indicating workflow direction, flowcharts clearly illustrate what happens at each stage of a process – and how each event impacts other events and decisions.

3. Strategy maps

Frequently used as a strategic planning tool, strategy maps also work well as problem mapping diagrams. Based on a hierarchal system, thoughts and ideas can be arranged on a single page to flesh out a potential resolution.

Once you’ve got a few tactics you feel are worth exploring as possible ways to overcome a challenge, a strategy map will help you establish the best route to your problem-solving goal.

Problem solving mind maps

Problem solving mind maps are especially valuable in visualization. Because they facilitate the brainstorming process that plays a key role in both root cause analysis and the identification of potential solutions, they help make problems more solvable.

Mind maps are diagrams that represent your thinking. Since many people struggle taking or working with hand-written or typed notes, mind maps were designed to let you lay out and structure your thoughts visually so you can play with ideas, concepts, and solutions the same way your brain does.

By starting with a single notion that branches out into greater detail, problem solving mind maps make it easy to:

• Explain unfamiliar problems or processes in less time
• Share and elaborate on novel ideas
• Achieve better group comprehension that can lead to more effective solutions

Mind maps are a valuable problem solving tool because they’re geared toward bringing out the flexible thinking that creative solutions require. Here are three types of problem solving mind maps you can use to facilitate the brainstorming process.

4. Mental maps

A mental map helps you get your thoughts about what might be causing a workplace issue out of your head and onto a shared digital space.

Because mental maps mirror the way our brains take in and analyze new information, using them to describe your theories visually will help you and your team work through and test those thought models.

5. Idea maps

Idea maps let you take advantage of a wide assortment of colors and images to lay down and organize your scattered thought process. Idea maps are ideal brainstorming tools because they allow you to present and explore ideas about the best way to solve a problem collaboratively, and with a shared sense of enthusiasm for outside-the-box thinking.

6. Concept maps

Concept maps are one of the best ways to shape your thoughts around a potential solution because they let you create interlinked, visual representations of intricate concepts.

By laying out your suggested problem-solving process digitally – and using lines to form and define relationship connections – your group will be able to see how each piece of the solution puzzle connects with another.

Problem solving software solutions

Problem solving software is the best way to take advantage of multiple problem solving tools in one platform. While some software programs are geared toward specific industries or processes – like manufacturing or customer relationship management, for example – others, like MindManager , are purpose-built to work across multiple trades, departments, and teams.

Here are three problem-solving software examples.

7. Layered process audit software

Layered process audits (LPAs) help companies oversee production processes and keep an eye on the cost and quality of the goods they create. Dedicated LPA software makes problem solving easier for manufacturers because it helps them see where costly leaks are occurring and allows all levels of management to get involved in repairing those leaks.

8. Charting software

Charting software comes in all shapes and sizes to fit a variety of business sectors. Pareto charts, for example, combine bar charts with line graphs so companies can compare different problems or contributing factors to determine their frequency, cost, and significance. Charting software is often used in marketing, where a variety of bar charts and X-Y axis diagrams make it possible to display and examine competitor profiles, customer segmentation, and sales trends.

9. MindManager

No matter where you work, or what your problem-solving role looks like, MindManager is a problem solving software that will make your team more productive in figuring out why a process, plan, or project isn’t working the way it should.

Once you know why an obstruction, shortfall, or difficulty exists, you can use MindManager’s wide range of brainstorming and problem mapping diagrams to:

• Find the most promising way to correct the situation
• Activate your chosen solution, and
• Conduct regular checks to make sure your repair work is sustainable

MindManager is the ultimate problem solving software.

Not only is it versatile enough to use as your go-to system for puzzling out all types of workplace problems, MindManager’s built-in forecasting tools, timeline charts, and warning indicators let you plan, implement, and monitor your solutions.

By allowing your group to work together more effectively to break down problems, uncover solutions, and rebuild processes and workflows, MindManager’s versatile collection of problem solving tools will help make everyone on your team a more efficient problem solver.

Download a free trial today to get started!

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MindManager helps boost collaboration and productivity among remote and hybrid teams to achieve better results, faster.

Why choose MindManager?

MindManager® helps individuals, teams, and enterprises bring greater clarity and structure to plans, projects, and processes. It provides visual productivity tools and mind mapping software to help take you and your organization to where you want to be.

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Problem-solving – Flowchart example

The flowchart starts with identifying a problem. After the problem is identified, data is gathered and analyzed. Then, the solution is developed and the best solution is identified. If it isn’t successful, the solution development process starts again. If successful, the plan is implemented and is improved continuously.

Edit this diagram in Gleek

Problem-Solving diagram code in Gleek

Start:queue Identify the problem Data gathering Analyze data Solution development Identify the best solution Successful?:diamond Plan implementation Continue to improve Finish:queue Start–>Identify the problem Identify the problem–>Data gathering Data gathering–>Analyze data Analyze data–>Solution development Solution development–>Identify the best solution Identify the best solution–>Successful? Successful?-no->Solution development Successful?-yes->Plan implementation Plan implementation–>Continue to improve Continue to improve–>Finish

About Flowcharts

A flowchart, or flow chart, is a type of diagram that shows a step-by-step view of a process. Flowcharts document the tasks and decisions needed to achieve a specific goal. A basic flowchart is easy to make and understand. Businesses, engineers and software designers often use flowcharts to diagram their ideas.

Similar flowchart examples

Product development flowchart

A/B testing flowchart

Patient transfer in hospital flowchart

Credit card payment process flowchart

Alarm clock flowchart

• Introduction to Algorithms and Flowcharts

Problem Solving

Today, we use computers in every field for various purposes. But, we know that they cannot solve the problems all by themselves. Furthermore, we have to give step by step instructions to the computer for solving the problem. We can define problem-solving as a process of understanding the problem, finding solutions for the problem, and finally implementing the solution to it. We can design the solution before coding in the form of algorithms and flowcharts. Moreover, the identification of arithmetic and logical operations is very important in developing the program.

Therefore, we can say that a successful problem-solving process depends on the following factors:

• understanding the problem and defining it precisely.
• designing proper algorithms and flowcharts of the solution.
• implementing the algorithm successfully.

When the problems are easy we can easily search out a solution. Whereas, complex problems require step by step process to solve. Hence, this means that we have to apply problem-solving techniques to solve the problem. Furthermore, this starts with finding a precise definition of the problem and ends with a successful solution. Moreover, the identification of arithmetic and logical operations plays a vital role while designing the algorithm. Here, we will study the algorithms and flowcharts.

Designing the solution

After understanding the relationship between input and output and the functionalities required we have to design an algorithm or flowchart. Furthermore, the algorithm should contain all the necessary functions to solve the problem. Moreover, it should produce a proper output for every input.

Hence, we can say that before writing the exact code for the problem it is necessary to define a solution. We can do this by starting with an initial plan and improvising it till it gives perfect results. Moreover, there can be more than one possible solution for a problem. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the programmer to choose the best solution.

While designing a problem we can represent it in algorithms and flowcharts. Hence, before writing the program code we can design the solution either in the form of an algorithm or a flowchart.

Browse more Topics Under Problem Solving Methodologies

• Understanding of the Problem
• Solution for the Problem
• Breaking Down Solution into Simple Steps
• Identification of Arithmetic and Logical Operations
• Control Structure

Introduction to Algorithms

An algorithm is basically a procedure of steps that we exactly follow to solve a particular task or problem. We can say that it is a set of rules that we need to follow while developing a program code during problem-solving. Furthermore, if we write an algorithm before actually writing a code, it becomes easy to perform the coding part. Moreover, the algorithm is in simple English language hence, others can also easily understand it and develop the code.

Features of an algorithm

The features of an algorithm are as follows:

The algorithm should be very clear and unambiguous in its meaning. It should be simple so that one can understand it easily.

• Well-defined inputs

A program may require to take input from the user. Therefore, the algorithm should clearly define the inputs.

• Well-defined outputs

The algorithm should clearly specify the output that the program will produce.

The algorithm should have a termination point. This means that the algorithm should not be such that it runs infinite times or end up in loops.

• Feasibility

The algorithm should be such that we can implement it easily. Hence, it should be simple and practical to implement.

• Language independent

It should be in simple English language. Since the code implementation should result in the same output no matter which programming language we use while writing the code.

Introduction to Flowcharts

It is basically a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Furthermore, it uses various symbols and arrows to describe the beginning, ending, and flow of the program. Moreover, the programmers use it to depicting the flow of data and instructions while problem-solving. F lowcharting is the process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm.

Symbols in a flowchart

The flowchart uses various symbols in the representation. These basic symbols are as follows:

It represents the start, stop, or halt in a program’s flow. The flowchart always starts and ends with this symbol. Besides, we represent it using an oval shape.

Input/Output

We represent it using a parallelogram . It indicates any input from the user or output of the program.

We represent it using a rectangle . It indicates any arithmetic operation’s processing such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.

We represent it using the diamond symbol. It represents any type of decision in a program that results in true or false. For example. if-conditions.

We represent it using a circle . Whenever a flowchart is too large we can use connectors to avoid confusion.

These are basically arrows that represent the flow of the program.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1. What are the main steps in problem-solving?

A1. A successful problem-solving process depends on the following factors:

• understanding the problem.
• designing proper algorithms and flowcharts.
• implementing the algorithm.

Q2. What is problem-solving?

A2. We can define problem-solving as a process of understanding the problem, finding solution for the problem, and finally implementing the solution to it.

Q3. What is an algorithm?

A3. An algorithm is basically a procedure of steps that we exactly follow to solve a particular task or problem.

Q4. What is a flowchart?

A4. It is basically a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. Furthermore, it uses various symbols and arrows to describe the beginning, ending, and flow of the program.

Q5. Name the features of an algorithm.

A5. The features of an algorithm are as follows:

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Problem Solving Methodologies

• Control Structures
• Identification of Arithmetic and Logical Operations Required for Solution
• Understanding the Problem

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An introduction to Flowcharts

• What is a Flowchart and its Types?
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What is a Flowchart?   Flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm. Programmers often use it as a program-planning tool to solve a problem. It makes use of symbols which are connected among them to indicate the flow of information and processing.  The process of drawing a flowchart for an algorithm is known as “flowcharting”. 

Basic Symbols used in Flowchart Designs

• Terminal: The oval symbol indicates Start, Stop and Halt in a program’s logic flow. A pause/halt is generally used in a program logic under some error conditions. Terminal is the first and last symbols in the flowchart.   

• Input/Output: A parallelogram denotes any function of input/output type. Program instructions that take input from input devices and display output on output devices are indicated with parallelogram in a flowchart.   

• Processing: A box represents arithmetic instructions. All arithmetic processes such as adding, subtracting, multiplication and division are indicated by action or process symbol.   

• Decision Diamond symbol represents a decision point. Decision based operations such as yes/no question or true/false are indicated by diamond in flowchart.   

• Connectors: Whenever flowchart becomes complex or it spreads over more than one page, it is useful to use connectors to avoid any confusions. It is represented by a circle.   

• Flow lines: Flow lines indicate the exact sequence in which instructions are executed. Arrows represent the direction of flow of control and relationship among different symbols of flowchart. 

Rules For Creating Flowchart :

A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm.it should follow some rules while creating a flowchart Rule 1: Flowchart opening statement must be ‘start’ keyword. Rule 2:  Flowchart ending statement must be ‘end’ keyword. Rule 3: All symbols in the flowchart must be connected with an arrow line. Rule 4: The decision symbol in the flowchart is associated with the arrow line.  

Advantages of Flowchart:

• Flowcharts are a better way of communicating the logic of the system.
• Flowcharts act as a guide for blueprint during program designed.
• Flowcharts help in debugging process.
• With the help of flowcharts programs can be easily analyzed.
• It provides better documentation.
• Flowcharts serve as a good proper documentation.
• Easy to trace errors in the software.
• Easy to understand.
• The flowchart can be reused for inconvenience in the future.
• It helps to provide correct logic.  

Disadvantages of Flowchart:

• It is difficult to draw flowcharts for large and complex programs.
• There is no standard to determine the amount of detail.
• Difficult to reproduce the flowcharts.
• It is very difficult to modify the Flowchart.
• Making a flowchart is costly.
• Some developer thinks that it is waste of time.
• It makes software processes low.
• If changes are done in software, then the flowchart must be redrawn  

Example : Draw a flowchart to input two numbers from the user and display the largest of two numbers    

References:   Computer Fundamentals by Pradeep K. Sinha and Priti Sinha  

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How to Solve Math Problems Using a Flowchart

How to Solve Inequalities With Fractions

Getting to the one correct answer to a math problem challenges many students who may not know where to start or how to get to the answer. Flowcharts provide a framework for the math process, giving students a step-by-step approach to tackling the problem. Teach students how to read flowcharts so you can integrate them into the math curriculum for improved problem solving.

Flowchart Basics

The shapes containing data on a flowchart represent different types of information. The beginning and ending points go in ovals. Rectangles contain processes or actions to take, such as operations or calculations. Diamonds represent decisions -- often with a yes or no answer -- that change the direction in which you move through the flowchart. An example would be to decide if a fraction is in lowest terms. Arrows connect the shapes to help students move through the steps in the correct order. Practice using flowcharts with a process the kids know, such as a routine you use in the classroom. Put each step into the flowchart and have the kids move through it to practice going in order.

Math Problem Components

Each small step in the math problem needs its own spot on the flow chart. A flowchart for adding fractions would include steps for finding common denominators, adding numerators and reducing the fraction to its lowest terms. In this example, you have the “start” in an oval leading to a diamond to represent the question of whether or not the fractions have common denominators. If yes, students move to a rectangle that tells them to add the numerators. If no, the students follow an arrow to a rectangle telling them to find a common denominator. Students then move to a rectangle telling them to add numerators, followed by a decision diamond to determine if the fraction is in lowest terms. If it is, the process ends. If not, students would follow an arrow to a rectangle telling them to reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

Introductory Math Flowcharts

When introducing flowcharts for solving math problems, provide the flowchart steps for students. Break down the process for your class so students understand how the flowchart works as it relates to math. Start with a simple problem to allow practice working through the flowchart. You might do practice problems as a class. Talk through the process so students understand what you are doing. Give the students practice problems using flowcharts with the steps already filled in.

Advanced Flowcharts

Once the students understand how to use flowcharts to solve problems, put them in charge. Have the students draw a flowchart based on a problem they need to solve. This requires students to read through the problem and first identify the specific steps that need to happen to solve the problem. They must also determine if there are any places that require a decision, which would go in a diamond shape. Once they draw the flowcharts, have them actually solve the problems using the flowcharts.

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About the Author

Based in the Midwest, Shelley Frost has been writing parenting and education articles since 2007. Her experience comes from teaching, tutoring and managing educational after school programs. Frost worked in insurance and software testing before becoming a writer. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in elementary education with a reading endorsement.

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Flowchart In Programming

A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation of an algorithm. A flowchart can be helpful for both writing programs and explaining the program to others.

Symbols Used In Flowchart

Examples of flowcharts in programming.

1. Add two numbers entered by the user.

2. Find the largest among three different numbers entered by the user.

3. Find all the roots of a quadratic equation ax 2 +bx+c=0

4. Find the Fibonacci series till term≤1000.

Note: Though flowcharts can be useful for writing and analyzing a program, drawing a flowchart for complex programs can be more complicated than writing the program itself. Hence, creating flowcharts for complex programs is often ignored.

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1.3: Activity 3 - Using pseudo-codes and flowcharts to represent algorithms

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Introduction

The student will learn how to design an algorithm using either a pseudo code or flowchart. Pseudo code is a mixture of English like statements, some mathematical notations and selected keywords from a programming language. It is one of the tools used to design and develop the solution to a task or problem. Pseudo codes have different ways of representing the same thing and emphasis is on the clarity and not style.

Pseudo Code

Pseudo code is an informal high-level description of the operating principle of a computer program or other algorithm. It is a procedure for solving a problem in terms of the actions to be executed and the order in which those actions are to be executed.

Pseudo code uses the structural conventions of a programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine reading. It typically omits details that are not essential for human understanding of the algorithm, such as variable declarations, system-specific code and some subroutines. The programming language is augmented with natural language description details, where convenient, or with compact mathematical notation.

The purpose of using pseudo code is that it is easier for people to understand than conventional programming language code, and that it is an efficient and environment-independent description of the key principles of an algorithm. It is commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various algorithms, and also in planning of computer program development, for sketching out the structure of the program before the actual coding takes place.

Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

In the following example, the pseudo code is on program that can add 2 numbers together then display the result.

A flow chart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process. It shows the steps in the form of boxes of various kinds and their order by connecting them with arrows. The diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem.

Flowcharts can be used in the analysis, design, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. They are also used in designing and documenting complex processes or programs.

Flowchart building blocks

• They are represented as circles, ovals or rounded (fillet) rectangles. They contain the word “Start” or “End”, or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as “submit inquiry” or “receive product”.
• They show “flow of control”. For example an arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow points to. The line for the arrow can be solid or dashed. The meaning of the arrow with dashed line may differ from one flowchart to another and can be defined in the legend.
• These are represented as rectangles.
• Subroutines are represented as rectangles with double-struck vertical edges. They are used to show complex processing steps which may be detailed in a separate flowchart.
• These are represented as a parallelogram.
• These are represented as a hexagon. They normally show operations which have no effect other than preparing a value for a subsequent conditional or decision step (see below).
• These are normally represented as a diamond (rhombus) showing where a decision is necessary. They commonly test a Yes/No question or True/False condition. It has two arrows coming out of it, usually from the bottom point and right point, one corresponding to Yes or True, and one corresponding to No or False.
• It is generally represented with a black blob, showing where multiple control flows converge in a single exit flow. A junction symbol will have more than one arrow coming into it, but only one going out.
• They are represented by an identifying label inside a circle. Normally used in complex or multi-sheet diagrams to substitute for arrows. For each label, the “outflow” connector must always be unique, but there may be any number of “inflow” connectors. In this case, a junction in control flow is implied.
• It is normally represented by a double transverse line with any number of entry and exit arrows.They can be used whenever two or more control flows must operate simultaneously. The exit flows are activated concurrently when all of the entry flows have reached the concurrency symbol. A concurrency symbol with a single entry flow is a fork; one with a single exit flow is a join.

All processes should flow from top to bottom and left to right.

Example \(\PageIndex{2}\)

Problem: Calculate and report the grade-point average for a class.

Discussion: The average grade equals the sum of all grades divided by the number of students.

• Output: Average grade
• Input: Student grades
• Processing: Find the sum of the grades; count the number of students; calculate average

PSEUDO CODE

Program: Determine the average grade of a class

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The Average Grade of a Class Flowchart

This section covered the algorithm development tools, that is, the pseudo codes, flowcharts and how to design and develop them. These tools are not hinged to any programming language but can be implemented in any language of choice. Basically these are the initial steps of designing a program for any given task. Examples for both are given to try and show the learner how they look like. On the flow charts, it has further included the building blocks of a flow chart.

• Give two important differences between the flowchart and the pseudocode.
• Give two examples of selection control structures. Use flowchart.
• Draw the different types of symbols used in the flowchart. Explain the role of each.

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• Story Board
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• Value Stream Mapping
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Problem-Solving flowchart

The main responsibility in customer support is solving the issues customers are facing. You can use a flowchart to communicate the steps the user needs to take to arrive at a solution. In case, you are also having trouble understanding the issue faced by your customer, you can use a flowchart to analyze the issue and arrive at a solution.

You can easily edit this template using Creately's flowchart maker . You can export it in multiple formats like JPEG, PNG and SVG and easily add it to Word documents, Powerpoint (PPT) presentations, Excel or any other documents. You can export it as a PDF for high-quality printouts.

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Q1. Add 10 and 20

To solve this problem we will take a variable sum and set it to zero. Then we will take the two numbers 10 and 20 as input. Next we will add both the numbers and save the result in the variable sum i.e., sum = 10 + 20. Finally, we will print the value stored in the variable sum.

Algorithm (in simple English)

• Initialize sum = 0 (PROCESS)
• Enter the numbers (I/O)
• Add them and store the result in sum (PROCESS)
• Print sum (I/O)

Q2. Find the sum of 5 numbers

In this question we are asked to find the sum of 5 numbers. So, we will take two variables - sum and count and set both of them to zero. The sum variable will store the result while the count variable will keep track of how many numbers we have read.

To solve this problem we will use the concept of loop. In loop or iterative operation, we execute some steps repeatedly as long as the given condition is TRUE. In this case we will keep reading the input till we have read 5 numbers.

So, we first initialize sum and count to zero. Then we will take the input and store it in a variable n. Next we will add the value stored in n to sum and save the answer in sum.

i.e., sum = sum + n

Then we will increment count by 1 and check if count is less than 5. If this condition is TRUE then we will take another input. If the condition is FALSE then we will print the value stored in variable sum.

• Initialize sum = 0 and count = 0 (PROCESS)
• Enter n (I/O)
• Find sum + n and assign it to sum and then increment count by 1 (PROCESS)
• Is count < 5 (DECISION)
• if YES go to step 2 else Print sum (I/O)

Q3. Print Hello World 10 times

This problem is also solved using the loop concept. We take a variable count and set it to zero. Then we print "Hello World" and increment count by 1.

i.e., count = count + 1

Next we check if count is less than 10. If this is TRUE then we again print "Hello World" and increment the variable count. On the other hand if the condition if FALSE then we will stop.

• Initialize count = 0 (PROCESS)
• Print Hello World (I/O)
• Increment count by 1 (PROCESS)
• Is count < 10 (DECISION)
• if YES go to step 2 else Stop

Q4. Draw a flowchart to log in to facebook account

This problem can be solved in many ways so, we will encourage you to think and draw a flowchart for this problem using your imagination.

To log in to facebook account we first enter the facbook URL www.facebook.com in our browser like Google, Firefox, Safari, Internet Explorer etc. This request is sent to the facebook server and it responds by sending us the home page of facebook.

Next, we enter our registered Email ID and Password and click the Login button.

Then our login credential is checked. If it is correct, we are show our profile. On the other hand, if the login credential is wrong then an error occurs and we are prompted to re-enter our Email ID and Password.

• Enter www.facebook.com in your browser. (I/O)
• facebook Home page loads (PROCESS)
• Enter your Email ID and Password (I/O)
• Is Email ID and Password Valid (DECISION) if NO then Log in error (PROCESS) go to step 3 else Display facebook Account (I/O) Stop

Note! As there are many ways to solve a given problem so there are many ways to draw a flowchart.

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EngineersTutor

Solved assignment problems – algorithms and flowcharts.

An algorithm is defined as sequence of steps to solve a problem (task) . The steps must be finite, well defined and unambiguous. Writing algorithm requires some thinking. Algorithm can also be defined as a plan to solve a problem and represents its logic. Note that an algorithm is of no use if it does not help us arrive at the desired solution

Algorithm characteristics

• It should have finite number of steps . No one can be expected to execute infinite number of steps.
• The steps must be in order and simple
• Each step should be defined clearly i.e. without un-ambiguity (without doubtfulness)
• Must include all required information
• Should exhibit at least one output

A flowchart is a pictorial (graphical) representation of an algorithm . A flowchart is drawn using different kinds of symbols. A symbol is used for a specific purpose. Each symbol has name.

Different algorithms have different performance characteristics to solve the same problem. some algorithms are fast. some are slow. some occupy more memory space. some occupy less memory space. some are complex and some algorithms are simple..

Logically algorithm, flowchart and program are the same.

Q1 . Create a program to compute the volume of a sphere. Use the formula: V = (4/3) *pi*r 3 where pi is equal to 3.1416 approximately. The r is the radius of sphere.  Display the result.

Q2 . Write a program the converts the input Celsius degree into its equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula: F = (9/5) *C+32.

Q3 . Write a program that converts the input dollar to its peso exchange rate equivalent.  Assume that the present exchange rate is 51.50 pesos against the dollar. Then display the peso equivalent exchange rate.

Q4 . Write a program that converts an input inch(es) into its equivalent centimeters. Take note that one inch is equivalent to 2.54cms.

Q5 . Write a program that exchanges the value of two variables: x and y.  The output must be: the value of variable y will become the value of variable x, and vice versa.

Q6 . Design a program to find the circumference of a circle. Use the formula: C=2πr, where π is approximately equivalent 3.1416.

Q7 . Write a program that takes as input the purchase price of an item (P), its expected number of years of service (Y) and its expected salvage value (S). Then outputs the yearly depreciation for the item (D). Use the formula: D = (P – S) Y.

Q8 . Swapping of 2 variables without using temporary (or 3 rd variable).

Q9 . Determine the most economical quantity to be stocked for each product that a manufacturing company has in its inventory: This quantity, called economic order quantity (EOQ) is calculated as follows: EOQ=2rs/1 where: R= total yearly production requirement S=set up cost per order I=inventory carrying cost per unit.

Q10 . Write a program to compute the radius of a circle. Derive your formula from the given equation: A=πr², then display the output.

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Hey Engineers, welcome to the award-winning blog,Engineers Tutor. I'm Gopal Krishna. a professional engineer & blogger from Andhra Pradesh, India. Notes and Video Materials for Engineering in Electronics, Communications and Computer Science subjects are added. "A blog to support Electronics, Electrical communication and computer students".

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20 funny flowcharts to help you navigate life’s toughest decisions

Georgina Guthrie

February 10, 2022

Flowcharts are a great way to distill big questions or complex processes into neat yes/no answers. They’re commonly used in organizations to help visualize decision processes , but that doesn’t mean they should be confined to the office. Flowcharts can actually help you navigate a multitude of big life choices. Or, in the case of funny flowcharts, they’re just as useful for working through comically trivial decisions.

For example, should you eat that slice of pizza you dropped on the floor? There’s a flowchart for that. Should you add an emoji to that email? Consult the flowchart! Should you leave the party early? At Nulab, we love funny flowcharts, so take a look at some of our top picks for the most entertaining diagrams .

1. Is this a flow chart?

First of all, here’s an essential flowchart for anyone who’s still a little fuzzy about the concept. This one’s jazzed up the original ‘yes/no’ questions with slightly different phrases, but they’re still affirmative/negative responses leading you towards your big reveal.

cheezburger.com

2. Is this a flowchart, simplified

It’s the same idea, but if you remove all the unnecessary steps, you could end up with a flowchart as simple as this one.

Humor that works

3. Do you need a flowchart?

Next, you need to decide whether a flowchart is right for you. Of course, there’s a flowchart to help you navigate that question as well.

augustlovesmay.com

4. Hey Jude?

Here’s an example of a looping flowchart designed to help you remember the lyrics to The Beatles’ most confusing song, Hey Jude . The loop comes at the bottom in the form of the ‘na’ lyric, which, if you know the song, goes on for hours. For those unfamiliar with the tune, you can listen to it right here on YouTube. All together now!

Laughingsquid.com , via loveallthis.tumblr.com

5. Is this flowchart a trap?

Flowcharts aren’t without their problems : all those arrows and loops could be your downfall if you’re not vigilant. Here’s a specially designed diagram to illustrate these potential pitfalls.

6. Are you hungry?

Deciding what it is you want to eat is no easy task. Do you choose the carrot sticks or chow down on the carrot cake? Luckily, there are funny flowcharts designed to help you navigate this complex decision-making process.

Now, you know what to do with those leftover birthday treats sitting in the office kitchen.

dailyvowelmovements.com

7. Should you get takeaway?

Reaching a decision at the end of a long day can be difficult, which is why a dinner-based flowchart is all the more useful. Should you roll up your sleeves and start cooking dinner or splurge on takeaway? Check the flowchart!

Ben Armson, Buzzfeed

8. Should you stay?

After-work drinks. Networking. Team socials . Like accidentally hitting ‘reply all’ and tripping over in public, attending a career-based group activity is just one of those things that professionals have to do at least once in their working lives. Some people enjoy it. Others are indifferent. And then there are those who would quite literally rather have both their eyebrows waxed off.

It’s not that they don’t like their colleagues; it’s just that they find large groups of people exhausting. Not only are the small talk and mingling tiring, but the event itself is fraught with complex decisions. For example, when and why should you leave?

Here’s a helpful flowchart for socially anxious individuals who find themselves in this predicament.

9. Do I say ‘hi?’

Getting someone’s name wrong is awkward for everyone involved. So, rather than put you both through the trauma of it, let’s take a step back and consider whether you should be saying ‘hi’ in the first place. Here’s a handy flowchart full of probing questions designed to help you make that initial decision.

knocknockstuff.com

10. Do you eat it?

Ever heard of the five-second rule? It’s essentially a very accurate scientific formula that determines whether the food you’ve dropped on the floor is safe to eat. If it was there for five seconds or less, then it’s good to eat. Six seconds or more? Bin it.

But, like many scientific processes, the five-second rule isn’t without its limitations. For example, was the event witnessed by anyone who is likely to be disgusted by the sight of you eating floor food? Was the item sticky and therefore likely to have fluff attached to it? Did the cat lick it? The funny flowchart below takes all these important complexities into consideration.

seriouseats.com

11. Are you sure you can eat it?

Flowcharts can be as simple or as detailed as you like. The example below expands upon the five-second rule by adding more layers of questioning to the process. It takes a little longer to create (and answer), but the outcome will be more thorough.

www.dissociatedpress.com

12. Should I use emoji?

One of life’s great questions: to emoji, or not to emoji? Use one and risk appearing unprofessional. Don’t use one and risk sounding grumpy, sarcastic, or stuffy. It’s a minefield! Luckily, there’s a way to help you decode emoji etiquette.

wendymacnaughton.tumblr.com

13. How do engineers fix a problem?

We don’t all have the passion or mathematic skills to go to engineering school. But that doesn’t mean life isn’t going to throw you some engineering problems. Here’s how to start fixing things like a professional.

engineering.com

14. Are you a horse?

Funny flowcharts can also help you get to know yourself a bit better. Consider this example, which is designed to help you work out whether you’re a horse or not. Go on, give it a go. You never know!

i.imgur.com / Via blameitonthevoices.com

15. Do you have too many pets?

Now that you’ve figured out you’re not a horse… is it possible you have too many cats at home? Here’s a quick and easy way to find out. Of course, answers are subjective.

16. Which fruit are you?

Every once in a while, it’s therapeutic to engage in an extremely low-stakes analytical process. So, the next time you need to flex your mental muscles, why not figure out what type of fruit you are? Who knows? You might discover you’re really a papaya and not the blueberry you always imagined.

17. How to play games with kids

As any parent knows, it’s not how you play the game; it’s how you let your kid win. If you’re normally so competitive that you’d even brag about being struck by lightning the most times, being a parent exposes you to a lot of hard truths.

The most important one: young children always get to win. Always. If you have any doubts about this unspoken rule, this funny flowchart should clear things up for you.

How to Be a Dad

18. Should you call me?

For those of us who love our alone time, it’s crucial to set some ground rules for our well-meaning friends. Getting an unexpected call when you were busy enjoying a solo celebration of 90s music is the worst. And to recover, you’ll have to spend hours recharging your energy with an 80s music playlist.

If you’d rather avoid the stress, turn to this flowchart to let others know exactly when they’re allowed to call you.

Introvert Doodles

19. Should I cook more?

Some flowcharts aren’t about making a decision ; they’re about the inevitable failure of trying to force yourself out of your comfort zone. But don’t fret! Even if you never convince yourself to cook more or climb Mount Everest, at least you can learn how to master the art of creating funny flowcharts .

20. Did you wake up on time?

There’s one dilemma everyone has faced: does it make sense to get out of bed if you’re already late for work? Whether you stayed up late tending to children or binge-watching Game of Thrones (for the tenth time), the correct answer is always the same. Just take a personal day!

Adam Ellis, Buzzfeed

Final thoughts

Flowcharts are a great way to simplify the decision-making process , whether you have serious business goals or just fancy making funny flowcharts for you and your team. Using a specially designed diagramming tool can streamline the creative process, while a mixture of different colors and shapes keeps things looking vibrant and fun.

This post was originally published on December 11, 2018, and updated most recently on February 10, 2022.

[Flowchart] Single? Married? Here’s how to spend Valentine’s Day

[Flowchart] Here’s what you should be reading right now: A Cacoo flowchart

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5 keys to solving the right problems in your business.

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Two multi-ethnic workers working in a plastics factory, standing on the factory floor, looking at ... [+] the control panel of one of the machines. The African-American man is pointing to the panel. His coworker, an Hispanic woman, is holding a digital tablet.

There is no doubt that today’s business challenges are more complex and global than ever, but I still see my peers and business leaders using the same strategies that worked for them years ago. Aspiring new business owners often sink millions into innovations and marketing plans that never get off the ground, and overlook simple details that cost them time, energy, and success.

For example, many businesses are currently struggling with getting their employees back to the office for work, to improve business productivity, accountability, and customer satisfaction. In fact, this challenge clearly has personal team considerations, as well as business implications. Many people prefer the flexibility and comfort of working from home, outweighing results and growth.

I’m not sure if the real problem here is business process or people management, or both, but there is certainly much room for error on both sides. As a consultant, I found some good strategies for not solving the wrong problem in a recent book, “ Solve the Real Problem ,” by Roger L. Firestien, PhD., from Buffalo State University, Innovation Resources, and other roles.

He has real credentials in academia, as well as problem-solving and innovation experiences with many businesses around the world. He offers some key recommendations that I also espouse for how to zero in on the root challenge and not waste large amounts of time and money you cannot afford:

1. Creative questions are key to problem definition. Focus on chains of fact-finding questions and judgement or decision questions to bring out solution ideas. In all cases, defer judgment and avoid excuses like “I don’t have time.” One good question can generate whole new fields of inquiry and can prompt changes in entrenched thinking.

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Creative questions are also useful for exploring new business ideas. Just remember that solving customer problems is the challenge here, rather than internal problems. The process and the results are the same – starting with creative questions to find the real opportunity.

2. Adopt a more effective problem-solving mindset. Analyze your habitual approach to problem solving and be prepared to challenge your own assumptions. Avoid settling for symptoms as the problem or jumping to conclusions based on poor information or your own biases. Sometimes we get in our own way and end up working on the wrong thing.

This strategy also applies to new opportunities for customer growth as well as organizational problems. I still see too many technologists whose mindset is focused on the beauty of their innovation, rather than the problem it solves for customers.

3. Don’t trust or act on your first impression. We all make wrong judgments on first impressions, especially with recurring problems or with people who are of a different nationality, race, and ethnicity. First impressions are usually wrong, especially if they are made in an emotional environment, under time constraints, or with too little information.

4. Get an outside perspective with no agenda. The best way to get an outside perspective is to tap into people who run in circles different from your own. Look for “creative catalysts” who can provide a fresh perspective on the problem and potential solutions. Beware of experts in the relevant technology who may have their own biases.

5. Look for the bigger picture, not minutiae. Make sure that you don’t become unable to see the “forest for the trees” by looking only at a few details of the problem. Consciously step back and take a broader view of the challenge ahead. This approach also builds alignment with related perspectives and issues, and results in better long-term solutions.

In the real world, my experience is that none of these strategies will work without conscientious business leadership, committed team members, a positive business model, and a viable customer opportunity. Your team also needs the creativity skills and training to properly diagnose problems and challenges, generate solutions, and put these solutions into action.

I encourage all of you to recognize that every business in today’s world will encounter challenges and world-class problems. Thus it behooves all of us to continuously update our business problem-solving strategies, support a culture of innovation, and keep moving forward in your quest to make the world a better place, and enjoy the journey to get there.

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HUA Problem Solving Team Has Yet to Convene After 2 Weeks

Two weeks after the Harvard Undergraduate Association began the process of forming a problem solving team and indefinitely postponed all student referenda — including the College-wide referendum on divestment from Israel — the team still has not set a time for its first meeting.

On April 12, two HUA officers filed a motion to create a problem solving team to “solve a dispute” over referenda guidelines, after the HUA approved a petition from the Palestine Solidarity Committee for a referendum on whether Harvard should divest from institutions with ties to Israel’s settlements and its war on Gaza. The creation of the team led to a delay in all HUA-held referenda.

The HUA’s announcement of the postponement of all referenda came under intense fire from the PSC, who protested the decision in a rally on April 13 and chanted outside the Smith Center: “Hey hey, ho ho, the HUA should let us vote.”

The process to start forming a problem-solving team began after the HUA received a petition appearing to parody the PSC petition from a group calling themselves “Are Harvard Students, Students Against Hate?”

Seven students were selected to serve on the problem solving team last Friday, according to a communication to the team obtained by The Crimson. A day before the team was finalized, the HUA had sent out an email to the undergraduate student body inviting students to apply to be randomly selected for the team.

Now, with Harvard’s recent suspension of the PSC and pro-Palestine organizers currently encamped in Harvard Yard to protest the suspension, the problem solving team may face additional complications in deciding the fate of a referendum initiated by a suspended student organization.

More than 500 Harvard affiliates gathered in Harvard Yard for an emergency protest of the PSC’s suspension at noon on Wednesday, as a smaller group of protesters began putting up the encampment.

On Tuesday, former HUA co-treasurer and Crimson Editorial editor Josh A. Kaplan ’26 circulated a “charge sheet” document to the problem solving team.

It is unclear why the communication came from Kaplan, whose term as HUA co-treasurer ended on April 20 and who did not respond to a request for comment.

According to the document, the team's recommendations should be sent to HUA’s executive officers, headed by newly elected co-presidents Ashley C. Adirika ’26 and Jonathan Haileselassie ’26.

According to the document, HUA executive officers believed a potential interpretation of the HUA’s constitution indicates “a referendum cannot be held if the referendum asks for student feedback on Harvard issues that are outside the Harvard Undergraduate Association’s scope of governance.”

The document also states that “the HUA has received multiple questions addressing a variety of campus and global issues,” including “the usage of Harvard facilities, the names of Harvard College buildings, the Harvard University endowment, and other Harvard University schools.”

Under a heading titled “Your Charge,” the problem solving team is asked to provide recommendations to the HUA’s executive team on how to solve the constitutional dispute and “clearly define” the HUA’s constitutional process for all future referenda.

“The intent of this investigation is to clearly define the Constitutional process for the HUA Referendum process for future referendum,” the document says. “This Problem-Solving Team is directed to focus on the referendum process, not the content of the proposed referendum.”

—Staff writer Cam N. Srivastava can be reached at [email protected] . Follow him on X @camsrivastava .

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Problem-solving is embedded in context… so how do we measure it.

• 1 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
• 2 California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States

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Problem solving encompasses the broad domain of human, goal-directed behaviors. Though we may attempt to measure problem solving using tightly controlled and decontextualized tasks, it is inextricably embedded in both reasoners’ experiences and their contexts. Without situating problem-solvers, problem contexts, and our own experiential partialities as researchers, we risk intertwining the research of information relevance with our own confirmatory biases about people, environments, and ourselves. We review each of these ecological facets of information relevance in problem-solving, and we suggest a framework to guide its measurement. We ground this framework with concrete examples of ecologically valid, culturally relevant measurement of problem solving.

Keywords: problem-solving, Measurement, Information relevance, Ecological Validity, Cultural relevance

Received: 01 Feb 2024; Accepted: 26 Apr 2024.

Copyright: © 2024 Rhodes, Richland and Alcalá. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

* Correspondence: Katherine Rhodes, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Can a new dream city solve California’s affordable housing problem? | The Excerpt

On a special episode (first released on April 25, 2024) of The Excerpt podcast: For the past five years, a small group of Silicon Valley investors has spent nearly a billion dollars quietly buying up over 50,000 acres of farmland in northern California. The goal? To create an ambitious new California dream city, something that hasn’t been done in America for over a century. The California Forever project aims to create a livable, workable, walkable city that puts working families at the heart of its design, creating new housing for up to 400,000 people. Skeptics abound, but could this be the solution to one of California’s most intractable problems? The city’s designated architect, urban planner Gabriel Metcalf, joins The Excerpt to discuss the hurdles and possibilities of developing an entirely new city.

Hit play on the player below to hear the podcast and follow along with the transcript beneath it.  This transcript was automatically generated, and then edited for clarity in its current form. There may be some differences between the audio and the text.

Podcasts:  True crime, in-depth interviews and more USA TODAY podcasts right here

Hello and welcome to The Excerpt, I'm Dana Taylor. Today is Thursday, April 25th, 2024, and this is a special episode of The Excerpt.

For the past five years, a small group of Silicon Valley investors spent nearly a billion dollars quietly buying up over 50,000 acres of farmland in Northern California. The goal, to create an ambitious new California dream city, something that hasn't been done in America for over a century. The California Forever Project aims to create a livable, workable, walkable city that puts working families at the heart of its design, creating new housing for up to 400,000 people. Skeptics abound, but could this be the solution to one of California's most intractable problems, affordable housing? Here to help me dig into it, is urban planner, Gabriel Metcalf, the city's designated architect.

Gabe, thanks for joining me.

Thank you for having me.

So let's start with why you're here. How did you first hear of the project and what was it that convinced you to sign on?

I guess the real reason I'm here is because I love cities. I think cities are in a way humanity's greatest invention, and I've spent my whole career working on making cities work better. But the great cities of America have run into a big problem, they have all gotten super expensive. They've gotten so expensive. They have stopped performing their historical role of bringing all kinds of people together because it's gotten to be that only people who have a lot of money can get in.

I guess it started to seem to me that part of the problem is that all of the places that are walkable are places that existed 100 years ago, and that the problem is that we have lost the art of making new cities, making new walkable places. If we could figure out a way to make new cities, new walkable places, again, it might take the pressure off and help places like San Francisco, where I'm sitting right now, might help them not have such intense pressure on them. And so I obviously was not the only one thinking along these lines. When I got offered the chance to come be the head of planning for this project, I jumped at it.

So what's the vision here in a nutshell?

Yeah, in a nutshell we're talking about a community on 17,500 acres of land in Eastern Solano County, which is in the Bay Area. It has room for up to 400,000 people. The first phase would be 50,000. We are proposing a mixed use compact, medium density community. So it's not single family suburbia. It's not Manhattan. It's in between, medium density. And while many people I think are most excited about its contribution to housing supply and what that could do for California, it's really important to us that this is not only about housing. This is very much about providing an economic engine for part of the Bay Area that has been left behind by some of the job creation that's happened in other parts. And the vision is for this to very much be a mixed use community. So shops and schools, industry, office, civic uses, sports, entertainment, everything that would be part of a small city.

Gabe, before we move on from housing, as I mentioned in my intro, one of California's biggest problems is the lack of affordable housing. How does the group plan on keeping it affordable?

If you have enough money to afford to live in San Francisco or the East Bay where Berkeley and Oakland are, then great. Good for you. Cities that developed organically over centuries will always be really interesting. They're wonderful. Our business thesis is that there are a bunch of people who would love to live in a city but cannot afford places like San Francisco. And so in essence, our idea is to try to offer urbanism at a more affordable price point. We have funding commitment in the ballot measure that people will be voting on in November that provides 400 million for affordable housing on the first phase, and then it just keeps going up after that. So if we did the full build out of 400,000 people, it would be $3.2 billion invested in affordable housing.

The project's website talks about the theory of new urbanism as an inspiration for the city plan. What distinguishes this style and why do you think it will be effective here?

Yeah. Well, the new urbanists were really pioneers starting in the 1970s of the attempt to rediscover really timeless principles of urbanism, smaller streets, building more compactly, designing around the pedestrian rather than the automobile. And so I certainly take a lot of inspiration from what they did. I think they were pioneers.

Infrastructure will obviously be a huge issue to tackle. Water, sewage, transportation, et cetera will all need to be created from scratch and be fully in place before people move in. But how will those systems be funded?

Yeah. Well, we have to pay for them, and it's inherent in a new town strategy is that you pay less for the land, but you pay more because you have to build all of the infrastructure. It's a big part of the planning work that we're working on this year and next year. Water, power, wastewater, transportation. One thing that's important is we try to phase it so we don't have to build the full capacity for 400,000 people day one. You just have to stay ahead of the growth of the city. You have to have enough infrastructure for the phase you're working on. We're doing a lot of work right now on what the needs are for the first 50,000 people.

The plan also talks about access by proximity. As a central tenant of the new city, what does that mean and how will it be implemented?

Yeah. Access by proximity is a phrase we just mean it's contrasted, I suppose, with access by movement. So instead of needing to get 30 miles to your job or in some cases 10 miles to the store, having a lot of those things close at hand so you can just walk. It's the best transportation solution. It's way better for the environment. It saves everybody money. And it actually provides a lot of the joy of city life. It's being able to walk to a great local shopping street, so the densities and the street network in the city plan are being laid out to make it really easy to get to all that stuff. That's what access by proximity means.

The plan also talks about creating streets that fulfill dual roles. I'm trying to picture it, but also what are those roles and what does this mean in practice?

Streets are really interesting. They are both an infrastructure system to facilitate movement, but they're also public spaces. And if you think about the great cities, I mean maybe if any of your viewers have been to European cities, that experience of being out in public and just enjoying city life, we're really trying to emphasize that part of streets. And so, it is a balancing act because you have to allow movement, but by keeping speeds slower, by putting in wide sidewalks and street trees, by having really interesting buildings built right up to the sidewalk. All of those kind of traditional urban features, the goal is to make it be really a joy to be out in public enjoying city life on a stroll.

The project aims to create up to 15,000 new jobs. What industries are going to support those jobs?

In the long run we aim to attract way more jobs than 15,000. But in the first phase, 15,000 is what we're aiming for. A few sectors we're focused on. One is defense-related industries that are excited about the chance of being in the same county as Travis Air Force Base. Second are companies that are innovating in the space of constructing housing where we might be able to be a big customer for them, and the chance to scale up new techniques to build at lower cost could be a big industry. Companies that want to be in the Bay Area for innovation, but need the room because they're building things in physical space, not just software, are a really good fit for us. So that could be in all kinds of industries that are at the intersection of innovation and the real world. And I should say also that all the regular jobs of teachers and cops and chefs that go along with any population are important too. Planning for those.

Gabe, you're in charge of design. Who's going to be in charge of zoning and regulation? Is that going to be investors? The county? A new city agency? Who's in charge here?

It's a few different phases of how that works. There is a voter initiative that will be voted on this November by the voters of Solano County that will put in place high-level zoning, high-level building standards, so things like densities and heights and kind of basic uses, what's allowed to go where. After that the next phase is more detailed planning, a full environmental impact report, and working toward a detailed development agreement with the county board of supervisors that will spell out in much more detail all of the design standards and things like that.

As I mentioned earlier, there's been quite a bit of backlash against the plan. The mayor of nearby Fairfield recently shared with The Daily Beast that of the hundreds of messages she's received regarding the project, 95% are opposed to it. How do you win over those people?

We have half a year now to make the case about what the benefits are to current residents of Solano County. So we are spending a lot of time in the community, talking to people one-on-one in small groups. It's always controversial, especially in California it's always controversial when people are proposing to build things, and that's, I suppose, one of the reasons why it's been hard to manage growth in California. But I think the tide is really changing on that, and there are a lot of people who understand that in order to solve the problems people care about, whether that's switching to renewable energy to deal with climate change or getting more housing built to deal with affordability, we have to build. And so we will be making that case and then we'll see. We'll see in November if we were successful or not.

What happens if voters reject this ballot initiative?

I don't know the answer to that because we have a mindset of planning for success. But we will, I suppose, regroup, have some hard conversations, have some honest conversations with people in the county, and try to figure out a way forward. And there are really some timeless principles that we are drawing on.

Who gets the first crack at housing? Or are you not that far yet?

One of the things I hope is that the first housing might go to some of the construction workers that built the housing. It's an idea we've talked about a lot. That's absolutely one of our goals is that the people who work in the community and the people who build the community can afford to live in the community. But wouldn't it be nice if its building trades members and carpenters union members who are themselves the first residents? I think that would be a beautiful symbolism.

Gabe, thank you for being on The Excerpt.

Thanks to our senior producers, Shannon Rae Green and Bradley Glanzrock for their production assistance. Our executive producer is Laura Beatty. Let us know what you think of this episode by sending a note to [email protected]. Thanks for listening. I'm Dana Taylor. Taylor Wilson will be back tomorrow morning with another episode of The Excerpt.

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US vetoes widely supported resolution backing full UN membership for Palestine

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UNITED NATIONS (AP) — The United States vetoed a widely backed U.N. resolution Thursday that would have paved the way for full United Nations membership for Palestine, a goal the Palestinians have long sought and Israel has worked to prevent.

The vote in the 15-member Security Council was 12 in favor, the United States opposed and two abstentions, from the United Kingdom and Switzerland. U.S. allies France, Japan and South Korea supported the resolution.

The strong support the Palestinians received reflects not only the growing number of countries recognizing their statehood but almost certainly the global support for Palestinians facing a humanitarian crisis caused by the war in Gaza , now in its seventh month.

The resolution would have recommended that the 193-member U.N. General Assembly, where there are no vetoes, approve Palestine becoming the 194th member of the United Nations . Some 140 countries have already recognized Palestine, so its admission would have been approved, likely by a much higher number of countries.

U.S. deputy ambassador Robert Wood told the Security Council that the veto “does not reflect opposition to Palestinian statehood but instead is an acknowledgment that it will only come from direct negotiations between the parties.”

The United States has “been very clear consistently that premature actions in New York — even with the best intentions — will not achieve statehood for the Palestinian people ,” deputy State Department spokesman Vedant Patel said.

His voice breaking at times, Palestinian U.N. Ambassador Riyad Mansour told the council after the vote: “The fact that this resolution did not pass will not break our will and it will not defeat our determination.”

“We will not stop in our effort,” he said. “The state of Palestine is inevitable. It is real. Perhaps they see it as far away, but we see it as near.”

This is the second Palestinian attempt for full membership and comes as the war in Gaza has put the more than 75-year-old Israeli-Palestinian conflict at center stage.

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas first delivered the Palestinian Authority’s application for U.N. membership in 2011. It failed because the Palestinians didn’t get the required minimum support of nine of the Security Council’s 15 members.

They went to the General Assembly and succeeded by more than a two-thirds majority in having their status raised from a U.N. observer to a non-member observer state in 2012. That opened the door for the Palestinian territories to join U.N. and other international organizations, including the International Criminal Court.

Algerian U.N. Ambassador Amar Bendjama, the Arab representative on the council who introduced the resolution, called Palestine’s admission “a critical step toward rectifying a longstanding injustice” and said that “peace will come from Palestine’s inclusion, not from its exclusion.”

In explaining the U.S. veto, Wood said there are “unresolved questions” on whether Palestine meets the criteria to be considered a state. He pointed to Hamas still exerting power and influence in the Gaza Strip , which is a key part of the state envisioned by the Palestinians.

Wood stressed that the U.S. commitment to a two-state solution, where Israel and Palestine live side-by-side in peace, is the only path for security for both sides and for Israel to establish relations with all its Arab neighbors, including Saudi Arabia.

“The United States is committed to intensifying its engagement with the Palestinians and the rest of the region, not only to address the current crisis in Gaza, but to advance a political settlement that will create a path to Palestinian statehood and membership in the United Nations,” he said.

Mansour, the Palestinian U.N. ambassador, reiterated the commitment to a two-state solution but asserted that Israel believes Palestine “is a permanent strategic threat.”

“Israel will do its best to block the sovereignty of a Palestinian state and to make sure that the Palestinian people are exiled away from their homeland or remain under its occupation forever,” he said.

He demanded of the council and diplomats crowded in the chamber: “What will the international community do? What will you do?”

Israeli-Palestinian negotiations have been stalled for years, and Israel’s right-wing government is dominated by hard-liners who oppose Palestinian statehood .

Israeli U.N. Ambassador Gilad Erdan called the resolution “disconnected to the reality on the ground” and warned that it “will cause only destruction for years to come and harm any chance for future dialogue.”

Six months after the Oct. 7 attack by the Hamas militant group, which controlled Gaza, and the killing of 1,200 people in “the most brutal massacre of Jews since the Holocaust,” he accused the Security Council of seeking “to reward the perpetrators of these atrocities with statehood.”

Israel’s military offensive in response has killed over 32,000 Palestinians, according to Gaza’s health ministry, and destroyed much of the territory, which speaker after speaker denounced Thursday.

After the vote, Erdan thanked the United States and particularly President Joe Biden “for standing up for truth and morality in the face of hypocrisy and politics.”

He called the Palestinian Authority — which controls the West Bank and the U.S. wants to see take over Gaza where Hamas still has sway — “a terror supporting entity.”

The Israeli U.N. ambassador referred to the requirements for U.N. membership – accepting the obligations in the U.N. Charter and being a “peace-loving” state.

“How can you say seriously that the Palestinians are peace loving? How?” Erdan asked. “The Palestinians are paying terrorists, paying them to slaughter us. None of their leaders condemns terrorism, nor the Oct. 7 massacre. They call Hamas their brothers.”

Despite the Palestinian failure to meet the criteria for U.N. membership, Erdan said most council members supported it.

“It’s very sad because your vote will only embolden Palestinian rejectionism every more and make peace almost impossible,” he said.

Polluting rivers, beaches and the ocean: How can Trinidad solve its plastics problem?

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Plastic pollution blocks rivers, chokes oceans and makes its way into the food chain as microplastics. It’s a global environmental crisis, and Small Island Developing States are especially vulnerable, having to cope with detritus washing up on their beaches, as well as the waste they generate themselves. 

The Maraval river winds its way through Port of Spain, the capital of Trinidad & Tobago, reaching the sea at Invaders Bay, the evocative name of the site where British troops landed in the late 18 th Century. 

Today, the area is heavily built up, and construction has begun on a large-scale project that is expected to see hotels, housing and shops spring up on the oceanfront. Another by-product of development is plastic pollution; on the day that UN News went to the Maraval River, a steady stream of waste could be seen floating downstream, including water bottles, detergent containers and even a discarded yoga ball aimlessly bobbing around.

Countries like Trinidad are extremely vulnerable to the impacts of plastic pollution. They are heavily dependent on imports and receive tonnes of plastic every day. In Trinidad alone, around 129,000 metric tonnes of plastic are brought into the country every year. 

Trinidad has limited resources to treat the waste, which directly affects tourism and fishing, two important elements of the country’s economy; tourists don’t want to relax on beaches covered in waste, and marine litter can damage fish stocks and boats. 

Coastal communities can suffer from reduced income and employment while shouldering clean-up operation costs. On top of that, there’s an increased risk of flooding due to blocked stormwater systems and drainage, meaning higher clean-up costs, and increased maintenance for water infrastructure.

From bust to boom

Dealing with the problem might appear to be an overwhelming task, but in Trinidad, the UN is working with local organizations to not only collect the waste, but also find ways to reuse it in ways that benefit local communities.

At Invaders Bay, a group of volunteers from environmental consulting firm Coastal Dynamics have stretched a boom across both banks of the Maraval River. This traps most of the detritus and stops it from reaching the ocean. In just one week, hundreds of plastic items are pushed up against the boom, almost enough to reach both sides of the river, a visually arresting indicator of the amount of waste that is pouring down Trinidad’s waterways on a daily basis.

“The Maraval is a thoroughfare of plastic,” said Frank Teelucksingh, a Trinidadian oceanographer and the director of Coastal Dynamics. “This is just one example. During the wet season, the rain washes all the plastic off the land, into the rivers and then the sea. There are dozens and dozens of rivers in Trinidad, and they don’t yet have booms stopping the plastic from flowing into the ocean”.

Mr. Teelucksingh explained that the pilot project, which receives funding from the UN’s Green Environment Fund, also has an educational aspect, in a country where, he says, the population doesn’t trust the water from the tap, and doesn’t have a history of responsibly disposing water bottles and other waste. Mr. Teelucksingh is in discussion with the government and UN to scale up the project to many more of Trinidad’s rivers. 

But, whilst this might remove the plastic out of the water, it won’t solve the wider problem: Only around 10 per cent of plastic in Trinidad is recycled, and the remaining 90 per cent is discarded either in landfills, waterways or elsewhere in the environment. 

The UN in Trinidad is attempting to make a dent in these stark figures, by developing upcycling projects that involve collecting discarded waste, and turning it into useful products that can benefit local communities and the country at large. 

A concrete solution

In the village of Kernaham, a farming community on the east coast of Trinidad, UN News met Sharda Mahabir, an environmental expert at the UN Development Program ( UNDP ) in Trinidad and Tobago, beside a greenhouse which appeared to be made of wood. In fact, it is constructed entirely of waste plastic.

“Plastic lumber is made of all kinds of waste, including high density plastic like bleach bottles, fabric softener bottles, and plastic bags,” explained Ms. Mahabir. “We combine all of these different types of plastics into an extruded product, which looks like wood”.

The lumber is made at a factory in Arima, near Port of Spain, where sacks of plastic are taken to large shredders to be cut into multi-coloured pieces, the size of breakfast cereal. The raw materials are mostly containers made from types of plastic that can’t be recycled and, therefore, have no commercial value. Many other types of plastic, such as industrial sheeting, and even car interiors, are also stacked up, ready to be broken down, melted, and converted into strong and durable building materials that have been turned into a range of products, such as benches, tables, and window frames.

Ms. Mahabir was keen to demonstrate another way to use the shredded material and prevent it from adding to the microplastic pandemic: concrete. She introduced UN News to  members of a group for vulnerable women in Kernaham, who were adding shredded plastic to gravel, to bind together sand and water and create “sequestered concrete” as a way of trapping plastic, and removing it from the environment.

“The women collect plastics on the beach and from their own communities, and then process them in such a way that they can make products out of it,” said Ms. Mahabir. “They're making plant pots, benches and pavers. As well as the environmental benefits, they are creating extra income for themselves”.

“I started this group because of the poverty level in my community,” explained Omatie Rampersad, the President of the Kernaham/Cascadoux Women’s Group. “We also have a lot of plastic pollution in the area, it goes into the streams, causes flooding and, when we burn it, it pollutes the air. 

We want to have a clean environment, and we want to empower women by helping them to become financially sustainable. We also want to educate our people and the surrounding communities on how to dispose of plastics properly. We are trying our best to show the whole country how we can deal with this problem.”

An international plastics treaty

From 23 to 29 April, delegates from around the world are meeting in Ottawa, Canada, to continue negotiations on the development of a legally binding agreement that will bring the international community closer to finally being able to get to grips with plastic pollution, particularly in the marine environment.

Speaking at the opening session of the meeting, Inger Andersen, the head of the UN Environment Programme ( UNEP ), expressed her hope that the talks will lead to a reduction in the production of problematic waste, and more investment in solid waste management and recycling.

Ms. Mahabir agreed with these aims and added that, on top of education, more research and development investment is needed to create alternatives to the kinds of plastics that are ubiquitous in most societies.

“Maybe there's some plant, some tropical tree or fruit that could be converted into a biodegradable plastic. We want to encourage the younger generation to consider taking up the sciences that are required to develop these potential alternatives. 

Until then, we have to find ways to deal with the problem, and this is what our programmes are addressing. We also need to address the economic angle; there's a lot of unemployment in Trinidad, and we want to see if upcycling can generate jobs. Every piece of furniture built in the plastic lumber factory has been sold, helping to support more livelihoods. I hope that an agreement can be reached in Ottawa, one that encourages the private sector to invest more in recycling, and funds ways to effectively clean up and capture plastic waste pollution”.

• TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
• plastic pollution