upenn phd organizational behavior

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Ingrid Nembhard

• Fishman Family President's Distinguished Professor
• Professor of Health Care Management
• Professor of Management (Organizational Behavior)

Contact Information

• Primary Email: [email protected]

3641 Locust Walk 207 Colonial Penn Center Philadelphia, PA 19104

Research Interests: organizational behavior, organizational learning, teamwork and coordination, implementation, quality improvement

Awards and Honors

In the news.

Ingrid M. Nembhard, Ph.D., M.S., is the Fishman Family President’s Distinguished Professor, Professor of Health Care Management, and Professor Management with a focus on Organizational Behavior at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Prior to joining the faculty at The Wharton School, she was the Ira V. Hiscock Tenured Associate Professor at the Yale School of Public Health, Associate Professor at Yale School of Management, Associate Director of the Health Care Management Program at Yale, and Director of the Yale Training Program in Health Services Research.

Professor Nembhard’s research focuses on how characteristics of health care organizations, their leaders, and staff contribute to their ability to implement new practices, engage in continuous organizational learning, and ultimately improve quality of care. She uses qualitative and quantitative research methods to examine health care delivery from provider and patient perspectives, and to evaluate organizational performance. She is currently studying leadership and psychological safety in teams, organizational learning from different types of experiences, the use of patient feedback via narratives to drive quality improvement by clinicians and administrators, the contributors to high performance in challenging work environments, and the implementation of care coordination in primary care groups, including the effects on patients and clinicians. She was the recipient of the 2023 Mid-Career Achievement Award from the Academy of Management’s Health Care Management Division.

Professor Nembhard received her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Management, with a concentration in Organizational Behavior from Harvard University through a joint program between Harvard Business School and the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. She received her M.S. in Health Policy and Management from Harvard University School of Public Health, and her B.A. in Ethics, Politics and Economics and in Psychology from Yale University.

Current research projects (a sample):

• leadership and psychological safety in teams (for psychological safety survey scales that I have used, see below)
• organizational learning from different types of experiences in health care delivery
• the use of patient feedback via narratives to drive quality improvement by clinicians and administrators
• the contributors to high performance in challenging work environments
• the implementation of care coordination in primary care groups, including the effects on patients and clinicians

Past research projects (a sample):

• the influence of leadership, organizational climate and learning strategies on the success of improvement projects conducted in hospital units
• the antecedents and consequences of organizational learning in the context of quality improvement collaboratives
• the implementation of evidence-based practices in hospitals
• the role of staff voice and psychological safety in health care improvement
• the impact of national quality improvement campaigns on hospital processes and patient outcomes

Psychological Safety Scales

Lawton R. Burns , Ingrid Nembhard , Stephen Shortell (2022), Integrating Network Theory into the Study of Integrated Healthcare , Social Science & Medicine , 296, p. 114664.

Abstract: Healthcare policy in the United States (U.S.) has focused on promoting integrated healthcare to combat frag- mentation (e.g., 1993 Health Security Act, 2010 Affordable Care Act). Researchers have responded by studying coordination and developing typologies of integration. Yet, after three decades, research evidence for the benefits of coordination and integration are lacking. We argue that research efforts need to refocus in three ways: (1) use social networks to study relational coordination and integrated healthcare, (2) analyze integrated healthcare at three levels of analysis (micro, meso, macro), and (3) focus on clinical integration as the most proximate impact on patient outcomes. We use examples to illustrate the utility of such refocusing and present avenues for future research

All Courses

Hcmg8600 - leading hc orgs.

This course aims to improve enrollees' ability to effectively manage and lead health care organizations (HCOs, including hospitals, medical groups, insurers, biopharmaceutical firms, etc.). The course is designed to integrate previous course work in general managment, health care, and health policy to further participants' understanding of organizational, managerial, and strategic issues facing HCOs and the health care workforce. The course will provide participants with a foundation for developing, implementing, and analyzing efforts to improve HCOs' performance. A major objective of the course is to sharpen the leadership, problem-solving, and presentation skills of those who aim to hold operational and strategic positions in health care organizations. Another objective is to introduce enrollees to leading HCOs. Through case studies, readings, in-class exercises and class discussions, particpants will learn analytic frameworks, concepts, tools and skills necessary for leading and managing organizational learning, quality improvement, innovation, and overall performance in HCOs.

HCMG8990 - Independent Study

Arranged with members of the Faculty of the Health Care Systems Department. For further information contact the Department office, Room 204, Colonial Penn Center, 3641 Locust Walk, 898-6861.

HCMG9040 - Sem in Obt in Healthcare

This course introduces students to organizational behavior and theory (OBT) by examining key issues in OBT, different perspectives on key issues, and how OBT informs health services research and practice. This course examines "micro" theories (i.e., social psychological theories of organizational behavior) and "macro" theories (i.e., theories focused on the structural and environmental aspects of organizations). We will examine the strengths and weaknesses of various theories, how they can be used as a foundation for research, methods used to study them, and the implications for health policy and management. Examples of published health services research grounded in OBT will be discussed so that students become familiar with the theories-in-use and various publication outlets for health care management (HCM) research.

Research-Related Honors:

• Mid-Career Achievement Award, Health Care Management Division, Academy of Management (2023)
• Best Paper Proceedings of the 2023 Academy of Management Meeting (Top 10% of submissions) (2023)
• Runner-Up, Best Paper Award, Health Care Management Division, Academy of Management (2023)
• Runner-Up, Best HCM Theory to Practice Paper Award, Academy of Management (2023)
• Runner-Up, Best Paper Award, Health Care Management Division, Academy of Management (2022)
• Best Paper Proceedings of the 2022 Academy of Management Meeting (Top 10% of submissions) (2022)
• Harvard University, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Herbert Sherman Memorial Lecture (2022)
• Runner-Up, Best Paper in Innovation and Entrepreneurship Research Stream, Industry Studies Association Conference (2018)
• Best Poster Award, Organizational Behavior and Management, AcademyHealth Meeting (2018)
• Runner-Up, Best Paper Award, Health Care Management Division, Academy of Management (2018)
• Best Paper, Health Care Management Division, Academy of Management (2017)
• Best Paper Proceedings of the Academy of Management Meeting (Top 10% of submissions) (2018. 2017, 2016, 2015, 2013, 2010)
• Finalist, KSG Best Paper Award, Annual Interdisciplinary Entrepreneurship Conference (G-Forum) (2014)
• Best Abstract, Science of Quality Improvement, AcademyHealth Meeting (2012)
• Finalist, ISA-INFORMS Best Industry Studies Paper Award, Industry Studies Association (2011)
• Runner-Up, Health Care Management Division Best Paper Award, Academy of Management (2011)
• Most Outstanding Abstracts, Organizational Performance and Measurement, AcademyHealth Meeting (2009)
• Best Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) Paper Award, Center for Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS), Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan (2008)
• Alfred P. Sloan Industry Studies Dissertation Award, First Prize (2007)
• Best Paper Based on a Dissertation, Health Care Management Division, Academy of Management (2007)
• Harvard Business School Wyss Award for Excellence in Doctoral Research (2006)

Teaching-Related Honors

• Teaching Excellence Award, The Wharton School (2019, 2021, 2022, 2023)
• E-MBA Class of 2016 Faculty Teaching Award, Yale School of Management (2016)
• E-MBA Class of 2014 Faculty Teaching Award, Yale School of Management (2014)
• Nominee/Finalist, Teacher of the Year, Yale School of Public Health (2013, 2009)
• Highest Overall Course Ranking, Yale School of Public Health (2012)
• Teacher of the Year, Yale School of Public Health (2010)
• Why So Many Healthcare Workers are Walking off the Job , https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231027-why-so-many-healthcare-workers-are-walking-off-the-job - 01/01/2023

Knowledge at Wharton

• Diversity at Work: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace | Ingrid Nembhard , Knowledge at Wharton - 6/27/2023
• Why Empathy in Health Care Matters , Knowledge at Wharton - 5/23/2023
• Can the CDC Repair Its Reputation? , Knowledge at Wharton - 9/13/2022
• Pandemic Playbook: What Health Care Leaders Can Learn from Management Research , Knowledge at Wharton - 5/12/2020

Wharton Stories

• Prof. Ingrid Nembhard Discusses Team Dynamics in Health Care Coordination , Wharton Stories - 03/30/2018

Latest Research

Professor Ingrid Nembhard examines why minority employees can be afraid of speaking up at work. … Read More

Wharton Magazine

A panelist at the 2018 Penn Health Policy Retreat, Health Care Management Prof. Ingrid Nembhard discussed her new research on how a new role for nurses may be one way to address care coordination failures in health care. …

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PhD Program Overview

Wharton’s program in Operations, Information and Decisions emphasizes research on real management problems and maintains a balance between theory and practice. The faculty trains scholars in decision making, information systems, and operations management.

Our faculty leads in the development and application of an innovative blend of analytical and empirical approaches to important problems facing the private and public sectors, including the design, development, and evaluation of:

• behavioral approaches to individual and managerial decision making;
• information systems as a means of commerce and of decision making; and
• operations for the fulfillment of demand and broader economic and social needs.

Our PhD program provides a unique mix of behavioral, economic, statistical and analytical training to its students, and its strength is reflected in our students’ record of placement and achievement.

Three Areas of Specialization

Decision processes (dp).

What factors influence human judgment and decision-making? Why and when are people prone to judgement errors and biases? What kinds of interventions will help people make better decisions or improve human welfare? Our interdisciplinary Decision-Making PhD program focuses on training students to conduct and publish academic research that helps to answer these important questions. Along the way, students receive rigorous quantitative/statistical training and acquire a deep understanding of the literature on judgment and decision-making, significant exposure to the fields of psychology, economics, organizational behavior, and marketing.

Information Systems (IS)

The Information Systems PhD Program covers a broad range of research interests, from the development of detailed analytical and information-technology-based methods for managing complex organizations to the broader economic evaluation of the impact of organizational and market-based use of information systems and information-based strategies.

Operations Management (OM)

The Operations Management PhD Program focuses on the processes that define an organization’s outputs, as well as the methods commonly used to analyze these processes. Students specializing in OM are interested in a wide range of functions, including operations strategy, product and process design, technology management, capacity planning, and supply chain management.  Their work similarly covers a wide range of organizations and industries, including education, health care, hospitality, manufacturing, distribution, and retailing.

PhD Program

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Course Information

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Operations, Information and Decisions

Wharton’s program in operations, information and decisions emphasizes research on real management problems and maintains a balance between theory and implementation..

Wharton’s program in Operations, Information and Decisions emphasizes research on real management problems and maintains a balance between theory and implementation. The faculty trains scholars in decision making, information systems and operations management.

Our faculty leads in the development and application of an innovative blend of analytical and empirical approaches to important problems facing the private and public sectors, including the design, development, and evaluation of:

• behavioral approaches to individual and managerial decision making;
• information systems as a means of commerce and of decision making; and
• operations for the fulfillment of demand and broader economic and social needs.

Our PhD program provides a unique mix of behavioral, economic, statistical and analytical training to its students, and its strength is reflected in our students’ record of placement and achievement.

Three Areas of Specialization

Decision Making (DM)

What factors influence human judgment and decision-making? Why and when are people prone to judgement errors and biases? What kinds of interventions will help people make better decisions, or improve human welfare? Our interdisciplinary Decision-Making PhD program focuses on training students to conduct and publish academic research that helps to answer these important questions. Along the way, students receive rigorous quantitative/statistical training and acquire a deep understanding of the literature on judgment and decision-making, significant exposure to the fields of psychology, economics, organizational behavior, and marketing.

Information Systems (IS)

The Information Systems PhD Program covers a broad range of research interests, from the development of detailed analytical and information-technology-based methods for managing complex organizations to the broader economic evaluation of the impact of organizational and market-based use of information systems and information-based strategies.

Operations Management (OM)

The Operations Management PhD Program focuses on the processes that define an organization’s outputs, as well as the methods commonly used to analyze these processes. Students specializing in OM are interested in a wide range of functions, including operations strategy, product and process design, technology management, capacity planning, and supply chain management.  Their work similarly covers a wide range of organizations and industries, including education, health care, hospitality, manufacturing, distribution, and retailing.

Students must complete 16 course units (CU’s) of classes to graduate.  They may earn up to 4 CUs of credit for courses previously completed as a part of a master’s degree or PhD program, with the approval of the PhD Coordinator and the Wharton Doctoral Program Office.

For more information on courses and sample plan of study,  please visit the University Graduate Catalog .

Get the Details.

Visit the Operations, Information and Decisions website for details on program requirements and courses. Read faculty and student research and bios to see what you can do with an Operations, Information and Decisions PhD.

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Marissa Solomon Shandell

• Doctoral Student

Contact Information

• Primary Email: [email protected]

2062 SH-DH 3620 Locust Walk Philadelphia, PA 19104

Marissa is a 2nd year doctoral student in Organizational Behavior. Her research broadly focuses on employee well-being. Specifically, she studies topics such as the drivers and costs of burnout and workaholism. In another stream of research, she explores social motivation at work.

Before joining the program, Marissa was an associate partner at McKinsey & Company, where she spent several years serving financial services clients on a wide range of topics. She also spent time on McKinsey’s People Analytics team. Marissa received her BS in Economics from Wharton, with concentrations in Management and Finance.

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Mgmt1010 - intro to management.

We all spend much of our lives in organizations. Most of us are born in organizations, educated in organizations, and work in organizations. Organizations emerge because individuals can't (or don't want to) accomplish their goals alone. Management is the art and science of helping individuals achieve their goals together. Managers in an organization determine where their organization is going and how it gets there. More formally, managers formulate strategies and implement those strategies. This course provides a framework for understanding the opportunities and challenges involved in formulating and implementing strategies by taking a "system" view of organizations,which means that we examine multiple aspects of how managers address their environments, strategy, structure, culture, tasks, people, and outputs, and how managerial decisions made in these various domains interrelate. The course will help you to understand and analyze how managers can formulate and implement strategies effectively. It will be particularly valuable if you are interested in management consulting, investment analysis, or entrepreneurship - but it will help you to better understand and be a more effective contributor to any organizations you join, whether they are large, established firms or startups. This course must be taken for a grade.

Knowledge at Wharton

Platform companies like Uber, Amazon, and Instacart wield immense influence over workers. New research co-authored by Wharton’s Lindsey Cameron offers a framework that integrates different approaches to level the playing field for all users. … Read More

Black founders have long struggled for their place in the entrepreneurial ecosystem, but a new study from Wharton’s Tiantian Yang shows they are thriving in intrapreneurship. … Read More

Wharton experts speak with CJ Handron, co-founder of Diamond Kinetics. … Read More

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Operations, Information and Decisions, PhD

Wharton’s program in Operations, Information and Decisions emphasizes research on real management problems and maintains a balance between theory and implementation. The faculty trains scholars in decision making, information systems and operations management.

Our faculty leads in the development and application of an innovative blend of analytical and empirical approaches to important problems facing the private and public sectors, including the design, development, and evaluation of:

• behavioral approaches to individual and managerial decision making;
• information systems as a means of commerce and of decision making; and
• operations for the fulfillment of demand and broader economic and social needs.

Our PhD program provides a unique mix of behavioral, economic, statistical and analytical training to its students, and its strength is reflected in our students’ record of placement and achievement.

Three Areas of Specialization

Decision Making (DM)

What factors influence human judgment and decision-making? Why and when are people prone to judgement errors and biases? What kinds of interventions will help people make better decisions, or improve human welfare? Our interdisciplinary Decision-Making PhD program focuses on training students to conduct and publish academic research that helps to answer these important questions. Along the way, students receive rigorous quantitative/statistical training and acquire a deep understanding of the literature on judgment and decision-making, significant exposure to the fields of psychology, economics, organizational behavior, and marketing.

Information Systems (IS)

The Information Systems PhD Program covers a broad range of research interests, from the development of detailed analytical and information-technology-based methods for managing complex organizations to the broader economic evaluation of the impact of organizational and market-based use of information systems and information-based strategies.

Operations Management (OM)

The Operations Management PhD Program focuses on the processes that define an organization’s outputs, as well as the methods commonly used to analyze these processes. Students specializing in OM are interested in a wide range of functions, including operations strategy, product and process design, technology management, capacity planning, and supply chain management.  Their work similarly covers a wide range of organizations and industries, including education, health care, hospitality, manufacturing, distribution, and retailing.

For more information: https://doctoral.wharton.upenn.edu/operations-information-decisions/

View the University’s Academic Rules for PhD Programs .

Students must complete 16 course units (CU’s) of classes to graduate.  They may earn up to 4 CUs of credit for courses previously completed as a part of a master’s degree or PhD program, with the approval of the PhD Coordinator and the Wharton Doctoral Program Office.

Program Milestones

The degree and major requirements displayed are intended as a guide for students entering in the Fall of 2023 and later. Students should consult with their academic program regarding final certifications and requirements for graduation.

Typical Course Schedules

As the Requirements Outline suggests there is great flexibility in how students may complete their course requirements.  Thus, while the example plans of study, below, provide a sense of common first-year course rosters for the three concentrations, individual students’ plans can vary widely.  

Decision Making

Decision Making students then take a second economics course and electives in the second year.  

Information Systems

Information Systems students then take electives in the second year.  

Operations Management

Common Electives

The choice of elective courses can also vary widely, according to each student’s interests and focus of research, and valuable electives are offered within OID, as well as by departments throughout the University of Pennsylvania.  The following list is a sample of courses, beyond the options listed above, that multiple OID PhD students have taken in the recent past.

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Organizational Behavior

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• Program Requirements

Scholars in the doctoral program in Organizational Behavior at Harvard Business School are prepared to pursue an interdisciplinary inquiry into issues that are broadly related to the functioning of individuals within groups, at either the micro or macro level. Graduates of our program go on to become the leading researchers and thinkers in organizational behavior, shaping the field and advancing theoretical understanding in posts at schools of management or in disciplinary departments.

The Organizational Behavior program is jointly administered by the faculty of Harvard Business School and the Department of Sociology in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and students have the opportunity to work with faculty from both the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Harvard Business School.

Curriculum & Coursework

Our program offers two distinct tracks, with research focused either on the micro or macro level. Students who choose to focus on micro organizational behavior take a psychological approach to the study of interpersonal relationships within organizations and groups, and the effects that groups have on individuals. In macro organizational behavior, scholars use sociological methods to examine the organizations, groups, and markets themselves, including topics such as the influence of individuals on organizational change, or the relationship between social missions and financial objectives.

Your core disciplinary training will take place in either the psychology or sociology departments, depending on the track that you choose. You will also conduct advanced coursework in organizational behavior at HBS, and complete two MBA elective curriculum courses. Students are required to teach for one full academic term in order to gain valuable teaching experience, and to work as an apprentice to a faculty member to develop research skills. Upon completion of coursework, students prepare and present a dossier that includes a qualifying paper, at least two other research papers, and a statement outlining a plan for their dissertation. Before beginning work on the dissertation, students must pass the Organizational Behavior Exam, which presents an opportunity to synthesize academic coursework and prepare for an in-depth research project.

Research & Dissertation

Examples of doctoral thesis research.

• Cross-group relations, stress, and the subsequent effect on performance
• Internal group dynamics of corporate boards of directors
• Organizational mission and its effect on commitment and effort
• Psychological tendencies and collaboration with dissimilar others

Aurora Turek

Justine Murray

Jaylon Sherrell

“ In HBS’s Organizational Behavior program I receive outstanding, rigorous training in disciplinary methods and also benefit from the myriad resources that HBS has to offer. HBS scholars are looking to apply their research to real-world problems, come up with interventions, and make a real difference. ”

Current Harvard Sociology & Psychology Faculty

• George A. Alvarez
• Mahzarin R. Banaji
• Jason Beckfield
• Lawrence D. Bobo
• Mary C. Brinton
• Joshua W. Buckholtz
• Randy L. Buckner
• Alfonso Caramazza
• Susan E. Carey
• Paul Y. Chang
• Mina Cikara
• Christina Ciocca Eller
• Christina Cross
• Fiery Cushman
• Frank Dobbin
• Samuel J. Gershman
• Daniel Gilbert
• Joshua D. Greene
• Jill M. Hooley
• Rakesh Khurana
• Alexandra Killewald
• Talia Konkle
• Max Krasnow
• Michèle Lamont
• Ellen Langer
• Joscha Legewie
• Ya-Wen Lei
• Patrick Mair
• Peter V. Marsden
• Katie A. McLaughlin
• Richard J. McNally
• Jason P. Mitchell
• Ellis Monk
• Matthew K. Nock
• Orlando Patterson
• Elizabeth A. Phelps
• Steven Pinker
• Robert J. Sampson
• Daniel L. Schacter
• Theda Skocpol
• Mario L. Small
• Jesse Snedeker
• Leah H. Somerville
• Elizabeth S. Spelke
• Tomer D. Ullman
• Adaner Usmani
• Jocelyn Viterna
• Mary C. Waters
• John R. Weisz
• Christopher Winship
• Xiang Zhou

Current HBS Faculty

• Teresa M. Amabile
• Julie Battilana
• Max H. Bazerman
• David E. Bell
• Ethan S. Bernstein
• Alison Wood Brooks
• Edward H. Chang
• Julian De Freitas
• Amy C. Edmondson
• Robin J. Ely
• Alexandra C. Feldberg
• Carolyn J. Fu
• Amit Goldenberg
• Boris Groysberg
• Ranjay Gulati
• Linda A. Hill
• Nien-he Hsieh
• Jon M. Jachimowicz
• Summer R. Jackson
• Leslie K. John
• Jillian J. Jordan
• Rakesh Khurana
• Joshua D. Margolis
• Edward McFowland III
• Kathleen L. McGinn
• Tsedal Neeley
• Michael I. Norton
• Leslie A. Perlow
• Jeffrey T. Polzer
• Ryan L. Raffaelli
• Lakshmi Ramarajan
• James W. Riley
• Clayton S. Rose
• Arthur I Segel
• Emily Truelove
• Michael L. Tushman
• Ashley V. Whillans
• Letian Zhang
• Julian J. Zlatev

Current Organizational Behavior Students

• Jennifer Abel
• Yajun Cao
• Hanne Collins
• Grace Cormier
• Megan Gorges
• Bushra Guenoun
• Elizabeth Johnson
• Caleb Kealoha
• Kai Krautter
• Justine Murray
• C. Ryann Noe
• Dominika Randle
• Elizabeth Sheprow
• Jaylon Sherrell
• Yoon Jae Shin
• Erin Shirtz
• Samantha N. Smith
• Tiffany Smith
• Channing Spencer
• Yuval Spiegler
• Emily Tedards
• Aurora Turek
• Julie Yen

Current HBS Faculty & Students by Interest

Recent placement, nicole abi-esber, 2023, elliot stoller, 2023, ariella kristal, 2022, leroy gonsalves, 2020, alicia desantola, 2019, catarina fernandes, 2019, rachel arnett, 2018, evan defilippis, 2023, hayley blunden, 2022, lumumba seegars, 2021, karen huang, 2020, stefan dimitriadis, 2019, elizabeth hansen, 2019, erin frey, 2018, jeff steiner, 2023, ahmmad brown, 2022, yanhua bird, 2020, jeffrey lees, 2020, alexandra feldberg, 2019, martha jeong, 2019.

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Nicole Abi-Esber ’23, PhD, Organizational Behavior

Assistant professor.

Department or Degree Program? PhD, Organizational Behavior

What are your post-graduation plans? Assistant Professor at the London School of Economics.

What advice do you have for Harvard GSAS students, now that you are graduating? It is not a meritocracy out there! Network, publish, and be strategic.

Organizational Behavior

Term Fall 2022 Subject Area BEHAVIORAL AND DECISION SCIENCES (BDS) Course Number BDS 5250 675 Course Code BDS5250675 Course Key 79438 Schedule Tuesday 5:15pm-8:15pm Day(s) Tuesday Time 5:15pm-8:15pm Instructor BHATIA, NAZLI M Primary Program Master of Behavioral and Decision Sciences Subject Area Vocab BEHAVIORAL AND DECISION SCIENCES (BDS)

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